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Urban Development Around Transport Hubs
Towards Transit-Oriented
Development in City-Regions
Graham Parkhurst
Professor of Sustainable Mobility
Billy Clayton
Research Fellow
Centre for Transport & Society
Department of Geography and Environmental Management
2
Why are the principles of integrated,
transit-oriented development important
beyond urban boundaries?
And how can we apply them?
1. It serves the economy…
• Need to consider the long-term resilience of a
car-dependent economy
–How car-mobile will a future ageing population be?
–How long will fuel prices stay low?
–We cannot burn the fossil fuel stocks that are
available
–A genuinely low/zero-carbon car fleet is decades
away
3/
2. It respects the environment…
4
UK committed to a reduction in emissions by 2050
equivalent to 80% of 1990 level or lower
90
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160A
ve. 1
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Ind
ex (
ave
rage
19
93
= 1
00
)
Motorway Rural A Urban A Minor rural Minor urban All roads
Traffic still growing outside urban areas
5/ DfT (2016) Road traffic (vehicle kilometres) by road class in Great Britain, seasonally
adjusted indices, quarterly, 1993 average = 100
6 DfT (2016) Bus Statistics. Table BUS0106b Passenger journeys on local bus services
by metropolitan area status and country: Great Britain, quarterly from 2004/05
3. It connects rural areas…
90
100
110
120
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
After the boost from concessionary fares, bus journeys
in the English shires trending downwards
• Usually for new developments
– So what about existing developments?
• Planned around existing public transport
infrastructure
• Public transport is most viable in areas of high
urban density
– So what about in areas of low urban density?
7
Transit-Oriented Development:
The Challenge
• Historic city – popular tourist
attraction
• Significant traffic problems in
historic centre
• A common urban tension?
– Vitality through commerce
– Vitality through pleasant urban
environment
8
Case study: Bath
9
Bath P&R and Car Park User Origins
10
Can we ‘retrofit’ our existing urban
developments with transport infrastructure and
services so it becomes more transit-oriented?
Towards Transit-Oriented Development
What can we do?
• Discourage car trips to city centres
• Reinforce public transport routes (network density,
service frequency, service quality)
• Create public transport infrastructure
• Provide parking capacity near user origins on
public transport routes
11/
Link and Ride: Longer-range P&R integrated
with bus services (Parkhurst 2000)
4 km 5 km 5 km 5 km 5 km
park and ride site
road network
user-origin
urban area
bus service
Cambridgeshire Guided Busway http://www.thebusway.info/default.aspx
14/
Leigh-Manchester Busway
15/
P&R
250
P&R 45
P&R
130
10km 8km 2km
Potential integrated
transport corridors
16/
An Integrated, Transit-Oriented
Subregional Transport and Spatial
Planning Strategy:
• Uses road space more efficiently
• Reduces carbon emissions from road
transport
• Reduces household exposure to high
transport costs
• Increases patronage for established or
enhanced medium-range public transport
–Which benefits residents of rural areas and small
towns without a car available
17/
