Transcription and TranslationProtein Synthesis

• What is it?

– Transcription happens when DNA is ________________ (making a template) into RNA

– Translation is when the information is ________________ into a protein

Transcription: the process by which genetic information is ______________ from DNA to RNA.

Steps:

1. RNA transcription starts on the DNA strand (the template) at the “_______________” (or start) gene.

2. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter gene and travels down one side of the template (original DNA) attaching complementary RNA bases and _____________________.

3. The base pairing rules are the same except U replaces T on the _______ strand.

4. This continues until it reaches a DNA region called the “___________________ signal” (or stop).

5. The RNA polymerase releases both the DNA molecule and the newly formed RNA molecule (travels to __________________).

6. DNA closes back up!

This newly formed strand is called ________ or messenger RNA.

Complementary mRNA

• What would the mRNA strand be for this section of DNA?

A A T G C T A C C T T G A A C T G G

_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

Note:

The mRNA strand is what is used to determine what amino acids are made (using the amino acid chart)!

After mRNA is formed• We are able to make a ___________ in

the cytoplasm. (Translation)

• Remember…– The amount and kind of proteins that are

produced in a cell determine the ________________ and function of the cell.

– In other words, proteins carry out the genetic instructions (__________) encoded in our DNA.

• mRNA is now grouped into letters of 3 (a group of 3 letters is called a ___________).– Each codon will code for one ____________

acid (AA).– AAs are the building blocks of proteins.– A few codons do not code for an AA, instead

they signal for translation of an mRNA to ___________ (start codon/promoter) or _______ (stop codon/ termination signal).

• mRNA is ready to be “______________” by 2 other types of RNA…

How to read the Amino Acid Table

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)• When the mRNA gets to the cytoplasm,

rRNA (which is in ______________ form) will attach itself over the strand.

• It helps attach the _____________ to the mRNA

• This is where ______________ are made!

tRNA (transfer RNA)• tRNA will locate the start codon on the mRNA

strand and will form the appropriate ________ for that codon

• tRNA travels down the mRNA to the next _____________ and forms the appropriate AA for that codon

• The second AA attaches to the 1st & the tRNA molecule _____________ from the 1st mRNA codon

• This continues until a string/chain of AA are formed = a _____________ is made!