Topic 8, Unit 5

People in Space

• Anything that escapes Earth’s gravity completely must reach a speed of about 8 km/s (29 000 km/h)! Q3

• WOW!

Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1

• Sputnik 1 in 1957 - the Soviet Union was the first to successfully orbit a satellite with no astronauts inside.

• The Soviets were also first to put a person in space. 1961, Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, in his Soyuz class space capsule, Vostok 1, orbited Earth once at an altitude of 302 km for 108 min. Q4

Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1

Alan Shepard and Freedom 7

• 1961, aboard the spacecraft Freedom 7, Alan B. Shepard, Jr., became the first American astronaut in space. Q5

The Apollo Program

• The Apollo Program was designed to send a three-person team to the Moon Q6, land two of them, and bring everyone back safely.

The Moon Landing

• In the summer of 1969, Apollo 11 carried the first humans to the surface of the Moon!

• Neil Armstrong was the first to step onto the Moon’s surface Q7, followed by Edwin Aldrin.

Apollo/Soyuz Project

• 1975, first link up of Americans and Soviets.• This was the first International Space Mission

Q8.• This happened during the Cold War and was

significant politically.

The Space Shuttle

• Up to this time, all spacecraft could be used only once.

• United States decided to develop a reusable spacecraft Q11, the Space Shuttle.

Canadian Astronauts Join In

• Marc Garneau became the first Canadian in space aboard Challenger (STS-41G) in 1984.

• Roberta Bondar became the second Canadian, and the first Canadian woman, in space aboard Discovery (STS-42) in 1992.

• In 2001, Chris Hadfield became the first Canadian to “walk” in space. Q 14

The International Space Station

• The International Space Station will provide an orbital laboratory for long-term research, where one of the fundamental forces of nature — gravity — is effectively reduced by the free-falling effect.

• Science will cover all the sciences we do on Earth, but in the microgravity environment. Q 17

• Falling around the Earth

The International Space Station

Canadarm 1

Canadarm 2

• With its Dextre maintenance robot attached

Can you think of any hazards of living in space?

Hazards of Living in Space

Environmental Hazards

• Space is a vacuum, with no air or water. It also contains many hazards for the spacecraft and its occupants, including the damaging effects of cosmic rays and solar radiation and the risk of being hit by meteoroids.

Hazards of Living in Space

Psychological Challenges to Confined Living• Long trips in a confined living space may also

lead to psychological problems. Imagine spending every minute of every day with one person for two years. Now imagine spending that two years in an enclosure not much bigger than your classroom. Stepping outside for a breath of fresh air is strictly prohibited!

Hazards of Living in Space

The Body and Microgravity• In conditions of weightlessness, the body

undergoes many changes. • Bones have much less pressure on them than

normal and so they expand.

Hazards of Living in Space

• The heart does not have to pump as hard to circulate blood.

• Muscles used for walking and lifting do not get used as much, and therefore weaken.

The Space Suit

Recycling Water

• The International Space Station will be using devices that can recycle almost 100% of the water in the station. This includes waste water, water used for hygiene, and moisture in the air.

International Space Station

• On the International Space Station, the Environmental Control and Life Support Systems are designed to ensure life support. The functions of the life-support system include:– recycling wastewater (including urine) to produce drinking

water;– using recycled water to produce oxygen;– removing carbon dioxide from the air;– filtering micro-organisms and dust from the air; and– keeping the air pressure, temperature, and humidity (air

moisture) stable.

International Space Station