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TEKNIK ARSITEKTUR UNHAS

TEORI STUDIO &

PERANCANGANARSITEKTUR 4

SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTRE

ASTARI KARINA

D51111257

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The Shanghai World Financial Center(SWFC;Chinese:) is

asupertallskyscraperlocated in thePudongdistrict ofShanghai,China. It was designed byKohn

Pedersen Foxand developed by the JapaneseMori Building Company. It is a mixed-use skyscraper,

consisting of offices, hotels, conference rooms, observation decks, and ground-floor shopping

malls.Park Hyatt Shanghaiis the tower's hotel component, comprising 174 rooms and suites.

Occupying the 79th to the 93rd floors, it is the second-highest hotel in the world, surpassing

theGrand Hyatt Shanghaion the 53rd to 87th floors of the neighboringJin Mao Tower.[5]

On 14 September 2007, the skyscraper wastopped outat 492.0 meters (1,614.2 ft),[2][4]

making it, atthe time, thesecond-tallest building in the worldand the tallest structure inMainland China. It also had

the highest occupied floor and the highest height to roof, two categories used to determine the title of

"worlds tallest building". The SWFC opened on 28 August 2008, with itsobservation deckopening on

30 August. This observation deck, the world's tallest at the time of its completion, offers views from

474 m (1,555 ft) above ground level.[6]

The SWFC has been lauded for its design, and in 2008 it was named by architects as the year's best

completed skyscraper.[7][8]

In 2013, the SWFC was exceeded in height by the adjacentShanghai

Tower,[9]

which is due for completion in 2014. Together, the SWFC,Shanghai TowerandJin Mao

Towerform the world's first adjacent grouping of three supertall skyscrapers.

History

Designed by American architectural firmKohn Pedersen Fox, the 101-story tower was originally

planned for construction in 1997, but work was temporarily interrupted by theAsian Financial Crisisin

the late 1990s, and was later paused to accommodate design changes by the Mori Building

Company. The building of the tower was financed by several multinational firms, including Chinese,

Japanese, and Hong Kong banks, as well as by the Japanese developer and American and European

investors. The American investment bankMorgan Stanleycoordinated the tower's financing for Mori

Building.

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ai_World_Financial_Center#cite_note-skyscraperCenter-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topped_outhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Center#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Mao_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Mao_Tower#Shanghai_Grand_Hyatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mori_Building_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn_Pedersen_Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn_Pedersen_Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters

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Construction

The tower's foundation stone was laid on 27 August 1997. In the late 1990s, the Pierre de Smet

Building Corporation suffered a funding shortage caused by theAsian financial crisisof 199798,

which halted the project after the foundations were completed. On 13 February 2003, the Mori Group

increased the building's height to 492 m (1,614 ft) and 101 stories, from the initial plans for a 460-metre (1,509 ft), 94-story building. The new building used the foundations of the original design, and

construction work was resumed on 16 November 2003.[10]

A fire broke out in the incomplete SWFC on 14 August 2007. The fire was first noticed on the 40th

floor, around 16:30 (GMT +8), and soon the smoke was clearly seen outside the building. By 17:45,

the fire had been extinguished. The damage was reported to be slight, and nobody was injured in the

accident.[11]The cause of the fire is still unknown, but according to some sources the preliminary

investigation suggested workers' electric weldings caused the fire.[12][13]

The building reached its total height of 492 m (1,614 ft) on 14 September 2007 after the installation of

the final steel girder.[14]The final cladding panels were installed in mid-June 2008, and elevator

installation was finished in mid-July. The Shanghai World Financial Center was completed on 17 July

2008, and was officially opened on 28 August.[6]On 30 August 2008, the tower's observation floors

were opened to the public.

Architecture

The most distinctive feature of the SWFC's design is the trapezoid aperture at the peak. The original

design specified a circular aperture, 46 m (151 ft) in diameter, to reduce the stresses of wind

pressure[15]and to reference the Chinese mythological depiction of the sky as a circle.[15]It also

resembled a Chinesemoon gatedue to its circular form inChinese architecture. However, this initial

design began facing protests from some Chinese, including the mayor of Shanghai,Chen Liangyu,

who considered it too similar to therising sundesign of theJapanese flag. Pedersen then suggestedthat a bridge be placed at the bottom of the aperture to make it less circular.[4]On 18 October 2005,

KPF submitted an alternative design to Mori Building and a trapezoidal hole replaced the circle at the

top of the tower, which in addition to changing the controversial design, would also be cheaper and

easier to implement, according to the architects.[4][16]

Foreigners and Chinese alike informally refer to

the building as thebottle opener, as some also find theKingdom CentreinRiyadh.[17]In fact, metal

replicas of the building that function as actual bottle openers are sold in the observation deck gift

shop.

The top of the building, with the aperture clearly visible.

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The tower features three separateobservation decks. The height of the lowest observation deck,

located on the 94th floor, is 423 m (1,388 ft); the second, on the 97th floor, is at a height of 439 m

(1,440 ft); and the highest, on the 100th floor, is 474 m (1,555 ft) high. Admission fees range from

RMB100 (US$15.40) for the 94th floor only, to RMB150 (US$23.10) for all three observation decks.

The skyscraper's roof height is set at 492 metres (1,614 ft), and was at one point the highest roof inthe world. Before construction on the roof was completed, the SWFC's total height was scheduled to

be 509.2 m (1,671 ft) so that it would exceed the height of theTaipei 101, but a height limit was

imposed, allowing the roof to reach a maximum height of 492 metres. ArchitectWilliam Pedersenand

developerMinoru Moriresisted suggestions to add a spire that would surpass that of Taipei 101 and

perhapsOne World Trade Center, calling the SWFC a "broad-shouldered building". The SWFC

boasts a gross floor area of more than 377,300 m2 (4,061,200 sq ft), 31 elevators, and 33 escalators.

Structural efficiency[edit source|editbeta]

The tower's trapezoid aperture is made up of structural steel and reinforced concrete. A large number

of forces, such as wind loads, the people in the building and heavy equipment housed in the building,

act on the SWFC's structure. These compressive and bending forces are carried down to the ground

by the diagonal-braced frame (with added outrigger trusses). The design employs an effective use of

material, because it decreases the thickness of the outer core shear walls and the weight of the

structural steel in the perimeter walls.[7]

Awards[edit source|editbeta]

Shanghai World Financial Center was named by architects as the best skyscraper completed in 2008,

receiving both the Best Tall Building Overall and Asia & Australasia awards from theCouncil on Tall

Buildings and Urban Habitat(CTBUH).[18][7]CTBUH's Carol Willis, head of New York'sSkyscraper

Museum, stated: "The simplicity of its form as well as its size dramatizes the idea of the

skyscraper."[7]Architect Tim Johnson noted its innovative structural design: "Steel trusses gird againstthe forces of wind and earthquake and made the building lighter, made it use less steel, and

contributed to its sustainability."[7]

Johnson described the SWFC's structure as "nothing short of

genius."[18]

Shanghai World Financial Center, visible behind theOriental Pearl Tower.

Inside the tower's observation deck.

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Shanghai World Financial Center (left) and theJin Mao Tower.

The Shanghai World Financial Center and Jin Mao Tower adjacent to each other.

Shanghai World Financial Center pictured at night.

The aperture under construction at the top of the building.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Mao_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Mao_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Mao_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_200802-2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_during_the_night.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_+_Jin_Mao_Tower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0352_20090626_Shanghai.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_200802-2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_during_the_night.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_+_Jin_Mao_Tower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0352_20090626_Shanghai.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_200802-2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_during_the_night.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_+_Jin_Mao_Tower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0352_20090626_Shanghai.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_200802-2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_during_the_night.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_+_Jin_Mao_Tower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0352_20090626_Shanghai.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Mao_Tower

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Stuccomural depicting the original design.

Pamphlet issued at tower in 2008.

The SWFC, Jin Mao Tower and incompleteShanghai Tower(far right) in August 2012.

SUMBER :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Center

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Bigs_Far.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SWFC.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SWFC_mural.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Bigs_Far.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SWFC.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SWFC_mural.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Bigs_Far.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SWFC.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SWFC_mural.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco