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TRANSPLANTS AND TYPES OF TRANSPLANTS
What is a transplant?
A transplant is to replace an organ or diseased tissue with
another that wors properl!" Toda! is a #er!
de#eloped $edical techni%ue that achie#es e&cellent results
'or recipients" (owe#er) it needs the
e&istence o' organs donors" Without solidarit! o' donors)
there are no transplants"
T!pes o' transplant
* According to the donor can +e,
-autologous transplant, .s the t!pe o' transplant where the
donor and recei#er are the sa$e person) the
tissue co$es 'ro$ another part o' !our own +od!"
-Syngeneic: .s the t!pe o' transplant where the donor and
recei#er are geneticall! identical and can +e
done with all transplanta+le organs and tissues"
-Allogeneic :.s the t!pe o' transplant in which the donor
+elongs to the sa$e se& and / or race) +ut the!
are geneticall! di0erent"
-1enotransplantation, .s the t!pe o' transplant per'or$ed
+etween geneticall! di0erent indi#iduals o'+oth se&es) o' an!
race or where arti2cial organs are used"
* According to their location,
-Orthotopic, The diseased organ is replaced +! a health!
one"
-(eterotopic, The diseased organ is not re$o#ed) another is
gra'ted to support health! one"
Who has access to a transplant?
Sic people su0ering irre#ersi+le da$age to one o' its organs
3li#er) heart) lung) intestine) pancreas and
idne!4 and can not +e cured +! other $edical treat$ent"
Transplantation is the onl! solution to a#oid
death or to lead a +etter %ualit! o' li'e"
(ow $uch does it cost?
.t does not cost nothing" The transplanted organ is donated 'ree
o' charge) without in5uencing the social
or econo$ic status o' the patient who recei#es it" All therap!
in#ol#ing transplantation 3including post-
transplant i$$unosuppressi#e $edication4) is covered +! the
National (ealth S!ste$) and the
respecti#e Autono$ous 6o$$unities where the! carr! out
transplants"
Spain, an example to be imitated
Spain is the countr! with the highest donation rate in the
world" Donations are alwa!s $ade altruisticall!
and the whole process is co#ered) 'ro$ the econo$ic point o'
#iew) +! the National (ealth S!ste$" The
Spanish $odel o' transplantation is glo+all! considered a role
$odel) which in 'act is +eing i$ple$ented
+! the rest o' the world"
7ut +eing a $odel o' solidarit! cannot ser#e to gi#e +ac to
realit!" 8ore and $ore people need to +e
transplanted to li#e" Appro&i$atel! 9:; o' recipients die
while waiting to recei#e an organ"
Waiting lists and selection criteria.
The criteria are elected considering two aspects, territorial
aspects and clinical aspects"
* The territorial criteriaallow organs generated in a gi#en area
can +e transplanted in the sa$e area)
to reduce the $a&i$u$ ische$ia ti$e 3$a&i$u$ ti$e that
can elapse +etween getting the organ and
their i$plantation into the recei#er4"
* .n clinical criteriait is analiurgenc! :>) the organs are
allocated respecting
the territorial criteria"
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What is the bone marrow transplant?
7one $arrow transplantation in#ol#es the intra#enous in'usion o'
donor +one $arrow o+tained) with the
ai$ o' replacing the diseased cells o' the patient"
7one $arrow transplants are indicated in patients su0ering 'ro$
congenital or ac%uired +one $arrow)such as chronic or acute
leue$ia) $edullar! aplasia) i$$unode2ciencies) etc"
.deall! 'or these patients it is to 2nd a co$pati+le donor a$ong
their closest relati#es) +ut this onl!
occurs in :; o' cases"
How cordblood transplantation is done?
The cordblood transplantation is intra#enous in'usion o'
u$+ilical cord +lood in order to replace the
diseased cells o' the patient" .t is not there'ore a
surger!"
Tissue transplants.
It is less well-known than the solid organ transplants) +ut
there are $an! t!pes o'tissues that also are transplanted to cure
diseases"
The tissues that can +e transplanted are,
* +one and tendon tissue 3+one) tendon) and other structures
osteotendon4
* 6orneas
*Sin
* heart #al#es
* Seg$ents #ascular 3arteries and #eins4
* 6ell cultures) chondroc!tes) eratinoc!tes or $!o+lasts"
REJECTI!
A'ter $an! e&peri$ents) it +eca$e that genetic 'actors were
the cause o'
'ailure nown toda! as re=ection" .t was disco#ered that The
higher is the
genetic relationship +etween donor and recei#er) the greater is
the li'e oth
the transplanted organ"
.t was Dr" 8edawar who cleared the enig$a o' re=ection and
there'ore
recei#ed the No+el Pri
