Transformations in Europe,1500-1700

Ch. 16

Section 1Luther Leads the Reformation

• Main Idea

– Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church led to the founding of Protestant churches

• Why it matters now

– Nearly one-fifth of the Christians in today’s world are Protestants

Causes of the Reformation• Criticisms of the Catholic

Church

– Popes spending extravagantly

– Illiterate priests

– Priests marrying, drinking and gambling

• Early Calls for Reform

– Christian Humanists and others want pope to be more accountable

Causes of the ReformationSocial Political Economic Religious

•Renaissancevalues of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church•Printing press helped spread ideas critical of the Church

•Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe•Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler that challenged his authority

•European princesand kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth•Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church

•Some Churchleaders had become worldly and corrupt•Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable

Luther Challenges the Church• Martin Luther

– Monk who questioned the Catholic Church

• 95 Theses– Paper arguing what’s wrong with the

Catholic Church

– Especially Johann Tetzel

– 10/31/1517 posted formal statements on a castle church

– Spreads quickly

• Indulgence– Used to raise funds, keep priests rich

and pay for expensive cathedrals

– Selling release from sins for money

Luther’s Teachings• Luther’s actions leads to the

Reformation– Religious reform movement against

the Catholic Church

• Luther’s Teachings– People could win salvation only by

faith in God’s gift of forgiveness– All Church teaching should be

clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities. (rejects Pope’s authority)

– All people in faith were equal. People did not need priests to interpret the Bible.

Response to Luther• Pope’s Threat

– Excommunication, Luther does not take back statements

• Emperor’s Opposition– Charles V issues Edict of

Worms declaring Luther a heretic who should be punished for not recanting

– Could not be given shelter

• Lutherans– Followers of Lutheran – Start own beliefs and

structure

Germany at War• Some German princes

agree with Luther while others use it for personal gain – Seize Church lands

– Those that oppose the Church but are still Christian are known as Protestants

– Peace of Augsburg is reached by Charles V• Each German prince could

choose their religion

• Ends family fighting

Traditional Thinking and Witch Hunts• European beliefs

derived from both local folk traditions and Judeo-Christian beliefs.

• During the 16th and 17th centuries over 100,000 people (3/4 women) were tried and about half of them were executed on charges of witchcraft.

• Witch hunts became manifestations of fear of unattached women without male guidance.

1. What political, economic, and social factors helped bring about the reformation?

2. From where did the term Protestantism originate?3. What impact did Henry VIII’s actions have on England

in the 2nd half of the 1500s?4. Explain how Elizabeth I was able to bring a level of

religious peace to England?5. Do you think Luther or Henry VIII had a better reason

to break with the church? Provide details to support your answer.

6. How did the Catholic Church respond to Luther’s teachings?

Section 2Reformation Continues

• Main Idea

– As Protestant reformers divided over beliefs, the Catholic Church made reforms

• Why it matters now

– Many Protestant churches began during this period, and many Catholic schools are the result of reforms in the Church

Calvin Continues the Reformation• John Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas

– Only 8 when Reformation started, he was influenced by it

• Institutes of the Christian Religion– People are sinful by nature– Predestination

• Only a few people were chosen to be saved by God, “elect”

• Calvinism– Religion based on John Calvin’s teachings

• Theocracy– Ideal government which is led by religious

leaders

• Presbyterians– Inspired by Calvin, John Knox returns to

Scotland and starts his version of Calvinism– Led by religious leaders called Presbyters

Other Protestant Reformers• Anabaptists

– Baptize again

– Separate church and state

– Refused to fight in wars

– Persecuted by Protestants and Catholics

– Menononites and Amish

Catholic Reformation• Some have called it the Counter

Reformation since it is a response to the Protestant Reformation

• Ignatius of Loyola– Founds Jesuits

– Layout day to practices of devotion

• Reforming Popes– Paul III

• Approves Jesuit order and starts investigation

• Seek out heretics

• Council of Trent– Church’s interpretation of Bible is final

– Not saved by faith alone need to do good works and faith

– Bible and Church are equally important

– Indulgences are valid expressions of faith

Catholic Reformation Continues• Pope Paul IV

– Carries out decrees

– Index of Forbidden Books

• Books considered offensive to the Catholic Church including Protestant Bibles

Legacy of the Reformation• Religious Effects

– Cost lives in religious persecution– Formal beliefs and churches

become more unified

• Social Effects– All religions are stressing

education– Women still do not see

improvement in rights

• Political Effects– Catholic Church no longer most

powerful institution in Europe like it was during the Middle Ages

– People even more willing to question their beliefs and political structures

England Becomes Protestant

• Henry VIII wants a son– Needs to

divorce(annulment) his wife which Church law does not allow for

• Annul– Set aside, like it never

happened

– Pope turns him down

– Catherine’s nephew is king of Rome

Reformation Parliament

• Reformation Parliament– Approves Act of Supremacy

• Puts Henry in charge of Church of England

– Keeps Catholic traditions to keep his people from getting upset

– Thomas More does not accept that the Catholic Church is out of England, told to recant, is beheaded

Consequences of Henry’s Changes

• Henry does get son but goes through many wives

• England has trouble with going from Protestant to Catholic to Protestant

• Queen Elizabeth I helps bring England together and starts the Anglican Church

For Those of You Playing at Home

Elizabeth Restores Protestantism

• Anglican Church– Appealing to moderate Catholics

and Protestants

– Important to appeal to the middle

• Other challenges– Struggles with others wanting to

control England (Philip II, Catholic king of Spain)

– Money issues like the exploration of the Americas

Answer in complete sentences in your notes.

1. What was Calvin’s idea of the “elect” and their place in society?

2. What role did noblewomen play in the Reformation?

3. What were the goals of Jesuits?

4. How did the Reformation set the stage for the modern world? Give examples.

5. Why do think the church wanted to forbid people to read certain books?

6. How did steps taken by Paul III and Paul IV to reform the Catholic Church differ from Protestant reforms?

Scientific Revolution

Main Idea

In the mid 1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation.

Why it matters now

Such questioning led to the development of the scientific method still in use today.

Setting the stage• Before 1500 few questioned

the scientific ideas of:

– Greek and Roman thinkers

– The Church/Bible

• Changing in thinking occurred

– Renaissance

• Rebirth of learning

– Reformation

• Scientific Revolution

– Changes the way people think about the natural world

Roots of Science

Aristotle and Christian church support Geocentric Theory

-The earth is the center of the universe

The Scientific Revolution in mid-1500s-Changed the way people looked at the natural world-Based on careful observation and willingness to question acceptedbeliefs-European exploration and the printing press fueled research in Astronomy and Mathematics

Nicolaus Copernicus challenged traditional thinking

-Created Heliocentric Theory-Sun center of the universe

Johannes Kepler used mathematics to conclude planets move in elliptical orbits

Galileo Galilei-Discovered laws of pendulum-Concluded objects fall at the same speed-Created an advanced telescope-Went against the church and supported Copernicus-Church tried for Heresy

-At his trial he revoked his support-Still published material in favor of

Heliocentric Theory-Put on trial at the Inquisition and

forced to recant-Lived the rest of his life under

house arrest

Development of the Scientific MethodA new approach to science that involves logical procedures for gathering and testing ideas

Sir Francis BaconUrges scientists to experiment

before drawing conclusions

Rene DescartesUse logic and math to reason out

basic truths

Bacon and Descartes Led to a better understanding of

the natural world and credited with Scientific Method

Isaac NewtonA single theory of motion

-Every object in the universe attracts every other object and the degree depends on the mass of the object

-Universe a perfect mechanical clock-Mathematical Principles of Natural

Philosophy

Scientific InstrumentsMicroscope, barometer, thermometerNew instruments = new discoveries

Medical advancesAndreas Vesalius improves anatomyEdward Jenner makes first vaccineSmall Pox

Enlightenment in Europe

Main Idea

A revolution in intellectual activity changed Europeans’ view of government and society

Why it matters now

The various freedoms enjoyed in many countries today are a result of Enlightenment thinking.

• Influence

• Common law

• Natural law

The EnlightenmentPhilosophers applied reason to all aspects of society

Also known as the Age of Reason

Scientific revolution spurs re- examination of society during the 1600s and 1700s

Thomas Hobbes- Social ContractPeople are selfish and ambitious

Should submit to an authoritarian ruler to prevent disorder

John Locke- Natural RightsGovernment exists to protect inalienable rights (life ,liberty, property)

If the government doesn’t protect them the people can change government

French philosophes are social critics in mid-1700s

Value reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty

VoltaireAKA Francois Marie ArouetUsed satire to fight for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious beliefs and speech

Montesquieu

Favors separation of powers between 3 branches

Jean Jaques Rousseau

Legitimate government come from the consent of the governed Believed in direct democracy

Cesare BeccariaWants to reform the justice system

Calls for speedy trials and criminal rights

Women and the Enlightenment

Many thinkers take traditional view of women’s role

Mary Wollstonecraft argues for women’s rights

Women need education to be virtuous

Women should enter male professions

Some wealthy women use status to spread Enlightenment values

Disagreed with Rousseau

Legacy of the EnlightenmentPhilosophes not activists, but

inspire revolutions

Scientific breakthroughs show human capacity to improve society

Increased secular outlook

New knowledge leads people to question religious beliefs

Importance of individual

Emphasis on individual rights and accomplishments

Over a few decades Enlightenment writers challenged long-held ideas

Divine right of monarchs

The Union of the church and state

Unequal Social Class

Enlightenment thinkers promoted long- term beliefs shaped Western Civilization

Reason took the center stage for the Enlightenment

• You are assuming the role of an Enlightenment writer applying for a journalist position for the Union Tribune. In order to help you obtain a job with them you would want to create and submit a resume.

• Choose an Enlightenment writer.• Gather your information.

– Notes are a good start– Find what skills they had that would be marketable or desirable

• Have a strong opening statement that is two to three lines long• Find qualifications and technical skills that the person might have had

to complete the job• Find any education they might have received• Avoid mistakes

– Errors in spelling and punctuation– Change in formatting, font type and size– A superabundance of polysyllabic terminology, use too many big

words• Proofread• This is due on December 11 and is worth 40 points. You may either print it out or

e-mail to me. You may not handwrite your resume.

1. Before the 1500’s, who and what were the final authorities with regard to most knowledge?

2. How did the heliocentric theory of the universe differ from the geocentric theory?

3. What are the main steps of the scientific method?4. Drawing conclusions “I have seen farther than others,” said Newton, “it is

because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” Could this be said of most scientific accomplishments? Explain.

5. Analyzing motives Why might institutions of authority tend to reject new Ideas?

6. Forming and supporting opinions Do you agree with Galileo’s actions during his inquisition? Explain.

7. What are the natural rights with which people are born, according to John Locke?

8. Who were the philosophes and what did they advocate?9. What was the legacy of enlightenment?10. Synthesizing: Explain how the following statement reflects Enlightenment

ideas: “Power should be a check to power.” 11. Analyzing issues: Why might some women have been critical of the

enlightenment?12. Drawing conclusions: Were the philosophes optimistic? about the future of

humankind? Explain.

Enlightenment SpreadsMain Idea

Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western world and profoundly influenced the arts and government

Why it matters now

An “enlightened’’ problem-solving approach to government and society prevails in modern civilization today.

Paris becomes the center of the Enlightenment in 1700s

Salons become places where thinkers discuss ideas

Diderot’s Encyclopedia

A set of 28 books Enlightenment thinkers contribute essays

Angers French government and Church

Spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe

In France harsh punishment for criticizing govt. or Catholic Church

Jail or Exile

Enlightenment ideas still spread all over Europe

New Artistic StylesPre-Enlightenment is baroque

Grand, ornate design

Enlightenment style is Neoclassical

Based on Greek/Roman themes

New music stylesFranz Joseph Hadyn

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Ludwig Van Beethoven

New style of literature

The development of the novel

Appealed to the middle class because it was entertaining

Baroque vs. Neoclassical

Enlightenment and MonarchyMonarchs who embrace Enlightenment

values strengthen ruleEnlightened Despots(Ruler)

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Goal to serve and strengthen his country“The First Servant of the State”Reforms education and justice system

Grants religious freedom

Abolishes torture

Joseph II of Austria

Radical reformer

Legal reforms Freedom of press

Freedom of worship Abolished Serfdom

Catherine the Great of Russia

Tried to abolish capital punishment

Gave power nobles more power after a revolt

Put limited reforms in place

Expands Russian empire

Gains port access in Black Sea

England faces a challenge in the American Colonies

Inspired by Enlightenment ideas

Questions

1. What were the defining aspects of neoclassical arts?2. What new form of literature emerged during the 18th

century and what were its main characteristics?3. Why were several rulers in the 18th century Europe

known as enlightened despots?4. What advantages did salons have over earlier ways of

spreading ideas?5. In what way were the enlightened despots less than

true reformers? (did they truly change their governments)

6. How did the encyclopedia reflect the age of enlightenment?

II. Social and Economic LifeA. The Bourgeoisie

• Europe experienced spectacular growth from 1500-1700.

• Wealthy urban Bourgeoisie thrived on manufacturing, finance, and especially trade.

• Amsterdam’s growth, built on trade and finance exemplifies Bourgeoisie power.

The bourgeoisie were wealthy town dwellers who earned their money by being a merchant or owning their own

business. They dominated trade, finance and manufacturing.

• Forged mutually beneficial relationships with the monarchs and built extensive family and ethnic networks to facilitate trade.

• Partnerships between merchants and monarchs led to the development of joint stock companies and stock exchanges.

• Anglo-Dutch wars of the 1600s provide evidence of the growing importance of trade.

• Many Bourgeoisie married into noble families or purchased titles of nobility.

By 1700, Amsterdam was a major financial center and its ships carried 80% of trade between Spain

and northern Europe. It was home to the Amsterdam exchange, the largest stock exchange in Europe, and joint-stock companies which gave the Dutch monopolies on trade to the East and

West Indies.

B. Peasants and Laborers• Serfdom disappeared in Western

Europe, but gained new prominence in Eastern Europe.

• African slaves contributed greatly to Europe’s economy.

• New World crops helped peasants avoid starvation.

• High consumption of wood for heating, cooking, construction, shipbuilding, and industrial uses led to deforestation.

• Europeans began to use coal instead of wood.

• Deforestation had particularly severe effects on the rural poor who had used forests for building materials and food.

• Urban poor consisted of “deserving poor” and “unworthy poor.”

The slave trade massively contributed to Europe’s economy via the American

colonies.

New World crops, like maize and potatoes, helped peasants avoid starvation.

High consumption of wood for heating, cooking, construction, shipbuilding, and industrial uses led to deforestation which had

particularly severe effects on the rural poor who had used forests for building materials and food.

C. Women and the Family

• Women’s status tied closely to their husband.

• Young people of the Bourgeoisie married late to finish education led to independence from parents and a low birth rate.

• Bourgeoisie parents great emphasis on education and promoted the establishment of schools.

• Most schools, professions, and guilds barred women.

• Why is Jordan Reycasa so awesome?

• Why is Zach Albert hard of hearing?

• Why does the group nearest the clock always lose?

• Why is Zach Preslar in denial?

• What is a minja?

• How did Catherine the Great die?

• Follow these directions.– Call Ethan Chong Galileo from now on.

– Work on your cardio.

– Don’t use phones unless they’re prepaid and you can ditch them if necessary.

– Don’t turn off the projector because you need to turn it back on for marauder 5 stupid.

III. Political InnovationsA. State Development

• Between 1516 - 1519 Charles of Burgundy inherited the thrones of Castile and Aragon, with their colonial empires, the Austrian Habsburg possessions, and position of Holy Roman Emperor.

• Able to form coalition that defeated Ottomans at gates of Vienna.

• Lutheran German princes rebelled against French-speaking Catholic Charles, seized church lands and gave rise to German Wars of Religion.

• Charles abdicated the throne and his son Phillip received Spain and a weakened Holy Roman Empire went to his brother Ferdinand.

• Rulers of Spain, England, and France began to pursue own efforts at political unification.

Charles V (1500 – 1558) was from the Habsburg family in Austria. He became the Holy Roman Emperor, inherited the Spanish throne,

halted the Ottoman Empire’s advance into Europe, and is best known for his strong opposition of the Protestant Reformation.

Charles V territorial empire from 1519 - 1556.

Philip II (1527 – 1598) became the King of Spain when his father, Charles V, abdicated and retired to a monastery. He used the Spanish

Inquisition to hunt down anyone who was not Catholic (Jews, Muslims, Protestants, and his critics).

B. Monarchies in England and France• Conflict between Parliament and Charles I led to a civil

war and the establishment of a Puritan republic under Oliver Cromwell.

• After the Stuart line was restored Parliament enforced its will on the Monarch with the Glorious Revolution when William and Mary had to sign the Bill of Rights which limited the power of the crown.

• In France the Bourbon Kings were able to circumvent the Estates General and develop an absolutist style of government.

• Louis XIV’s finance minister, Colbert was able to increase revenue through more efficient tax collection and promote economic growth while Louis entertained and controlled the nobility at his court at Versailles.

Charles I (1600 – 1649) was the king of England who believed he was an absolute monarch and evaded any check on his power by not

summoning Parliament for 11 years. He plunged his kingdom into the English Civil War after ordering the arrest of his leading critics in the House

of Commons. He was later beheaded for treason.

Puritan General Oliver Cromwell (1599 – 1658) became the leader of the new English republic after Charles I was beheaded. He was as

unwilling as kings to share power with Parliament, so after his death, the monarchy was restored.

The English King James II (1633 – 1701) refused to respect Parliament’s rights and was forced into exile in the bloodless Glorious

Revolution of 1688. William and Mary were called to the throne by Parliament and to end the Glorious Revolution, they signed the

English Bill of Rights and began a new co-operation between the Parliament and the monarchs.

Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles symbolized the French monarch’s triumph over the traditional

rights of the nobility, clergy, and towns.

C. Warfare and Diplomacy

• Military revolution in which cannon, muskets, and commoner foot soldiers became the mainstays of European armies.

• Europeans devised new command structures, signal techniques, and marching drills.

• Ships became more deadly with multiple tiers of cannon and four-wheel cannon carriages.

Spanish galleons were slower than caravels but it had

superior firepower.

• England took the lead in naval development and this was demonstrated when the Royal Navy defeated the Spanish Armada which signaled an end to Spain’s military dominance in Europe.

• France rose as the strongest continental power while England maintained superior naval power.

• During the Spanish War of Succession, England allied with Austria and Prussia were able to prevent the French house of Bourbon from taking the Spanish throne.

• With the emergence of Russia after the Great Northern War the four powers of Europe; France, Britain, Austria, and Russia were able to maintain a balance of power.

War of the Spanish Succession. The great British victories in this

war were in the Spanish Netherlands and the Holy Roman

Empire and they established Britain as a great power.

Route of the Armada.

Spanish Armada was King Philip’s failed attempt to invade England in 1588. A storm

and superior English tactics led to the defeat.

D. Paying the Piper• To pay heavy costs of war

European monarchs made profitable alliances with commercial elites.

• Netherlands became a commercial power after wrestling autonomy from Spain.

• Spain damaged economy by kicking out Jews, Protestants, and descendants of Muslims.

• England used naval dominance to break Dutch trade power and improved its financial position by collecting taxes directly and creating a central bank.

• France used streamlined tax collection, used protective tariffs to promote domestic industries, and improved its transportation network, but were not able to tax nobles or secure low cost loans.

Trade thrives when government taxation and

regulation were not excessive, where courts enforced

contracts and collected debts, and where military power

stood ready to protect overseas expansion by force

when necessary.

IV. Comparative Perspectives

– In 1575, French scholar Loys Le Roy described three technological innovations that he thought had propelled Europe into a golden age: the printing press, the marine compass, and cannonry.

– Le Roy noted that Europe had finally caught up to the Muslim world and had benefitted from the spread of knowledge and the Muslims refused to let documents be printed in Europe.

Questions

• 1. How was the cultural history of early modern Europe determined by the interplay of traditional beliefs and revolutionary ideas?

• 2. What factors contributed to the wealth of some Europeans and the great poverty of others in this period?

• 3. How was the history of early modern European states determined by differing policies in the areas of religion, foreign relations, and economics?