TOWN PLANNING ASSIGNMENTAditya Srivastava

Q: EXPLAIN IN DETAIL THE FOLLOWING

REGIONAL PLAN

Regional planning means planning of a much larger unit than a town called 'region'. The planning is done more or less on the same principles of town planning. Region includes the territory lying within easy reach such as 15 to 50 km and containing number of villages and townships. The regional planning helps to develop the region in a co-ordinate manner. It deals with planning of regional highways, regional transport, regional water supply, drainage etc. It also takes into account the overall development of towns, villages in the region and provides sites for new towns for rehabilitation for the displaced persons from the main city.

CONCEPT OF REGIONAL PLAN: Regional development is the cumulative effect of a complex system of interacting development process influenced or controlled by governmental and non-governmental interventions and by collective and individual decisions made at the local, the central, and the intermediate (regional) level. These interventions and decisions concern resources located in a given territory and they consequently primarily affect a given group of people.

Use of the concept-1. To divide the space into relativelyhomogeneous units2. To further our analysis and understandingof specific studiesPurpose of the concept:1. Delineation of the space into homogenous units2. To study the human association with in a specific regional environment3. To facilitate comparison

regional planning combines analytical and graphic methods to project economic, social and physical development in a given geographic area, for a given period of time, and presumably also for the benefit of the region’s population in addition to and beyond the “national” benefit to which all regions contribute.The regional plan is also capable of regulating the timing and sequence of execution for specificprojects and programs; and projects national linkages and inter-relationships among them.Thus, it may help to bridge the gap between “national development” in terms of “objectives” andthe effects on “local communities” in terms of “actual” development. Also, the many servicesand facilities furnished in a given area by central, local and regional authorities can be soplanned on the regional scale as to attract investments from many other sources; and finally, theregion offers a framework within which development projects of national significance and thosebased on local initiative and aspirations can be suitably integrated for mutual benefit of theregion and the nation.

TYPES OF REGIONS:

Natural (hills, deserts etc)/ Cultural(Jharkhand,Telangana, Rayalsimha cow belt. etc)

Functional (Agric, Resource etc) / Formal( Admin. – States, Distts)Special / Ad hoc / Arbitrary (Flood, earthquake, Dacoity prone)Regions of Convenience (Postal, Telephones, Railways)Planning RegionsNodalHomogeneousSpecial

Q3. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY DEVELOPMENT PLAN? DISCUSS ELEMENTS OF DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND ITS PROCESS IN DETAIL.

A development plan is an aspect of comprising a set of documents that set out the local authority's policies and proposals for the development and use of land in their area. The development plan guides and informs day-to-day decisions as to whether or not planning permission should be granted, under the system known as development control . In order to ensure that these decisions are rational and consistent, they must be considered against the development plan adopted by the authority, after public consultation and having proper regard for other material factors.

They are formulated wit the process of law and provide a legal framework /formwork within which development of an area of a city/state/town takes place. Allocation of different activities/uses in different zones/ part of the city/ town within the framework of the development plan is the prime objective of landuse zoning and development promotion/ controlled regulations.

ELEMENTS:

PROCESS:

Q4: EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROAD NETWORKS

GRID IRON STREET SYSTEM RECTANGULAR WITH DIAGNOL STREET

RADIAL ROAD SYSTEM SPIDER WEB SYSTEM

ORGANIC PATTERN

HIERACHY OF ROADS

ARTERIAL ROAD • through traffic movements• longer distance traffic movements• line haul public transport task• primary freight and dangerous goods routes• regional cycle movements (off road)

SUB ARTERIAL ROAD connections between local areas and arterial roads• connections for through traffic between arterialroads• access to public transport• through movement of public transport• regional – local cycle movements (off road)• pedestrian movements

COLLECTOR STREET carry traffic having a trip end within thespecific area• direct access to properties• access to public transport• pedestrian movements• local cycle movements

LOCAL STREETdirect access to properties• pedestrian movements• local cycle movements

TYPES OF INTERSECTIONS

T JUNCTION

Y JUNCTION

ACUTE ANGLED

STAGGERED JUNCTION

RIGHT ANGLED JUNCTION

CLOVER LEAF JUNCTION

Q5: EXPLAIN TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACT

Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO) formulated the Model Town and Country Planning Law in the year 1960.

This model Act was revised by TCPO in year 1985 as “Model Regional and Town Planning and Development Law” to enact a comprehensive urban and regional planning legislation in allthe States and UT’s.

Constitution of State Regional and Town Planning Board by the State Government for the purpose of advising on the delineation of the region for the planned development,

Directing the preparation of metropolitan, regional and area plans by the metropolitan, regional and area planning and development authorities.

Setting up of metropolitan, regional and area planning and development authorities for different urban and rural areas within the State to undertake preparation of development plans and toenforce and implement them,Co-ordinating the planning and implementation of physical development programmesModel Law provided 3 steps for the administration of this law:

a) Preparation of existing land use map,b) Preparation of an outline development plan and comprehensive development plan and their enforcement, andc) Preparation of detailed schemes of development or redevelopment as envisaged in the plans and their implementation. Based on the Model Regional and Town Planning and Development Law,1985 ,many states enacted their Town and Country Acts.

However ,states like Haryana, Rajasthan and UT of Chandigarh do not have comprehensive Town and Country Planning Acts.

Out of 7933 Towns ,about 2032 towns have Master Plans(1483 notified +549 under preparation )

LAND ACQUISTION ACT OF 1894 AND 2013

1894

The Land Acquisition Act, 1894[1] is a law in India and Pakistan that allows the government to acquire private land in those countries. “Land Acquisition” literally means the acquisition of land for some public purpose by a government agency from individual landowners, as authorised by the law, after paying a government-fixed compensation to cover losses incurred by landowners from surrendering their land to the concerned government agency. In India, a new Act, [The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013]] was passed by the Parliament in 2013 to repeal this Act.

The land acquisition act of 1894 was created with the purpose of facilitating acquisition by the government of privately held land for public purposes. The word "public purpose", as defined in the act, refers to the acquisition of land for constructing educational institutions or schemes such as housing, health or slum clearance, as well as for projects concerned with rural planning or formation of sites. The word "government" refers to the central government if the purpose for acquisition is for the union and for all other purposes it refers to the state government. It is not necessary that all the acquisition has to be initiated by the government alone. Local authorities, societies registered under the societies registration act, 1860 and co-operative societies established under the co-operative societies act can also acquire the land for developmental activities through the government.

2013

Compensation: Given the inaccurate nature of circle rates, the Bill proposes the payment of compensations that are up to four times the market value in rural areas and twice the market value in urban areas. • R&R: This is the very first law that links land acquisition and the accompanying obligations for resettlement and rehabilitation. Over five chapters and two entire Schedules have been dedicated to outlining elaborate processes (and entitlements) for resettlement and rehabilitation. The Second Schedule in particular outlines the benefits (such as land for land, housing, employment and annuities) that shall accrue in addition to the one-time cash payments. • Retrospective operation: To address historical injustice the Bill applies retrospectively to cases where no land acquisition award has been made. Also in cases where the land was acquired five years ago but no compensation has been paid or no possession has taken place then the land acquisition process will be started afresh in accordance with the provisions of this act. • Multiple checks and balances: A ‘comprehensive, participative and meaningful’ process (involving the participation of local Panchayati Raj institutions) has been put in place prior to the start of any acquisition proceeding. Monitoring committees at the national and state levels to ensure that R&R obligations are met have also been established. • Special safeguards for tribal communities and other disadvantaged groups: No law can be acquired in scheduled areas without the consent of the Gram Sabhas. The law also ensures that all rights guaranteed under such legislation as the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 and the Forest Rights Act 2006 are taken care of. It has special enhanced benefits (outlined in a dedicated chapter) for those belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. • Safeguards against displacement: The law provides that no one shall be dispossessed until and unless all payments are made and alternative sites for the resettlement and rehabilitation have been prepared. The Third Schedule even lists the infrastructural amenities that have to be provided to those that have been displaced. • Compensation for livelihood losers: In addition to those losing land, the Bill provides compensation to those who are dependent on the land being acquired for their livelihood. • Consent: In cases where PPP projects are involved or acquisition is taking place for private companies, the Bill requires the consent of no less than 70% and 80% respectively (in both cases) of those whose land is sought to be acquired. This ensures that no forcible acquisition can take place. • Caps on acquisition of multi-crop and agricultural land: To safeguard food security and to prevent arbitrary acquisition, the Bill directs states to impose limits on the area under agricultural cultivation that can be acquired. • Return of unutilized land: In case land remains unutilized after acquisition, the new Bill empowers states to return the land either to the owner or to the State Land Bank. • Exemption from income tax and stamp duty: No income tax shall be levied and no stamp duty shall be charged on any amount that accrues to an individual as a result of the provisions of the new law. • Share in appreciated land value: Where the acquired land is sold to a third party for a higher price, 40% of the appreciated land value (or profit) will be shared with the original owners.

Q6: EXPLAIN SLUM CLEARANCE ACT AND VARIOUS METHODS ADOPTED FOR SLUM CLEARANCE/UPGRADATION

According to the Government of lndia Section 3 of the Slums Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, India, 1956,defines slums as areas where buildings:i) are in any respect unfit for human habitation.ii) are by reason of dilapidation, over crowding, faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities or common combination of these factors which are detrimental to safety, health andmorals.

Q7: FOR A NEIGHBOURHOOD OF 10,000 PEOPLE GIVE A DETAILED PROPOSED ACCORDING TO PLANNING STANDARDS.