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Topic A3. Tropical Wetlands for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
Daniel Murdiyarso and Boone Kauffman
Introduction• Why wetlands?• Wetlands and global initiatives
Tropical mangrove ecosystems• Distribution of mangroves• Mangrove for mitigation• Adapting SLR in mangrove ecosystems
Tropical peatland ecosystems• Distribution of peatlands• Peatlands for mitigation• Ecosystem based adaptation
Summary
Outline
Topic A3. Slide 2 of 26
Tropical Wetlands Importance in the Global C Balance Very high C stocks, some of the highest on the
planet (0.25% of land surface but 3% of the world’s soil C)
Sources of methane (CH4), another species of GHGs
Rates of wetland cover change/deforestation is high in the tropics
GHG emissions from land use change much higher than those from converted upland forests
Why Wetlands
Topic A3. Slide 3 of 26
Wetlands provide numerous Ecosystem Services Flood control Coastal systems protect from storms and tsunamis Breeding and rearing habitat for fish and shellfish Sources of wood and other forest products Ecotourism High biodiversity Habitat for rare and endangered species Source of nutrients and energy to adjacent habitats Storage of Carbon
Why Wetlands
Topic A3. Slide 4 of 26
Wetlands and global initiatives:Ramsar Convention and IPCC
Bucharest COP 11 Resolution XI.14 on Implication of Climate Change on Wetlands
RAMSAR classCorresponding wetlands Sub-categories in
the IPCC terminology
Aquaculture
Ponds
Irrigated land (if cultivated)
Seasonally flooded agricultural land
Salt exploitation sites
Water storage areas
Excavations (partly)
Wastewater treatment areas
Canals and drainage channels, ditches.
Flooded Land
Flooded Land
Cropland
Rice Cultivation
---
Flooded Land
Peatlands managed for peat extraction
“Constructed wetlands” or Waste Sector
--
Topic A3. Slide 5 of 26
Wetlands and global initiatives: IPCC
Invitations to the IPCC to organize an expert meeting on methodological work related to reporting when using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
The expert meeting should explore the need and ways to clarify, improve and provide updated information, as appropriate, related to, inter alia: Information in Ch. 7 on wetlands, in particular the methodological guidance in those areas for which gaps are identified in Table 7.1 of Ch. 7 and gaps related to some uses of wetlands which are currently not fully covered, for example the drainage of wetlands, the rewetting of previously drained wetlands or wetland restoration.
Topic A3. Slide 6 of 26
Wetlands and global initiatives: UNFCCC SBSTA
Topic A3. Slide 7 of 26
Wetland and global initiatives: Blue Carbon Initiatives
Topic A3. Slide 8 of 26
Global Mangrove distribution
Topic A3. Slide 9 of 26
The 15 most mangroves-rich countries
FAO (2007)
Topic A3. Slide 10 of 26
SN Country Area (ha) % of global total
1 Indonesia 3,122,989 22.6
2 Australia 977,975 7.1
3 Brazil 962,683 7.0
4 Mexico 741,917 5.4
5 Nigeria 653,669 4.7
6 Malaysia 505,386 3.7
7 Myanmar (Burma) 494,584 3.6
8 Papua New Guinea 480,121 3.5
9 Bangladesh 436,570 3.2
10 Cuba 421,538 3.1
11 India 368,276 2.7
12 Guinea Bissau 338,652 2.5
13 Mozambique 318,851 2.3
14 Madagaskar 327,078 2.0
15 Phillipines 263,137 1.9
Mangroves deforestation
Topic A3. Slide 11 of 26
Mangroves in the Indo-Pacific region
Spanning 30o of latitude and 73o of
longitude
Diverse in species and habitat
Storing carbon more than four times
higher than those stored in tropical
upland forests
High potential for climate change
mitigation
Topic A3. Slide 12 of 26
C-stocks in degraded mangroves
Kauffman et al. Ecological Applications (2014)
Topic A3. Slide 13 of 26
Global aquaculture production
Topic A3. Slide 14 of 26
Sea-level Rise – IPCC AR5
Topic A3. Slide 15 of 26
RCP2.6: 0.26 to 0.55 mRCP4.5: 0.32 to 0.63 m RCP6.0: 0.33 to 0.63 m RCP8.5: 0.45 to 0.82 m
For RCP8.5, the rise by the year 2100 is 0.52 to 0.98 m
Source: IPCC (2013)
Topic A3. Slide 16 of 26
VietnamRepublic of Palau
Mangroves and SLR
Modified from: Alongi Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science (2008)
The Sundarbands
• The world's largest remaining
single block of mangrove forests
• Appr. 1 Mha (10,000 km2)
• Delta front has undergone a net
erosion of ~170 km2 of coastal
land in the past 37 years study
period
Source: Rahman et al. (2011)
Topic A3. Slide 17 of 26
Global peatland distribution
Topic A3. Slide 18 of 26
Source: Yu et al. Geophysical Research Letters (2010)
Global carbon store in tropical peatland
Topic A3. Slide 19 of 26
Peatlands in Southeast Asia
Topic A3. Slide 20 of 26
Source:
Source: IFCA (2007)
Land-use change
The area projected to double again
in the next 10 years
Indonesia’s revenue from palm oil
is > $16 B/y
Topic A3. Slide 21 of 26
Source: Murdiyarso et al. PNAS (2010)
Ecosystem based approaches for adaptation to climate change
The Technical Workshop was held in Dar es Salaam on 21-23 March
2013
EBA approach was adopted and supported by information compiled in
FCCC/SBSTA/2011/INF.8
Wetlands are identified among the vulnerable ecosystems that require
more attention:
• Capacity building through trainings
• Public awareness through improved communication
• Good understanding of ecosystem services
• Promoting policy (changes) and measures for EBA
Topic A3. Slide 22 of 26
ES provided by peatlands ecosystem:
• provisioning (food, fuel, fiber/wood)
• supporting (primary production of terrestrial and
aquatic forms of lives, nutrient accumulation)
• regulating (climate, fresh water cycles, pollution
control)
• cultural (aesthetic, recreational, educational,
spiritual)
Used by the community to adapt with the
changing climate
Peatlands ecosystem services for adaptation to climate change
Topic A3. Slide 23 of 26
Summary Tropical wetlands are key ecosystems for climate
change adaptation and mitigation
Projects may be developed to mitigate climate
change but could be more strategic if synergized
with adaptation objectives
South and Southeast Asia offer a significant
opportunity for climate change adaptation and
mitigation through wetland ecosystems
Data and information generated by scientific
bodies is sufficient to support policy measures
Scientific data will contribute to contribute to the
National GHG Inventories
Topic A3. Slide 24 of 26
ReferencesAlongi DM. 2008. Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and 446 responses to global
climate change. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 76:1–13.
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 2007. The world’s mangroves 1980-2005. FAO For. Pap. 153:89.
Hooijer A, Silvius M, Wösten H, and Page S. 2006. PEAT-CO2, Assessment of CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in SE Asia. Delft Hydraulics Report Q3943.
IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]. 2014. 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories : Wetlands Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Switzerland: IPCC.
Kauffman JB, Heider C, Norfolk J, and Payton F. 2014. Carbon Stocks of mangroves and emissions associated with conversion (Ecological Applications In Press). http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/13-0640.1
MoFor. 2008. IFCA 2007 Consolidation Report : Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Indonesia. Indonesia: FORDA
Murdiyarso D, Hergoualc'h K, and Verchot LV. 2010. Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in tropical peatlands. PNAS 107 (46):19655–19660.
Page SE, Rieley JO, Topher C, and Banks J. 2011. Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology 17:798–818.
Rahman AF, Dragoni D, and El-Masri B. 2011. Response of the Sundarbans coastline to sea level rise and decreased sediment flow: A remote sensing assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment 115:3121–3128.
Yu Z, Loisel J, Brosseau DP, Beilman DW, Hunt SJ. 2010. Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters 37 (L13402). doi:10.1029/2010GL043584.
Topic A3. Slide 25 of 26
The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the Oregon State University with support from USAID.
How to cite this fileMurdiyarso M and Kauffman B. 2015. Tropical wetlands for climate change adaptation and mitigation [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme A section A3 Retrieved from <www.cifor.org/swamp-toolbox>
Photo creditDaniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, Faizal Parish/GEC, Neil Palmer/CIFOR,Ryan Woo/CIFOR, Rupesh/CIFOR, Sigit Deni Sasmito/CIFOR, Yayan Indriatmoko/CIFOR.
Thank you