TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN HISTORYdload.oktatas.educatio.hu/.../kozep/k_tortangol_fl.pdf · TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN HISTORY ... Matthias are true or false. Mark your answer with

Történelem angol nyelven középszint — írásbeli vizsga 0511

Azonosító jel:

TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN

HISTORY

KÖZÉPSZINTŰ ÍRÁSBELI VIZSGA WRITTEN EXAM

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

Az írásbeli vizsga időtartama: 180 perc The written exam is 180 minutes long.

Pótlapok száma / Number of extra sheets Tisztázati / Final essays Piszkozati / Drafts

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írásbeli vizsga 0511 2 / 36 2005. május 21.

Azonosító jel: Történelem angol nyelven — középszint

Important information Give clear answers and make all your work unambiguous – even if you need to make corrections in your text.

Try to be concise and keep to the point. Do not use more space than is provided.

Please write in blue ink.

When working on the exam tasks consider the following.

• Read the instructions carefully.

• Do exactly what the instructions tell you.

• Study the sources provided (pictures, diagrams, texts, maps). Please keep in mind that the English texts will be only rough translations which render the meaning of the original texts, but not their sometimes archaic style.

• Use the resources that you are allowed to use for each task: the maps of the Historical Atlas [Történelmi atlasz] and the bilingual dictionaries.

• Consider your answers carefully before writing them down so that you do not have to correct them later.

We advise you to follow these steps when dealing with the shorter or longer essay-type questions:

1. Identify the place and time of the given event or problem. 2. Use the given sources and the map [Történelmi atlasz] to understand the task. 3. Collect the general concepts (for example: development, change, production) and the

time-specific concepts (for example: serf, guild, personality cult) that can be used to describe the given event or problem.

4. Include the information contained in the sources, or the conclusions that can be drawn from them, in your answers.

5. Make drafts or outlines before writing your answers if necessary. 6. Identify the events leading up to the given situation, its causes and its results. 7. Describe assumptions about, and explanations of, events. 8. Include your own knowledge of the era (names and dates) as well as your own opinions

and personal perspective of it. 9. Make sure that your sentences are clearly structured, and that your ideas are easy to

follow. 10. Your whole answer should have a clear structure. Check your grammar and spelling.

For your information:

The following will be considered when your essays are evaluated:

• understanding of the task

• proper and relevant content

• logical overall structure and accurate language.

Good Luck!



I SHORT ANSWER TASKS 1 In this task you can read some excerpts from a poem about the Greek gods. Using the excerpts, answer the following questions. (Score 1 point for each correct

item.)

“Zeus bade Themis summon the gods to the place of gathering from the brow of many-ribbed Olympus… So spoke Cronides, and roused war unabating, and the gods went their way into the battle, being divided in counsel. Hera went to the gathering of ships, and with her Pallas Athene, And Poseidon, the Shaker of Earth, and the helper Hermes, that was beyond all in the cunning of his mind…” (Book 20 of the Iliad by Homer) „Zeusz pedig elrendelte Themisznek, hogy gyülekezni hívja az isteneket sokvölgyű olümposzi bércen… Szólt Kronidész, s nem csillapodó csata kélt a szavára, s indult hadba az isten mind, szíve kétfele oszlott. Ment a hajók seregéhez Héré, Pallasz Athéné, véle a föld övezője Poszeidón és a segítő Hermeiász, ki kitűnt közülük leleményes eszével; … (Homérosz: Iliász XX. ének)

a) Underline the line which refers to the abode of gods. b) Match the following statements to the gods they refer to in the poem, and write

their names into the chart.

Statement Name 1 He is the supreme deity. 2 He is the master of the seas.

c) Which term correctly describes the religion of the Greeks? Underline the correct answer.

monotheism polytheism religious dualism

4 points



2 Below you can see a map of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Do the following tasks. Use the History Atlas.

a) Write in the spaces below the names of the towns marked with a number 2 and

with a number 4. (Score 0.5 points for each correct item.)

2. ....................................................................................... 4. ........................................................................

b) Who was the 16th-century Ottoman Emperor who, among other things, occupied

Buda? (1 point) ..............................................................

c) In the list below underline the name of the territory which was lost by the Turks at the end of the 17th century. (1 point)

The Balkans Hungary Wallachia

3 points



3 This task is about the reign of King Matthias. Using the information in the two given sources, decide whether the statements about

Matthias are true or false. Mark your answer with a cross (+). (Score 1 point for each correct item.)

Revenues Total income (forints) Serfs’ taxes 300 000

Salt trade 80 000

Precious metals and minting 60 000

Foreign trade customs duties 50 000

Revenues from royal estates 50 000

Sale of copper 26 000

Taxes from the Saxons of Transylvania 23 000

Taxes from the towns 20 000

Taxes from the Jews 4 000

Revenues of the royal treasury (1470s)

“During his lifetime all the nation spoke up against King Matthias saying that he was insatiable. He would skin or even kill the whole country with the great many taxes which everyone in the country had to pay four times a year. But as soon as he died everyone started praising him as peace in the country was immediately shattered.” (Hungarian Chronicle by Gáspár Heltai) „Életében mind az egész ország reá kiált vala Mátyás királyra, hogy felette igen telhetetlen vala; megnyúzná és megönné az országot a sok vámokkal és nagy rovásokkal (adókkal), mert négyször rója vala minden esztendőben az országot. De mihelyt meghala, minden ember ottan dicsírni kezdé őtet. Mert mindjárt meg kezde bomlani a békesség az országban.” (Heltai Gáspár: Krónika az magyaroknak dolgairól)

Statements True False a) Under King Matthias the tax burdens of the majority of Hungarians

were light.

b) Royal taxes [regálék] were the most important revenues for Matthias. c) Serfs’ taxes were Matthias’s primary source of revenue. d) Matthias later had a good reputation and this was thanks to the fact

that the situation in the country deteriorated after his death.

4 points



4 The Baroque was one of the great periods of European culture. (Score 1 point for each correct item.)

a) Circle the number of the work of art which is not from the Baroque period.

b) Using your background knowledge and the illustrations, underline the features of Baroque art.

Underline two items.

passionate emotions luxurious use of ornaments

clearly limited design moderation and regularity c) Name the most prominent figure of 17th-century Baroque literature in Hungary, who

was both a poet and a military leader.

........................................................................... 4 points

1. 2.

3. 4.



5 This task is about ethnic changes in Hungary in the 18th century. In four places in the following text we have given several possible choices. Underline the correct words.

(Score 1 point for each correct item.) “Hungary was already a multi-ethnic country in the Middle Ages but the proportion of Hungarians was considerably higher than later on in the 18th century. Due to devastation and 18th-century resettlement this number fell/did not change/rose (a) and ethnic distribution was also considerably altered. The census during the reign of Joseph II does not provide data on ethnic distribution because in that period the state was not yet interested in that kind of information. But estimates given by experts show that within a total population of 9.3 million the Croatian/Hungarian/German (b) was the largest ethnic group. The approximate size of the rest of the groups in order was: in the southeast there were about 1.5 million Romanians/ Slovenians/Croats (c), in the north 1.25 million Slovenians/Slovaks/Romanians (d)…” (Reconstruction and the development of the middle classes 1711-1867 by Domokos Kosáry)

6 From the list below choose the concepts which match the following definitions and

write them in the appropriate boxes. (Score 1 point for each correct item.)

parliament assembly constitution petition representative

free competition planned economy monopoly bailiff

Definitions Concepts a) This is the code of laws which contains the fundamental regulations

of public law in a given country.

b) This is a person, elected by a community, who represents the interests of the same community in a certain body.

c) It is an elected legislative body or one of its institutions. It was originally used to designate the legislative body of England.

d) It is the centralised management of the national economy through state-devised plans.

e) This is an exclusive right to do a certain activity.

5 points

4 points



7 The following excerpts from a diary provide information on life in Hungary at the end of the 19th century. Use the source to do the following tasks.

“… Apr. 2, 1887 We went to the Somossy Orpheum to see the dwarfs; they were all pretty little creatures, but to tell the truth they are not worth more than one visit. Apr. 3 We left for home… May 27, 1887 … we saw the castle of Krasznahorka and the body of Sofia Serédi in a glass casket and we had lunch with Director Erdősi in Váralja… June 5, 1888 We went to Vác and Iván went to Pest, and he returned by boat in the afternoon. I went to Esztergom with my sister where I had a terrible night. The 6th We saw the cathedral, the primatial treasury, the palace, the gallery and the dome. In the afternoon we started our homeward journey and got as far as Verőce.” (From the diary of Mrs. Iván Nagy, 1883-1895) „...1887. ápr. 2. Voltunk a Somossy Orpheumba a törpéket megnézni, mind igen csinos kis teremtések voltak – de bizony, azt elég egyszer megnézni. [Ápr.] 3. Jöttünk haza... 1887. máj. 27. ... megnéztük a krasznahorkai várat, s láttuk Serédi Sofia holttestét üvegkoporsóba, és ebédeltünk Váralján Erdősi igazgatónál... 1888. jún. 5. mentünk Vácra... és Iván Pestre ment, és délután visszajött a hajón, s mi is mentünk a húgommal Esztergomba – ahol igen rossz éjszakám volt. – 6-a. Megnéztük a nagy-templomot, a prímási kincstárt, palotát, képtárt és kupolát – délután hazajöttünk vasúton Verőcéig.” (Nagy Ivánné naplójából 1883–1895.) a) Which section of society is the source characteristic of? Underline the correct answer.

(1 point)

city patricians the lesser nobility the middle class

b) Using the text, name two leisure activities. (Score 0.5 points for each correct item.)

1 ................................................................

2 ................................................................

c) What means of transport could the writer of the diary have used during her travels? Name two of them. (Score 0.5 points for each correct item.)

.......................................................................................................................................................

3 points



8 The following caricature was made after Hitler’s rise to power. Use the caricature to do the following tasks.

a) Name two of the symbols you can see in the caricature. (Score 0.5 points for each correct item.) 1 ……....................................................... 2 ................................................................... b) What contradiction does the caricature show? (1 point) .......................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................... c) Name one event from 1938 and one from 1939, as a consequence of which the

territory of Germany increased. (Score 1 point for each event.)

Year Event

1938

1939

4 points



9 In the following chart you can see the distribution by occupation of the population of Hungary between the two world wars.

Study the chart and do the following tasks. (Score 1 point for each each correct item.)

1920 1930 1941 Sectors persons % persons % persons % 1 Agriculture 4 449 100 55.7 4 499 400 51.8 4 539 000 48.72 Industry and

commerce 2 402 800 30.1 2 806 200 32.3 3 238 000 34.9

which includes a) Mining and industry

1 639 700 20.6 1 998 300 23.0 2 366 000 25.4

b) Commerce and banking 407 000 5.1 469 100 5.4 517 000 5.5

c) Transport 356 100 4.4 338 400 3.9 375 000 4.03 Other 1 128 200 14.2 1 382 700 15.9 1 523 000 16.4Total 7 981 100 100.0 8 688 300 100.0 9 320 000 100.0

The distribution by occupation of the population of Hungary between the two world wars Underline the appropriate word. a) In Hungary between 1920 and 1941 the number of people employed in agriculture

increased significantly did not change decreased

b) The number of people employed in industry and commerce

increased did not change decreased

c) Over this period of 21 years the population of Hungary

increased did not change decreased

d) Name the sector within industry and commerce where the number of employees increased most significantly.

......................................................................................................................................................

e) Compare the number of people working in agriculture and in industry between 1920 and 1941. Underline the appropriate phrase.

Hungary … - remained an agrarian country.

- reached an average degree of development as an agrarian-industrial country.

- reached an average degree of development as an industrial-agrarian country.

5 points



10 The following sources are illustrations of the Rákosi period. Use the sources to do the following tasks. (Score 0.5 points for each correct item.)

“And he came back. And with him work, law and liberty returned to the

people of Hungary. When the workers see him,

They greet their father, the builder of our country, the wise leader.

At last we have washed off the filth of the past;

Let this country develop further! More! Where is the limit to this development?

Rákosi said: “Our limit is the sky!””

The Song of Freedom by Géza Képes

„S ő visszajött. A munka, jog, szabadság magyar népünkhöz vele visszatért:

a dolgozó köszönti benne apját, az országépítőt, a bölcs vezért!

A múlt mocskát lemostuk valahára, épülj tovább hazánk, előre! még! Hol van az építés végső határa?

Rákosi szól: „Végső határ az ég!”

Képes Géza: A szabadság dala

“Come girls, dress up in white „Gyertek lányok, öltözzetek fehérbe Let’s lay roses in front of Mátyás Rákosi, Szórjunk rózsát Rákosi Mátyás elébe, Let him walk in roses ankle-deep, Hadd járjon ő rózsában bokáig, Live, long live comrade Rákosi!” Éljen, éljen Rákosi elvtárs sokáig!”

Chorus to celebrate Rákosi’s birthday Ünnepi kórus Rákosi születésnapján “B. R. is from a true kulak [wealthy peasant] family. His father had 30 acres of land, and he has 15 cows and 2 pairs of draught animals. In our town he is the worst enemy of our people’s democracy.” “Section Head J. V. goes to church regularly, and when he was warned about this he said his wife was not conscious enough yet, and so sometimes he accompanied her to church in order to perserve family peace. This has been proved to be a lie as V. is a close friend of the priest’s.” “J. G. is not on the side of democracy, he does not do his work in a collective spirit. He does not take part in the workers’ competition and he has not subscribed to the Peace Loan. He is politically unreliable. (Excerpts from contemporary reports on community affairs)



„R. B. vérbeli kulák családból származik. Az édesapjának 30 hold földje volt, neki 15 db tehene és 2 pár igásállata. Városunk viszonylatában Népi demokráciánk legádá-zabb ellensége.” ”V. J. főelőadó rendszeresen jár templomba, amikor ezt felvetették neki, azt mondta, hogy felesége még nem elég öntudatos, ezért a családi béke megóvása érdekében néha elmegy vele a templomba. Megállapították, hogy ez hazugság, mert V. a pap bizalmas barátja.” ”G. J. nem híve a demokráciának, nem kollektív szellemben dolgozik. Nem veszi ki részét a munkaversenyből, és békekölcsönt sem jegyzett. Politikailag megbízhatat-lan.” (Részletek korabeli hangulatjelentésekből)

a) Using the sources, give two examples of how Rákosi was glorified. .......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

b) What charges were commonly used against people in the 1950s, as described in the reports above? Give two examples.

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

c) Using your background knowledge, give two examples of unlawful official measures taken in the 1950s.

.......................................................................................................................................................

3 points



11 The following diagram describes the law-making process of the European Union. Using the diagram and your general knowledge, answer the following questions.

Glossary Albizottságok: sub-committees Az Európai Unió tanácsa: Council of the European Union Állandó képviselők bizottsága: committee of permanent representatives Bizottságok: committees Döntések: decisions Egyeztetés: consultation EU Bizottság: European Commission Európai Parlament: European Parliament Főigazgatóságok: general directorates Gazdasági, szociális bizottság: European Economic and Social Committee Módosított javaslat: bill after modification Munkacsoportok: conciliation committees Törvényjavaslat: bill Vélemény: feedback a) Name the body which prepares bills. (0.5 points)

................................................................... b) Name the body which passes legislation. (0.5 points)

...................................................................



c) What social problems are caused by the rise in the average age of the population of the European Union?

(1 point)

...................................................................................................................................................... d) Do the Hungarian representatives have full rights in the law-making process of the

European Union? (1 point)

......................................................................................................................................................

3 points

12 The following excerpts are from the law which governs the election of members of

parliament. Decide which statement(s) are true or false. Mark your answer with a “+” in the

appropriate box. (Score 1 point for each correct item.)

“Par. 4 (2) One hundred and seventy-six members of parliament are elected in local constituencies, while one hundred and fifty-two are elected on party lists in regional constituencies of the counties and the capital. The votes which have failed to produce a mandate in the local and the regional constituencies are collected at a national level, and in accordance with the proportion of these votes, a further fifty-eight compensating mandates are filled from the national lists of the different parties. Par. 7 (1) In the first round of elections in local constituencies the candidate who has received more than half of the valid votes will be elected a member of parliament, provided that more than half of the eligible voters of the constituency have voted.” „4. § (2) Százhetvenhat országgyűlési képviselőt egyéni választókerületben, százöt-venkettőt megyei, fővárosi választókerületben (a továbbiakban: területi választóke-rület) listán választanak. Az egyéni és a területi választókerületben mandátumot el nem ért, országosan összesített szavazatok alapján a pártok országos listájáról to-vábbi ötvennyolc kompenzációs mandátum kerül betöltésre. 7. § (1) Az egyéni választókerületben az első választási fordulóban az a jelölt lesz or-szággyűlési képviselő, aki megkapta az érvényes szavazatoknak több mint a felét, feltéve, hogy a szavazáson a választókerület választópolgárainak több mint a fele szavazott.”



Statement True False

a) A person can get a mandate in the Hungarian parliament either in a local constituency or on a party list.

b) The law has introduced a system of three votes whereby each eligible voter has three votes, one of which goes to one of the candidates in their local constituency, while the other two go to regional and party lists.

c) If only half or fewer of the eligible voters have voted in a given local constituency in the first round, the result is not valid, and a second round must be held.

3 points



II LONGER, ESSAY-TYPE QUESTIONS

Please read the following information carefully. You must do three of the following tasks. You must make your selection using the following rules: You must do: one task on world history and

two tasks on Hungarian history, one of which must be short while the other task must be long. They must also be about different periods of Hungarian history.

Study the tasks carefully.

Number Periods and subjects Task type

13 The principal teachings of Christianity short World history 14 The antecedents of World War II short

15 Life in the border castles short 16 Béla IV’s policy after the Tatar occupation long

17 Rákóczi’s freedom fight short 18 Kossuth’s and Széchenyi’s reform programmes long

19 The demands of 1956 short

Hungarian history

20 The consequences of Trianon long Below you will find a table with all the possible combinations of the tasks you can choose. Mark one of the columns by circling the corresponding letter.

Task type A B C D E F G H I J K L

short 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14

short 15 15 17 17 19 19 15 15 17 17 19 19

long 18 20 16 20 16 18 18 20 16 20 16 18

Only tasks which have been selected according to the rules above will be marked. You can find the evaluation criteria after each task. The scores will be entered by the examiners.

Only do the three tasks you have selected, and leave the rest of them blank.

Before doing the tasks please study the Important information on page 2 of this booklet.

You can make drafts while working on the answers.



13 This task is about Christian teachings. (short) Using the sources, present how the commandment of love appears in Christian teachings. In your answer mention what significance the teachings had at the time they were composed.

The principal commandment “Master, which is the great commandment in the law? Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets.” (Matthew) Love is common in all commands “Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law. For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.” (Romans) The golden rule “Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law…” (Matthew) A főparancs „Mester, melyik a főparancs a törvényben?" Jézus ezt felelte: „Szeresd Uradat, Istenedet teljes szívedből, teljes lelkedből és teljes elmédből. Ez a legnagyobb, az első parancs. A második hasonló hozzá: Szeresd felebarátodat, mint saját magadat. Ezen a két parancson alapszik az egész törvény és a próféták.” (Máté evangéliuma)

A szeretet a parancsok foglalata „Ne tartozzatok senkinek semmivel, csak kölcsönös szeretettel, mert aki embertársát szereti, a többi törvényt is megtartja. Hiszen a parancs: ne törj házasságot, ne ölj, ne lopj, a másét ne kívánd, s ami egyéb parancs még van, mind ebben az egyben tetőződik: Szeresd embertársadat, mint saját magadat. A szeretet nem tesz rosszat az embertársnak. A törvény tökéletes teljesítése tehát a szeretet.” (Pál apostol levele)

Az aranyszabály „Amit akartok, hogy veletek tegyenek az emberek, ti is tegyétek velük! Ez a tör-vény…” (Máté evangéliuma) …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………...



…………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Criteria Maximum Achieved points

Understanding of task 4 Location: era and place 4 Use of special vocabulary 4 Use of sources 4 Describing the reasons behind an event 6 Structure, clear language 2 Total 24

DIVIDED BY 2 Exam points 12

14 This task is about the antecedents of World War II. (short) Explain how the agreement reflects the interests of both parties. Using the source

and your background knowledge, prove that this agreement contributed to the outbreak of the war.

Secret supplementary protocol

“On the occasion of the signing of the non-aggression pact between the German Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics the fully authorised representatives of said parties have conducted confidential talks on the issue of their respective spheres of interest in Eastern Europe. These talks have the following results: 1 If there should be political and territorial changes in the Baltic states (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the northern border of Lithuania shall be the dividing line between the spheres of interest of Germany and the USSR. Both parties respect the interests of Lithuania in the area around Vilnius. 2 1 If there should be political and territorial changes in Poland, the line of the rivers Narev, Vistula and San shall be the dividing line between the spheres of interest of Germany and the USSR. The questions of whether the survival of an independent Polish state is in the interest of the two parties and where the borders of such a state should be are dependent upon further political developments and therefore should be decided at a later time.



This issue shall be arranged by the two governments in a peaceful manner in an agreement. 3 As for Southeast Europe, the Soviet party has claimed to have interests in the region of Bessarabia. The German party has expressed its total disinterest in this region. 4 This agreement is considered strictly confidential by both parties.” Moscow, August 23, 1939 on behalf of the government as a fully authorised representative of the of the German Reich, government of the USSR, J. Ribbentrop V. Molotov

Titkos kiegészítő jegyzőkönyv

„A Német Birodalom és a Szovjet Szocialista Köztársaságok Szövetsége közti Meg-nemtámadási Szerződés aláírása alkalmából a két fél alulírott teljhatalmú meg-bízottjai szigorúan bizalmas megbeszélést folytattak kelet-európai érdekszféráik határának kérdéséről. Ezek a megbeszélések a következő eredményre vezettek: 1. Abban az esetben, ha a balti államokhoz (Finnország, Észtország, Lettország, Litvánia) tartozó térségekben területi és politikai átrendeződés megy végbe, Litvá-nia északi határa képezi Németország és az SZSZKSZ érdekszféráinak határát. Ebben az összefüggésben Litvánia érdekét Vilna körzetében mindkét fél elismeri. 2. Abban az esetben, ha a lengyel államhoz tartozó térségben területi és politikai átrendeződés megy végbe, Németország és az SZSZKSZ érdekszféráinak határa nagyjából a Narev, a Visztula és a San folyók vonalát követi. Azt a kérdést, hogy a két fél érdekei megkívánják-e egy független lengyel állam fennmaradását, és hogy melyek legyenek egy ilyen állam határai, a további politikai fejlemények alakulásától függően kell végérvényesen eldönteni. Ezt a kérdést a két kormány mindenképpen békés egyezményben rendezi. 3. Délkelet-Európa tekintetében a szovjet fél felhívta a figyelmet Besszarábiával kap-csolatos érdekére. A német fél teljes politikai érdektelenséget nyilvánított ebben a térségben. 4. Ezt a jegyzőkönyvet mindkét fél szigorúan titkosként kezeli.” Moszkva, 1939. augusztus 23.

A Német Birodalom Az SZSZKSZ kormányának kormánya részéről teljhatalmú megbízottjaként J. Ribbentrop V. Molotov

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15 This task is about border castle conflicts in the 16th century. (short) Using the sources and your own knowledge, describe the everyday life of the “gallant order”. In your answer include the economic sources and the quantity of military supplies at the border castles, and also the social status and the lifestyle of the people living there.

“… there is a superfluous number of people who have been expelled from their lands and who are ready to render services. They should be quartered in the border castles…” (The law of 1547) “Only God knows how their numbers are dwindling and what straits they are in. Many of them have been at the service of His Majesty for forty years, and tears are rolling down their faces and their grey beards. No food reaches them. I daresay many of them have not tasted bread in the last three or four days. (Miklós Pálffy, end of the 16th century) “… only God knows how I encouraged your worship’s humble servants with great and sweet words. I entreat your worship not to put off sending their month’s salary until it is time to march, but give it to them before that so they can buy fodder, buy their arms back as they have been pawned, have their horses shoed, get enough food for themselves…” (Ákos Csányi’s letter to Palatine Tamás Nádasdy, 1559)



„… fölös számmal van szolgálni kész ember, ki birtokaiból kiűzetett. Ezek helyeztes-senek a végvárakba…” (1547. évi törvény)

„Minémű fogyatkozásban és szükségben vannak, azt csak az Isten tudja. Sokaknak közülük, az kik vagyon negyven esztendeje, hogy őfelsége szolgálatában vagynak, az orcájokon és vén szakállukon csurgott le az könnyük. Minden élést eléltek szegé-nyektől. Jó hitemre mondhatom, hogy ugyan sokan vannak közülök, hogy három vagy négy napja is nem ehetnek az kenyérből.” (Pálffy Miklós, XVI. század vége)

„…csak az Isten tudja, mint én az kegyelmed jámbor szolgáit nagy, édes szókkal és biztatással tartottam. Kegyelmed az egy hópénzt (zsoldot) ne halassza az időre nekik adni, mikor az indulás lenne, az előtt adassa kegyelmed nekik, hogy szerezzenek abrakot, fegyverüket – zálogban lévén – váltsák meg, lovukat patkoltassák meg, maguknak való élést (élelmet) is szerezzenek…” (Csányi Ákos levele Nádasdy Tamás nádorhoz, 1559)

Year The annual cost of salaries for

Hungarian border castle soldiers in Rhine forints

The percentage of the cost of soldiers’ salaries that state

revenues covered in Hungary 1554 761 766 100 1556 945 475 81 1572 1 385 965 55 1576 1 658 736 46 1578 1 461 900 52 1582 1 418 292 54 1593 1 572 533 49

The percentage of the cost of soldiers’ salaries that state revenues covered in Hungary in the second half of the 16th century

Turkish-Hungarian single combat at the castle of Esztergom



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16 This task is about the consequences of the Tatar invasion. (long) Using the sources and your own knowledge, present the measures Béla IV took to

rebuild the country and their long-term political, social and demographic consequences.

The builder Period Built Unknown The king Private landowner

1242–1250 16 2 5 9 1251–1260 5 – 1 4 1261–1270 29 2 6 21 1271–1280 32 2 9 21 1281–1290 44 7 – 37 1291–1300 36 4 2 30

Stone castles erected in Hungary between 1242 and 1300



“By issuing this letter we would like to make it known to everybody that since we have built ourselves a house in Komár … we have had settlers invited there. We have given to our settlers the land of the castle-serfs which is called Komár … so they should elect a justice from their own ranks, and they shall present him to us to be confirmed in his position. He shall judge all cases between settlers.” (Béla IV’s grant of privileges to the royal settlers of Komár, 1263)

“That all the Comans without exception who have not yet been baptised […] wish to serve the unity of the Catholic faith whatever age or sex they may be. And they have promised to move out of their tents and houses made of felt, and they shall live in buildings and houses which have been built on the ground […]” (From the laws of Ladislaus IV, 1279) „Mindenkinek tudomására akarjuk hozni ennek az oklevélnek a tartalmával, hogy mivel Komáron magunknak házat létesítettünk, … jónak láttuk, hogy oda ne-vünkben hospeseket hívjanak. Hospeseinknek adtuk a várjobbágyok Komár nevű földjét … Hogy közös akarattal válasszanak maguk közül bírót, és akit megválasztot-tak, megerősítés végett tartoznak nekünk bemutatni. Ő tartozik a hospesek felett minden ügyben bíráskodni.” (IV. Béla 1263. évi kiváltságlevele a komári királyi hospesek-nek)

„Hogy tudniillik a kunok mindnyájan, kivétel nélkül, akik még nincsenek megke-resztelve, bármilyen korúak és neműek is [...] a katolikus hit egységét óhajtják szol-gálni. És határozottan kötelezték magukat, hogy eltávozzanak és visszavonuljanak sátraikból és nemezből készült házaikból, és keresztény szokás szerint falvakban, földbe épített épületekben és házakban fognak lakni […]” (IV. László 1279. évi törvényéből)

The power of the barons in Hungary at the end of the 13th century

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Territories under royal control



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17 This task is about the Rákóczi freedom fight. (short) Using Ferenc Rákóczi II’s proclamation of 1704, present the causes of the outbreak of the freedom fight. Compare these with the text of the Treaty of Szatmár. Evaluate to what extent the peace treaty dealt with past grievances.

“The principal reason for so many great movements (…) is the shameful abolition of the ancient laws. (…) the freedom of the country to elect our own kings was changed to an inheritable kingdom by a servile transformation (…), the laws of great importance established by King Andrew were repealed, which included the rights of all the Estates (…), and provided the right that we may resist kings if they do not observe the laws. (…) this nation (…) is robbed of all military merits, (…) it is difficult to find fortifications which are led by Hungarian men. (…) the nobility of the country is excluded from all consultations and all the decisions about the country are made without consulting us. (…) the greater part of the country had been alienated from its lawful owners, and (…) it was handed over to foreigners. The people of the land (…) were better off under the rule of the conquering crescent. (…) the extortions of the Austrians in a year cover the services to the Ottomans in half a century.” (The Proclamation of Ferenc Rákóczi II to the public of Europe, 1704) “The life and (…) worldly possessions of Ferenc Rákóczi are both spared (…) including his right to stay in this country unpersecuted (…) If he accepts this pardon but wishes to postpone his oath of allegiance, he shall be granted the period of three weeks to do this (…). We also (…) pardon all (…) followers of Rákóczi (…), their possessions also included. The capitulation must not be thought to include a ban on wearing arms; all conflicts must, however, cease immediately. As for religion, the laws of the country shall remain valid (…). The right shall not be limited (…) to present grievances to the diet and to ask for royal assent to anything that serves the advance and the honour of the country in the form of a freely made request with due respect and in the lawful way.” (The Treaty of Szatmár, 1711) „Az oly sok nagy mozgalom legfőbb oka (…) az ősi törvények szégyenteljes eltörlése. (…) az országnak a szabad királyválasztásban fennálló szabadságát szolgai átváltoztatással örökletes királyság képére alakították át (…), eltörölték (…) Endre király nagyfontosságú törvényét, amely (…) magában foglalta az összes rendek



sarkalatos szabadságjogait (…), s megadta azt a jogot, hogy törvénysértés esetében szembeszegülhessenek a királyokkal. (…) a nemzetet (…) megfosztják a hadi érdemeitől (…), alig találni egy-egy erőd élén magyar embert. (…) kizárják az ország nemeseit minden tanácskozásból, s minden, az ország közügyeit érintő ügyben nélkülünk határoznak felettünk. (…) az ország területének nagy részét elvették törvényes birtokosától és (…) idegeneknek adományozták. Az ország népének (…) jobb volt a sorsa a hódító félhold uralma alatt, (…) az osztrákok évenkénti zsarolásai az ottománoknak fél évszázad alatt teljesített szolgáltatásokat is bőségesen elérik.”(II. Rákóczi Ferenc kiáltványa az európai közvéleményhez, 1704) „Rákóczi Ferenc életének és (…) javainak (…) kegyelmet adunk (…) beleértve az országban való nyugodt megmaradást is (…) – ha ő a kegyelmet elfogadja, de a hűségeskü letételét el akarja halasztani – három hetet engedélyezünk (…). Valamennyi (…) Rákóczi követőnek (…) szintén megbocsátó kegyelmet adunk (…), javaikra is kiterjesztjük a kegyelmet. A fegyverletételt sem kell olyan értelemben felfogni, mintha senkinek sem lenne szabad fegyvert viselni, ezzel szemben minden ellenségeskedést abba kell hagyni. A vallás ügyében érvényben hagyjuk az ország elfogadott törvényeit (…). Sértetlenül megmarad a lehetőség nemcsak arra, hogy az (…) országgyűlésen az egyéb sérelmeket előadhassák, hanem annak lehetősége is, hogy mindarra, ami a nemzet üdvét és becsületét szolgálja, szabad kívánság formájában, kellő tisztelettel és törvényes úton, a királyi kegyes jóváhagyást is megkérhessék.” (Szatmári béke, 1711) …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

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18 István Széchenyi and Lajos Kossuth are two principal figures of the reform period

in Hungary. Present their respective reform programmes comparing the similarities and the differences. In your analysis mention the following points: their origins, which social groups they thought could initiate the changes, the issue of the serfs, the proportionate sharing of taxation, the economic transformation and legal issues. (long)

“Should we consider it a ridiculous or a sad thing when somebody cannot eat or nearly starves while his store-pits are full and has a great many head of cattle? Is it ridiculous or sad when a wealthy landowner with fertile lands, pastures, woods and vineyards does not pay taxes and does not take his share of almost any of the burdens of this country while many work for him for free – when this landowner loses so much that he is left with less than nothing because of his debts? Why is it like this, and should it really be as it is, or perhaps not… If someone needs money, can he get it easily and immediately a legal rate of interest even if he has possessions to show for it? Because of a lack of loans, he can only get it at very high interest. How many landowners do I know myself who are always short of money, and whose own treasures are locked up so they cannot use them?” (István Széchenyi) “Since an innovative spirit can cause lots of damage and disasters in a household as well as in the constitution while because of a fear of innovations countless inventions are disregarded and unused, I think it is my duty to explain and state as I see it, how an innovation should be distinguished from an improvement.” (István Széchenyi) “Today, when we are rather backward and underdeveloped in every respect, we cannot find the leading power which could guide Hungarians to the promised land in the crowd or among the people. All for the people and nothing by the people!” (István Széchenyi) “Let us pass a law which obliges a landowner to grant his serf’s wish should the latter want to free himself by paying indemnity. Is there anyone in this whole country who believes that this law would change the relationship between serfs and landlords within the next century? I daresay that anyone who does may know his very fortunate village, but not the general conditions in this country and among its people […] Do we really believe that we can save our country with this patchwork of reforms? Do we really believe that we can ensure the future of our nation having failed to lay



the foundations of the building that is our future? And what else could this foundation be if not the merging into one body with the people and the creation of a sound national body? And how can we but dream of this while the hate-inspiring wall of the present relationship between serfs and landlords remains…?” (Lajos Kossuth) “The spirit of our age is democracy. All for the people and all by the people. Nothing with the exclusion of the people. This is democracy.” (Lajos Kossuth) “And the aim: freedom and constitutional rights for all Hungarians. National welfare, which is rooted in our liberty. Proportionate sharing of taxation with everyone enjoying the same liberty.” (Lajos Kossuth) „Nevetséges vagy inkább szomorú dolognak kell e mondani, ha valaki nagy számú gulyája és telt gabonavermei mellett is koplal, vagy szinte éhen hal? Nevetséges vagy szomorú e, ha egy nagybirtokos, kinek kiterjedt termékeny szántóföldei, rétjei, erdei, szőlei stb. vannak, nem adózik, és az országnak szinte semmi terhét nem viseli, és kinek sok ingyen dolgozik – ha ily birtokos mondom annyira elszegényül, hogy véges adósságai miatt semminél kevesebbje marad? Már ez miért van így – és ennek úgy kell e lennie, vagy talán nem kellene; … Ha egynek pénzre van szüksége, minden jószági mellett is ugyan kaphat-e törvényes kamatra elegendőt könnyen és tüstént? … Hitel híja miatt csak felette nagy uzsorával kaphatott. Hány birtokost ismerek magam, ki mindig pénzben szűkölködik, és kinek kincse maga előtt mindig el van zárva?” (Széchenyi István)

„Mivel pedig az újító szenvedély háztartásban csakúgy, mint alkotmányban, egyaránt sok kárt és szerencsétlenséget okozhat – másrészt viszont az újítástól való félelem miatt számtalan jó és hasznos találmány mellőzött és kihasználatlan marad: kötelességemnek érzem, hogy a módot, miként lehessen az újítást a javítástól meg-különböztetni, itt, a magam felfogása szerint megmagyarázzam és kinyilvánítsam.” (Széchenyi István)

„Mai, felette hátramaradt, s mindenben oly fejletlen körülményeinkhez képest sem a sokaságban, sem a népben nem lelendjük azt a vezetési képességet, mely ki bírná kalauzolni az ígéret földjére a magyart. Mindent a népért, de semmit általa!” (Széchenyi István) „Alkottassék törvény, mely a földesurat kötelezze, hogyha jobbágya magát örökösön megváltani akarja, azt ellenezni ne legyen hatalmában, kérdem, van-e ember széles e hazában, aki higyje ily törvény mellett is, az úrbéri viszonyokból hazánk egy század alatt tökéletesen kibontakozzék. Aki ezt hinné, arról bátran el merem mondani, hogy áldott térmezőn fekvő faluját talán, de az országot, az ország népét, a nép állapotát nem ismeri [...] Azt hisszük: megmentjük a hazát toldozó, foldozó reformkáinkkal? Azt hisszük, biztosíthatjuk nemzetünk jövendőjét, ha a jövendő épületének alaprakását elmulasz-tottuk? És mi lehet ezen alap más, mint a néppeli egy testté forrás, s ekként egy ép, egészséges nemzeti test előteremtése, erről pedig miként lehet csak álmodnunk is, míg az úrbéri viszonyoknak gyűlölség-nemző válaszfala fennáll...” (Kossuth Lajos)



„Korunk szelleme a demokrácia. Mindent a népért és mindent a nép által. Semmit a népről a nép mellőzésével. Ez a demokrácia.” (Kossuth Lajos) „És e cél: szabadság s alkotmányos jog minden magyarnak; nemzeti jólét, mely a sza-badság gyökeréből hajtson; közös teherviselés különbség nélkül, s az alkotmányos szabadság közös élvezete.” (Kossuth Lajos) …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

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19 The following task is about the 1956 revolution. (short)

Using the document, present the most important demands of the revolution. In your answer mention the political and social problems which led to the compilation of this list of demands.

“1. We demand the immediate withdrawal of all Soviet troops from Hungary in accordance with the resolutions of the peace treaty. 2. We demand the election of a new local, middle and central leadership for the MDP [Hungarian Workers’ Party] by the individual members. They should convene a party congress as soon as possible to elect a new Central Committee. 3. The government should be reshuffled under the leadership of comrade Imre Nagy, and all the guilty leaders of the Stalinist era should be dismissed immediately. 4. We demand a public trial in the case of Mihály Farkas and his group. Mátyás Rákosi, who is primarily responsible for all the crimes of the recent past and the destruction of the country, should be brought home to answer for his deeds in front of the people’s tribunal. 5. We demand general and free elections by secret ballot with the participation of other parties to elect a new national assembly. (…) 6. We demand the revision and re-establishment of political, economic and intellectual relationships both with the Soviet Union and with Yugoslavia. (…) 7. (…) The system of the planned economy must be revised. (…) 10. We demand the rethinking of the fixed quota system and that an equal amount of support be given to individual peasants. 11. We demand the review of all political and economic trials to be heard by independent courts and the release and rehabilitation of all who were imprisoned innocently. (…) 12. We demand total freedom of opinion, speech and press, and a free radio …” (Excerpts from the 16 points composed by MEFESZ [Association of Hungarian University and College Unions] on October 22, 1956)



„1. Az összes szovjet csapatoknak azonnali kivonását követeljük Magyarországról, a békeszerződés határozatai alapján. 2. Az MDP-nek alulról felfelé, titkos alapon új alap-, közép-, és központi vezetők választását követeljük, ezek a legrövidebb időn belül hívják össze a pártkongresszust és válasszanak új Központi Vezetőséget. 3. A kormány alakuljon át Nagy Imre elvtárs vezetésével, a sztálinista korszak minden bűnös vezetőjét azonnal váltsák le. 4. Nyilvános tárgyalást követelünk Farkas Mihály és társai ügyében. Rákosi Mátyást – aki első fokon felelős a közelmúlt minden bűnéért és az ország tönkretevéséért – hozzák haza és állítsák a nép ítélőszéke elé. 5. Általános, egyenlő és titkos választásokat követelünk az országban, több párt részvételével, új nemzetgyűlés megválasztása céljából. (…) 6. Követeljük a magyar-szovjet és a magyar-jugoszláv politikai, gazdasági és szellemi kapcsolatok felülvizsgálását és új rendezését (…) 7. (…) Vizsgálják felül a tervgazdálkodáson alapuló egész gazdasági rendszerünket (…) 10. Követeljük a beszolgáltatási rendszer új alapokra való fektetését és a termények okszerű felhasználását. Követeljük az egyénileg dolgozó parasztok egyenrangú támogatását. 11. Követeljük az összes politikai és gazdasági pereknek független bíróságon való felülvizsgálatát, az ártatlanul elítéltek szabadon bocsájtását és rehabilitálását. (…) 12. Teljes vélemény- és szólás- és sajtószabadságot, szabad rádiót követelünk…” (Részletek a MEFESZ 1956. október 22-én megfogalmazott 16 pontjából) …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

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Criteria Maximum Achieved

points Understanding of task 4 Location: era and place 4 Use of special vocabulary 4 Use of sources 4 Describing the reasons behind an event 6 Structure, clear language 2 Total 24


20 Analyse the economic consequences of the Treaty of Trianon. (long) Using the sources, present the economic problems Hungary had to face after the

territorial changes and their socio-economic consequences. Use the maps of the History atlas.

“Art. 16 On the customs and trade alliance between the countries of the Hungarian crown and the other kingdoms of His Majesty. Par. 1 In accordance with this alliance and for the duration thereof the territories of both states constitute a single customs and trade area with common customs borders. […] Par. 12 The Austrian currency remains common until this is lawfully changed… Par. 13 Both parties declare themselves to be ready to introduce a common system of measurements and weights…” (From the laws of 1867) “This means … that almost all prerequisites of economic development are to be taken away from what remains Hungary. Because the unfortunate central part of this country, hewn from its borders, would be left without the greater part of its coal, ore and salt mines, its building timber, its oil, its sources of natural gas, its workforce, its Alpine pastures, which feed its herds of cattle… The territory of historical Hungary can boast of a uniquely natural geographic and economic unity in all of Europe.” (Excerpts from a speech given by Count Albert Apponyi at the peace conference) „XVI. tc. A magyar korona országai és Őfelsége többi királyságai és országai közt kötött vám- és kereskedelmi szövetségről. 1. § Mindkét fél államterülete a szövetség idejére és annak értelmében egy vám- és kereskedelmi területet képez, melyet közös vámhatár vesz körül.[…] 12. § Az ausztriai érték [pénz], míg törvényesen meg nem változtatik, közös marad... 13. § Mindkét fél késznek nyilatkozik lehetőleg egyforma mérték- és súlyrendszert hozni létre a két állam területén...” (Az 1867. évi törvényekből)

„Arról van szó, … hogy a megmaradt Magyarországtól a gazdasági fejlődés majd-nem összes feltételei megvonassanak. Mert az ország e szerencsétlen középső része, elszakítva határaitól, meg lenne fosztva szén-, érc- és sóbányáinak legnagyobb részé-től, épületfájától, olajától, földgázforrásaitól, munkaerejének jórészétől, alpesi legelői-től, amelyek marhaállományát táplálták; … A történelmi Magyarország tehát Európában egyedülálló természetes földrajzi és gazdasági egységgel rendelkezik.” (Részlet Gróf Apponyi Albert a békekonferencián mondott beszédéből)



Percentage of industrial capacity which Hungary kept after Trianon

Coal output 72% Iron ore production 11%

Salt production 0% Metallurgy 31%

Manufacturing industry 56% Machine industry 82%

Paper industry 23% Timber industry 22%

Factory workforce 57%

Principal data of wheat production

Annual average produce (100 tons)

Capacity of the milling industry (100

tons)

Between 1901 and 1910 Between 1920 and 1929 1920-ban

40 765.2 18 195.9 65 000

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Percentage of the area belonging to the different types of agricultural land use

Land use 1913 1923 Arable land 45.5 60.2 Meadow 9.3 7.2 Vineyard 1.1 2.3 Pasture 11.7 10.9

Woodland 25.8 11.8

Gardens and reedbeds 1.5 1.4



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Maximum

score Candidate’s

score

1 Greek gods 4 2 The Ottoman Empire 3 3 Matthias Hunyadi 4 4 The Baroque 4 5 Hungary in the 18th century 4 6 Matching concepts 5 7 Lifestyle in the 19th century 3 8 Hitler 4 9 Hungary between the two world wars 5

10 The Rákosi era 3 11 The European Union 3 12 Parliamentary elections 3

I Short test questions

I Total 45 13 The principal teachings of Christianity 12 14 The antecedents of World War II 12 15 Life in the border castles 12 16 Béla IV’s policy after the Tatar invasion 21 17 The Rákóczi freedom fight 12 18 The reform programmes of Kossuth and Széchenyi 21 19 The demands of 1956 12 20 The consequences of Trianon 21

II Longer, essay-type questions

II Total 45 I + II TOTAL 90

assessor

__________________________________________________________________________

Achieved points /

Elért pontszám

Points written in the

software /

Programba beírt

pontszám I. Short, simple tasks / I. Egyszerű, rövid feladatok II. Longer, essay-type questions / II. Szöveges, kifejtendő feladatok

Correcting teacher / Javító tanár administrator /

jegyző

Documents

TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN HISTORYdload.oktatas.educatio.hu/.../kozep/k_tortangol_fl.pdf · TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN HISTORY ... Matthias are true or false. Mark your answer with