Topic # 4: ReconstructionTopic # 4: Reconstruction1863-18771863-1877

Triumph of Race, Politics, and Triumph of Race, Politics, and RedemptionRedemption

Reconstruction BeginsReconstruction Begins ReconstructionReconstruction-- the period in U.S. history the period in U.S. history

immediately following the Civil Warimmediately following the Civil WarGoal was an easy peace to shorten warGoal was an easy peace to shorten war

– Allow Southern states to rejoin the Union.Allow Southern states to rejoin the Union.– Main goal was not necessarily to end slavery, but Main goal was not necessarily to end slavery, but

to unify the United States.to unify the United States.

Lincoln’s 10% PlanLincoln’s 10% Plan– States could be readmitted into the Union when States could be readmitted into the Union when

10 percent of voters had taken an oath of 10 percent of voters had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S.allegiance to the U.S.

– States must pledge their allegiance to States must pledge their allegiance to emancipationemancipation

– When the Southern States formally abolished When the Southern States formally abolished slavery (constitution) they would be recognized slavery (constitution) they would be recognized

Who Controls Reconstruction: Who Controls Reconstruction: Congress or President?Congress or President?

Wade-Davis Bill:Wade-Davis Bill: program proposed for the program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans– Senator Wade of Ohio and Representative Davis of Senator Wade of Ohio and Representative Davis of

Maryland.Maryland.– Plan much more strict than Lincolns planPlan much more strict than Lincolns plan– In order for Southern States to be readmitted, they In order for Southern States to be readmitted, they

must take an oath saying they never supported the must take an oath saying they never supported the Confederacy during the Civil War.Confederacy during the Civil War.

– Required new State Constitutions that banned Required new State Constitutions that banned SlaverySlavery

Lincoln’s ResponseLincoln’s ResponseWade-Davis Bill was passed in the Senate and Wade-Davis Bill was passed in the Senate and the House.the House.– Lincoln steps inLincoln steps in

Pocket Veto:Pocket Veto: legislative maneuver that allows legislative maneuver that allows the President to indirectly veto a bill. the President to indirectly veto a bill. – Lincoln uses the pocket veto and the Wade-Davis Lincoln uses the pocket veto and the Wade-Davis

Bill is never made a lawBill is never made a law

Lincoln’s plan was based on forgiveness and Lincoln’s plan was based on forgiveness and unity.unity.

Lincoln quote: “Malice towards none Charity for All”

Assassination of a HeroAssassination of a HeroFord Theatre-Ford Theatre- April April 14, 1865- “Our 14, 1865- “Our American Cousin”American Cousin”John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth A Confederate A Confederate sympathizer murders sympathizer murders Lincoln during playLincoln during play

Assassination of Assassination of Lincoln left questions Lincoln left questions unresolved when unresolved when Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson became president.became president.

Lincoln’s Second InauguralLincoln’s Second InauguralWith malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.

The FreedmenThe Freedmen13th Amendment13th Amendment was passed in 1865 was passed in 1865– made former slaves made former slaves freedmenfreedmen– the Black Codes still prevented voting rightsthe Black Codes still prevented voting rights– led to questions about voting rights for African led to questions about voting rights for African

American malesAmerican males

Freedmen faced Freedmen faced several problemsseveral problems::– couldn’t read or writecouldn’t read or write– owned no landowned no land– had no money to buy landhad no money to buy land– jobs were scarcejobs were scarce

Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s BureauFreedmen's Bureau-Freedmen's Bureau- established in the War established in the War Department on March 3, 1865.Department on March 3, 1865.– Aid former slaves through education, health care, Aid former slaves through education, health care,

and employment.and employment.– Assumed custody of confiscated lands or Assumed custody of confiscated lands or

property in the former Confederate States. property in the former Confederate States. – Built Schools-Built Schools- many of whom are “Historically many of whom are “Historically

Black Colleges” in the South.Black Colleges” in the South.

– Very important in the advancement of Civil Very important in the advancement of Civil Rights!!!Rights!!!

Freedman’s Bureau SchoolsFreedman’s Bureau Schools

Reconstruction EQ’s #1Reconstruction EQ’s #11.1. Define Reconstruction. Who won the major Define Reconstruction. Who won the major

event that was going on prior and during event that was going on prior and during Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

2.2. Compare and Contrast Lincoln’s plan for Compare and Contrast Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction with the Wade-Davis Bill.Reconstruction with the Wade-Davis Bill.

3.3. Define Pocket Veto. How did Lincoln utilize Define Pocket Veto. How did Lincoln utilize the pocket veto?the pocket veto?

4.4. Explain the circumstances surrounding the Explain the circumstances surrounding the assassination of President Lincoln. Who was assassination of President Lincoln. Who was the assassin? Where did it take place?the assassin? Where did it take place?

Radical RepublicansRadical RepublicansRadical RepublicansRadical Republicans: opposed to slavery : opposed to slavery during the war, and supported equal rights for during the war, and supported equal rights for freedmen (the newly freed slaves)freedmen (the newly freed slaves)

Goals of Radical RepublicansGoals of Radical Republicans::– Ensuring the right to vote for freedmenEnsuring the right to vote for freedmen– Passage of the Reconstruction Acts Passage of the Reconstruction Acts – Harsh treatment of ex-ConfederatesHarsh treatment of ex-Confederates

Radical Republicans opposed Lincoln’s Ten-Radical Republicans opposed Lincoln’s Ten-Percent planPercent plan

Believed that the next President, Andrew Believed that the next President, Andrew Johnson, was their man (not the case)Johnson, was their man (not the case)

Andrew JohnsonAndrew JohnsonDemocrat from TennesseeDemocrat from Tennessee

Initially supported by Initially supported by Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan – similar to Lincoln’ssimilar to Lincoln’s– Led to southern elections Led to southern elections

that voted in former that voted in former confederate leaders.confederate leaders.

– Led to the Black CodesLed to the Black Codes– Now enemy to Radical Now enemy to Radical

RepublicansRepublicans– Plan viewed as too lenientPlan viewed as too lenient

A Unified Congress?A Unified Congress?New southern state govts. elected New southern state govts. elected representatives to Congress (former representatives to Congress (former Confederate leaders) Confederate leaders)

Dec. 1865, Congress meetsDec. 1865, Congress meets– Republican majority refused to seat the new Republican majority refused to seat the new

southern reps.southern reps.– Joint Committee of Reconstruction:Joint Committee of Reconstruction: was set up was set up

to investigate new Southern state governments. to investigate new Southern state governments.

Committee met in spring 1866Committee met in spring 1866

1.1. Hatred for the UnionHatred for the Union

2.2. Love for the ConfederacyLove for the Confederacy

3.3. Existence of Existence of Black CodesBlack Codes – – laws that laws that prevented rights of African Americansprevented rights of African Americans

Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866: gave African : gave African Americans U.S. citizenship but not right to Americans U.S. citizenship but not right to vote.vote.

– Johnson vetoes, Congress overrides Johnson vetoes, Congress overrides

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau: up for renewal: up for renewal

– Johnson vetoes, Congress overridesJohnson vetoes, Congress overrides

1866: Civil Rights Issues1866: Civil Rights Issues

A Guarantee of CitizenshipA Guarantee of Citizenship

Congress proposed Congress proposed 14th Amendment14th Amendment (1866) to (1866) to guarantee rights of African Americans foreverguarantee rights of African Americans forever– extended equal citizenship to allextended equal citizenship to all– denied states the right to deprive anyone of life, denied states the right to deprive anyone of life,

liberty, or property w/o due processliberty, or property w/o due process– promised all citizens equal protection of the lawspromised all citizens equal protection of the laws

Voting Rights at LastVoting Rights at Last– two years later the two years later the 15th Amendment15th Amendment was ratified was ratified

it gave African American males the right to vote it gave African American males the right to vote in all statesin all states

– some women campaigned for their some women campaigned for their suffragesuffrage too too

Military Reconstruction Act: 1867Military Reconstruction Act: 1867Republicans gained majority in Congress in Republicans gained majority in Congress in 1866 elections1866 electionsMilitary Reconstruction ActMilitary Reconstruction Act: southern states : southern states were put under military supervision until they were put under military supervision until they were readmittedwere readmittedSouthern States—except Tn.—would write new Southern States—except Tn.—would write new constitutions w/ constitutions w/ Universal Adult Male Universal Adult Male Suffrage:Suffrage: all males could vote. all males could vote.States had to ratify 14States had to ratify 14thth amendment amendmentGave Army power to register voters and to Gave Army power to register voters and to disqualify “disloyal persons” from registering.disqualify “disloyal persons” from registering.

Reconstruction EQ’s #2Reconstruction EQ’s #21.1. Describe Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Describe Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction

Plan. To which plan was it most comparable?Plan. To which plan was it most comparable?

2.2. Who were the Radical Republicans? Who were the Radical Republicans? Describe 3 of their goals.Describe 3 of their goals.

3.3. Of the 3 Reconstruction plans, which plan Of the 3 Reconstruction plans, which plan would the Radical Republicans support? would the Radical Republicans support? Why?Why?

4.4. Describe the 13Describe the 13thth, 14, 14thth, and 15, and 15thth amendments amendments to the U.S. Constitution.to the U.S. Constitution.

5.5. Discuss why 1866 could be viewed as “the Discuss why 1866 could be viewed as “the year of civil rights.” Explain key events.year of civil rights.” Explain key events.

Struggle for PowerStruggle for PowerBy 1870, Southern states were readmittedBy 1870, Southern states were readmittedSome had to ratify 15Some had to ratify 15thth amendment amendmentRadical Republicans believed Johnson Radical Republicans believed Johnson hindered their efforts toward Reconstructionhindered their efforts toward Reconstruction– Needed to be removed from officeNeeded to be removed from office– Intentionally violated the Intentionally violated the Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act– Impeachment report was prepared the same dayImpeachment report was prepared the same day

Johnson was Johnson was impeached by the Houseimpeached by the HouseAvoided removal from office by one voteAvoided removal from office by one vote– Power/influence was gonePower/influence was gone– Congress won the right to control ReconstructionCongress won the right to control Reconstruction

Freedmen could participate in southern politicsFreedmen could participate in southern politicsFormer Conf. officials could notFormer Conf. officials could not- two groups of whites were significant:- two groups of whites were significant:Carpetbaggers:Carpetbaggers: Northerners who went South Northerners who went South during Reconstructionduring Reconstruction– some sought personal gain onlysome sought personal gain only– others tried to help (ministers, teachers, etc.)others tried to help (ministers, teachers, etc.)

Scalawags:Scalawags: white Southerners who supported white Southerners who supported the federal reconstruction plan the federal reconstruction plan – Make money or gain political officeMake money or gain political office– Republican rule was best for the SouthRepublican rule was best for the South

Southern Politics ChangeSouthern Politics Change

Southern RadicalismSouthern RadicalismCongressional reforms & increase of African American Congressional reforms & increase of African American rights prompted anger/resentment from southernersrights prompted anger/resentment from southerners– believed economic growth was being hinderedbelieved economic growth was being hindered– resented freedmen’s rights to vote/hold officeresented freedmen’s rights to vote/hold office– wanted to end influence of carpetbaggers, wanted to end influence of carpetbaggers,

scalawags, & African Americansscalawags, & African Americans– Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan: Committed acts of terrorism against : Committed acts of terrorism against

African Americans and Republicans.African Americans and Republicans.

Congress reacted by passing legislationCongress reacted by passing legislation– 3 Enforcement Acts passed to prevent violence 3 Enforcement Acts passed to prevent violence – Decrease of KKK activityDecrease of KKK activity– threat of violence still remainedthreat of violence still remained

A Changing Political LandscapeA Changing Political Landscape1867, Radical Republicans were at their peak1867, Radical Republicans were at their peak

1870 all southern states had rejoined the Union1870 all southern states had rejoined the Union

Republicans struggled to hold on to powerRepublicans struggled to hold on to power

Tried to hold power by electing Grant president Tried to hold power by electing Grant president in 1868 & 1872in 1868 & 1872– War hero for the UnionWar hero for the Union– Presidency undermined by scandal Presidency undermined by scandal – Not much energy left for ReconstructionNot much energy left for Reconstruction

Radicals gradually began to lose power in the Radicals gradually began to lose power in the South over the next 10 yearsSouth over the next 10 years

1876 Presidential Election1876 Presidential ElectionRep. nominated Rep. nominated Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. HayesDem. nominated Dem. nominated Samuel J. TildenSamuel J. TildenTilden won the popular vote but . . .Tilden won the popular vote but . . .– electoral votes were disputed in four states- FL, SC, electoral votes were disputed in four states- FL, SC,

LA, ORLA, OR– both sides had used fraud & intimidation at the pollsboth sides had used fraud & intimidation at the polls– resulted in two different sets of electoral votesresulted in two different sets of electoral votes

Special electoral commission decided the Special electoral commission decided the Republican votes were the real onesRepublican votes were the real onesCommission made Hayes the new presidentCommission made Hayes the new presidentHayes names Southerner to cabinetHayes names Southerner to cabinet– Army withdrawn from southArmy withdrawn from south

A CompromiseA CompromiseDem. refused the decision until a compromise Dem. refused the decision until a compromise was reached- was reached- Comp. of 1877Comp. of 1877 - Rep. promised: - Rep. promised:

1) Dem. could take over govts. in LA, SC, & FL1) Dem. could take over govts. in LA, SC, & FL

2) to remove remaining troops from the South2) to remove remaining troops from the South

3) to provide federal aid for rebuilding the South3) to provide federal aid for rebuilding the South– Dem. promised to treat blacks fairly & to protect Dem. promised to treat blacks fairly & to protect

their rightstheir rights

A New South EmergesA New South Emerges– Industrialization in the South; economies struggleIndustrialization in the South; economies struggle– Planters must work for themselvesPlanters must work for themselves– Poor farmers had 2 choices.Poor farmers had 2 choices.

The New SouthThe New SouthTenant Farmers:Tenant Farmers: Farmer who resides on and Farmer who resides on and farms land owned by a landlord.farms land owned by a landlord.

Sharecroppers:Sharecroppers: a landowner allows a tenant to a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land.produced on the land.

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws established legalized established legalized segregation in the south segregation in the south

Court case Court case Plessey vs FergusonPlessey vs Ferguson said said separate but equal was okseparate but equal was ok

Mandated segregation in all public facilitiesMandated segregation in all public facilities

The End of ReconstructionThe End of ReconstructionReconstruction ended in 1877 w/ Compromise Reconstruction ended in 1877 w/ Compromise of 1877of 1877Dem. controlled govts. throughout the SouthDem. controlled govts. throughout the South

NegativesNegativesSouth had still not recovered economicallySouth had still not recovered economicallyRacism still existed & would continue to be a Racism still existed & would continue to be a problem- KKKproblem- KKKWomen’s Rights??Women’s Rights??

PositivesPositives3 amendments had been ratified3 amendments had been ratifiedAfrican American participation in politicsAfrican American participation in politicsUniversal Manhood SuffrageUniversal Manhood Suffrage

““Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”!Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”!

Acts of TerrorismActs of Terrorism