1. -2 -

2. LI NI UCun T in Chnh sch Thng mi Quc t song ng Anh-Vit c Dn MUTRAP giai on ko di xut bn ln u vo nm 2003. Cun sch gip bn c lm quen vi nhng thut ng lin quan n T chc Thng miTh gii (WTO). Nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca bn c, D nMUTRAP giai on II xin trn trng gii thiu cun sch c ti bn ti cc cquan Chnh ph, cc t chc doanh nghip, nghin cu v cng chng Vit Namni chung. Chng ti tin rng cun sch cng s gip cng ng doanh nghipVit Nam gii p nhng bn khon v tc ng ca WTO sau khi Vit Nam gianhp t chc ny. Chng ti hy vng cun sch cng s c s dng trong cckho o to v chnh sch thng mi v Lut thng mi quc t ca cctrng i hc v cc c s o to ti Vit Nam.Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n tc gi Trn Thanh Hi v cc cng s chophp D n ti bn cun sch ny.FOREWORDThe English-Vietnamese Dictionary on International Trade Policy was firstpublished by MUTRAP Extension in 2003. It has been very popular forfamiliarizing readers with WTO-related terms. In response to the continued highdemand of our constituency, MUTRAP II decided to republish the book andmake it available for interested members of government bodies, businessorganizations and academia as well as the public at large. We are convinced thatthe dictionary will be similarly useful in the post-WTO accession period as thebusiness community is expected to turn their attention to the implications ofVietnams WTO membership on their activities. The publication may facilitatefinding the correct answers to their questions. We hope that the dictionary canalso be used by universities and other institutions in their training syllabus tradepolicy and international trade law courses.We would like to sincerely thank the author, Mr. Tran Thanh Hai and hiscollaborators for permitting the Project to republish the book.Trn trngPeter NarayTrn Th Thu HngTrng nhm chuyn gia Chu uGim c D n - 3- 3. LI CM NT in Chnh sch Thng mi quc t do nhm cc chuyn gia caB Thng mi v U ban Quc gia v Hp tc Kinh t quc t binson da trn Cun T in cc thut ng thng mi quc t ca tcgi Walter Goode do WTO v nh xut bn ca i hc Cambridgepht hnh. D n MUTRAP xin cm n s cng tc ca ng TrnThanh Hi, ng Trn ng Phng, b Thu Hng vi vai trhiu nh; ng Nguyn Hu Anh, ng Trnh Minh Anh, ng T Cn, bHong Th Lin, b Phm Qunh Mai v b Trn Phng Lan vi vaitr bin dch.ng thi, D n cng chn thnh cm n U ban chu u h trti chnh cho vic xut bn n phm ny. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis Glossary of International Trade Policy Terms was compiled by agroup of experts in the Ministry of Trade, Vietnam and the NationalCommittee of International Economic Cooperation, on the basis of theearlier Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms by Walter Goode, publishedby the WTO, also available from Cambridge University Press. TheMUTRAP acknowledges with thanks the contributions of Mr. TranThanh Hai, Mr. Tran Dong Phuong, Mrs. Do Thu Huong as editorsand Mr. Nguyen Huu Anh, Mr. Trinh Minh Anh, Mr. To Can, Mrs.Hoang Thi Lien, Mrs. Pham Quynh Mai and Mrs. Tran Phuong Lan astranslators. The authors have kindly granted the permission to reprintand distribute the material in the framework of MUTRAP activities.Financial assistance for the publication was provided by the EuropeanUnion.- 4- 4. LI GII THIU***** Vic chnh thc gia nhp Hip hi cc nc ng Nam (ASEAN) thng 7/1995, trthnh thnh vin sng lp vin ca Hp tc -u (ASEM) nm 1996, v tr thnh thnh vinchnh thc ca Din n Hp tc Kinh t chu -Thi Bnh Dng (APEC) nm 1998 nhdu mt bc tin quan trng trong s tham gia ca Vit Nam vo cc h thng kinh t-thng mi th gii. Qu trnh hi nhp ny s nh hng ngy cng su sc hn ti cc chnhsch iu hnh kinh t- thng mi Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, h thng kinh t- thng mi a phng l lnh vc kh mi m, khng chvi a s cc doanh nghip m ngay c vi cc c quan qun l v hoch nh chnh sch caVit Nam. Do vy, D n H tr Chnh sch Thng mi a bin (MUTRAP) phi hp vimt s chuyn gia ca B Thng mi xut bn cun T in Chnh sch Thng miQuc t vi hy vng s p ng phn no nhu cu tm hiu v lnh vc ny, c bit l ivi nhng ngi ang lm nhng cng vic c lin quan n cc qu trnh m phn v trinkhai cc hot ng hp tc thng mi a phng.CCH S DNG QUYN T IN Cc mc trong T in c sp xp theo vn ch ci ca cc t gc ting Anh, baogm t n, cm t v cc t vit tt (in m). Mi mc t u c dch sang ting Vit (innghing, ch m), tip l phn gii thch ni dung mc t.Trong phn gii thch, nhng t in nghing l nhng t c th tham chiu tip trong Tin di dng mt mc t ring. thun tin trong vic tra cu, chng ti c in km theomt danh mc ch dn tra cu theo chiu Vit Anh cui sch gip bn c c th nhanhchng tm c nguyn gc ting Anh ca cc mc t ting Vit. Cc t tham chiu sau gi "xem" v "xem thm", do c lin quan trc tip n t mc ang gii thch, nn c ghi thngbng ting Anh. Ngoi phn gii thch cc t mc, T in cng km theo cc ph chng tm lcHip nh thnh lp WTO, cc Hip nh GATT v GATS, l cc vn kin nn tng trong mphn thng mi quc t hin nay.Xin trn trng gii thiu cng bn c. BAN QUN L D N MUTRAPCun sch ny c bin son vi s h tr ti chnh ca U ban Chu u. Quan im trong cun sch ny lca cc chuyn gia t vn v do khng th hin quan im chnh thc ca U ban Chu u This book has been prepared with financial assistance from the Commission of the European Communities. Theviews expressed herein are those of the consultants and therefore in no way reflect the official opinion of theCommission -5- 5. AAbsolute advantage: Li th tuyt iQuan im c Adam Smith a ra trong cun "S thnh vng ca cc quc gia", v cmt s nh hc gi khc pht trin, l cc quc gia tham gia vo hot ng thng mi quct c th nhp c hng ho r hn so vi kh nng nc c th sn xut. Smith chorng thng mi quc t cho php s chuyn mn ho cao hn so vi nn kinh t t cung tcp, do cho php cc ngun lc c s dng c hiu qu hn. Khi vit v l do ti sao ccgia nh li i mua hng ho ch khng t sn xut ra n, ng ni rng: "Nhng iu khnngoan trong ng x ca mi gia nh kh c th khng tm thy trong ng x ca mt vngquc v i. Nu mt nc khc c th cung cp cho chng ta hng ho vi gi thp hn chngta sn xut th tt hn ht l chng ta nn mua mt s hng ho ca nc mc d nncng nghip ca chng ta c th sn xut ra, trong khi chng ta c th tp trung vo nhngngnh chng ta c mt s li th". Xem thm autarkty, comparative advantage, gains-from-trade theory, Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, self-reliance v self-sufficiency.Accession: Gia nhpVic tr thnh thnh vin ca WTO (T chc Thng mi th gii), hoc mt t chc hay hipnh quc t khc. Gia nhp WTO yu cu c cc cuc m phn gia nhng nc thnh vinhin ti vi nhng nc xin gia nhp m bo rng ch thng mi ca nc xin gia nhpphi ph hp vi cc nguyn tc ca WTO. Khi gia nhp, cc danh mc cam kt v gim thuquan v dch v m nc xin gia nhp a ra phi tng t nh cam kt ca cc thnh vin hinti v h gia nhp WTO trc v tham gia lin tc cc vng m phn thng mi a phng.Ni cch khc, mi quc gia khi gia nhp phi cam kt tng t nh nhng quyn li m hc hng vi t cch l thnh vin. Gia nhp OECD cng i hi cc nc thnh vin miphi chng minh rng ch kinh t ca mnh ni chung l ph hp vi ch kinh t ca ccnc thnh vin hin ti. Thnh vin ca UNCTAD hoc ca cc c quan khc ca Lin hpquc khng i hi nhng ngha v ny. Xem thm enlargement, schedules of commitments onservices v schedules of concessions.ACP States: Cc quc gia ACPKhong 70 quc gia Chu Phi, vng Ca-ri-b v Thi bnh dng c lin kt vi Cng ngChu u thng qua Cng c Lom em li cho nhng nc ny s u tin cho vic tip cnvi th trng ca Cng ng Chu u. Xem thm STABEX v SYSMIN.Acquis communitaire: Tp hp vn kin ca Cng ngCc vn bn php lut c thng qua cc Hip c thnh lp Cng ng Chu u bao gmcc quy nh, tn ch, quyt nh, xut v cc quan im. im I ca Hip c Maastrichtyu cu duy tr v xy dng Tp hp vn kin ca Cng ng nh l mt mc tiu ca Linminh Chu u. Khi mt quc gia tham gia vo Lin minh Chu u, cc vn bn php lut hinc ca quc gia cn phi ph hp vi Tp hp vn kin ca Cng ng. iu ny i hiphi sa i hng trm o lut ngh vin cc nc thnh vin. Xem thm Europeancommunity legislation.Actionable subsidies: Tr cp c th dn n hnh ngMt phm tr tr cp c quy nh trong Hip nh v Tr cp v cc bin php i khngca WTO. Tr cp c coi l c th dn n hnh ng, v do l bt hp php, khi tr cp gy thit hi ti nn cng nghip trong nc ca cc quc gia thnh vin khc v vi phmcc cam kt ca GATT hoc gy tc ng nghim trng ti quyn li ca quc gia thnh vinkhc. Nu nhng nh hng tiu cc xy ra, nc p dng bin php tr cp phi rt b binphp hoc khc phc cc nh hng tiu cc. Xem thm Countervailing duties, non-actionable subsidies, prohibited subsidies v subsidies. -6- 6. Administered trade: Thng mi c qun lXem managed trade.Administrative guidance: Hng dn mang tnh hnh chnhVic lm trong thc t c thi k c chnh quyn Nht p dng. Nhng nc phn i nura rng vic lm ny c thc hin thng qua vic a ra d bo v sn xut hoc xut khui vi nhng sn phm nhy cm hoc bng cc bin php khng chnh thc khc nhng cngc tc dng tng t. Nhng v d tiu biu cho khi nim ny l nhng bin php p dng chomt hng -t v linh kin bn dn. Cc ngnh cng nghip c lin quan ti lnh vc ny lynhng d bo lm mc trn ti a c tnh cho cc hot ng xut khu ca ngnh mnh.Hng dn mang tnh hnh chnh rt thch hp cho vic qun l nhng hn ch xut khu tnguyn.Administrative international commodity agreements: Cc hip nh hng ho quc tmang tnh hnh chnhy l tn gi i vi cc hip nh hng ho quc t khng p dng kho m, hn ngch xutkhu hoc cc c ch khc nhm tc ng ti gi c hng ho bng cch iu tit lng hngho tung ra th trng. y l mt hnh thc Hip nh lin quan ti cc vn nh tnh minhbch ca th trng, nng cao hiu qu sn xut, ch bin, phn phi hng ho v thu thp ccs liu thng k. Xem thm economic international commodity agreements.Administrative protection: Bo h hnh chnhXem contingent protection v non-tariff measures.Ad valorem equivalent: Thu tng ng tnh theo tr giVic tnh mc thu ca mt sc thu c nh, bng cch chuyn mc thu sut tnh bng gitr tin t c nh ca mi sn phm thnh mc thu sut tnh bng t l phn trm ca gi trhng ho. Kt qu l mt thu sut tnh theo tr gi. V d: mc thu c nh 1 USD nh vomt a compact tr gi 10 USD, theo cch tnh , c mc thu sut tng ng tnh theo trgi l 10%. Nu a tr gi 20 USD th mc thu sut tng ng s l 5%.Ad valorem tariff: Thu theo tr giMt mc thu sut c tnh bng t l phn trm ca gi tr hng ho nhp khu. Hu ht ccthu sut hin nay u tnh bng bin php ny. Xem thm customs valuation v specific tariff.African Economic Community (AEC): Cng ng Kinh t chu PhiAEC l mt t chc nhm mc ch pht trin kinh t, x hi v vn ho ca chu Phi. T chcny bt u i vo hot ng t ngy 12/5/1994. S lng thnh vin hin nay l trn 50 vc m rng cho tt c thnh vin ca T chc thng nht Chu Phi. V lu di, AEC nhmhnh thnh mt Th trng chung chu Phi nhng chng trnh lm vic ca T chc ny s tptrung vo hp tc thng mi v to thun li cho thng mi trong thi gian trung hn. Banth k ca T chc ny t Addis Ababa.AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area): Khu vc Thng mi t do ASEANHip nh v Chng trnh u i thu quan c hiu lc chung nhm thc hin AFTA c hiulc k t ngy 1/1/1993. Hip nh ny p dng vi thng mi hng ho gia cc ncASEAN. Mc tiu ban u ca Hip nh ny nhm t c mc thu t 0-5% i vi thngmi hng ho gia cc nc thnh vin vo nm 2003, nhng hin nay mc thi gian ny c y ln thnh nm 2000 i vi nhiu sn phm. C ch chnh nhm t c vic gimthu quan l CEPT (Chng trnh u i thu quan c hiu lc chung). Hip nh ny ch yubao gm Danh mc Gim thu c mc thu u i c p dng ngay v Danh mc Loi trtm thi. Mc thu u i i vi cc sn phm ca Danh mc loi tr tm thi s c pdng mun nht l nm 2003. Vic gim thu c th c thc hin chm hn i vi nhngmt hng thuc Danh mc Nhy cm i vi nhng nng sn cha ch bin c thng qua -7- 7. vo thng 12/1995. Vic thc hin danh mc gim thu i vi nng sn c bt u t1/1/1996. Bn cnh cn c chng trnh loi b cc bin php phi thu quan. Trong thigian hin nay, Vit Nam tham gia AFTA v s hon thnh cc ngha v ca mnh vo nm2006. c nhng quan im cho rng vic gia nhp ASEAN ca Cam-pu-chia, Lo,Myanmar vo nm 1997 s dn n hai tin trnh thc hin khc nhau i vi to thun li chothng mi trong AFTA. Xem thm ASEAN framework agreement on services v ASEANInvestment Area.AFTA-CERMt chng trnh hp tc v to thun li cho thng mi gia cc nc thnh vin AFTA(Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thi-lan v Vit Nam) vi CER(Australia v New Zealand).Agenda 21: Chng trnh ngh s 21Mt chng trnh bao gm cc nguyn tc v hnh ng c lin quan gia thng mi v mitrng c thng qua ngy 14/6/1992 ti cuc hp UNCED (Hi ngh Lin hp quc v Mitrng v Pht trin) Rio de Janeiro. Chng trnh im A nhm thc y pht trin bnvng thng qua thng mi. Mc tiu ca Chng trnh ny l (a) thc y mt h thngthng mi m, khng phn bit i x v bnh ng cho php tt c cc nc ci thin c cukinh t v nng cao iu kin sng ca nhn dn thng qua s pht trin kinh t bn vng; (b)nng cao kh nng xm th cho hng xut khu ca cc nc ang pht trin; (c) tng cngkh nng iu hnh nn kinh t hng ho v t c nhng chnh sch hng ho lnh mnh,ph hp v n nh tm c quc gia v quc t nhm mang li s ng gp ca hng ho ivi s pht trin bn vng, trong phi k n vn mi trng; v (d) thc y v h trchnh sch quc gia v quc t nhm em li s tng trng kinh t v bo v mi trng c cc nc ng h. iu ny c thc hin thng qua hng lot cc hot ng c m tvi ni dung tng qut v, trong mt chng mc nht nh, xut pht t nhng hot ngtruyn thng ca UNTAD trong lnh vc hng ho. Chng trnh im B nhm (a) lm chothng mi v mi trng cng phc v cho s pht trin bn vng; (b) phn nh r vai tr caGATT, UNCTAD v cc t chc quc t khc trong vic gii quyt cc vn v thng miv lin quan n mi trng bao gm cc th tc ho gii, gii quyt tranh chp v khuynkhch sn xut v cnh tranh quc t, khuyn khch vai tr c tnh xy dng i vi nn cngnghip gii quyt cc vn mi trng v pht trin. Mc tiu ny c h tr bng cchot ng thc tin. Chng trnh ngh s 21 cp n trong quy ch lm vic ca U banWTO v Thng mi v Mi trng, v c dng tham chiu trong qu trnh tho lun caU ban ny. Xem thm Commodity policy v Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment.Aggregate measurement of support: Lng h tr tng cngMt thut ng c s dng trong cc cuc m phn v nng nghip. y l mc h tr hngnm tnh bng tin ca tt c cc bin php h tr trong nc trong ngun qu Chnh phc dng tr cp cho sn xut nng nghip. Theo kt qu m phn ca Vng Uruguay,mc h tr hng nm phi c ct gim. Cc bin php h tr trong nc c nh hng tithiu ti thng mi s khng b ct gim. Xem thm Agreement on Agriculture, blue box,equivalent measure of support, green box v subsidies.Aggressive multilateralism: Ch ngha a phng tch ccMt thut ng c Bayard v Elliott (1994) dng ch mt trong nhng cch m ca thtrng kh thi i vi Hoa K sau khi thng qua Bn ghi nh ca WTO v gii quyt tranhchp. Bn ghi nh lm gim kh nng ca Hoa K trong vic tin hnh hnh ng theoKhon 301 nhng mt khc n li a ra kh nng t ng v tin liu m Hoa K v nhngnc khc ng h nhiu nm, iu m h thy cn thit h thng gii quyt tranh chpca GATT vn hnh tt hn. Ch ngha a phng tch cc c ngha l c ch gii quyt tranh -8- 8. chp s c s dng mt cch dt khot, v c Khon 301 h tr trong chng mc iu l hp php v cn thit.Aggressive reciprocity: Tng h tch ccMt dng tng h, do William R. Cline (1983) a ra, xut pht t hot ng n phng camt nc nhm buc mt i tc thng mi p dng cc tp qun theo h. Cc bin php csc thuyt phc c s dng bao gm bin php tr a nhm phn ng li hnh ng khnglnh mnh, vic p dng lut l thng mi trong nc, v.v... Tng h tch cc c kh nnggii quyt mt s vn thng mi, nhng thng b chi phi bi nhng ch khng lnhmnh mang mu sc chnh tr. Bin php ny c m t nh l "L thuyt thanh by trongchnh sch thng mi". Xem thm Bilateralism, passive reciprocity, Section 301, Special 301,unfair trading practices v unilateralism.Aggressive unilateralism: Ch ngha n phng tch ccXem Unilateralism.Agreement for the Protection of Appellation of Origin and their InternationalRegistration: Hip nh v bo v quyn xut x v ng k quc tXem Lisbon Agreement.Agreement on Agriculture: Hip nh v Nng nghipMt trong nhng kt qu ca Vng Uruguay. Hip nh ny a ra mt khun kh a phngc hiu qu u tin cho ci cch v t do ho di hn thng mi trong lnh vc nng nghip.Hip nh thit lp cc lut l v cam kt mi trong vic m ca th trng, h tr trong ncv cnh tranh xut khu (vic x l tr cp). Hip nh khuyn khch vic p dng cc chnhsch h tr trong nc m t bp mo thng mi hn, v cho php cc hnh ng nhm gimgnh nng ca qu trnh iu chnh trong nc. Hip nh i hi cn c mt s bin php l(a) ct gim 36% chi tiu cho tr cp xut khu u trong 6 nm i vi cc nc pht trin,24% i vi cc nc ang pht trin trong 10 nm; (b) gim 21% lng hng xut khu ctr cp trong 6 nm i vi cc nc pht trin, 14% trong 10 nm i vi cc nc ang phttrin; cc khon tr cp trong nc c tnh bng lng h tr tng cng phi gim 20% trong6 nm, so vi thi k c s tnh t 1986-1988; v (d) cc bin php phi thu quan hin c phichuyn thnh thu quan v c gii hn trn, sau gim bnh qun 36% u trong 6 nm, cngly thi k c s l 1986-1988. i vi cc nc ang pht trin th mc gim s l 24% trong10 nm. Hip nh ny quy nh c cc cam kt m ca ti thiu i vi cc th trng bng ca trc , v cc bin php t v c bit phi tun theo cc iu kin c quy nhcht ch gii quyt vic tng nhp khu sau khi thu ho. Ngoi ra, cc cuc m phn linquan n t do ho thng mi trong nng nghip phi c ni li vo ngy 1/1/2000. Ccnc thnh vin c mt s linh hot trong vic thc hin cc cam kt nu nh h p ng ccc mc tiu nh tho thun. Xem thm agriculture and the GATT, blue box, green box,continuation clause v peace clause.Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services: Hip nh v Dch v vin thng cbnHip nh u tin ca WTO nh kt qu ca Vng Uruguay v thng mi trong lnh vc dchv, c k vo ngy 15/2/1997. Hip nh ny c nhng cam kt v m ca th trng ca 69nc thnh vin, bao gm c thng mi qua bin gii v vic cung cp dch v thng qua shin din thng mi. Hip nh ny c hiu lc k t ngy 1/1/1998. Xem thm cross-bordertrade in services v International Telecommunication Union.Agreement on Government Procurement: Hip nh v Mua sm ca chnh phy l mt trong nhng hip nh nhiu bn ca WTO. Vic chnh ph mua sm hng ho vdch v dng khng nm trong din iu chnh ca GATS hoc GATT. Mt s thnh vin caGATT xem vn ny l thiu st ln v h tho thun Hip nh v Mua sm ca chnh -9- 9. ph ti Vng Tokyo. Hip nh WTO l s k tha ca vn bn Vng Tokyo. Hip nh nyp dng vi cc hp ng mua sm hng ho, dch v v xy dng ca chnh ph trung ng,chnh quyn bang hoc tnh v nhng ngnh phc v cng cng trn mt quy m nht nh.Hin nay Hip nh ny c 10 thnh vin tham gia, k c Cng ng Chu u c tnh nh lmt, Nht, Canada v Hoa K. Mt s nc khc ang xem xt gia nhp. Hip nh ny nhmbo m rng, tu theo cc bin php hp php bin gii (v d cc tiu chun sc kho v anton, bo v s hu tr tu, v. v...), cc nh cung cp nc ngoi c i x khng km thunli hn cc nh cung cp trong nc trong nhng hp ng mua hng ca chnh ph. Hip nhny cng quy nh cc bn dnh cho nhau i ng ti hu quc trong vic mua sm ca chnhph, nhng c s tng h trc tip trong phm vi m cc nc thnh vin cho php cc cngty ca cc nc thnh vin khc cnh tranh trong vic mua sm ca chnh ph nc . iuny c c bit p dng mua hng cc cp di cp lin bang hay trung ng. Hip nhcng nhm t c nhng th tc v tp qun ca chnh ph r rng trong vic mua hng.Australia v New Zealand khng phi l thnh vin ca Hip nh ny. Xem thm second-levelobligations.Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade 1994: Hip nh thc hin iu VI ca Hip nh chung v Thu quan v Thngmiy l Hip nh chng ph gi ca WTO. Xem anti-dumping measures v dumping.Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade 1994: Hip nh thc hin iu VII ca Hip nh chung v Thu quan v Thngmiy l Hip nh v nh gi hi quan. Hip nh ny quy nh cc nguyn tc v th tc mcc nc thnh vin WTO phi tun th khi xc nh tr gi ca hng ho nhp khu nhm mcch thu ng thu hi quan. C s u tin tnh tr gi hi quan l tr gi giao dch. Nirng ra, y l gi thc tr cho hng ho xut khu theo cc iu kin cnh tranh thng thng.Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures: Hip nh v Th tc cp php nhp khuHip nh ny quy nh cc th tc m cc nc thnh vin WTO phi tun th trong vic qunl ch cp php nhp khu. Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca n l bo m rng nhng ch nh vy c qun l theo cch cng bng v bnh ng v theo cc iu kin r rng.Agreement on Preshipment Inspection: Hip nh v Kim tra trc khi giao hngy l hip nh ca WTO quy nh cc iu kin v cc th tc m theo cc nc thnhvin thc hin kim tra trc khi giao hng bo m rng chi ph ca hng ho c gi phhp vi chi ph ghi trong ho n. Vic kim tra nh vy ch yu c cc nc ang phttrin s dng ngn nga vic r r vn, gian ln thng mi, trn thu hi quan v cc hnhng tng t khc. Hip nh i hi cc nc thnh vin p dng cc nguyn tc v ngha vca GATT trong cc hot ng ny. iu ny bao gm s khng phn bit i x, tnh cngkhai, bo v cc thng tin kinh doanh mt, trnh cc trng hp tr hon khng hp l, vic sdng cc hng dn c th cho vic thm nh gi v trnh cc xung t v quyn li gia ccc quan kim tra trc khi giao hng. Cc nc thnh vin xut khu phi p dng lut v ccquy nh ca nc h lin quan n cc hot ng giao hng mt cch khng phn bit i x.Cc nc phi cng b ngay cc lut l v quy nh ang p dng v khi c yu cu, ccnc phi dnh h tr k thut cho cc nc thnh vin p dng bin php ny. Trongtrng hp c tranh chp, cc bn c s dng cc th tc xem xt c lp theo nh quy nhca Hip nh. Cc th tc ny do mt c quan c lp qun l to ra mt t chc lm idin cho c quan kim tra trc khi xp hng v mt t chc i din cho ngi xut khu.Quyt nh ca nhm ngi xem xt 3 bn c coi l rng buc vi tt c cc bn tranh chp. - 10 - 10. Agreement on Rules of Origin: Hip nh v Quy ch xut xMt trong nhng hip nh ca WTO. Hip nh ny ra mt chng trnh lm vic di hnnhm thng nht cc quy ch xut x. Cng vic ny phi c U ban v quy tc xut x honthnh vo ngy 1/1/1998 hoc ngay sau . Cng vic ca U ban c quy nh theo ccnguyn tc trong Hip nh ny. V d, quy ch xut x c nh ngha l lut, quy nh vquyt nh hnh chnh do cc nc thnh vin p dng xc nh nc xut x ca hng hoc chp nhn theo cc iu kin v ti hu quc, tc l n khng p dng i vi cc snphm c nhp theo chng trnh u i thu quan. Nc xut x hng ho l nc hoc l hng ho hon ton c sn xut ra, hoc nu c hn mt nc c lin quan th l ncm hng ha c nhng chuyn i c bn. Hip nh quy nh rng quy ch xut xcn c qun l theo cch nht qun, thng nht, cng bng v hp l. Cc quy tc khngc to ra nhng tc ng hn ch, lm bin dng hoc ph v i vi thng mi quc t.Cui cng, quy ch xut x phi quy nh nhng g to nn ch khng phi nhng g khng tonn xut x. Hip nh c mt ph lc di dng mt tuyn b v vic qun l quy ch xut xc chp nhn theo cc iu kin u i. Xem thm change in tariff heading v preferentialrules of origin.Agreement on Safeguards: Hip nh v T vy l hip nh ca WTO quy nh khi no v bng cch no cc nc thnh vin c th vndng iu XIX ca GATT. iu ny quy nh kh nng p dng hnh ng khn cp bo vnn cng nghip trong nc khi vic tng nhp khu khng lng trc ang gy ra hoc cth gy ra thit hi nghim trng ti nn cng nghip. "Thit hi nghim trng" c nhngha l vic gy phng hi ng k n nn cng nghip trong nc, v "e do thit hinghim trng" c ngha l nhng thit hi nh vy r rng l sp xy ra. Hip nh ny lu rng vic xc nh mi e do ca cc thit hi nghim trng phi c da trn thc t, chkhng phi trn l l, s phng on, hoc nhng kh nng xa xi. Hip nh ny ra nhngtiu chun i vi vic iu tra p dng t v bao gm thng bo i cht cng khai v nhngbin php thch hp khc cc bn c lin quan c th a ra cc bng chng. Cc tiu chun cng bao gm quy nh bin php t v c v li ch chung hay khng. Nu nh vicchm tr trong s dng hnh ng t v c th gy ra tn tht kh khc phc th c th p dngcc bin php t v tm thi trong thi gian khng qu 200 ngy. Hnh ng t v phi cthc hin mt cch khng phn bit i x. N c p dng i vi sn phm ch khng phichng li ngun sn phm. Kh nng la chn do khng cn na. Ni chung, thi hn cabin php t v khng c vt qu 4 nm, mc d vy c th ko di ti a trong 8 nmtrong mt s trng hp. Bt k bin php no p dng trn mt nm phi c kt hp viiu chnh c cu theo hng t do ho dn iu kin m ca th trng. Cc nc thnh vins dng hnh ng t v c th phi c bi thng. Hip nh ny cm cc ci gi l bin phpmin xm v tt c cc bin php t v c hiu lc k t 1/1/1995 phi c loi b trong 5nm. Xem thm de minimis safeguards rule.Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Hip nh v pdng cc bin php v sinh dch tMt hip nh ca WTO lin quan n vic s dng cc quy nh v an ton lng thc, sckho ng vt v cy trng cc bin php ny khng c s dng nh l hng ro tr hnhi vi thng mi quc t. Hip nh ny dnh cho chnh ph quyn p dng cc bin php vsinh dch t, nhng chng khng c dng phn bit i x mt cch tu tin v phi lgia cc nc thnh vin WTO ang p dng cc bin php ging hoc tng t nhau. Hipnh ny khuyn khch cc nc thnh vin p dng cc bin php trong nc theo cc tiuchun, cc hng dn v khuyn ngh ca quc t. Cc nc thnh vin c th p dng hocduy tr tiu chun mc cao nu c nhng chng minh khoa hc hoc nu nh gi ri ro chra rng iu l thch hp. Mt nc nhp khu phi xem xt cc tiu chun c cc ncxut khu p dng l tng ng vi bn thn tiu chun ca nc nu nh nc xut khuc th chng minh c ng l nh vy. Hip nh ny ra cc th tc chi tit iu chnh - 11 - 11. tnh cng khai ca cc quy nh, c ch thng bo, v vic thnh lp cc im tip xc qucgia.Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: Hip nh v Tr cp v cc binphp i khngMt hip nh ca WTO quy nh 3 loi tr cp v cc th tc x l cc loi tr cp . Ba loi l cc tr cp b cm (tr cp c iu kin da trn kt qu xut khu hoc yu cu s dnghng ni a ch khng phi hng nhp khu), tr cp c th dn n hnh ng (l tr cp chc duy tr nu khng gy thit hi nn cng nghip ca cc nc thnh vin khc, v hiuho hoc gy phng hi cc ch li hoc gy ra phng hi nghim trng ti li ch ca ccnc thnh vin khc) v tr cp khng dn n hnh ng (tr cp cc nc thnh vin cphp duy tr). Hip nh ny quy nh chi tit thi gian biu i vi trng hp gii quyt tranhchp ny sinh t vic p dng Hip nh. Hip nh ny cng quy nh cc iu kin c th pdng thu i khng. Hip nh ny khng p dng i vi tr cp nng nghip. Xem thmAgreement on Agriculture, blue box, green box, Permanent Group of Experts v provisionalcountervailing duties.Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade: Hip nh v Cc hng ro k thut i vithng miMt hip nh ca WTO nhm m bo cc quy nh v tiu chun k thut k c cc yu cuv ng gi, nhn mc v cc th tc nh gi s ph hp vi cc quy nh v tiu chun kthut, khng to ra nhng tr ngi khng cn thit i vi thng mi quc t. Hip nh nyk tha B lut Tiu chun ca Vng Tokyo. Hip nh ny khuyn khch cc nc thnh vins dng cc tiu chun quc t thch hp, nhng khng yu cu cc nc thnh vin phi thayi mc bo h v l do tiu chun ho. Hip nh ny p dng khng ch vi nhng tiu chuni vi mt sn phm m cn lin quan n cc phng php ch bin v sn xut. Cc th tcthng bo quy nh s c p dng. Bn ph lc ca Hip nh ny l B lut v tp quntt phc v cho vic chun b, thng qua v p dng cc tiu chun. C quan tiu chun hoca chnh quyn trung ng phi tun th b lut ny v n c m i vi cc c quanchnh quyn a phng v phi chnh ph. Xem thm conformity assessment, InternationalElectrotechnical Commission v International Organisation for Standardisation.Agreement on Textiles and Clothing: Hip nh v Hng dt v may mcMt hip nh ca WTO k tha Hip nh a si (MFA). Hip nh ny khc vi MFA chmc tiu ca n l a thng mi quc t trong lnh vc hng dt v may mc tr li khunkh cc nguyn tc t do ho v khng phn bit i x thng thng ca WTO vo ngy1/1/2005. n 1/1/1995, cc nc thnh vin phi p dng cc bin php trn cho 16% khilng thng mi hng dt nm 1990 ca mnh. n 1/1/1998, 17% khc s phi c a vo,thm 18% na vo ngy 1/1/2002 v s cn li s c a vo ngy 1/1/2005. iu ny cngha l c mt khi lng ng k c d dn vo thi k sau, nhng mt s iu kin cngbng s c p dng. V d mi giai on, sn phm phi c chn t 4 nhm sau: ltv t si, vi, sn phm dt lm sn v qun o. Tin trnh thc hin c c quan iu hnhhng dt gim st, l mt c quan c thnh lp theo Hip nh ny v c mt s chcnng gii quyt tranh chp trong phm vi Hip nh. C ch gii quyt tranh chp ca WTOcng c p dng i vi cc nc thnh vin.Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft: Hip nh v bun bn my bay dn dngy l mt trong nhng hip nh nhiu bn ca WTO, lc u c k nh mt b phn caVng Tokyo. Cc bn k kt ca Hip nh cam kt gim thu hi quan v cc khon thu khci vi (a) my bay dn dng; (b) ng c, cc b phn v chi tit my bay dn dng; (c) ccb phn, chi tit, cc chi tit lp rp ph khc ca my bay dn dng; (d) thit b m phng baymt t. Hip nh ny quy nh ngi mua c t do la chn ngi cung cp trn c s ccyu t thng mi, cng ngh v khng c hn ch nh lng. Cc quy nh ca WTO v trcp s c p dng.- 12 - 12. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights: Hip nh v Quyns hu tr tu lin quan n thng miMt trong nhng hip nh ca WTO c k trong Vng Uruguay. Hip nh ny c mphn nhm gii quyt cng thng gia tng trong thng mi quc t ny sinh t nhng tiuchun khc nhau bo h v thc hin quyn s hu tr tu v vic thiu nhng nguyn tc aphng v thng mi hng gi quc t. Hip nh ny p dng i vi bn quyn v cc quynlin quan, thng hiu, ch du a l, kiu dng cng nghip, bng pht minh, s mch tchhp v vic bo v b mt thng mi. Tiu chun bo h c p dng l cc tiu chun ctrong Cng c Paris (sa i 1967), Cng c Bern (sa i 1971), Cng c Rome v Hipc v s hu tr tu lin quan n mch tch hp nhng khng cn thit phi tham gia vonhng Cng c . Cc nc thnh vin c t do xc nh cc phng php ph hp thchin cc quy nh ca Hip nh ny trong phm vi h thng php lut v thc tin ca mnh.Cc nc pht trin c yu cu phi a cc quy nh php l v thc tin ca mnh ph hpvi Hip nh vo cui nm 1995. Cc nc ang pht trin v cc nc ang trong qu trnhchuyn i t k hoch ho tp trung sang nn kinh t th trng cho n tn cui nm 1999mi phi thc hin nhng iu cam kt. Xem thm industrial property v intellectualproperty.Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures: Hip nh v Cc bin php u tlin quan n thng miMt trong nhng Hip nh ca WTO c k ti Vng Uruguay, c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/1995.Hip nh ny nhm loi b cc iu kin gn vi vic cho php u t c nh hng bin dnghoc hn ch thng mi hng ho. Ph lc ca Hip nh c danh sch minh ho cc binphp v u t c xem l khng ph hp vi iu 3 (i ng quc gia) v iu 9 (Loi bhon ton cc hn ch nh lng) ca GATT. l (a) i hi doanh nghip phi s dng mts lng nht nh sn phm c xut x ni a, (b) cho php nhp khu lin quan n victhc hin xut khu, (c) cc yu cu lin quan n hn ch nh lng hng nhp khu. Ccnc thnh vin pht trin phi loi b cc bin php khng ph hp vo ngy 1/1/1997, ccnc ang pht trin vo ngy 1/1/2000 v cc nc km pht trin nht l vo ngy 1/1/2002.Hip nh cng a ra ti iu 9 mt kh nng l vo giai on sau c th c c nhng quynh v u t v chnh sch cnh tranh. Xem thm local content requirements.Agreement regarding International Trade in Textiles: Hip nh v thng mi quc thng dtXem Multi-Fibre Arrangement.Agreement respecting normal competitive conditions in the commercial shipbuilding andrepair industry: Hip nh lin quan n cc iu kin cnh tranh thng thng trongngnh cng nghip ng tu v sa cha tu bin thng miXem OECD shipbuilding agreement.Agriculture and the GATT: Nng nghip v GATTCc quy nh ca GATT khng phn bit gia hng nng sn v nhng hng khc ngoi trnhng trng hp nh. iu XI yu cu loi b cc hn ch nh lng ni chung, nhng iuXI:2 cho php mt s hn ch nhp khu v xut khu i vi nhng sn phm nng nghiptheo nhng iu kin quy nh ngt ngho. iu XVI (tr cp) yu cu cc bn trnh s dngtr cp i vi vic xut khu cc sn phm s cp, v iu XX (Ngoi l chung) cho php ccnc thnh vin ngng mt s ngha v tun theo cc bin php m h chp nhn trongcc Hip nh hng ho quc t. Nhng Hip nh ny thc t khng chu s iu chnh bi ccnguyn tc ca GATT. Trong vi nm u ca GATT, tnh hnh ny khng gy ra kh khnthc s no. Ty u ang c gng khc phc nhng nh hng ca chin tranh v cha c mts du hiu d tha thng xuyn, iu tr thnh mt c trng ca thng mi trong nngnghip thp k sau . Ni ring, cc nc ny dng nh l nhng th trng tiu th dtha ca Hoa K, ngoi tr sn phm sa. Vo thi gian ca Phin hp r sot GATT 1955, c - 13 - 13. mt suy ngh gia cc nc thnh vin l n thi im a nhng cam kt v hng ho vodi s gim st ca GATT. Tuy nhin, Hoa K thc s c vn . Dng nh khng thkim ch kh nng sn xut d tha trong nc ca Hoa k, v cc th trng nhp khu ca htr nn rt quyn r i vi cc nh cung cp nc ngoi. Nhng hn ch nhp khu theo iuXI:2 c v khng p ng c vic gii quyt vn ny. Vo nm 1951, Hoa K dnh smin tr i vi hn ch nhp khu hng sa. iu ny c thay th bng mt yu cu vonm 1954, v c chp thun vo nm 1955, dnh s min tr khng thi hn cho n khinc ny c th a cc quy nh ca o lut v iu chnh trong Nng nghip ph hp vingha v ca GATT. y l min tr Khon 22. T , Hoa K c php p t hn ch nhpkhu i vi cc sn phm nng nghip khi thy cn thit. Hnh ng ny to ra nn tng chovic x l nhng vn nng nghip trong tng lai tng lai theo cc nguyn tc ca GATT.Cc c hi gii quyt vn ny theo nhng nguyn tc thng thng gp phi cn trln. V d, khi Thu-s tm thi gia nhp GATT vo nm 1958, nc ny ginh c ngoil i vi ton b lnh vc nng nghip. Tuy nhin, nhng nc thnh vin khc ca GATT litip tc tm kim mt ch thng mi quc t i vi hng ho. Trong khi ch i, mt xut ny sinh vo u nm 1955 v vic hnh thnh Hip nh c bit v cc tho thunhng ho (SACA). Hip nh ny to ra c ch gii quyt s mt cn bng gia sn xut vtiu dng i vi nhng loi hng ho s cp, k c kh nng p dng cho nhng tha thunhng ho. Tho thun ny tn ti song song vi GATT hay l mt b phn ca GATT th chabao gi c lm r. Trong bt k trng hp no, d xut c gi tr nh th no, th iu cng khng c ngha l g v Hip nh khng c hiu lc. c mt s nc chorng h c th sng tt hn vi cc iu kin hin thi ca GATT. Mt s nc khc cho rngchng c ngha g tip tc khi Hoa K t r rng h khng quan tm vic tr thnh thnhvin ca SACA. Cc n lc trong 3 thp k tip theo nhm p t cc nguyn tc ca GATTi vi thng mi nng nghip khng t c tm nh xut . Mt sng kin ny sinhmy thng sau nhm gii quyt vn gii quyt d tha, c th l theo cc o lut caHoa K chng hn nh PL 480, b m nht dn sau vi nm tho lun. Mt n lc sau nhm gii quyt nhng vn lin quan n thng mi trong lnh vc nng nghip ca vo trong Bo co Haberler nm 1957. Bo co ny ch yu nhm phn tch ti sao thngmi ca cc nc ang pht trin khng pht trin nhanh chng nh cc nc cng nghip ho,nhng dao ng gi ngn hn qu ln ca cc sn phm s cp v vic p dng rng ri bo hhng nng nghip. Bo co ca Ban hi thm vi tiu Nhng xu hng trong Thng miquc t, c cng b vo thng 10/1958. Bn cnh cc vn khc, bo co ny lp lunphi gim mc ch ngha bo h nng nghip Bc M v Ty u, phng hng chungca bo co ny l thin v t do ho thng mi. Mc d bn bo co c hu ht cc thnhvin ng h nhng nh hng ca n li tr nn rt nh b. Mt U ban c thnh lp xem xt chi tit nhng xut ca bn bo co, v iu ny lm ngi ta tin rng mt gii phpang n gn. Mc d c phn tch v tho lun, nhng iu ng ni nht v tc ng dihn ca bn bo co Haberler ch l n c xem nh l bc u tin tin ti vic ra i VngDillion vo nm 1960. Lc vic phc hi hon ton ca Ty u sau chin tranh v victhnh lp Cng ng Kinh t Chu u dn n tnh hnh mi trong thng mi hng nngsn ton cu. Vic p dng Chnh sch Nng nghip chung vi cc bin thu v nhng bin phph tr trong nc to ra mt i th cnh tranh ng gm lm bin dng thng mi m ntn by gi vn c coi l do cc hnh ng ca Hoa K gy ra. Sau , Vng Kennedy btu nm 1963 dng nh a ra nhng c hi mi gii quyt vn nng nghip. Mttrong nhng mc tiu ca Vng ny l thng qua cc bin php xm th cho nng sn v ccsn phm s cp. Vng m phn bt u tht ti t bng vic n ra Chin tranh tht g, mtcuc tranh chp gia Hoa K v Cng ng Kinh t Chu u vi vic ng ca bt ng thtrng c v cc nc Chu u khc i vi gia cm thng qua vic p dng cc bin thu.Kt qu ca Vng Kenedy v hng nng sn rt ngho nn. Thnh cng chnh ca n l to rang lc cho vic k kt Tho thun mi v ng cc quc t sau . Nhim v caVng Tokyo(1973-1979) l m phn v nng nghip, c tnh n nhng c th v nhng vng mctrong lnh vc ny. Nhng cuc m phn nh vy cui cng cng kt thc trong tht bi. Vick Hip nh v tht b v Hip nh quc t v cc sn phm sa a ra mt gii php yu t- 14 - 14. i vi lnh vc thng mi ny, nhng vn khng gii quyt c nhng vn v sn xutqu mc trong nc, tr cp xut khu, cc hn ch nhp khu v cc bin php khc l ctrng trong lnh vc thng mi nng nghip. Vng Tokyo kt thc vi tho thun l ccnc tip tc m phn xy dng mt Khun kh Nng nghip a phng nhm trnh i uchnh tr v kinh t lin min trong lnh vc ny. Cc cuc m phn c ni li nhng khngc hiu qu g. Nh Hudec, Kennedy, Sgarbossa (1993) ghi nhn, trong khong t nm 1947n trong khong t nm 1947 n nhng nm u 1980 c 100 cuc tranh chp trong GATTlin quan nng nghip, chim khong gn 43% cc tranh chp c bo co. Hoa K v Cngng Kinh t Chu u c lin quan vi t cch nguyn n hoc b n ca 87 v trong s .Mt bc khi u mi nhm tm c gii php i vi cc vn v thng mi nng nghipl rt cn thit. Cuc hp cp B trng GATT nm 1982 tho thun v chng trnh lmvic nhm xem xt tt c cc vn nh hng ti thng mi, m ca th trng, cnh tranhv vn cung cp trong nng nghip. Mt nhm lm vic a ra xut vo nm 1984 vm ca th trng ln hn, cnh tranh xut khu mnh hn, nhng quy tc r rng hn v hnch nh lng v tr cp, v nhng i ng c bit c hiu qu hn i vi cc nc angpht trin. Bn bo co c cc xut c thng qua trong cng nm . Sau , nhng xut li v pha sau v cc cuc m phn chun b cho Vng Uruguay bt u.Thc ra, nhng xut to nn d tho cc mc tiu chnh ca m phn n c bt uvo nm 1986. Cc B trng tho thun ti Punta del Este rng cc cuc m phn cn tc s t do ho hn na trong thng mi nng nghip v t tt c cc bin php nh hngti tip cn th trng nhp khu v cnh tranh xut khu vo khun kh cc nguyn tc v lutl ca GATT cht ch hn v c kh nng p dng hiu qu hn. Cn phi ch hn ti vicgim cc hng ro cn tr nhp khu, mt mi trng cnh tranh tt hn v nhng nh hngca cc bin php v sinh dch t. Mt nhn t mi nhp cuc. Trong cc Vng Kenedy vTokyo, cc cuc m phn v nng nghip ch yu c tin hnh gia Cng ng Kinh tChu u v Hoa K. Cc i tc thng mi khc v nng nghip ch xut hin bn l canhng cuc m phn . Vic hnh thnh Nhm Cairns ngay trc khi tin hnh VngUruguay, mt nhm gm 14 nc kinh doanh lnh mnh trong lnh vc nng nghip, mbo c ting ni th 3 c nh hng v c mc . Nng nghip l mt trong nhng ch m phn kh khn nht ca Vng m phn ny. Cc vn u c hiu k nhngkhng t c tin b no cho ti khi Cng ng Chu u tha nhn rng nhng thay itrong Chnh sch Nng nghip Chung ch cn thit v l do ti chnh trong nc, v vic gimh tr gi l c th m khng gy chia r nhng mi lin h x hi ca Cng ng . Ngay clc , U ban Chu u cng gp kh khn trong vic nhn c u quyn m phn t ccnc thnh vin. S yu km trong vic tham gia ca Cng ng ny vo cc cuc m phn vnng nghip l nguyn nhn trc tip dn n tht bi ca Hi ngh B trng Brussel vothng 12/1990. Vn cng gp kh khn v Hoa K c bm cht mc tiu nhm t ti trcp bng khng, mt vic m ngay c Hoa k cng khng mong i c th lm c ngay cvi nhng tp qun ca h. Hip c Blair House thng 11/1992 nh du mt mc quantrng ca Vng m phn. Cc cuc m phn vn din ra kh khn v mt s thay i c licho Cng ng Chu u c a vo Hip c ny vo thng 12/1993. iu ny cho phpkt thc Vng m phn vi ngy sau . Thng mi i vi tt c nng sn hin nay thucdin iu chnh ca cc quy tc ca WTO nhng vn cn thm nhiu cuc m phn tc mt ch thng mi tng t nh cc sn phm cng nghip. c c m t ngngn v kt qu ca Vng Uruguay v nng nghip, xem Agreement on Agriculture. Xem thmBaumgartner proposals v Mansholt proposals.ALADI: Hip hi lin kt M La-tinhHip hi lin kt M La-tinh (LAIA), c thnh lp nm 1980 gm cc nc Argentina,Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay v Venezuela theosau s sp ca Hip hi Thng mi t do M La-tinh (LAFTA). Mc tiu ALADI cquy nh trong Hip c Montevideo l theo ui vic thnh lp dn dn v lin tc mt thtrng chung M La-tinh. Mercosur c xem nh l mt bc tin ti mc tiu ny.Alliance for Progress: Lin minh v s tin b - 15 - 15. Ban u l K hoch pht trin 10 nm ca M La-tinh bao gm nhng mc tiu kinh t v xhi c Tng thng Hoa K Kenedy a ra nm 1961. Trong nhng mc tiu ny c "mt giiphp nhanh chng v bn vng i vi nhng vn gc r do s dao ng gi qu ln ca ccmt hng xut khu chnh ca nhng nc M La-tinh" v y nhanh lin kt kinh t M La-tinh. Mt s tin b t c theo thi gian, nhng khi Lin minh v s tin b chnh thckt thc vo nm 1980, nhng thnh qu t c cn xa vi mc tiu nh. Xem thmCaribbean Basin Innitiative, Enterprise for the Americas Initiative v FTAA.Alternative dispute resolution: Gii php thay th i vi tranh chpMt phng php gii quyt tranh chp thng qua trng ti, tham vn, trung gian gii quyttranh chp, v.v... bn cnh cc th tc to n chnh thc. Cc bn tranh chp thng nh ra mthoc vi ngi khng lin quan c kh nng i n kt lun da trn s cng bng v bnhng. Gii php thay th i vi tranh chp ch c tc dng khi cc bn thc s mong mun tmra gii php v chp nhn kt qu ca m phn, v nhng phn quyt nh vy trong phn lncc trng hp khng c kh nng cng ch thng qua to n. Xem thm dispute settlement.Alternative specific tariff: Thu c nh thay thMt mc thu sut tnh theo tr gi bng t l phn trm ca tr gi sn phm, hoc theo thusut c nh, tc l c tnh mc tin t c nh trn mi sn phm. Cc c quan hi quanthng p dng mc thu cao hn trong hai mc nu trn. Xem thm ad valorem tariff vspecific tariff.Admendments to WTO agreements: Sa i i vi cc Hip nh WTOCc iu khon sau ca WTO c th c sa i vi s nht tr ca tt c cc thnh vin: iuIX (ra quyt nh) ca Hip nh Marrakesh thnh lp T chc Thng mi Th gii, iu I(i ng ti hu quc chung) v iu II (Danh mc u i) ca GATT 1994, iu II:1 (i ngti hu quc) ca GATS, v iu IV (i ng ti hu quc) ca Hip nh v Quyn s hu trtu lin quan n thng mi. Sa i i vi cc quy nh khc ca cc hip nh a phngWTO c th c thng qua theo nguyn tc a s 2/3. Mi nc thnh vin sau phi honthnh cc th tc chp nhn sa i . Hip nh Marrakesh c cc iu khon cho phpHi ngh B trng WTO quyt nh theo nguyn tc a s 3/4 m bt k mt thnh vin nokhng chp nhn sa i trong mt khong thi gian no c th t do rt khi WTO hocvn l thnh vin. Quy nh ny r rng l ch c s dng trong mt s trng hp ngoi l.Tt c thnh vin ca WTO u c mt phiu biu quyt. Cng ng Chu u c php c slng phiu bng vi s lng nhng nc thnh vin ca mnh. Nhng sa i i vi hipnh nhiu bn ca WTO c thng qua vi iu kin phi tun theo cc quy nh ca cchip nh ny. Xem thm decision-making in the WTO.American Selling Price (ASP): Gi bn ca MCho n nm 1979, l phng php tnh tr gi hng ho ti bin gii tnh thu hi quanc Hoa K quy nh trong o lut Thu quan 1922 v thc hin theo vi s kt hp cao lut Thu quan 1930. Tnh thu ch yu da trn gi bn bun thng thng, gm c vicchun b giao hng, m ti hng ho c sn xut ti Hoa K c bn trn th trngtrong nc. nh hng ca h thng ny c th l mt mc thu cao hn t 2-3 ln so viphng php tnh tr gi c a ra trong iu VII ca GATT (nh gi hi quan). Vic pdng h thng c vn c php v iu khon bo lu cho php s tip tc tn ti cc o lutc t trc khi c GATT, thm ch n vi phm ngay chnh iu khon ca GATT. Tuy nhin,ch c di 1% hng nhp khu ca Hoa K lun b nh hng ca h thng ny, ch yu lhng ho cht. Ti Vng Tokyo, ASP chu s ph phn mnh m ca Cng ng Kinh t Chuu v iu ny dn n gii php mt phn i vi hng ho cht. H thng ny b hu bnh c o lut v cc hip nh thng mi 1979 m Hoa K chp nhn nhng nguyn tcquy nh trong Hip nh ca Vng Tokyo v vic thc hin iu VII (nh gi hi quan). XemVitamin B12 v tranh chp xung quanh vic chuyn t H thng ASP sang nhng quy tc vnh gi hi quan.- 16 - 16. Analytical Index: Sch phn tch chi tity l hng dn i vi vic gii thch v p dng GATT (Hip nh chung v thu quan vthng mi) c Ban php l ca WTO chun b, c nh k cp nht v ti bn. Ni dungca hng dn c c kt t ngun ti liu chnh thc ca GATT. Sch phn tch c giithch rt chi tit v cc iu ca GATT do cc nc thnh vin, ban hi thm gii quyt tranhchp, v.v... a ra. V mt php l, y l cng c c bn ca nhng ai tham gia phn tchchnh sch thng mi. Xem thm GATT Basic Instruments and Selected Documents.Andean Pact: Hip c AndeanHip c ny c hnh thnh vo nm 1969 v c xem nh l mt tiu nhm ca LAFTA(Khu vc Thng mi t do M La-tinh) vi mc tiu nhm iu phi chnh sch cng nghipv u t nc ngoi. Cc nc thnh vin l Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuardor, Peru v Venezuela.Andriessen Assurance: m bo Andriesseny l mt tho thun c m phn vo nm 1985 gia Cng ng Kinh t Chu u vAustralia nhm gi mt s th trng th b Chu khng c tr cp. Frans Andriessen lB trng ca EEC v nng nghip thi .Annecy Tariff Conference: Hi ngh Thu quan AnnecyVng th 2 trong 8 vng m phn thng mi a phng, c t chc ti Annecy, Php tthng 4 n thng 8/1949. Mc tiu c bn l nhm to thun li cho vic gia nhp GATT ca10 nc (an-mch, Cng ho Dominica, Phn-lan, Hy-lp, Haiti, Italia, Liberia, Nicaragua,Thu-in v Uruaguay), l nhng nc khng tham gia cc vng m phn thu quan tiGenve 1947. Ti hi ngh ny, Uruguay khng tham gia cho n tn 1953. Xem thm TariffConference.Anti-circumvention: Bin php chng trn trnhy l bin php do Chnh ph p dng nhm ngn nga vic trn trnh thu chng ph gi.Mt s cng ty tm cch n trnh nhng thu bng nhiu cch, trong c cch lp rp ccb phn nc nhp khu hay nc th ba, hoc bng cch chuyn ngun sn xut v xutkhu ti mt nc th ba. Thut ng c dng trong WTO khng lin quan n cc trnghp gian ln, nhng trng hp c gii quyt bng nhng th tc php l thng thngca cc nc c lin quan. Cc quy nh v chng trn trnh c a vo chng trnh ngh scc cuc m phn ca Vng Uruguay v Hip nh chng ph gi cng nh Hip nh v Trcp v cc bin php i khng nhng khng t c tho thun no. Mt chng trnh lmvic hin nay ang c tin hnh ti U ban ca WTO v cc hot ng chng ph gi. Xemthm anti-dumping measures, dumping v screwdriver operations.Anti-competitive practices: Cc hot ng phn cnh tranhThng c gi l cc hot ng kinh doanh hn ch hoc cc hot ng kinh doanh khnglnh mnh. Cc cng ty s dng hot ng ny hn ch mc m h b chi phi bi c chgi. iu ny c th thc hin c khi mt cng ty hoc mt nhm cc cng ty c u th thtrng hoc sc mnh th trng. Trong mt s trng hp, n lin quan n s thng nggia cc cng ty. Xem thm antitrust, cartel, conduct v trade and competition policy.Anti-dumping measures: Cc bin php chng ph giLoi thu c bit nh vo hng nhp khu khi mt cng ty b nh gi l bn hng ho tith trng nc nhp khu mc gi thp hn mc gi tnh trn cng loi sn phm thtrng trong nc. Do , c th coi cc bin php chng ph gi nh mt hnh thc t v.Theo quy tc ca WTO, cc bin php chng ph gi ch c p dng khi n gy thit hi ivi nn cng nghip trong nc sn xut ra nhng sn phm tng t nc nhp khu. Khinim th n gin nhng vic thc hin n dn n mt h thng qun l hnh chnh phc tpv c qu nhiu iu khon c s dng cn phi c thm nh ngha. Hip nh ca WTO v- 17 - 17. vic thc hin iu 6 ca Hip nh chung v Thu quan v Thng mi 1994 quy nh r ccth tc chnh xc v r rng i vi vic thc hin cc bin php chng ph gi. Mt s phngphp phc tp c s dng nh gi nhng chnh lch v gi v xc nh mc tntht. Cc bin php chng ph gi c hnh thnh nu nh gi c do cng ty nc ngoi tnh nc nhp khu thp hn mc tr gi thng thng nc sn xut. Tr gi thng thng ctnh bng nhng chi ph c nh v bin i ca sn xut cng vi mt lot cc chi ph khcthng gn lin vi sn xut v thng mi. Nu nh kinh doanh trong nc qu t, tr githng thng c ly l mc so snh cao nht th trng th ba hoc chi ph sn xut ctnh ca cc cng ty xut khu cng vi mc hp l trang tri cc chi ph v li nhun nhmc. Nu khng c gi xut khu, hoc l thng mi gia cc bn c lin quan vi nhau, vdo ch s gi c xem l khng tin cy, mc gi xut khu c th c tnh trn c snhng g c tnh khi bn cho mt ngi mua c lp, hoc l da trn mt s c s hp lkhc. Kh nng tranh chp v mc tr gi thng thng ng n l d nhn thy. Khi nim vthit hi vt cht i vi cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut nhng sn phm tng t cn nhiunhiu tranh ci. C GATT ln Hip nh v iu VI u khng nh ngha v thit hi vt cht,nhng Hip nh th hai li c danh sch minh ho chi tit v nhng yu t c a ra xemxt nh gi liu thit hi v vt cht c xy ra hay khng. Danh sch ny cha c xem lton din v bao gm s suy gim thc s hoc tim nng v doanh s, li nhun, sn lng, thphn, nng xut, hon vn u t hoc tn dng nng lc; cc yu t nh hng ti gi trongnc; bin ph gi; nhng nh hng thc s v tim tng i vi lung tin mt, my mc,cng n vic lm, lng bng, s tng trng, kh nng tng vn hoc u t. c nhiungi vit v ngha ca "sn phm tng t" v liu n c c hiu l sn phm ging nhau,sn phm tng t, hoc sn phm khc nhau nhng c gi tr s dng ging nhau hoc nhmt c cng mc tiu. Hip nh v iu VI hin nay lm r im ny. Sn phm tng tphi l ging nhau v mi mt. Nu khng c nhng sn phm nh vy, sn phm khc c thc chn mc d khng ging nhau v mi mt, nhng c c trng rt ging vi sn phmang c xem xt. Cc bin php chng ph gi ch c p dng trong chng mc b pc bin ph gi, l s chnh lch gia tr gi thng thng v gi ti bin gii ncnhp khu, c iu chnh cho ph hp vi nhng chi ph bnh thng c th gn lin vithng mi. Do , nu c quan iu tra thy c hin tng ph gi, mc bo h i vi ngnhcng nghip trong nc trn c s cc bin php chng ph gi c xem l tng i hn ch. khng phi l bin php c tnh t ng. Theo cc quy tc ca WTO, phi c chng l y mi c p dng cc bin php chng ph gi, v li cn c cc quy nh cho php cc bnb nh hng c khng co. Hip nh v iu VI nhn mnh rng vic p dng cc binphp chng ph gi phi c bng chng ca vic ph gi, thit hi, v mi lin quan c nguynnhn gia 2 bn. Mt s khng nh khng thi, khng c bng chng chng minh, thkhng c xem xt l ph hp gii quyt cc yu cu . Yu cu p dng bin phpchng ph gi phi do ngnh cng nghip trong nc nu ra. Khng c p dng bin phpno nu khng c s ng h ca cc cng ty i din cho 25% tng sn lng sn phmging nhau . Ngay c khi s ph gi l nghim trng th cc bin php chng ph gi cngcha chc c p dng nu ngnh cng nghip khng chng minh c kh khn l do phgi ch khng phi l kt qu ca nguyn nhn khc. Theo nguyn tc v mc ph gi ti thiu,khng c c hnh ng no nu nh bin ph gi thp hn 2%. Hnh ng chng ph givn cn nhiu tranh ci. Cc cng ty chu cc hnh ng ny v nc h i khi thy bin php ch nh l phng tin ngn cn vic nhp khu khng mong mun. iu qu thc cphn ng. Nh l hnh thc bo h t xut, cc bin php cho php Chnh ph c th tcng n lung nhp khu. Tuy nhin, iu tra chng ph gi c th phc v mc tiu r rngbng cch chng minh vi cc nc xut khu b nghi ng l ph gi v c cu gi thnh thcs, v xut ra nhng cch thc thay th i vi sn xut v ch thng mi c th gimhoc loi b nhu cu p dng cc bin php chng ph gi. Cng cn ghi nhn l, nh GabrielleMarceau (1994) ch ra, ph gi v lut chng ph gi khng ch l phn bit i x v bc ltv gi. l nhng ch m gia nhng h thng quc gia v cnh tranh. Hoekman (1995) khibnh lun v cc yu cu c tnh th tc chi tit quy nh Hip nh v iu VI ghi nhn rngiu ny tr thnh mt lnh vc bo b ca chuyn mn ho i vi ngh php l nhng - 18 - 18. lnh th tch cc s dng bin php chng ph gi. iu ny cho thy rng tt c cc c chcho php chnh ph c tc ng n lung nhp khu to ra mt hnh nh xu. Trong trnghp p dng cc bin php chng ph gi, cc nh nhp khu than phin v nhng nh hngngn cn thng mi, nhng cc ngnh cng nghip nhng nc nhp khu cho rng nhngbin php nh l nhng phng tin chm chp v vt v gii quyt ngay vn . Lun cmu thun gn lin vi vic p dng cc bin php chng ph gi. Nh K W Dam (1970) ch rarng, nhng ngi son tho GATT c v c 2 lp trng v vic gii quyt ph gi nh thno. H thng nht iu VI rng ph gi l iu khng mong mun nhng phn cn lica iu , h li hn ch cc iu kin m theo cc bin php chng ph gi c th cp dng. Ngy nay, c mt quan im mnh m gia mt s cc nh hoch nh chnh schthng mi rng chnh sch cnh tranh c th l cng c tt hn gii quyt cc trng hpph gi nhng vi iu kin tt c cc nc thnh vin ca WTO sn sng theo ui nhngchnh sch cnh tranh c hiu qu. Cho ti khi iu ny xy ra, quy tc v chng ph gi vnto nn mt c ch r rng, nu n l hp php v i khi c thiu st, gii quyt nhng longi do cng ng thng mi a ra. Xem thm Agreement on Safeguards, boomerang clause,competition policy and anti-dumping measures, de minismis dumping margins, lesser dutyprinciple v predatory pricing.Antitrust laws: Cc o lut chng c quyny l mt phn cc quy nh to nn chnh sch cnh tranh. Lut ny nhm m ra mi trngcnh tranh dnh cho cc cng ty thng qua vic bo m rng h khng lm dng sc mnh thtrng th trng trong nc, mc d, c bit l th trng Hoa K, lut chng c quync mt tm c quan trng ngoi phm vi lnh th. Thut ng "chng c quyn" bt ngun tkhi nim trong chnh sch ca Hoa K vo nhng nm 1880, 1890 l c mt s ngnh cngnghip, c t chc thnh nhng cng ty (t-rt) c ln vi quyn lnh o c tn, lm suyyu c ch gi. o lut Sherman c thng qua 1890 vn cn l hn tng v biu tngca lut chng c quyn Hoa K. Bn bo co ca U ban H ngh vin 1994 ghi nhn rng"trc ht, chng c quyn c ngun gc t nhng u i khc bit ca Hoa K i vi acc, t do thng mi, tip cn th trng, v c l quan trng nht trong tt c l t do lachn". Hnh pht i vi nhng trng hp c chng minh v s vi phm lut chng cquyn Hoa K thng rt nghim khc v kh nng hnh pht ca to n gy tn tht gp bai vi nhng ngi vi phm. Xem thm cartel, Clayton act, extraterritoriality v Webb-Pomerence act.Antitrust enforcement guidlines for international operations: Hng dn thc hin chngc quyn trong cc hot ng quc tMt tp hp cc hng dn do B T php v U ban thng mi Lin bang Hoa K ban hnhln mi nht vo thng 4/1995. Nhng hng dn gii thiu cho cc doanh nghip tham gia cchot ng quc t cc vn lin quan n vic thi hnh lut chng c quyn. Nhng hngdn bao gm c nhng lnh vc chng hn nh ti phn v hnh vi v cc thc th bnngoi Hoa K, s lch thip, h tr ln nhau trong vic thc hin lut chng c quyn quc t,nh hng ca vic tham gia ca chnh ph nc ngoi ti trch nhim chng c quyn cacc cng ty t nhn. Xem thm effects doctrine, extraterritoriality, negative comity v positivecomity.ANZCERTA: Hip nh thng mi lin kt kinh t cht ch hn gia Australia v NewZealandThng c gi l CER. Hip nh ny c hiu lc vo 1/1/1983 v c xem xt li vi lnk t . Ngoi hng ho v dch v, Hip nh ny cp mt s vn chng hn nh cngnhn tiu chun, cng nhn ln nhau v hng ho v ngh nghip, v.v... Xem thm Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement.ANZCERTA protocol on trade in services: Ngh nh th ca ANZCERTA v thng mitrong lnh vc dch v- 19 - 19. Ngh nh th ny c thng qua vo 1988 a thng mi trong lnh vc dch v vokhun kh chnh thc ANZCERTA. Ngh nh th cp ti tt c thng mi dch v giaAustralia v New Zealand, ngoi tr cc hn ch i vi mt s nh cc hot ng c th nu 2 ph lc. Khng c mt hot ng mi no c b sung vo cc ph lc v cc cuc tholun song phng nh k dn n vic rt bt hoc tht cht cc iu kin. C cu ca Nghnh th ny phn nh trc hu ht cc nt c trng ca GATS (Hip nh chung v thngmi trong lnh vc dch v). Xem thm negative listing.ANZSIC: Phn loi tiu chun cng nghip gia Australia v New ZealandVic phn loi trong cng nghip c Cc thng k Australia s dng bao gm vic sn xuts cp v mc ch thng mi v phi thng mi, khai thc m, ch to v dch v. ANZSICbao gm 17 phn, 14 phn trong lin quan n dch v (bao gm kh t, nc, in v xydng). Xem thm SITC v UNCPC.APEC: Din n hp tc kinh t Chu - Thi bnh dngc thnh lp vo nm 1989. Mc tiu c bn ca APEC bao gm (a) gi vng s tng trngv pht trin trong khu vc, (b) tng cng mt h thng thng mi a phng m ch khngphi l vic hnh thnh khi thng mi khu vc, (c) tp trung vo kinh t ch khng phi lcc vn an ninh v (d) khuyn khch s ph thuc ln nhau mang tnh xy dng bng vickhuyn khch lung hng ho, dch v, vn v cng ngh. Chng trnh ngh s chnh caAPEC l ph b hng ro thng mi v u t gia cc nc thnh vin vo nm 2020. Ccnc pht trin cam kt thc hin iu ny vo 2010. Mt s nhm lm vic c thnhlp thc y s hp tc trong hng lot cc vn , c bit l trong lnh vc thun li hokinh doanh v trao i thng tin. Cc nc thnh vin APEC l Australia, Brunei, Canada,Chile, Trung Quc, Hng kng, Indonesia, Nht, Hn Quc, Malaysia, Mexico, Papua NewGuinea, Philippines, New Zealand, Singapore, i-loan, Thi-lan v Hoa K. APEC c Ban thk nh t ti Singapore. Xem thm Bogor Decleration, Manila Action Plan for APEC, openregionalism, Osaka Action Agenda, Seoul Declaration v cc t mc khc bt u bng APEC.APEC Business Advisory Council (ASAC): Hi ng t vn doanh nghip APECc thnh lp vo 11/1995 ti Hi ngh B trng APEC Osaka bo m s hp tc lintc v tham gia tch cc ca gii doanh nghip v t nhn trong tt c cc hot ng ca APEC.APEC Committe on Trade and Investment (CTI): U ban APEC v thng mi v u tc thnh lp vo 1993. U ban qun l cc chng trnh lm vic tp trung vo t do ho vthun li ho lung thng mi v u t trong khu vc APEC, c bit trong cc lnh vc nhchnh sch thng mi, trung gian gii quyt tranh chp, ni lng th ch, doanh nghip va vnh, tiu chun v s ph hp, th tc hi quan, chnh sch cnh tranh, quy ch xut x, u tv cc bin php phi thu quan, v.v...APEC Economic and Technical Cooperation: Hp tc kinh t v k thut APECMt trong ba ct tr ca chng trnh ngh s lm vic ca APEC. N nhm h tr vic tc mc tiu ca APEC bng vic xy dng cc khi nim chnh sch chung, thc hin cchot ng chung, tham gia trong cc cuc i thoi v chnh sch. N c thnh lp ti Hingh B trng APEC thng 11/1995. Cc hot ng hp tc din ra trong lnh vc pht trinngun nhn lc, khoa hc v cng ngh cng nghip, doanh nghip va v nh, c s h tngv kinh t, nng lng, giao thng, du lch, vin thng v thng tin, d liu thng mi v ut, xc tin thng mi, bo tn ti nguyn bin, ngh c, v cng ngh nng nghip. Xemthm APEC working groups, Bogor Declaration v Osaka Action Agenda.APEC Eminent Persons Group (EPG): Nhm nhng c nhn xut sc APECc thnh lp ti Bangkok nm 1992. N bao gm nhng c nhn ni bt bao gm nhng hcgi v cc nh kinh doanh t cc nn kinh t APEC. Nhim v l a ra vin cnh di hn ivi t do ho thng mi trong khu vc. EPG pht hnh 2 bn bo co thng nin bao gm - 20 - 20. cc vn nh t do ho thng mi, trung gian gii quyt tranh chp, cc vn v mitrng, u t, v tiu chun. Hi ngh nguyn th APEC 1995 t chc ti Osaka tuyn b rngnhim v ca n hon thnh. N c th c thnh lp li nu c yu cu.APEC framework for liberalisation and facilitation: Khun kh v t do ho v thun liho ca APECQu trnh t do ho v thun li ho ca APEC l nhm t c mc ch ra trongTuyn b Bogor nh nu trong Chng trnh hnh ng Osaka. N bao gm (a) cc hnhng ca tng nc thnh vin APEC, (b) cc hnh ng ca cc din n APEC v cc hnhng ca APEC lin quan n cc din n a phng. Cc din n APEC bao gm U banAPEC v thng mi v u t, U ban kinh t v cc nhm lm vic APEC. Xem thmManila Action Plan for APEC.APEC individual action plans: Cc k hoch hnh ng ca tng thnh vin APECCc k hoch ny gm cc hnh ng t nguyn ca cc nc APEC t c mc tiu caTuyn b Bogor. Cc k hoch ny c c th ho trong Chng trnh Hnh ng Osaka. Cck hoch hnh c nhn gm cc hnh ng d kin ca tng nc, v, nhng ni thch ng,cc hnh ng tp th v t do ho v thun li ho thng mi v u t. Cc k hoch baogm cc bc i trong 15 lnh vc nh sau: thu quan, cc bin php phi thu quan, dch v,u t, tiu chun v s ph hp, th tc hi quan, quyn s hu tr tu, chnh sch cnh tranh,mua sm ca chnh ph, ni lng th ch, quy ch xut x, trung gian gii quyt tranh chp, si li ca doanh nhn, vic thc hin kt qu ca Vng Uruguay, thu thp v phn tch thngtin. Cc k hoch hnh ng ring r c nhiu chi tit v cc hnh ng ngn hn v cc chnhsch hoc cc nh hng rng hn cho di hn. Chng c cp nht thng xuyn. Xemthm rolling specificity.APEC Leaders Meetings: Hi ngh nguyn th APECCc cuc hp khng nghi thc ca cc nh lnh o APEC cho php h chia s cch nhn ivi khu vc Chu - Thi bnh dng v a ra nh hng cho chng trnh pht trin dihn ca APEC. Hi ngh nguyn th c t chc Seattle (1993), Bogor (1994), Osaka(1995) v Manila (1996). Xem thm Bogor Declaration v Osaka Action Agenda.APEC Ministerial Meetings: Hi ngh B trng APECCc cuc hp hng nm thng c cc B trng Ngoi giao v Thng mi tham d thng qua cc chng trnh lm vic v ngn sch ca APEC, ra quyt nh i vi cc vn v chnh sch, chng hn nh c cu t chc v kt np hi vin ca APEC, a ra nh hngcho nm ti. Hi ngh B trng nm 1995 l ln th 7 v c t chc Osaka. Hi ngh lnth 8 c t chc Manila vo nm 1996, ln th 9 s c t chc Canada vo nm 1997v ln th 10 s c t chc Malaysia vo nm 1998. Nc ng cai Hi ngh B trngcng ch tr tin trnh APEC cho nm . Xem thm Seoul Declaration.APEC non-bingding investment principles: Cc nguyn tc u t khng rng buc caAPECiu l t nguyn bao gm mt lot cc quy tc c p dng i vi lung u t c thngqua ti Hi ngh B trng APEC 1994 ti Bogor. N nhm thc y mt mi trng chnhsch c biu hin bng lng tin, gim s khng chc chn, t do ho v n gin ho cc quytc v chnh sch u t. Cc quy tc c thng qua bao gm tnh cng khai, i ng ti huquc, lp doanh nghip, i ng quc gia, chuyn nhng, quc hu ho v bi thng, cc yucu thc hin trong u t, khuyn khch thu v u t, gii quyt tranh chp, v.v... Xem thmWorld Bank Guidlines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment.APEC Pacific Business Forum: Din n kinh doanh Thi bnh dng APECc thnh lp ti Hi ngh Nguyn th ti Seattle vo thng 11/1993 ch ra cc vn mAPEC cn tp trung nhm lm thun li ho thng mi v u t khu vc v khuyn khch- 21 - 21. s pht trin ca mng li kinh doanh trong c khu vc. Din n ny bao gm cc nh doanhnghip cao cp i din cho quyn li ca cc doanh nghip nh, va v ln. Din n ny phthnh 2 bn bo co v cc vn bao gm trung gian gii quyt tranh chp, u t, tiu chun,v.v... Din n c thay th bng Hi ng t vn doanh nghip APEC theo quyt nh ca ra ti Hi ngh B trng APEC ti Osaka.APEC Senior Officials Meetings: Hi ngh cc quan chc cao cp ca APECy l cuc hp gia cc quan chc cao cp c t chc thng xuyn gia cc cuc hp Btrng hng nm. Khng ging nh WTO, OECD, UNTAD v cc t chc kinh t v thngmi quc t khc, APEC khng c phi on thng trc ti khu tr s. Do , cc cuc hpca cc quan chc kinh t cao cp s l c hi thc hin cc quyt nh ca cp B trng vchun b cc xut cho cc cuc hp ti. Xem thm APEC ministerial meetings.APEC Working groups: Cc nhm lm vic ca APECAPEC c 10 nhm lm vic lin quan n cc hot ng hp tc thc tin chng hn nh vicchun b cm nang k thut, mng li thng tin, cc kho o to, v.v... 10 nhm lm vic baogm nng lng, nh bt c, pht trin ngun nhn lc, khoa hc v cng ngh cng nghip,bo tn ti nguyn bin, du lch, vin thng, xc tin thng mi, d liu thng mi v u t,giao thng vn ti.Appellate body: C quan Phc thmMt c quan thng trc bao gm 7 ngi c thnh lp theo Bn ghi nh ca WTO v quytc v th tc gii quyt tranh chp nhm nghe nhng khng n ny sinh t cc v vic cban hi thm xem xt. C s i vi nhng khng n c hn ch trong khun kh cc quynh ca WTO. Cc thnh vin ca c quan phc thm l nhng ngi c c quan c thmquyn tha nhn v s tinh thng trong lut php, thng mi quc t v cc hip nh linquan ca WTO, l nhng ngi khng c lin quan vi bt k mt chnh ph no. Xem thmdispute settlement, dispute settlement body, panel v WTO understanding on disputesettlement.Appellations of origin: Cc ch nh v xut xCc loi ch dn a l cho thy sn phm xut x t mt nc, mt vng hoc a phng ccht lng hoc c tnh quan h mt thit vi mi trng a l, bao gm c cc yu t thinnhin v con ngi. Chng c iu chnh bng Hip nh v s hu tr tu lin quan nthng mi ca WTO.Applied tariff rates: Thu sut p dngThu sut m c quan hi quan ti bin gii thc p dng. Nhng thu sut ny trong mt strng hp thp hn ng k so vi thu sut rng buc ca WTO t c trong cc cuc mphn thng mi hoc thu sut c lit k trong danh mc thu quan quc gia. Xem thmbingdings (goods), ceiling bindings, nominal tariff rates, single-column tariff v multi-columntariff.Arbitration: Trng tiMt cch gii quyt tranh chp. Hnh thc ny mang tnh chnh thc hn trung gian gii quyttranh chp nhm a cc bn tranh chp li vi nhau, mang t tnh php l hn cc th tc phctp ca to n. Cc bn nht tr p dng trng ti thng rng buc ln nhau vo cc quy tc rrng v th tc. Cc bn thng ng trc vi nhau rng phn quyt ca trng ti a ra lrng buc i vi cc bn. Th tc trng ti thng c bit hu ch khi cc bn tranh chpmun tm ra mt gii php bnh ng v dt khot i vi vn . Xem thm dispute settlementv WTO understanding on dispute settlement.Arms-length pricing: Cch tnh gi si tay- 22 - 22. y l mt nguyn tc c a ra nhm nh gi liu gi th trng tnh i vi hng ho vdch v bun bn trn th trng quc t c b thay i hay khng. Mc tnh gi si tay thngc nh ngha l mc gi c tnh gia cc cng ty kinh doanh c lp khng c quan htrong cc trng hp tng ng. Cc phng php nh gi tiu chun ny c tho ng haykhng c th l rt phc tp. Xem thm transfer pricing.Arrangement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods:Tho thun v ngn chn cc ch dn sai hoc la o v ngun gc hng hoXem Madrid Agreement.Arrangement on Guidlines for Officially Supported Export Credits: Tho thun v hngdn tn dng cho xut khu c h tr chnh thcy l cam kt khng rng buc ca OECD c k ln u vo nm 1978. Cam kt ny nhmbo m mt th trng tn dng xut khu c trt t v trnh cnh tranh gia cc nc ara cc iu kin tn dng u i hn. K t n nay cam kt c cp nht nhiu ln.Cam kt p dng i vi tn dng xut khu c Chnh ph trc tip gia hn v h tr hocthay mt Chnh ph c chnh ph bo m. Cam kt ny cng p dng vi cung cp ti chnhu i theo chng trnh tr gip nu nh vic cho vay b rng buc bng vic mua hng canc ti tr.Article 113 Committee: U ban iu 113U ban ny c tn gi ny t iu 113 ca Hip c Rome cho php Cng ng Kinh t Chuu hnh ng da trn cc nguyn tc thng nht v thu quan, chng ph gi, cc hip nhthng mi, t do ho thng mi, v.v... U ban Chu u, pht ngn v m phn thay mt ccnc thnh vin ti WTO, phi tin hnh cc cuc m phn thng mi c tham kho kinU ban ny. Xem thm Common Commercial Policy v subsidiarity.ASEAN: Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam c thnh lp nm 1967 thc y s tin b kinh t v n nh chnh tr trong khu vc.Hip hi ny bao gm Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thi-lan v VitNam. Lo, Myanmar (Burma) tr thnh thnh vin vo thng 7/1997. Xem thm AFTA.ASEAN framework agreement on services: Hip nh khung ASEAN v dch vHip nh ny c Chnh ph cc nc ASEAN thng qua vo ngy 15/12/1995. Hip nhny nhm (a) tng cng hp tc trong lnh vc dch v gia cc nc thnh vin nng caohiu qu v tnh cnh tranh ca cc nh cung cp dch v ca ASEAN v a dng ho khnng sn xut, cung cp v phn phi dch v trong v ngoi ASEAN, v (b) gim c bnnhng hn ch i vi thng mi trong lnh vc dch v gia cc nc thnh vin v t dothng mi trong lnh vc dch v bng vic m rng chiu su v phm vi t do ho qu cccam kt ti GATS vi mc tiu hin thc ho khu vc thng mi dch v t do. iu II tmkim kh nng hp tc thng qua thit lp v ci thin cc phng tin c s h tng, cng snxut, v cc tho thun tip th v mua sm, nghin cu v pht trin, trao i thng tin. iuIII i hi cc nc thnh vin phi t do ho thng mi trong mt s ln cc lnh vc dch vtrong phm vi thi gian hp l thng qua vic xo b cc bin php phn bit i x v cc hnch v tip cn th trng v ngn cm p dng cc bin php hn ch mi. Theo iu IV, ccnc thnh vin phi tham gia vo cc cuc m phn v cc bin php nh hng ti cc lnhvc dch v c th. iu V cho php cng nhn ln nhau v trnh , gio dc, kinh nghim vbng cp, nhng khng i hi cc nc thnh vin lm nh vy. Hip nh ny quy nh rngcc quy nh ca GATS s p dng i vi cc vn khng c cp n. Xem thmAFTA.ASEAN Free Trade agreement: Hip nh Khu vc Thng mi t do ASEANXem AFTA. - 23 - 23. ASEAN Industrial Cooperation Scheme (AICO): Chng trnh Hp tc cng nghipASEANChng trnh pht trin cng nghip c cc nc thnh vin ASEAN thng qua vo thng12/1995 thc y u t trong lnh vc cng nghip da nhiu vo cng ngh v tng cngcc hot ng tng tr gi trong sn xut hng ho v dch v. Chng trnh ny thay thchng trnh Lin doanh cng nghip ASEAN. c hng li ch ca AICO, mt lindoanh hp tc phi bao gm t nht 2 cng ty t cc nc ASEAN khc nhau, v nhng cngty phi c t nht 30% c phn ca cc nc ASEAN. Sn phm c ph chun ca ccthc th AICO c hng mc thu u i i vi thng mi trong ASEAN l t 0-5%. Ttc cc sn phm, tr nhng sn phm quy nh theo iu 9 (Ngoi l chung) ca Hip nhCEPT, s thuc AICO.ASEAN Industrial Joint Venture Scheme: Chng trnh Lin doanh cng nghip ASEANXem ASEAN Industrial Cooperation Scheme.ASEAN Investment Area: Khu vc u t ASEANMt chng trnh hp tc c a ra nhm to iu kin thun li cho u t v c th t doho u t gia cc nc thnh vin ASEAN. Xem thm AFTA.Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM): Hi ngh -uy l cuc hp gia lnh o chnh ph ca Lin minh Chu u v cc nc ASEAN, Nht,Trung Quc v Hn Quc c t chc t 2-3 nm 1 ln. Cc Hi ngh B trng gia cc khp trn cng c d nh t chc. Cuc hp u tin ca ASEM l vo thng 3/1996 tiBangkok.Assistance: Tr gipKhi nim nh hn bo h nhng c cng ngha v nh hng.Associated foreign direct investment: u t trc tip nc ngoi lin ktc UNTAD nh ngha l u t trc tip nc ngoi c bt u bng vic thnh lp mtcng ty con hoc vic m rng cc cng ty con. Khon u t phi tun theo ngi lnh o.Xem thm sequential foreign direct investment.Association agreements: Cc hip nh lin ktCc hip nh gia Cng ng Chu u, cc nc Trung v ng u v mt vi nc angpht trin mang li cho nhng nc ny nhng tip cn th trng u i vo th trng Cngng chu u. Cc lnh vc nhy cm c th khng chu s iu chnh ca nhng Hip nh, v vic k cc hip nh ny khng c ngha l trong tng lai s t ng l thnh vinCng ng Chu u. Nhng hip nh k vi cc nc Trung v ng u cng c bit nnh l cc Hip nh Chu u. Khong 70 quc gia ACP lin kt ring r vi Cng ng Chuu thng qua Cng c Lom. Xem thm hubs and spokes.Association of Caribbean States: Hip hi cc quc gia vng Ca-ri-bi vo hot ng t thng 8/1995. Hip hi ny bao gm 25 nc M La-tinh v vng Ca-ri-b,k c 14 thnh vin ca Caricom, vi mc ch hnh thnh mt nhm thng mi ng th 4th gii. Vo thng 12/1995, Hip hi ny thng qua chng trnh hnh ng nhm t doho thng mi thng qua cc bin php hi nhp kinh t gia cc nc thnh vin, k c t doho thng mi, u t, giao thng v cc lnh vc lin quan khc; thc y v thun li hothng mi v u t v thc y giao thng v du lch ca khu vc. Ban th k c t Port-of-Spain, Trinidad v Tobago.Association of Tin Producing Countries: Hip hi cc nc sn xut thic- 24 - 24. c thnh lp vo nm 1983 vi mc tiu t c ngun thu xng ng v bnh ng cho ccnh sn xut thic, v ph hp vi ngi tiu dng mc gi cng bng v n nh. Cc ncthnh vin l Bolivia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thi-lan v Zaire.Asymmentrical trade agreements: Cc Hip nh thng mi khng tng xngy l nhng hip nh thng mi song phng t ra nhng ngha v khc nhau i vi haibn. iu ny c th l mt thi gian biu khc nhau i vi vic gim thu hoc vic loi bcc bin php phi thu quan. Trong mt s trng hp khc, mt bn c th min thu i vinhng sn phm ca cc bn khc vo nc m khng cn i hi mt s i x tng ttr li. Xem thm Caribbean Basin Initiative, GSP, Lom Convention v SPARTECA nhnhng v d ca nhng hip nh loi ny.Asymmentrical trade openness: M ca thng mi khng tng xngQuan im v h thng thng mi ton cu da trn s bt bnh ng thc s v nhn thyc i vi vic tip cn th trng cc nc xut khu. Quan im ny c thnh hnhc bit Hoa K vo nhng nm 1980 nh mt phn ca vic phn tch s thm ht thngmi ngy cng tng. N c da trn gi thit rng Hoa K m ca th trng nhiu nht, vrng Hoa k gn b hon ton vi cc nguyn tc thng mi a phng. Nhng nc khcc xem nh l km m hn nhng mc khc nhau v tham gia vo h thng bun bn,nhng cc nc c c li ch ging nhau nh vic m ca ca Hoa K. Theo nhng ngi xng quan im ny, vic gim s khng tng xng c th t c thng qua nhng chnhsch thng mi quc gia v a phng thch hp. Xem thm aggressive unilateralism,mercantilism, Section 301 v Super 301.Atlantic Charter: Hin chng i ty dngy l kt qu ca Hi ngh i ty dng vo thng 8/1941 gia Tng thng Hoa KRoosevelt v Th tng Anh Churchill, Hi ngh a ra trong on 4 v 5 mt nh nghau tin v ch ngha a phng m n s nh hng vic ti thit sau chin tranh. Hinchng ny th hin mong mun ca Hoa K v Anh "trong khi vn tn trng cc ngha vhin hnh, s cho tt c cc nc d ln d nh, thng trn hay bi trn, c tip cn bnhng ti thng mi v nguyn liu ca th gii cn thit cho s thnh vng ca nhng nc". Cm t "ngha v hin hnh" l dnh s tu chn cho nc Anh lin quan n thothun u i ca ch. on 5 vit "... h mong mun em li s lin kt ton din gia ccquc gia trong lnh vc kinh t vi mc tiu bo m cho tt c cc tiu chun lao ng cnng cao, s pht trin kinh t v an ton x hi". Theo thi gian, nhng tng dn ncc hip nh Bretton Woods v cui cng l GATT.At-the-border barriers: Cc hng ro ti bin giiBao gm ch yu l thu quan, cc bin php phi thu quan, k c hn ngch nhp khu. Mts ngi thm t gi hi oi vo loi ny nhng thng khng phi l phm vi ca cc bthng mi. Xem thm behind-the-border issues.Audiovisual services: Cc dch v nghe nhnVic sn xut, phn phi v trin lm cc phim nh, bng hnh. Mt s lnh vc chnh schnhy cm tp trung vo lnh vc ny. Cc lnh vc ny bao gm nhng i hi v c trng vnho, bo h quyn s hu tr tu v mc tiu nhm t do ho thng mi. Cc lnh vc ny tt mnh ra khi nhng thay i nhanh chng trong cng ngh v kh nng mi v vic phnphi dch v nghe nhn m s thay i a ra. Chnh ph cc nc thnh thong p dng hnngch phim nh v hn ch s hu i vi bo ch, i pht thanh v truyn hnh nhm bo tnnhng c trng vn ho. Xem thm audiovisual services in the Uruguay Round, broadcastingdirective, local content rules in broadcasting v trade and culture.Audiovisual services in the Uruguay Round: Cc dch v nghe nhn quy nh trong VngUruguay- 25 - 25. y l mt trong nhng lnh vc nhiu tranh ci trong m phn dch v ca Vng Uruguay mCng ng Chu u v Hoa K l nhng nhn vt chnh. Cng ng Chu u, cng ging nhcc thnh vin khc, cm thy rng trong lnh vc ny h c nhng li ch vn ho quan trngphi bo v. i vi Hoa K, ngha quan trng ca lnh vc ny nm thc t l phim nh vbng hnh chim trn mt na gi tr xut khu dch v gii tr ca h. Hoa K thc s cc tip cn th trng tt i vi dch v nghe nhn hu ht cc quc gia, v nhng tr ngiln v tip cn th trng khng l vn thc s i vi nc ny, tuy th h vn ro rit tmcch loi b cc hng ro hin nay. Tuy nhin, Hoa K phn i vic gia hn ch hn ngcha phng c a ra trong Ch th v Truyn hnh Chu u i vi cng ngh mi, c chtruyn tin v knh phn phi v iu ny c th ct mt ca h cc th trng d kin s mrng nhanh chng khi nhng cng ngh v dch v mi ang ngy cng c a vo kinhdoanh. iu rc ri t hn i vi Hoa K l tp qun ca Chu u v vic nh thu phim nhv mc ch tr cp cho sn xut phim a phng. Nhng bt ng ny dn n mt tnhhung l cc dch v nghe nhn l lnh vc chnh duy nht khng nm trong bt k ph lcchuyn ngnh no ca GATS khi m phn kt thc, mc d tt nhin l cc quy nh caGATS vn p dng i vi lnh vc ny. Rt t nc thnh vin ca Vng Uruguay a ra camkt thun li v lnh vc ny. Vn bao trm c nhng lnh vc dch v v cng ngh mi caCh th v Truyn hnh vn cn cha gii quyt c cho n tn thng 3/1995 khi Cng ngChu u quyt nh khng m rng phm vi ra nhng lnh vc dch v mi na. Xem thmaudiovisual services, cultural specity v European Community legislation.Australia and the third world: Australia v th gii th baXem Harries Report.Australian subsidy on ammonium sulphate: Tr cp ca Australia i vi Sulfat Amoniacy l mt trng hp do Chile a ra phn i Australia vo nm 1950 lin quan n vicchuyn nitrate soda khi nhm phn bn c ni-t c tr cp ca Chnh ph Australia. Cho nnm 1939, c sulfat amomiac sn xut trong nc v nhp khu c phn phi mc githng nht thng qua mt tho thun nhm v thng mi. Khi sunpht amoniac tr nn himdo chin tranh, Chnh ph vn phi nhp nitrat soda v phn phi theo cch tng tng t. Khigi nhp khu tng hn gi th trng, Chnh ph s b chnh lch v iu ny to ra tr cpi vi phn bn nhp khu. Nm 1949, vic phn phi nitrate soda tr li knh thng minh trc thi chin. Chnh ph tip tc nhp khu sunpht amoniac v do gi tng ln Chnhph b tn tht do vic phn phi cho cc cng ty qu nhiu. Tr cp i vi sunpht amoniacvn c duy tr v amonic ph thuc vo qun l gi trong nc. Nhng nitrat soda th khng.Nhm lm vic kim tra trng hp ny v thy rng Australia hnh ng ph hp viGATT v vic rt nitrate soda khi tho thun thng mi khng lin quan n vic cm onnhp khu nitrate soda hoc thu v cc khon thu ni a khc nh ln mt hng ny. Hai loiphn bn khng th c xem nh l cc sn phm "tng t" theo nh ngha ti iu I caGATT (i ng ti hu quc). Nhm lm vic cng thy khng cn phi xem xt tr cp ivi sulfat amoniac theo iu 16 (Tr cp) v trong bt k trng hp no khiu ni v thit hicng khng c c s. Tuy nhin, Nhm lm vic pht hin ra rng gi tr u i dnh choChile b phng hi bi mt bin php khng tri vi cc quy nh ca GATT, c ngha l trng hp khng vi phm. iu ny xy ra v Chnh ph Australia nhm hai loi phnbn thnh mt v i x vi chng nh nhau v tnh trng thiu thn trong chin tranh.Australia tip tc thng l cho n nhng nm sau chin tranh. Do , Chnh ph Chile c th c gi thit hp l rng tr cp trong thi gian chin tranh cng c th c p dngcho c hai loi phn bn chng no s thiu thn phn bn ni-t trong nc vn cn tn ti. Ccu vn c hiu lc vo thi im 1947 khi ang c m phn v thu quan. Hnh ng cachnh ph Australia khng phi l bt hp l, nhng Chnh ph Chile khng lng trcc rng nhng hnh ng nh vy li c th xy ra trong khi ang m phn v thu quannm 1947. Ban hi thm khuyn ngh Australia nn loi b s bt bnh ng v cnh tranhtrong i x vi hai loi phn bn.Australian System of Tariff Preferences (ASTP): H thng u i thu quan ca Australia- 26 - 26. Chng trnh ca Australia dnh i x u i thu quan i vi cc sn phm c ngun gc tcc nc ang pht trin, c a ra vo nm 1965 v c cp nht ho vi ln k t .Australia l nc u tin a ra chng trnh ny v cn c min tr ca GATT thc hinn. Min tr l cn thit bi v dnh i x u i di hnh thc thu thp hn cho mt slng nc hn ch l tri vi nguyn tc Ti hu quc. Vic a ra GSP trong phm vi caUNCTAD vo nm 1971 dn n s min tr chung ca GATT i vi cc chng trnh nhvy.Australian Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee (AUSPECC): U ban hp tc kinht Thi bnh dng ca Australiac thnh lp vo nm 1984, chu trch nhim v s tham gia ca Australia vo Hi ngHp tc kinh t Thi bnh dng (PECC) v c vn cho Chnh ph Australia v hp tc kinh ttrong khu vc Chu Thi bnh dng. Thnh vin bao gm i din ca gii doanh nghip,hc gi v Chnh ph.Australia-United States Antitrust Cooperation Agreement: Hip nh hp tc chng cquyn gia Australia v Hoa Kc k vo nm 1982. N a ra mt khun kh cho vic thng bo nu mi bn p dngbin php chng c quyn i vi cc cng ty ca nc kia. Hip nh ny cng quy nh ctham vn nhm trnh nhng xung t gia lut php, chnh sch v quyn li quc gia ca ccbn. Thm vo , cc bn cam kt xem xt li ch xut khu ca bn kia trong nhng hnhng chng c quyn c lin quan. Xem thm negative comity.Autarky: Nn kinh t t cung t cpMt quan im v kinh t v chnh tr nhm t c s t cung t cp ca quc gia trong snxut. Mt nn kinh t hon ton t cung t cp ch l mt khi nim c tnh l thuyt v khngth c c trong th gii hin i. Ti nhng nc c thc hin, v d nh Albania, iuny phi tr gi rt t cho iu kin sng. Thut ng ny hin nay i khi c s dng ivi nhng nn kinh t tm cch p ng phn ln nhu cu trong nc bt chp mi gi thngqua cc chnh sch nhm t lc, t cung t cp v ch ngha quc gia v cng ngh.Automatic import licensing: Giy php nhp khu t ngXem import licensing.Average tariff: Thu trung bnhMt cng c a ra mt bc tranh thng tin khi qut v mt danh mc thu quan vnthng c cc mc thp nht v cao nht. l bnh qun n gin ca tt c mc thu pdng hoc mc thu gii hn trn. Mc thu cng c dng so snh cch i x cc loisn phm nhng nc khc nhau. Xem thm applied tariff, binding (goods), peak tariffs vtrade-weighted average tariff. BBackdoor protectionism: Ch ngha bo h tr hnhVic p dng cc bin php chng hn nh tiu chun sn phm phi l v nhng quy tc cchly kim tra nghim ngt c nh hng ti lung nhp khu. C v l, nhng yu cu c pt bo v quyn li chung v i khi, tht bt ng, l v quyn li ca ngi tiu dng. Xemthm protectionism, sanitary and phytosanitary measures v technical barriers to trade.Backloading: p dng sauTrong m phn thng mi, l cc cam kt t do ho c dn vo giai on cui mt thihn tho thun. iu ny ng vi mt s cam kt ca mt s nc pht trin theo Hip- 27 - 27. nh WTO v hng dt may. Thut ng ny i khi cng dng ch vic lm chm li t doho thng mi theo mt hip nh hay tho thun cho ti thi im hp php mun nht c thc. Xem thm frontloading.Balance of advantages: Cn cn li thy l mt nguyn tc i khi c s dng trong m phn thng mi a phng cho rngnhng li th c c t vic trao i u i trong m phn thng mi cn c cn bngrng ri gia cc nc thnh vin. S cn bng thng c c thng qua yu cu v cho camkt. Nguyn tc ny khng da trn l thuyt kinh t v mt s l gii bt ng i vi s tn ticn bng c a ra.Balance of payments (BOP): Cn cn thanh tonBn bo co tm tt s liu tng tr gi thng mi, cc giao dch kinh t khc v lung tichnh ca mt quc gia. BOP bao gm ti khon vng lai (giao dch vng lai), ti khon vn(giao dch vn) v khon cn bng khc phc mi kh khn trong giao dch quc t. Nhngphn v ti khon vng lai v ti khon vn ca BOP c th thng d hay thm ht nhng bnthn BOP phi lun lun trong trng thi cn bng. Ti khon vng lai l mt b phn ca BOPth hin thng mi hng ho v dch v, thu nhp v nhng khon chuyn nhng bt thng(vd: thanh ton vin tr nc ngoi, vic chuyn tin ca cng nhn, v.v...) trong mt khongthi gian nht nh. Ti khon vn ghi li lung tin vo v ra theo cc giao dch quc t didng ti sn ti chnh chng hn nh u t v cc khon vay.Balance of Trade: Cn cn thng miCn cn gia gia xut khu v nhp khu hng ho v dch v ca nn kinh t. Xem thmtrade deficit v trade surplus.Balancing Trade: Cn bng thng miy l n lc him c hoc mt mc tiu di hn khng tuyn b ca cc Chnh ph bom rng gi tr nhp khu khng vt qu xut khu. Thng thng, mi quan tm i vithng mi hng ho ln hn mi quan tm v thng mi dch v. Khi cc nc p dng hnch nhp khu cn bng thng mi, thng thng h ch thnh cng trong vic gim tngkim ngch v do gim phc li. Vic mt nc nhp khu hng ho nhiu hn xut khuhay khng cn tu thuc vo nhiu yu t, k c giai on pht trin kinh t v c cu nn kinht. Thng mi hng ho c cn bng bn thn n khng phi l du hiu ca chnh schkinh t thnh cng.Banana cases: Cc v v chuiHai cuc tranh chp thng mi c a ra phn x ti GATT v WTO. V th nht xy ravo nm 1993 trong GATT gia Columbia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua v Venezuelavi Cng ng Kinh t Chu u (EEC) v c quyt nh vo u nm 1994. V ny nysinh t vic thay i trong ch nhp khu chui ca EEC dn n khc bit v m ca thtrng ph thuc vo ngun gc ca chui t trong ni b EEC, hay l t cc quc gia ACPtruyn thng, cc nc ACP mi, hoc t nhng nc th ba. Nhng ngi khiu ni cho rngiu ny vi phm cc quy nh khng phn bit i x ca GATT, v EEC cng ph v rngbuc thu quan ca mnh. Nhn chung, ban hi thm c yu cu phi c kt lun v tnh phhp ca ch nhp khu trong khong 10 iu ca GATT. i vi nhiu iu trong s ,Ban hi thm thy rng EEC khng phi tr tha kin. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng l Ban hithm quyt nh rng cch thc i x u i thu quan ca EEC i vi vic nhp khu chuil tri ngc vi i ng ti hu quc c quy nh trong iu I ca GATT. Trng hp th 2c phm vi rng hn. N c Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico v Hoa K a ra WTOvo u nm 1996 lin quan n ch nhp khu, bn v phn phi chui ca Cng ngChu u (EC). Nhng nc khiu ni khng nh l EC lm tri vi ngha v theo GATT,GATS, Hip nh v cc bin php u t lin quan n thng mi, Hip nh v Nng nghip,Hip nh v cc Th tc cp php nhp khu. Trong bn bo co di nht t trc n nay,- 28 - 28. Ban hi thm thy rng EC vi phm cam kt ca h theo GATT, GATS v cc quy nh vgiy php nhp khu. Mt im c bit th v trong bo co ca Ban hi thm l Ban hi thm p dng cc kha cnh ca cc quy nh lin quan n thng mi dch v cho thng mihng ho. Cng ng Chu u khng co chng li quyt nh ny.Bangkok Agreement: Hip nh BangkokTn chnh thc l Hip nh u tin v m phn thng mi gia cc nc ang pht trinca ESCAP. y l Hip nh nhm m rng thng mi gia cc nc ang pht trin lthnh vin ca U ban kinh t v x hi ca Chu - Thi bnh dng (ESCAP) thng quanhng bin php thng mi cng c li. N c k vo 31/7/1975. Cc nc thnh vin lBangladesh, n-, Lo, Hn Quc v Sri Lanka.Bargaining Tariff: Thu quan mc cy l tn gi c dng trong li ni ph thng i vi mc thu ca Hoa K c dng mc c gim thu quan ca cc nc khc sau vic thng qua Chng trnh cc hip nhthng mi tng h ca Hoa K vo nm 1934. Thu c hiu lc thi l thu SmootHawley khng th thay i c ngoi tr khi c Quc hi thng qua sa i. Evans vWalsh (1994) cng gii thch thut ng l vic duy tr hng ro thu quan khng cn cnthit dng trong m phn. Xem thm autonomous tariff, conventional tariff, multi-columntariff v single-column tariff.Barter trade: Thng mi hng i hngVic trao i hng ho hoc dch v c tnh c tr gi bng nhau. S ng gp ca mi bn cth c nh gi bng ng tin ca nc th ba cho mc ch k ton, nhng c im chnhca thng mi hng i hng l khng dng n tin. Xem thm compensation trade vcountertrade.Base period: Thi k c sKhong thi gian, ch khng phi thi im khi u, c tho thun trong cc cuc mphn nng nghip ca Vng Uruguay v c xem nh l c s cho tt c ct gim v cam ktc. i vi vic tip cn th trng v cc cam kt h tr trong nc th thi k c s l t1986-1988. i vi cc cam kt tr cp xut khu th thi k c s l t 1986-1990. Xem thmAgreement on Agriculture.Basel Convention: Cng c BaselCng c Basel v qun l vic vn chuyn cht thi nguy him qua bin gii v x l chng,thng qua vo nm 1989 trong khun kh Chng trnh mi trng Lin hp quc (UNEP).Cng c ny nhm gim v kim sot vic vn chuyn quc t cht thi nguy him v bom cht thi c x l theo cch bo v tt cho mi sinh. Vo thng 9/1995, cc bn thamgia cng c quyt nh sa i cng c ny nhm cm c vic vn chuyn nhng cht thinguy him phc v cho vic ti ch t nhng nc pht trin sang nhng nc ang pht trin,bt u t 1/1/1998. Tuy nhin, mt s nc pht trin tin rng Cng c tip tc cho php tora thng mi lnh mnh v mt mi trng gia nhng nc pht trin v nhng nc angpht trin sau ngy .Basic Instruments and Selected Documents: Cc vn kin c bn v cc ti liu chn lcXem GATT Basic Instruments and Selected Documents.Basic telecommunication services: Dch v vin thng c bnBao gm in thoi, telex, fax v truyn d liu. Xem thm Agreement on BasicTelecommunications Sevices, GBT, International Telecommuniacation Union, NGBT v value-added telecomminications services.Baumgartner proposals: xut Baumgartner - 29 - 29. y l mt tp hp cc kin c xut c hnh ng trong GATT vo nm 1961 ca Btrng Ti chnh v Kinh t Php Baumgartner nhm qun l thng mi th gii i vi ccsn phm nng nghip. Bn cht ca xut ny l vic m rng m hnh Chnh sch Nngnghip chung i vi th trng ton cu, c b sung bng chng trnh Lng thc v hobnh ca Hoa K, loi b sn xut tha. Ci gi phi tr ca k hoch ny s do nhng ncnhp khu chu. Thnh phn chnh ca c ch gi l "mc gi thng thng", c t mccao hn hn mc gi th trng m. Xem thm agriculture and the GATT.Beer II: Bia IIXem second beer panel.Beggar-thy-neighbour policies: Chnh sch li mnh hi ngiCc bin php thng mi hoc kinh t, chng hn nh tr cp xut khu, hn ngch v thunhp khu, c p dng ci thin cc iu kin kinh t trong nc (v d tng thm viclm) c nh hng lm thit hi cc nc khc. Nhng chnh sch nh vy c th dn ti nhngbin php p li tng t ca nhng nc khc. Chnh sch li mnh hi ngi c xem nhl nhn t chnh lm khot su v ko di cuc i suy thoi vo nhng nm 1930. Xem thmbalancing trade, mercantilism v Smoot-Hawley tariff.Behind-the-border issues: Cc bin php ng sau bin giiCc chnh sch v cc bin php c Chnh ph cc nc thng qua nhm ch yu vo nnkinh t trong nc nhng c nh hng i vi chnh sch thng mi. Cc chnh sch v ccbin php bao gm tr cp trong nc, chnh sch cnh tranh, tiu chun, cc iu kin laong v nhiu bin php chnh sch khc. Xem thm at-the-border barriers.Beirut Agreement: Hip nh BeirutHip nh to iu kin thun li cho vic lu hnh thit b nghe nhn quc t trong lnh vcgio dc, khoa hc v vn ho. Hip nh ny c thng qua trong khun kh ca T chcGio dc, Khoa hc v Vn ho Lin hp quc (UNESCO) vo nm 1948. Hip nh quy nhcc bn tham gia khng c nh thu nhp khu hoc p t hn ch nh lng i vi nhpkhu cc nguyn liu nh.Belgian family allowances: Chnh sch h tr gia nh ca By l mt trng hp c Na-uy v an-mch a ra GATT chng li B vo nm 1952. Nlin quan n vic p t thu i vi hng ho c cc c quan Nh nc ca B mua t ccnc m h thng tr cp gia nh khng p ng c cc yu cu ca B. Ban hi thm ktlun rng v thu c tnh vo lc m cc c quan nh nc thanh ton mua hng ch khngphi l khi n c nhp khu nn y l vn i ng quc gia. Tuy nhin, Ban hi thm cnnhc l i n mt phn quyt dt khot rt l kh, phn no l v h thy khi nim v nhthu b li vic thiu tr cp gia nh cc nc khc th rt kh dung ho vi tinh thn caGATT. H ghi nhn vi s th pho nh nhm khi Chnh ph B quyt nh thay i ccbin php cho ph hp vi GATT. Cc bin php ca Nht i vi hng da l mt trnghp khc ti GATT vi n lc bo v mt chnh sch x hi. Xem thm social clause vtrade and labour standards.Benifits of trade: Li ch ca thng mi ch li ch khc vi nhng li ch c tha nhn trong l thuyt li ch ginh c tthng mi. Khi nim ny ch ra rng hai nc vi nhng c cu gi c khc nhau s tc ngun thu kinh t nhiu hn nu h bun bn vi nhau ch khng phi nu nh h davo nn kinh t t cung t cp. L thuyt v li th so snh cng hng ti nhng ch li cachuyn mn ho quc t. Ngoi ra cn c mt s li ch khc. Thng mi to ra s tip cn- 30 - 30. i vi hng t bn, my mc v nguyn liu th. iu ny dn n vic chuyn giao cngngh thng qua vic m rng thng mi v hp tc v k thut, tng v k nng mi.Thng mi y mnh vic chuyn vn khi cc cng ty tm cch sn xut nhng nc png tt nht yu cu ca h. Thng mi cng em li nhng ch li khc khng phi lun lunc nhn thy nh l: nhng chnh sch chng c quyn v mi trng cnh tranh.Benelux: Lin minh gia B, H-lan, LuxemburgMt lin minh hi quan c hnh thnh vo nm 1948 gia B, H-lan v Luxemburg. Cc khoch thnh lp mt lin minh kinh t gia 3 nc ny c thay th bng vic h tham giasng lp Cng ng Kinh t Chu u vo 1/1/1958.Benign mercantilism: Ch ngha trng thng n hoXem mercantilism.Berne Convention: Cng c BernCng c Bern v vic bo h cc tc phm vn hc v ngh thut nhm bo v quyn ca tcgi cc tc phm vn hc v ngh thut. N c hon thnh vo nm 1886 v c sa i viln k t , ln cui cng l vo nm 1971. Mc tiu c bn ca ln sa i cui cng l chuyn Cng c theo hng bo h thng nht c bn tt c cc nc thnh vin. Cng cny do WIPO gim st. Xem thm intellectual property v Agreement on Trade-RelatedAspects of Intellectual Property Rights.Bicycle theory: L thuyt chic xe py l mt xut m h thng thng mi a phng phi lin tc hng ti trc thng quacc vng v hip nh t do ho lin tc nu n mun duy tr tnh t do ho. Theo l thuytny, h thng c th b ging nh chic xe p khi gin cch gia cc chu k t do ho lqu lu s cho php cc quan im v hnh ng bo h chim u th. Xem thmprotectionism.Big Emerging Markets (BEM): Nhng th trng ln mi niVic phn loi c cc c quan Chnh ph Hoa K p dng i vi 12 th trng m theoquan im ca B Thng mi l c th tng ng, ly v d, v quy m vi xut khu caHoa K sang th trng Cng ng Chu u v Nht vo nm 2000, vi gi thit l t l tngtrng GDP ca cc th trng ny s tng trung bnh 6,3% mt nm t 1996 n 2000 v vicnhp khu hng ho v dch v s tng 75% vo nm 2000. Nhng th trng l: Khu vckinh t Trung Quc (Trung Quc, Hng Kng, i-loan), n-, Hn Quc, Mexico, Brazil,Argentina, Nam Phi, Ba-lan, Th-nh-k v cc nc ASEAN.Bilateral investment treaties: Cc hip c u t song phngy l tn ca Hoa K gi cc hip nh xc tin v bo h u t ca mnh. Hip nh muca Hoa K bao gm quyn v ngha v lin quan n vic p dng i ng ti hu quc v ing quc gia tu ci no tt hn; ni rng hn l i x cng bng v bnh ng; cho phpnc lin minh c vo lnh th ca nc khc thnh lp, pht trin, qun l v c vn vu t v tham gia vo i ng qun l cao cp bt k quc tch no; cam kt khng p t ccyu cu thc hin; quy nh v cc phng tin c hiu qu khng nh cc i hi v ccquyn thc thi; s r rng ca cc quy nh; cc th tc phi tun theo trong trng hp tchthu; v quyn t do chuyn qu.Bilateralism: Nguyn tc song phng; ch ngha song phngMt dng u i khi thc hin chnh sch thng mi quc t ch yu thng qua m phnsong phng trc tip. Nguyn tc song phng cho rng s d dng t c kt qu hn nuch lin quan n 2 bn, mt phn v cc p lc v chnh tr v kinh t hin hnh s t b saolng. V nguyn tc, s c t hn cc yu t lm phn tn. iu ny ng trong nhng trng - 31 - 31. hp m c th phn nh mt cch chnh xc cc yu t to nn quan h song phngthun tu. Tuy nhin, thng thng iu ny khng thc hin c v c th mt trong cc bncng c cc ngha v v cng mt loi vn vi cc bn th ba. Mt s ngi ng h mphn song bin cho rng y l cch duy nht t c kt qu. Lch s ca m phn songphng t gia nhng nm 1980 d bo nhng hoi nghi v tnh ng n chung ca nhnnh ny, nhng nguyn tc song phng c p dng thnh cng gii quyt mt s vn. Tnh hiu qu ca cc cc phng php song phng ph thuc vo sc mnh m phn mmt nc dng gy nh hng n thi , cch c x ca nc kia. y l mt phngphp c li hn cho cc nc mnh v bt li cho li ch ca cc nc nh v va. Nguyn tcsong phng cng c th lm cng thng thm i vi h thng a phng. Ngi ta t bitrng mt dng ca nguyn tc song phng c s dng trong m phn thng mi aphng. Cc thnh vin ca WTO m phn song phng v u i thu quan, nhng h pdng cc kt qu m phn trn c s a phng ph hp vi ngha v ti hu quc. Xem thmaggressive reciprocity, Section 301, Special 301 v Super 301.Bilateralism trade agreement: Hip nh thng mi song phngMt hip nh gia hai nc trong nu ra nhng iu kin tin hnh cc hot ngthng mi. Nu c hai bn u l thnh vin ca WTO v ang c hng ch khngphn bit i x, m ca th trng v cc quyn li khc, th l do b sung ch yu cho hipnh song phng c th l mt chng trnh song phng to thun li thng mi v xc tinthng mi. Nu mt bn khng phi l thnh vin ca WTO, thng thng th Hip nh sem li i ng ti hu quc v i ng quc gia, bo h quyn s hu tr tu, tham vn v giiquyt tranh chp v cc c cu khc cn thit m bo cho dng thng mi c lu thngthun li v gii quyt cc vn c nhanh chng. Hip nh thng mi song phngthng c kim im nh k s pht trin ca thng mi cp B trng hoc cp chuynvin, v d nh u ban chung v thng mi hoc u ban hn hp.BIMP-EAGA: Khu vc tng trng kinh t ng ASEANGm Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines, c xut ti cuc hp ca cc B trngKinh t ASEAN thng 10/1993. Khu vc ny bao gm vng Labuan, Sabah, Sarawak caMalaysia, vng bc, trung, nam v ng nam Sulawesi, Maluku, Irian Jaya v vng ng, tyv trung Kalimantan (Indonesia), vng Mindano v Palawan ca Philippines v ton b Brunei.BIMP-EAGA c thit lp nhm mc ch pht trin thng mi v u t gia cc vng cnkm pht trin ca cc nc ny.Binding commitments (service) (i khi dng l bound): Cc cam kt rng buc (trong dchv)Ngha v php l khng lm cho cc iu kin m ca th trng kh khn hn cc iu kin nu trong danh mc cam kt v dch v ca mt nc trnh WTO. Rng buc l btbuc theo quy nh ca WTO v c th vi phm thng qua m phn vi i tc thng mi bnh hng. Mt nc vi phm mt rng buc c th phi nu ra mc bi thng cho bn i tcdi dng cc cam kt v dch v khc.Bindings (goods): Cc ngha v rng buc (v hng ho)Mt rng buc (cng c th gi l u i) l mt ngha v php l khng tng thu quan mt ssn phm nht nh ln cao hn mc tho thun trong m phn GATT v c a votrong danh mc u i ca mt nc. Rng buc l bt buc thng qua WTO. Mc ch carng buc l to ra mc chc chn hn v thng mi thng qua vic nh mc thu trnm mt nc khng th vi phm nu nh khng c bi thng cho bn i tc thng mi bnh hng. Cc rng buc ny thng cao hn thu sut p dng.Blair House Accord: Hip c Blair HouseHip nh t c ngy 20/11/1992 gia Hoa K v Cng ng Chu u v ba thay i ivi d tho kt qu ca Vng Uruguay v nng nghip. Mt l, gim mc ct gim khi lng - 32 - 32. hng xut khu c tr cp t 24% xung 21%. Hai l, mt s tr cp trong nc do Chnhph thanh ton trc tip cho ngi sn xut s khng phi cam kt gim. Ba l, ni rng iukhon ho bnh to ra min tr i vi khiu ni v tr cp ang c ct gim. Nhng thay iny khng lm thay i nhng nguyn tc iu tit thng mi trong nng nghip sau khi ktthc Vng Uruguay, nhng nhng thay i ny s to cho nhng nc tham gia s linh hot lnhn trong vic thc hin nhng thay i. Hip c Blair House to kh nng bt u li mphn a phng, nhng thun li ban u ca n phai nht dn khi ngy cng r rng rngtho thun khng gii quyt c cc khc bit c bn v m ca th trng gia hai bn.Hip c Blair House c sa i thng 12/1993 v vic sa i ny loi b c trngi cui cng t ti kt qu ca Vng Uruguay v nng nghip. Xem thm Agreement onAgriculture, agriculture and the GATT v market access for agriculture.Blue Box: Hp xanh lamMt thut ng dng trong Vng Uruguay ch mt loi tr cp nng nghip. Hp xanh lambao gm thanh ton trc tip cho ngi sn xut trong cc chng trnh hn ch sn xut (nulin quan n thanh ton da trn c s s hectares v s gia sc). Cc loi tr cp ny khngphi cam kt ct gim theo Hip nh v Nng nghip ca WTO. Thanh ton chnh lch caHoa K v thanh ton bi thng ca Cng ng Chu u theo ci cch Chnh sch nngnghip chung u thuc loi ny. Xem thm green box.Bogor Declaration: Tuyn b BogorDo cc v nguyn th APEC a ra ti Bogor (Indonesia) ngy 15/11/1994, trong h ng t c thng mi t do cho hng ho v dch v cng nh u t gia cc thnh vin caAPEC. Cc nc pht trin s t c mc tiu vo nm 2010, cc nc ang pht trin tc mc tiu nm 2020. Cc v nguyn th nhn mnh h phn i mnh m vic to ra mtkhi hng ni lm cn tr mu cu mong mun thng mi t do ton cu. Cc v nguyn thcng tuyn b rng h s dnh s ch c bit cho bun bn vi cc nc ang