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This presentation will help you to understand the advantages of biomass to energy conversion
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1
Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels
Jaap Kiel
IEA Bioenergy Task 32 workshop “Fuel storage, handling and preparation and system analysis for
biomass combustion technologies”, Berlin, 7 May 2007
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 20062 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Presentation overview
• ECN
• Torrefaction principles
• ECN TOP technology
• Economics
• Development status and market implementation
2
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 20063 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Energy research Centre of the Netherlands
• Independent energy research institute
• 650 staff
• Annual turnover:80 million EURO
• Activities:- Biomass, Solar, Wind
- Fuel Cell Technology- Clean Fossil Fuels
- Energy Efficiency
- Policy Studies
in the dunes of North Holland
ECN develops high-quality knowledge and technology
for the transition to a sustainable energy supply and brings it to the market
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 20064 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Torrefaction for biomass upgrading
general process description
Torrefaction
mass energy
Gas
Biomass
Torrified
biomass
1 0.7
0.3
1 0.9
0.1
0.7
0.9= 1.31Energy densification (E/kg)
Temperature: 200-300 °C
Pressure: near atmospheric
Heating rate: <50 °C/min
Absence of oxygen
Product: solid fuel
Residence time 10-30 min
Particle size < 4 cm thickness
3
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 20065 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Friable and less fibrous
19 - 22 MJ/kg (LHV, ar)
Hydrophobic
Preserved
Reduced contaminant level
Homogeneous
Torrefaction and pulverisation
Fuel powder
From biomass/waste to commodity fuels
Tenacious and fibrous
10 - 17 MJ/kg (LHV, ar)
Hydrophilic
Vulnerable to biodegradation
Contaminated
Heterogeneous
Agricultural residues
Mixed
waste
Woody biomass
Pelletisation
Fuel pellets
Bulk density 750-850 kg/m3
Bulk energy density 15-20 GJ/m3
Superior fuel properties:
• Transport, handling, feeding
• Milling
• Combustion/gasification
• Feedstock bandwith
• Standardisation
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 20066 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Decomposition regimes
D
drying (A)
Extensive
Devolatilisation
and
carbonisation
(E)
Limited
devolatilisation
and
carbonisation (D)
depolymerisation
and
recondensation
(C)
A
E
D
C
E
A
D
C
glass transition/
softening (B)
Hemicellulose Lignin Cellulose
100
150
200
250
300
Tem
perature (°
C)
Hemicellulose Lignin Cellulose
100
150
200
250
300
Tem
perature (°
C)
TORREFACTIO
N
4
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 20067 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Starting points ECN TOP technology development (1)
• Torrefaction (combined with pelletisation) has the potential of becoming
a key unit operation in biomass upgrading schemes for a wide range of
applications, including:
− Biomass storage and (long-distance) transport – biomass import
− Co-firing in pf boilers
− (Co-)firing in entrained-flow gasifiers for producing power (IGCC) or
transportation fuels (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch diesel)
− Small-scale pellet boilers and stoves
⇒ Torrefied biomass pellets may become a biomass commodity fuel
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 20068 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Starting points ECN TOP technology development (2)
• Torrefaction principle not new, but many aspects relevant to application
for upgrading biomass into biomass fuel for thermal conversion
processes were not addressed, including:
− Scale of operation in relation to reactor technology and process
layout
− Characterisation and quantification of product quality and how this
relates to process conditions
− Nature and quantity of emissions
− Prospects of heat integration including utilisation of the energy
containing torrefaction gases
− The economic viability of torrefaction as a biomass upgrading
technique for bulk applications
⇒ 2002 start ECN TOP technology development
5
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 20069 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Proof-of-concept approach
Continuous screw
reactor (pyromaat)
Batch reactor
TGA analysis
Pellet press (batch)
Torrefied
biomassBiomassCutting mill
Lab-scale combustion
Simulator (LCS)Torrefaction
gas
Sampling methods
Analysis methods
Product distribution (M & E yields)
Pellet quality
Grindability
Combustibility
Torrefaction
database
Process
simulation
&
design tools
20 l batch reactor
5 kg/h screw
reactor
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200610 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
TorrefactionTypical experimental results
Torrefaction
32 min, 260 ºCFeed: Willow
Size: 10 - 30 mm
LHV = 14.8 MJ/kg (ar)
MC = 14.4%
Fixed carbon: 16.8 %
Torrefied Willow
Size: 10 - 30 mm
LHV = 18.5 MJ/kg (ar)
MC = 1.9%
Fixed carbon: 22.1%Mass yield: 75.3% (ar)
Energy yield: 94.3% (ar)
Gas phase composition
CO 0.1 %
CO2 3.3 %
H2O 89.3 %
acetic acid 4.8 %
furfural 0.2 %
methanol 1.2 %
formic acid 0.1 %
remainder 1.0 %
Tad = 1045 ºC
6
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200611 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Grindability of (torrefied) biomass
-
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
- 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
average particle size (mm, volume based)
chipper capac
ity (kW
th)
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
- 0.5 1.0 1.5
average particle size (mm, volume based)
Po
wer
consum
ption (
kW
e/M
Wth
)
C(270,21)
C(280,18)
C(290,12)
W(290,24)
W(260,24)
Willow (MC=10-13%)
Willow (dried)
Cutter wood
AU bituminous coal
Borssele run
demolition wood
D(300,11)
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
- 0.5 1.0 1.5
average particle size (mm, volume based)
Po
wer
consum
ption (
kW
e/M
Wth
)
C(270,21)
C(280,18)
C(290,12)
W(290,24)
W(260,24)
Willow (MC=10-13%)
Willow (dried)
Cutter wood
AU bituminous coal
Borssele run
demolition wood
D(300,11)
C(270,21)
C(280,18)
C(290,12)
W(290,24)
W(260,24)
Willow (MC=10-13%)
Willow (dried)
Cutter wood
AU bituminous coal
Borssele run
demolition wood
D(300,11)
Torrefaction leads to a dramatic decrease in required milling power
and increase in milling capacity
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200612 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Torrefaction of willow (280 oC, 17.5 min)Product distribution
87.5
1.4 1.7 1.48.0
94.9
0.1 1.6 3.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Solid Permanent
Gas
Organics Lipids Reaction
Water
Mass y ield
Energy y ield
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
CO CO2 Other
mass
composition
energy
composition
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Acetic Acid
Methanol
2-Furaldehyde
Hydroxyaceton
1-Hydroxy-2-butanon
Phenol
Propionic acid
Furan-2-methanol
5-Methyl-2-furaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Methylacetate
Other
mass composition
energy composition
Main product groups (dry basis)
Permanent gases
Organics
7
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200613 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Combustion reactivity of torrefied woodLab-scale Combustion Simulator
experiments
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500time [ms]
co
nve
rsio
n [
%]
or
LO
I [%
d.b
.]
100
high-volatile coal low-volatile coal torr. (300°C) demolition wood HVC (LOI) LVC (LOI) torr. (300°C) demolition wood (LOI)torr. (280°C) prune wood torr. (280°C) prune wood (LOI) torr. (280°C) demolition woodtorr. (280°C) demolition wood (LOI) prune wood (fresh) prune wood (fresh, LOI)
High reactivity for
torrefied wood
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200614 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Semi-industrial pelletisation tests
Features:
• 10 kg/h
• No automatic moisture supply
• Preliminary findings:
− Easy pelletisation
− Low energy input required
− Pellet quality strongly dependent on pelletisation conditions
8
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200615 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
TOP pellets vs. wood pellets
Properties unit Wood Torrefied biomass
low high low high
Moisture content % wt. 35 3 7 10 1 5
Calorific value (LHV)
dry MJ/kg 17.7 20.4 17.7 17.7 20.4 22.7
as received MJ/kg 10.5 19.9 15.6 16.2 19.9 21.6
Mass density (bulk) kg/m3 550 230 500 650 750 850
Energy density (bulk) GJ/m3 5.8 4.6 7.8 10.5 14.9 18.4
Pellet strength - -
Dust formation Moderate High Limited Limited
Hygroscopic nature Water uptake Hydrophobic
Biological degradation Possible Impossible
Seasonal influences
(noticable for end-user)High Poor
Handling properties Normal Normal
Wood pellets TOP pellets
Good
Swelling / Water
uptake
Very good
Limited swelling /
Hydrophobic
Possible
Moderate
Good Good
Impossible
Poor
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200616 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
ECN directly heated torrefaction technology
Drying Torrefaction Cooling
Heat exchange
Biomass TOP pellets
Air
Utillity fuel
Flue gas
Combustion
∆P
Torrefactiongas
Flue gas
Flue gas
Gasrecycle
Pelletisation
Features:
• High energy efficiency (> 90%)
• Heat integration
• Conventional drying and
pelletisation
• Compact moving bed
technology
• Cost effective
15-20%
moisture
9
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200617 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
ECN torrefaction technology Innovative moving bed reactor
• Compact reactor
• Small footprint
• High heat transfer rates
• Accurate T-control
• Uniform product quality
• Feedstock flexibility
• Low capital investment
Pilot-scale torrefaction reactor at ECN
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200618 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Total capital investment – study estimate (TOP pellets vs. wood pellets)
Total Capital Investment TOP and Pelletisation
(Feedstock: 180 kton/a woodchips @ 50%mc)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TOP Process Conventional Pelletisation
TC
I (M
Euro
)
Drying
Torrefaction
Size Reduction and Pelletisation
Storage
Indirect Cost
Working Capital
10
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200619 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Total production cost (TOP pellets vs. wood pellets)
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
Green Wood
Pellets
Saw Dust
Pellets
47 MW /
75 kton/a
MC = 50%
47 MW /
75 kton/a
MC = 35%
BASE CASE
47 MW /
75 kton/a
MC = 25%
47 MW /
36 kton/a
MC = 35%
47 MW /
112 kton/a
MC = 35%
Pro
du
ctio
n C
ost In
dic
ation
(E
uro
/GJ p
rodu
ct)
Total Cost Other Power
Support Fuel Personnel Maintenance
Depreciation and Financing Feedstock (=0 Euro/tonne)
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200620 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Chain study (TOP pellets vs. wood pellets)
TOP process
(South Africa)Logistics
Conventional
Pelletisation
(South Africa)Logistics
(Co-)firing
coal-fired power stations
or entrained-flow gasifiers
North-West Europe
Sawdust
Sawdust
2.0 EUR/GJ0.7 EUR/GJ <2.0 EUR/GJ
<4.7 EUR/GJ
2.3 EUR/GJ0.7 EUR/GJ 2.9 EUR/GJ
5.9 EUR/GJ
Higher co-firing capacity
Lower capital investment
Higher co-firing flexibility
and availability
Favourable
economics!
11
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200621 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
Road map ECN TOP technology development
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Waste
Green
biomass
Time
capacity 5-10 kg/h 100 kg/h 60-100 kton/a20 kton/a
Proof-of-concept
•Experimentally based process design
•Technology identification
•Knowledge base torrefaction
•Experimental infrastructure torrefaction
•Economic evaluation full-scale
(study estimate 30%)
•Set-up pilot phase of development
Prototype (pilot-scale evaluation)
•Pilot plant / prototype technology
•Demonstration technical feasibility
•Process and product characterisation (design data)
•Economic evaluation full-scale
(preliminary estimate 20%)
•Business plan(s)
(technical demo, semi-commercial)
Technical demonstration
•Demonstration plant (semi-commercial)
•Technical feasibility (refined design)
•Product applications (large scale)
•Economic evaluation full-scale
(definite estimate <10%)
•Business plan(s)
(commercial operation)
Proof-of-
principle
Prototype
(pilot-scale)
Commercial
demonstration
Technical
demonstrationProof-of-concept
Proof-of-
principleProof-of-concept
Prototype
(pilot-scale)
Technical
demonstration
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200622 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
ECN TOP technology development – 2007 activities
• Pilot-scale testing
− Validation of reactor and process concept
− Optimisation of process conditions for a broad feedstock range
− Industrial pelletisation tests
− Extensive quality evaluation TOP pellets
(e.g., hygroscopic nature, biodegradation, strength, milling
characteristics, combustion/gasification reactivity)
• Demonstration plant basic design
• Business plan for technical demonstration(s) through BO2 Energy Concepts
• Continued basic R&D (co-operation with TU Eindhoven)
− Contaminated biomass (residues) and waste
40-100 kg/h torrefaction
pilot-plant at ECN
12
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200623 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
In conclusion
• ECN TOP technology allows cost effective production of commodity fuels from a wide range of biomass/waste feedstocks with a high energy efficiency (>90%)
• ECN TOP fuels show:
− High energy density
− High water resistance
− No/Limited biological degradation
− Excellent grindability
− Good combustion properties
• Fields of application:
− Long distance biomass transport
− Co-firing in pf boilers
− (Co-)firing in entrained-flow gasifiers
− Small-scale pellet boilers/stoves
• In 2007 pilot-plant testing and initiation of demo-projects
Meeting Cargill, 15 May 200624 Torrefaction for biomass upgrading into commodity fuels – Jaap Kiel
For further information please contact:
Dr.ir. Jaap Kiel
t: +31 224 56 4590
w: www.ecn.nl
ECN
P.O. Box 1
NL 1755 ZG Petten
the Netherlands