Town Planning Lecture 1

INTRODUCTION TO TOWN PLANNING

Lecture 1

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INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING DISCIPLINE

All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life in liveable surroundings or environment.

"Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.

Planning – a continuous, time-oriented and cyclic process of identification and achievement of goals

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INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING DISCIPLINE Cyclic Process of Planning: a process

that includes-a) Identification of goals and objectives,b) Assessment of problems, potential and

priorities,c) Preparation of alternative conceptual

plans and their evaluation to select most appropriate concept,

d) Preparation of plan based on related concept and its approval,

e) Feedback (public suggestions and objections),

f) Review of the Plan, and g) Implementation

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Fields of Planning: i)) Urban; ii) Regional; iii) Environmental; iv) Transport and v) Infrastructure

Urban Planning – is a technique and method of development that contributes to the organization, development and evolution of urban areas and their urbanising environs, based on economic, social, legal and aesthetic concepts and conditions in order to promote the welfare of public and quality of environment.

Regional Planning - It is a specific type of planning, based on a specific planning structure (regional system), for inducing public action aimed at societal well being. It implies that regional planning is concerned fundamentally with the society in the context of space.

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Environmental Planning - Environmental planning is a tool for environmental protection and sustainable development of any area from environmental point of view.

Transport Planning - The process of analysis of travel demand in a city or region having regard to socio-economic, land-use, and other factors and formulation of policies, programmes, plans and projects for its efficient management.

Infrastructure – The basic components of a human settlement that make it functional and improve its quality of life and include utilities, facilities and services.

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Infrastructure

Facility – include health-care, educational, socio-cultural and recreational activities.

Services - include transportation by rail, road, air, waterways, telecommunication, police protection, fire fighting, postal service etc.

Utilities – basic public services like water supply, sewerage, drainage and electricity supply.

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DEFINITIONS AND BASES OF PLANNING

Town and Country Planning - to channelize various types of forces such as physical, social, economic and administrative in a planned manner to create the total environment, which is healthy, efficient and satisfying for working, living, recreation and other activities of human being.

Objective – to provide healthy environment and conveniences to the people of the area by physical arrangement of land-use pattern and structure.

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Social and economic aims town planning Socially successful planning tends to make

people’s life happier, because it results in physical environment which is conducive to health; facilitates social interaction and gives visual attractiveness

It increases wealth, by efficiently arranging communication routes to carry out human activities in a more efficient and less wasteful manner through proper spatial arrangement

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Characteristics of successful Town Planning:

Promotion of accessibility Employment of resources as economically as

possible Carrying out of all developments in a visually

pleasant and practical manner

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URBAN/TOWN PLANNING BASICS Goal of Planning - to guide the development

of a city or town so that it furthers the welfare of its current and future residents by creating convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient and attractive environments.

Three key aspects of Urban/City Planning:a) physical environmentb) social environmentc) economic environment

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URBAN/TOWN PLANNING BASICS

a) Physical environment – it includes its location, climate and proximity to sources of food and water.

b) Social environment - the groups to which a city's residents belong, the neighborhoods in which they live, the organization of its workplaces.

c) Economic environment - employers, such as, manufacturing as well as research and development companies, retail businesses, universities, local government institutes, cultural institutions, and departments of tourism all play strong roles in a city's economy.

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URBAN/TOWN PLANNING BASICS

Land is scare resource. Developed urban land is more scarce. With the increasing urban population the use of land should be very judicious and optimum; hence, it is important to use the land in sound principles of urban planning.

A comprehensive understanding of the process through which land uses get allocated in a city at a particular point of time and change over a period of time (not rigid but flexible) is necessary

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LAND USE PLANNING

Land-use - an activity performed on a parcel of land, expressed by category, through colour or black/white hatch pattern.

Land-use planning is basically concerned with location and amount of various land use areas such as residential, commercial, religious, cultural and other activities engaged in by the residents of a city in conduct of their life.

It takes into consideration the economic, social and environmental conditions while selecting and adopting best option for future land use.

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LAND USE PLANNING

Land-use planning aims to make the best use of land resources by: assessing present and future needs and

matching it with supply; identifying and resolving conflicts

between competing uses, between the needs of individuals and those of the community, and between the needs of the present generation and those of future generations;

seeking sustainable options that best meet identified needs and bring about desired changes;

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LAND USE PLANNING

General Principles

a) Location Requirements - Indentify three major functional areas in the urban complex – i) the work areas, ii) the living areas and iii) the leisure-time areas; and distributing them in space as per their locational attributes.

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LAND USE PLANNING

General Principles

b) Space Requirements – is a basis for assessing land requirement to accommodate growth in urban areas in the next 20 years. It consists of three major steps:

i. study of existing land use pattern; ii. derivation of space standards e.g. density

standards population in residential areas and works in industrial and business areas;

iii. space requirement for facilities such as school, hospital , parks and play grounds and others . 17

URBAN LAND USE PLANNING Land use planning should aim at integrated and comprehensive planningIntegrated development of residence, work and recreation areas

Geddesian Triangle Folk (organism)

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Work(Function)

Place(Environment)

URBAN LAND USE PLANNING

Comprehensive Planning

It is not merely a physical activity but of multidisciplinary nature covering economic and social aspects

Integration of old with the new

Petric Geddes – the founder of modern town and regional planning. The theoretical ideas of Petric Geddes have influenced much subsequent planning practice, regional economic development and environmental management . In particular his focus on the triad ‘Place-Work-Folk’ is fundamental to land use planning

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DEFINITIONS Accessibility – Available means of communication i.e.

roads, rail etc. Base map – map serving as the foundation for

subsequent planning showing all physical features and existing land-use/built-up area of the area/city .

Density of Population – total population divided by total area of any city/region/rural areas

Gross density – population divided by the area layout including roads and open spaces.

Net density – population divided by the plots, excluding roads and open spaces.

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DEFINITIONS Recreation areas – an area designated for recreational

activities – open spaces, play grounds, parks, botanical gardens, golf course etc.

Water bodies – River, lakes, ponds, nallah (open drain) Ring road – a circular road on all side of the proposed

development/settlement Bye pass – a road designed to carry heavy vehicular traffic

to operate without entering the built up area of the city. O D Survey – Origin and Destination survey conducted to

count vehicles coming from and going to another area/city. Nazul land – the land vested with the government

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DEFINITIONS Khasra map – official map of a village record indicating

boundaries of all properties, dimensions, property numbers, ownership, and identify of property and its details.

Residential land-use – the land category in a development or layout plan devoted to residential activity which may be further sub-divided into zones/clusters by nature (e.g. Primary residential, mixed residential, informal residential), intensity (e.g. high, medium or law density), type (plotted or flatted), ownership (individual or group housing).

Commercial, Industrial, Institutional, Public-semi-public (utilities/services), Transportation

Topo-sheet – map prepared by Survey of India for entire country, indicating every details, e.g. road, rail, forest, river, canal, built-up area etc.

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DEFINITIONS Catchment area or drainage basin - area drained by

a stream /river or other body of water (the area and population from which a facility or region attracts visitors or customers)

Urban Agglomeration (UA) – the out growths of urban areas have also been incorporated in larger urban areas and are designated as ‘urban agglomeration’ which comprise:a) An urban area with continuous urban outgrowth which is

outside the statutory urban limits but falling within the boundaries of the adjoining village or villages;

b) Two or more adjoining urban areas with their outgrowths, so as to form a continuous urban spread;

c) Two or more adjoining areas without outgrowths, but which form a continuous urban spread. 23

DEFINITIONS

Categories of Occupation Pattern:

1. Primary Sector - cultivator, agriculture labourer, mining, quarrying and livestock

2. Secondary Sector – household industry, manufacturing industry, construction

3. Tertiary Sector – trade and commerce, transport and communication, services

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INDIAN TOWNSCategorized of Indian towns - the Census of India classified its urban places into following six categories:

• Class I – Population 1,00,000 or more (441 in India as per Census 2001);

• Class II – Population between 50,000 and 99,999 (496);• Class III – Population between 20,000 and 49,999 (1,388);• Class IV – Population between 10,000 and 19,999 (1,563);• Class V – Population between 5,000 and 9,999 (1,041); and• Class VI – Population less than 5,000 (232).

Urbanization – the spatial concentration of people and economic activity – is arguably the most important social transformation in the history of civilization since man changed from being a nomadic hunter-gatherer and adopted a settled, subsistence agricultural way of life and form a small homogeneous society to a large heterogeneous mass. 25

COMPONENTS OF PLANNING Aims and Objectives Existing land use Transportation Physical Infrastructure Social Infrastructure Land Use Plan Policies for Development Zoning Regulation/Ordinance Building Bye-laws & Development Control Rules Proposal

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COMPONENTS OF PLANNING

Physical Infrastructure Water Supply Power – Electricity Sewerage Drainage Solid Waste Management

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COMPONENTS OF PLANNINGSocial Infrastructure: Health (Medical) Education (Institution) Sports Communication – Post & Telegraph, Telephone,

Internet etc. Security (Police) Safety (Fire) Socio-cultural Other Community facilities (religious buildings)

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BENEFITS OF PLANNING

Conscious effort to evolve future course of action

Possibility of eliminating existing problems

Eliminating threats of environmental degradation

Easy to promote phasing of development Involvement of citizens and the local

bodies enhances the process of implementation

Formulation of detailed plan proposals based on primary long term proposal 29

Documents

Town Planning Lecture 1