A N A M E R I C A N N A T I O N A L S T A N D A R D

ASME B30.18-2016(Revision of ASME B30.18-2011)

Stacker Cranes(Top or Under Running Bridge,Multiple Girder With Top orUnder Running Trolley Hoist)

Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings

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ASME B30.18-2016(Revision of ASME B30.18-2011)

Stacker Cranes(Top or Under Running Bridge,Multiple Girder With Top orUnder Running Trolley Hoist)

Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes,Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, andSlings

A N A M E R I C A N N A T I O N A L S T A N D A R D

Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA

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Date of Issuance: August 26, 2016

The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2021. This Standard will becomeeffective 1 year after the Date of Issuance.

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The American Society of Mechanical EngineersTwo Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990

Copyright © 2016 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

All rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.

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CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ivCommittee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viB30 Standard Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiiSummary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Chapter 18-0 Scope, Definitions, Personnel Competence, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Section 18-0.1 Scope of B30.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Section 18-0.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Section 18-0.3 Personnel Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Section 18-0.4 References to Other Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter 18-1 General Construction and Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Section 18-1.1 Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Section 18-1.2 Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Section 18-1.3 General Construction — Runways and Supporting Structures . . . . . . . . . 9Section 18-1.4 Stacker Crane Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Section 18-1.5 Cabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Section 18-1.6 Footwalks and Ladders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Section 18-1.7 Stops, Bumpers, Rail Sweeps, and Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Section 18-1.8 Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Section 18-1.9 Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Section 18-1.10 Hoisting Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Section 18-1.11 Warning Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 18-1.12 Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 18-2 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Section 18-2.1 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Section 18-2.2 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Section 18-2.3 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Section 18-2.4 Rope Inspection, Replacement, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Chapter 18-3 Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Section 18-3.1 Qualifications and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Section 18-3.2 Conduct of Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Section 18-3.3 Handling the Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Section 18-3.4 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figures18-0.2.1-1 Cab-Operated Stacker Crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218-0.2.1-2 Floor-Operated Stacker Crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318-0.2.1-3 Underhung Stacker Crane Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418-1.9.3-1 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers or Master Switches

(Three-Motor Crane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1418-1.9.3-2 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers or Master Switches

(Four-Motor Crane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1418-1.9.3-3 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers (Pendant Push-Button

Station Arrangement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518-1.9.3-4 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers (Radio Crane Control

Transmitter Lever Arrangement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

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FOREWORD

This American National Standard, Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,Hooks, Jacks, and Slings, has been developed under the procedures accredited by the AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI). This Standard had its beginning in December 1916 whenan eight-page “Code of Safety Standards for Cranes,” prepared by an ASME Committee on theProtection of Industrial Workers, was presented at the annual meeting of the ASME.

Meetings and discussions regarding safety on cranes, derricks, and hoists were held from 1920to 1925, involving the ASME Safety Code Correlating Committee, the Association of Iron andSteel Electrical Engineers, the American Museum of Safety, the American Engineering StandardsCommittee (AESC) [later changed to American Standards Association (ASA), then to the UnitedStates of America Standards Institute (USASI), and finally to ANSI], Department of Labor – Stateof New Jersey, Department of Labor and Industry – State of Pennsylvania, and the LocomotiveCrane Manufacturers Association. On June 11, 1925, AESC approved the ASME Safety CodeCorrelating Committee’s recommendation and authorized the project with the U.S. Departmentof the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, and ASME as sponsors.

In March 1926, invitations were issued to 50 organizations to appoint representatives to aSectional Committee. The call for organization of this Sectional Committee was sent outOctober 2, 1926, and the committee organized November 4, 1926, with 57 members representing29 national organizations. Commencing June 1, 1927, and using the eight-page code publishedby ASME in 1916 as a basis, the Sectional Committee developed the “Safety Code for Cranes,Derricks, and Hoists.” The early drafts of this safety code included requirements for jacks but,due to inputs and comments on those drafts, the Sectional Committee decided in 1938 to makethe requirements for jacks a separate code.

In January 1943, ASA B30.2-1943 was published addressing a multitude of equipment typesand in August 1943, ASA B30.1-1943 was published addressing just jacks. Both documents werereaffirmed in 1952 and widely accepted as safety standards.

Due to changes in design, advancement in techniques, and general interest of labor and industryin safety, the Sectional Committee, under the joint sponsorship of ASME and the Bureau of Yardsand Docks (now the Naval Facilities Engineering Command) was reorganized on January 31, 1962,with 39 members representing 27 national organizations. The new committee changed the formatof ASA B30.2-1943 so that the multitude of equipment types it addressed could be published inseparate volumes that could completely cover the construction, installation, inspection, testing,maintenance, and operation of each type of equipment that was included in the scope of ASA B30.2.This format change resulted in the initial publication of B30.3, B30.5, B30.6, B30.11, and B30.16being designated as revisions of B30.2 with the remainder of the B30 volumes being publishedas totally new volumes. ASA changed its name to USASI in 1966 and to ANSI in 1969, whichresulted in B30 volumes from 1943 to 1968 being designated as either “ASA B30,” “USAS B30,”or “ANSI B30” depending on their date of publication.

In 1982, the Committee was reorganized as an Accredited Organization Committee, operatingunder procedures developed by ASME and accredited by ANSI. This Standard presents a coordi-nated set of rules that may serve as a guide to government and other regulatory bodies andmunicipal authorities responsible for the guarding and inspection of the equipment falling withinits scope. The suggestions leading to accident prevention are given both as mandatory andadvisory provisions; compliance with both types may be required by employers of their employees.

In case of practical difficulties, new developments, or unnecessary hardship, the administrativeor regulatory authority may grant variances from the literal requirements or permit the use ofother devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that an equivalent degree ofprotection is thereby secured. To secure uniform application and interpretation of this Standard,administrative or regulatory authorities are urged to consult the B30 Committee, in accordancewith the format described in Section IX of the introduction, before rendering decisions on disputedpoints.

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Safety codes and standards are intended to enhance public safety. Revisions result from commit-tee consideration of factors such as technological advances, new data, and changing environmentaland industry needs. Revisions do not imply that previous editions were inadequate.

The first edition of B30.18 was issued in 1987, and new editions were published in 1993, 1998,2004, and 2011. This 2016 Edition includes revisions to add personnel competence requirements,revised definitions and references, updated inspection and testing requirements, and revisedoperator responsibilities.

This Edition of the B30.18 volume was approved by the B30 Committee and by ASME, andwas approved by ANSI and designated as an American National Standard on July 8, 2016.

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ASME B30 COMMITTEESafety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,

Hooks, Jacks, and Slings(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

B. D. Closson, ChairT. L. Blanton, Vice ChairK. M. Hyam, Secretary

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

N. E. Andrew, LTS Cranes MechanicalM. Eggenberger, Alternate, Berry Contracting, Inc.G. Austin, Terex Corp.T. L. Blanton, NACB Group, Inc.P. A. Boeckman, The Crosby Group, Inc.E. E. Lutter, Alternate, The Crosby Group, Inc.P. W. Boyd, The Boeing Co.B. D. Closson, Craft Forensic ServicesJ. A. Danielson, The Boeing Co.B. M. Casey, Alternate, General Dynamics Electric BoatD. R. Decker, Becket, LLCL. D. DeMark, Equipment Training Solutions, LLCD. F. Jordan, Alternate, BP AmericaD. W. Eckstine, Eckstine & AssociatesG. J. Brent, Alternate, NCCCOR. J. Edwards, NBIS Claims and Risk Management, Inc.A. J. Egging, National Oilwell VarcoR. Stanoch, Alternate, National Oilwell VarcoE. D. Fidler, The Manitowoc Co.G. D. Miller, Alternate, The Manitowoc Co.J. A. Gilbert, Associated Wire Rope FabricatorsJ. L. Gordon, Acco Chain & Lifting ProductsN. C. Hargreaves, Hargreaves Consulting, LLCG. B. Hetherston, ConsultantR. J. Bolen, Alternate, E. I. DuPontK. M. Hyam, The American Society of Mechanical EngineersM. M. Jaxtheimer, Navy Crane CenterS. R. Gridley, Alternate, Navy Crane CenterP. R. Juhren, Morrow Equipment Co., LLCM. J. Quinn, Alternate, Morrow Equipment Co., LLCR. M. Kohner, Landmark Engineering Services, Ltd.D. Duerr, Alternate, 2DM Associates, Inc.A. J. Lusi, Jr., Lumark Consulting, LLPK. J. Shinn, Alternate, K. J. Shinn, Inc.E. K. Marburg, Columbus McKinnon Corp.J. R. Burkey, Alternate, Columbus McKinnon Corp.

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L. D. Means, Means Engineering & ConsultingD. A. Henninger, Alternate, Bridon AmericanM. W. Mills, Liberty Mutual InsuranceD. M. Gordon, Alternate, Liberty Mutual InsuranceD. L. Morgan, Critical Lift Consultants, LLCT. C. Mackey, Alternate, WRPS HanfordW. E. Osborn, Ingersoll RandS. D. Wood, Alternate, Link-Belt Construction Equipment Co.R. M. Parnell, Industrial Training InternationalW. C. Dickinson, Jr., Alternate, Industrial Training InternationalJ. T. Perkins, SolarexJ. R. Schober, Alternate, American Bridge Co.B. A. Pickett, Systems Engineering and Forensic ServicesS. K. Rammelsberg, Chicago Bridge & Iron Co.J. E. Richardson, Navy Crane CenterK. Kennedy, Alternate, Navy Crane CenterD. W. Ritchie, David Ritchie Consultant, LLCL. K. Shapiro, Alternate, Howard I. Shapiro & AssociatesJ. W. Rowland III, ConsultantD. A. Moore, Alternate, Unified EngineeringJ. C. Ryan, Boh Bros. Construction Co., LLCA. R. Ruud, Alternate, Atkinson ConstructionD. W. Smith, STI GroupW. J. Smith, Jr., NBIS Claims and Risk Management, Inc.J. Schoppert, Alternate, NBIS Claims and Risk Management, Inc.R. S. Stemp, Lampson International, LLCE. P. Vliet, Alternate, Turner Industries GroupR. G. Strain, Advanced Crane Technologies, LLCJ. Sturm, Sturm Corp.P. D. Sweeney, General Dynamics Electric BoatJ. D. Wiethorn, Haag Engineering Co.M. Gardiner, Alternate, Haag Engineering Co.R. C. Wild, CJ Drilling, Inc.J. Dudley, Alternate, Archer Western ContractorsD. N. Wolff, National Crane/Manitowoc Crane GroupJ. A. Pilgrim, Alternate, Manitowoc Crane Group

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HONORARY MEMBERS

J. W. Downs, Jr., Downs Crane and Hoist Co.J. L. Franks, ConsultantC. W. Ireland, National Oilwell VarcoJ. M. Klibert, Lift-All Co., Inc.R. W. Parry, Consultant

B30.18 SUBCOMMITTEE PERSONNEL

D. A. Moore, Chair United EngineeringJ. A. Danielson, Boeing Co.J. L. Gordon, Acco Chain & Lifting Products

B30 INTEREST REVIEW GROUP

O. Akinboboye, Ropetech Engineering ServicesJ. D. Cannon, ConsultantM. J. Eggenberger, Berry Contracting, Inc.A. Gomes Rocha, Belgo Bekaert AramesH. A. Hashem, Saudi AramcoJ. Hui, School of Civil Engineering, NanjingC. Lan, U.S. Department of the Interior — Bureau of Safety and

Environmental Enforcement

B30 REGULATORY AUTHORITY COUNCIL

C. Shelhamer, Chair, New York City Department of BuildingsA. O. Omran, Alternate, New York City Department of BuildingsK. M. Hyam, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical

EngineersL. G. Campion, U.S. Department of Labor/OSHAR. Feidt, Stephenson Equipment, Inc.C. Harris, City of Chicago — Department of BuildingsR. D. Jackson, U.S. Department of Labor

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J. M. Randall, CB&IR. G. Strain, Advanced Crane Technologies, LLC

A. C. Mattoli, Prowinch, LLCJ. P. Mihlbauer, All Ship and Cargo Surveys, Ltd.M. W. Osborne, E-Crane International USAG. L. Owens, ConsultantD. R. Remus, Reed ManufacturingW. G. Rumburg, Crane Consultants, Inc.C.-C. Tsaur, Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

J. L. Lankford, State of Nevada (OSHA)A. Lundeen, State of Washington — Department of Labor and

IndustriesM. J. Nelmida, State of California — OSH Standards BoardG. E. Pushies, Michigan Occupational Safety and Health

AdministrationC. N. Stribling, Jr., Kentucky Labor CabinetT. Taylor, State of Minnesota — Department of Labor and Industry

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SAFETY STANDARD FOR CABLEWAYS, CRANES, DERRICKS, HOISTS,HOOKS, JACKS, AND SLINGS

B30 STANDARD INTRODUCTION

SECTION I: SCOPE

The ASME B30 Standard contains provisions thatapply to the construction, installation, operation, inspec-tion, testing, maintenance, and use of cranes and otherlifting and material-movement related equipment. Forthe convenience of the reader, the Standard has beendivided into separate volumes. Each volume has beenwritten under the direction of the ASME B30 StandardCommittee and has successfully completed a consensusapproval process under the general auspices of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI).

As of the date of issuance of this Volume, theB30 Standard comprises the following volumes:

B30.1 Jacks, Industrial Rollers, Air Casters, andHydraulic Gantries

B30.2 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top RunningBridge, Single or Multiple Girder, TopRunning Trolley Hoist)

B30.3 Tower CranesB30.4 Portal and Pedestal CranesB30.5 Mobile and Locomotive CranesB30.6 DerricksB30.7 WinchesB30.8 Floating Cranes and Floating DerricksB30.9 SlingsB30.10 HooksB30.11 Monorails and Underhung CranesB30.12 Handling Loads Suspended From RotorcraftB30.13 Storage/Retrieval (S/R) Machines and

Associated EquipmentB30.14 Side Boom TractorsB30.15 Mobile Hydraulic Cranes

(withdrawn 1982 — requirements found inlatest revision of B30.5)

B30.16 Overhead Hoists (Underhung)B30.17 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running

Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung Hoist)B30.18 Stacker Cranes (Top or Under Running

Bridge, Multiple Girder With Top or UnderRunning Trolley Hoist)

B30.19 CablewaysB30.20 Below-the-Hook Lifting DevicesB30.21 Lever HoistsB30.22 Articulating Boom Cranes

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B30.23 Personnel Lifting SystemsB30.24 Container CranesB30.25 Scrap and Material HandlersB30.26 Rigging HardwareB30.27 Material Placement SystemsB30.28 Balance Lifting UnitsB30.29 Self-Erecting Tower CranesB30.30 Ropes1

SECTION II: SCOPE EXCLUSIONS

Any exclusion of, or limitations applicable to theequipment, requirements, recommendations or opera-tions contained in this Standard are established in theaffected volume’s scope.

SECTION III: PURPOSE

The B30 Standard is intended to(a) prevent or minimize injury to workers, and other-

wise provide for the protection of life, limb, and propertyby prescribing safety requirements

(b) provide direction to manufacturers, owners,employers, users, and others concerned with, or respon-sible for, its application

(c) guide governments and other regulatory bodiesin the development, promulgation, and enforcement ofappropriate safety directives

SECTION IV: USE BY REGULATORY AGENCIES

These volumes may be adopted in whole or in partfor governmental or regulatory use. If adopted for gov-ernmental use, the references to other national codesand standards in the specific volumes may be changedto refer to the corresponding regulations of the govern-mental authorities.

SECTION V: EFFECTIVE DATE

(a) Effective Date. The effective date of this Volume ofthe B30 Standard shall be 1 yr after its date of issuance.

1 This volume is currently in the development process.

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Construction, installation, inspection, testing, mainte-nance, and operation of equipment manufactured andfacilities constructed after the effective date of thisVolume shall conform to the mandatory requirementsof this Volume.

(b) Existing Installations. Equipment manufacturedand facilities constructed prior to the effective date ofthis Volume of the B30 Standard shall be subject to theinspection, testing, maintenance, and operation require-ments of this Standard after the effective date.

It is not the intent of this Volume of the B30 Standardto require retrofitting of existing equipment. However,when an item is being modified, its performance require-ments shall be reviewed relative to the requirementswithin the current volume. The need to meet the currentrequirements shall be evaluated by a qualified personselected by the owner (user). Recommended changesshall be made by the owner (user) within 1 yr.

SECTION VI: REQUIREMENTS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS

Requirements of this Standard are characterized byuse of the word shall. Recommendations of this Standardare characterized by the word should.

SECTION VII: USE OF MEASUREMENT UNITS

This Standard contains SI (metric) units as well asU.S. Customary units. The values stated inU.S. Customary units are to be regarded as the standard.The SI units are a direct (soft) conversion from theU.S. Customary units.

SECTION VIII: REQUESTS FOR REVISION

The B30 Standard Committee will consider requestsfor revision of any of the volumes within theB30 Standard. Such requests should be directed to

Secretary, B30 Standard CommitteeASME Codes and StandardsTwo Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5990

Requests should be in the following format:

Volume: Cite the designation and title of thevolume.

Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the volume.Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s)

and the relevant heading(s).Request: Indicate the suggested revision.Rationale: State the rationale for the suggested

revision.

Upon receipt by the Secretary, the request will beforwarded to the relevant B30 Subcommittee for consid-eration and action. Correspondence will be provided to

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the requester defining the actions undertaken by theB30 Standard Committee.

SECTION IX: REQUESTS FOR INTERPRETATION

The B30 Standard Committee will render an interpre-tation of the provisions of the B30 Standard. AnInterpretation Submittal Form is available on ASME’swebsite at http://cstools.asme.org/Interpretation/InterpretationForm.cfm.

Phrase the question as a request for an interpretationof a specific provision suitable for general understand-ing and use, not as a request for approval of a proprietarydesign or situation. Plans or drawings that explain thequestion may be submitted to clarify the question. How-ever, they should not contain any proprietary names orinformation. Read carefully the note addressing thetypes of requests that the B30 Standard Committee canand cannot consider.

Upon submittal, the request will be forwarded to therelevant B30 Subcommittee for a draft response, whichwill then be subject to approval by the B30 StandardCommittee prior to its formal issuance. The B30 -Standard Committee may rewrite the question for thesake of clarity.

Interpretations to the B30 Standard will be availableonline at https://cstools.asme.org/Interpretation/SearchInterpretation.cfm.

SECTION X: ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE

The equipment covered by the B30 Standard is subjectto hazards that cannot be abated by mechanical means,but only by the exercise of intelligence, care, and com-mon sense. It is therefore essential to have personnelinvolved in the use and operation of equipment whoare competent, careful, physically and mentally quali-fied, and trained in the proper operation of the equip-ment and the handling of loads. Serious hazards include,but are not limited to, improper or inadequate mainte-nance, overloading, dropping or slipping of the load,obstructing the free passage of the load, and using equip-ment for a purpose for which it was not intended ordesigned.

The B30 Standard Committee fully realizes the impor-tance of proper design factors, minimum or maximumdimensions, and other limiting criteria of wire rope orchain and their fastenings, sheaves, sprockets, drums,and similar equipment covered by the standard, all ofwhich are closely connected with safety. Sizes, strengths,and similar criteria are dependent on many differentfactors, often varying with the installation and uses.These factors depend on

(a) the condition of the equipment or material(b) the loads(c) the acceleration or speed of the ropes, chains,

sheaves, sprockets, or drums

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(d) the type of attachments(e) the number, size, and arrangement of sheaves or

other parts(f) environmental conditions causing corrosion or

wear(g) many variables that must be considered in each

individual caseThe requirements and recommendations provided in

the volumes must be interpreted accordingly, and judg-ment used in determining their application.

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ASME B30.18-2016SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Following approval by the ASME B30 Committee and ASME, and after public review,ASME B30.18-2016 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on July 8, 2016.

ASME B30.18-2016 also includes editorial changes, revisions, and corrections identified by amargin note, (16).

Page Location Change

viii–x Introduction Revised

1–7 18-0.2.1 Revised in its entirety

18-0.2.2 Revised in its entirety

Section 18-0.3 Added with former Section 18-0.3redesignated to 18-0.4

Section 18-0.4 Updated

8 18-1.1.3 In subparas. (a) and (b), reference revised

18-1.1.4 Added

9 18-1.3.1 In subpara. (c), reference revised

18-1.3.2 Subparagraph (a)(1) revised

18-1.4.3 Revised

10 18-1.5.2 Reference revised

18-1.6.4 In subpara. (c), reference revised

11 18-1.7.6 In subpara. (b), last sentence deleted

19–22 18-2.1.1 Added with former para. 18-2.1.1 andsubsequent paragraphs redesignated

18-2.1.2 Subparagraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) revised

18-2.1.4 Revised

18-2.1.6 Revised

18-2.2.1 Subparagraph (a) revised

18-2.3.1 Subparagraph (a) revised

18-2.3.2 Subparagraphs (a)(1) and (a)(5) revised

18-2.4.1 Added with former para. 18-2.4.1 andsubsequent paragraphs redesignated

18-2.4.2 Subparagraphs (a)(1) and (b)(2) revised

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Page Location Change

18-2.4.3 (1) Subparagraph (b)(1) revised(2) Subparagraph (b)(4) deleted and

subsequent subparagraphsredesignated

(3) Subparagraph (b)(6) revised and tableunderneath deleted

23, 24 18-3.1.1 (1) Title revised(2) Subparagraph (a) revised

18-3.1.2 (1) Title revised(2) Subparagraph (a) revised(3) New subpara. (b) added and

subsequent subparagraphsredesignated

18-3.1.3 Revised, previous text incorporated intopara. 18-3.1.1

18-3.2 (1) Formerly 18-3.1.7, redesignated as18-3.2 with subsequent Sectionsredesignated

(2) Subparagraphs (f) and (i) revised

25 18-3.3.3 Subparagraph (a) revised

18-3.4.4 In subpara. (b), reference revised

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ASME B30.18-2016

STACKER CRANES(TOP OR UNDER RUNNING BRIDGE, MULTIPLE GIRDER

WITH TOP OR UNDER RUNNING TROLLEY HOIST)

Chapter 18-0Scope, Definitions, Personnel Competence, and References

SECTION 18-0.1: SCOPE OF B30.18

Volume B30.18 includes provisions that apply to theconstruction, installation, operation, inspection, andmaintenance of hand-powered and power-driven over-head and gantry cranes that have a top or under runningmultiple girder bridge with a vertically guided carriage,with or without a top or under running trolley. Therequirements included in this Volume also apply tostacker cranes having the same fundamental characteris-tics, such as cantilever gantry and semi-gantry stackercranes.

SECTION 18-0.2: DEFINITIONS

18-0.2.1 Types of Equipment

cab-operated stacker crane: a crane controlled by an opera-tor in a cab that is attached to the bridge mast, trolley,stacker mast, or load carriage (see Fig. 18-0.2.1-1).

cantilever gantry stacker crane: a gantry or semi-gantrycrane in which the bridge girders extend transverselybeyond the crane runway on one or both sides.

crane: a machine for lifting and lowering a load andmoving it horizontally, with the hoisting mechanismbeing an integral part of the machine.

floor-operated stacker crane: a crane that is controlled byan operator on the floor or an independent platformusing a means suspended from the crane (seeFig. 18-0.2.1-2).

gantry stacker crane: a crane similar to an overhead craneexcept that the bridge for carrying the trolley(s) is rigidlysupported on two or more legs running on fixed railsor other runway.

outdoor crane: an overhead or gantry crane that operatesoutdoors and for which provisions are not available forstorage in an area that provides protection to the cranefrom weather conditions. An indoor crane that may

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operate outdoors on a periodic basis is not classified asan outdoor crane.

power-operated stacker crane: a crane whose mechanismis driven by electric, air, or hydraulic means.

pulpit-operated crane: a crane operated from a fixed opera-tor station not attached to the crane.

remote-operated crane: a crane whose movements are con-trolled by an operator through the use of controllerscontained in a portable operating station not attachedto the crane.

semi-gantry stacker crane: a gantry crane with one end ofthe bridge rigidly supported on one or more legs thatrun on a fixed rail or runway, the other end of the bridgesupported by a truck running on an elevated rail orrunway.

stacker crane: a crane used for stacking and retrievingpalletized or containerized materials, with a multiplegirder movable bridge carrying a hoisting mechanism,mast, and carriage (see Fig. 18-0.2.1-3).

18-0.2.2 General

abnormal operating conditions: environmental conditionsthat are unfavorable, harmful, or detrimental to the oper-ation of the equipment, such as excessively high or lowtemperatures, exposure to adverse weather, corrosivefumes, dust- or moisture-laden atmospheres, and haz-ardous locations.

aisle: space between storage compartment rows in whichthe equipment may operate.

ampacity: current-carrying capacity of electric conduc-tors, in amperes.

automatic or automatically: pertains to equipment func-tions that do not require the attention of the operatorduring their functional operation.

brake: a device, other than a motor, used for retardingor stopping motion by means of friction or power.

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Fig. 18-0.2.1-1 Cab-Operated Stacker Crane

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Fig. 18-0.2.1-2 Floor-Operated Stacker Crane

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ASME B30.18-2016

Fig. 18-0.2.1-3 Underhung Stacker Crane Movement

Bridge

Trolley travel

Either w

ay

Travel

Adjusts to suit

Rotates both directions

Up

Down

bridge: that part of a crane consisting of one or moregirders, trucks, end ties, footwalks, and drive mecha-nism that carries the trolley or trolleys.

bridge conductors: the electrical conductors located alongthe bridge structure that transmit control signals andpower to the trolley(s).

bridge travel: the movement in a direction parallel to thecrane runway.

bumper (buffer): a device for reducing impact when amoving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permittedtravel, or when two moving cranes or trolleys come intocontact. This device may be attached to the crane, trolley,or runway stop.

cab: the operator’s compartment on the equipment.

carriage: the vertically moving structure of a stackercrane that supports the load.

clearance: distance from any part of the equipment tothe nearest obstruction.

control braking: a method of controlling speed by remov-ing energy from the moving body or by impartingenergy in the opposite direction.

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control circuit voltage: electrical voltage used in the controlcomponents and circuits.

control panel: an assembly of components (magnetic,static, hydraulic, pneumatic, etc.) that governs the flowof power to or from a motor or other equipment inresponse to signals from a master switch, push-buttonstation, remote control, automatic program control, orother similar device.

controller: a device, or group of devices, that serves togovern, in a predetermined manner, the power deliveredto the apparatus to which it is connected.

countertorque braking (plugging): a method of control bywhich the power to the motor is reversed to developtorque in the direction opposite of the rotation of themotor.

current collectors: contacting devices for collecting cur-rent from runway or bridge conductors.

drift point: a point on a travel motion master switch oron a manual controller that maintains the brake releasedwhile the motor is not energized. This allows forcoasting.

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ASME B30.18-2016

drum: a cylindrical member around which the rope iswound for lifting or lowering the load.

dynamic braking: a method of controlling speed by usingthe motor as a generator, with the energy being dissi-pated in resistors.

eddy current braking: a method of controlling or reducingspeed by means of an electrical induction load brake.

emergency brake: a brake for travel motion that is releasedduring normal operation and arranged to apply aretarding force when initiated by the operator duringan emergency or to automatically apply a retarding forceupon loss of power.

emergency braking: a method of decelerating a drive whenpower is not available. The braking effort may be estab-lished as a result of action by the operator or automati-cally when power to the drive is interrupted.

end tie: a structural member that connects the ends ofthe bridge girders to maintain squareness of the bridge.

equalizer: a device that compensates for unequal lengthor stretch of a rope.

exposed: applies to hazardous objects not guarded orisolated, and capable of being contacted inadvertently.

footwalk: a walkway with handrail on or attached to thebridge or trolley for access purposes.

forks: a load-bearing means mounted on the carriage.

free fall stop: a mechanism used to prevent or stop down-ward vertical travel of the carriage or cab in the eventof loss of support.

heavy service: service that involves operating at 85% to100% of rated load or in excess of 10 lift cycles/hr as aregular specified procedure.

hoist: a machinery unit that is used for lifting andlowering.

hoist chain: the chain in a hoist that supports the carriageand is calibrated to mate with sprockets, idlers, andpocket wheels.

hoisting mechanism: the means provided for lifting andlowering portions of the stacker and the rated load.

holding brake: a friction brake for a hoist that is automati-cally applied and prevents motion when power to thebrake is off.

home position: the position that is both an originatingpoint and terminating point of the stacker crane cycle.

hydraulic braking: a method of controlling or reducingspeed by means of displacement of a liquid.

limit switch: a device that is operated by some part ormotion of a power-driven machine or equipment to altera circuit associated with the machine or equipment.

load center: a point on the forks, measured from the heelof the forks, that establishes the limiting distance on the

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forks for positioning the center of gravity of the load tobe lifted.

main switch: a switch controlling the main power supplyto the equipment.

manual controller: a controller having all of its basic func-tions performed by devices that are operated by hand.

mast: a vertical structure, attached to the trolley, for guid-ing the carriage.

master switch: a device that dominates the operation ofcontactors and auxiliary devices of an enclosed circuit.

mechanical braking: a method of controlling or reducingspeed by friction.

noncoasting mechanical drive: a drive that automaticallyresults in decelerating a trolley or bridge when poweris not available.

normal operating conditions (of cab-operated cranes): condi-tions during which the equipment is performing func-tions within the scope of the original design. Underthese conditions, the operator is at the operating controldevices, and there is no other person on the equipment.

normal operating conditions (of floor-operated cranes): condi-tions during which the equipment is performing func-tions within the scope of the original design. Underthese conditions, the operator is at the operating controldevices that are attached to the equipment but operatedwith the operator off the equipment and there is noperson on the equipment.

normal operating conditions (of remote-operated cranes): con-ditions during which the equipment is performing func-tions within the scope of the original design. Underthese conditions, the operator is at the operating controldevices that are not attached to any part of the equip-ment and with no other person on the equipment.

normal service: service that averages operating at lessthan 85% of rated load and not more than 10 lift cyclesper hour for isolated instances.

parking brake: a brake for bridges and trolleys that maybe automatically or manually applied in an attempt toprevent horizontal motion by restraining wheel rotation.

qualified person: a person, who by possession of a recog-nized degree in an applicable field, certificate of profes-sional standing, or who by extensive knowledge,training, and experience, has successfully demonstratedthe ability to solve or resolve problems relating to thesubject matter and work.

rail sweep: a device attached to the crane and located infront of the crane’s leading wheels to removeobstructions.

rated load (capacity): the maximum load designated bythe manufacturer for which equipment is designedand built.

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ASME B30.18-2016

rated load speed: the speed at which the stacker cranemotions are designed to operate under rated load.

regenerative braking: a method of controlling speed inwhich the electrical energy generated by the motor isfed back into the power system.

rope: refers to wire-rope unless otherwise specified.

running sheave: a sheave that rotates as a load carriageis lifted or lowered.

runway: an assembly of rails, beams, girders, brackets,and framework on which the crane travels.

runway conductor (main): the electrical conductors locatedalong the equipment runway to provide power or controlto the equipment.

service brake: a brake for travel motion used by the opera-tor during normal operation to apply a retarding force.

service braking: a method of decelerating motion duringnormal operation.

severe service: service that involves normal or heavy ser-vice with abnormal operating conditions.

shall: a word indicating a requirement.

should: a word indicating a recommendation.

slave pallet or slave container: a handling base or containerthat is normally captive to a system on which a unitload is supported.

span: the horizontal distance, center-to-center, betweenrunway rails.

spring return controller: a controller that, when released,will return automatically to a neutral (off) position.

stop: a device to limit travel. This device normally isattached to a fixed structure and normally does not haveenergy absorbing ability.

trolley: the unit that travels on or is suspended from thebridge girders and supports the mast and carriage.

trolley travel: the trolley movement in directions at rightangles to the crane runway.

truck: the unit, consisting of a frame, wheels, bearings,and axles, that supports the bridge girders, the end tiesof an overhead stacker crane, or the sill of a gantrystacker crane.

unattended: a condition in which the operator is not atthe operating control devices. On floor-controlled equip-ment, if the control devices are within an unobstructeddistance of 26 ft (8 m), and within sight of the operator,the equipment is considered attended.

SECTION 18-0.3: PERSONNEL COMPETENCE

Persons performing the functions identified in thisVolume shall, through education, training, experience,skill, and physical fitness, as necessary, be competent

6

and capable to perform functions as determined by theemployer or the employer’s representative.

SECTION 18-0.4: REFERENCES TO OTHER CODESAND STANDARDS

The following is a list of publications referenced inthe volume.

AISC Steel Construction Manual, 14th Edition, 2011

Publisher: American Institute of Steel Construction(AISC), 1 East Wacker Drive, Suite 700, Chicago, IL60616-1802 (www.aisc.org)

ANSI/ASSE A1264.1-2007, Safety Requirements forWorkplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs and Rail-ings Systems

ANSI/ASSE Z244.1-2003 (R2014), Control of HazardousEnergy — Lockout/Tagout & Alternative Methods

Publisher: The American Society of Safety Engineers(ASSE), 1800 East Oakton Street, Des Plaines, IL 60018(www.asse.org)

ANSI MH27.1-2009, Specifications for Patented TrackUnderhung Cranes and Monorail Systems

Publisher: Monorail Manufacturers Association, Inc.(MMA), 8720 Red Oak Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28217(www.mhi.org/mma)

ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996, American National Standard forSafety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor Vehiclesand Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating on LandHighways

Publisher: SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive,Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 (www.sae.org)

ANSI-ASC A14.3-2008, Ladders — Fixed — SafetyRequirements

Publisher: American Ladder Institute (ALI),330 N. Wabash, Chicago IL 60611(www.americanladderinstitute.org)

ANSI/AWS D1.1-2010, Structural Welding Code: SteelANSI/AWS D14.1-2005, Specifications for Welding

Industrial and Mill Cranes and Other MaterialHandling Equipment

Publisher: American Welding Society (AWS), 8669 NW36 Street, No. 130, Miami, FL 33166-6672(www.aws.org)

ANSI/NEMA Z535.4-2011, Product Safety Signs andLabels

Publisher: National Electrical ManufacturersAssociation (NEMA), 1300 North 17th Street, Suite900, Arlington, VA 22029 (www.nema.org)

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ANSI/NFPA 70-2014, National Electrical CodePublisher: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),

1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471(www.nfpa.org)

ASCE/SEI 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings andOther Structures

Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers,1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191

(www.asce.org)

ASTM E2349-2012, Standard Practice for SafetyRequirements in Metal Casting Operations: SandPreparation, Molding, and Core Making; Melting andPouring; and Cleaning and Finishing

Publisher: ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 (www.astm.org)

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CMAA Specification No. 70-2010, Specifications for TopRunning Bridge & Gantry Type Multiple GirderElectric Overhead Traveling Cranes — No. 70

Publisher: Crane Manufacturers Association of America,Inc. (CMAA), 8720 Red Oak Boulevard, Charlotte,NC 28217 (www.mhi.org/cmaa)

ISO 7000:2014, Graphical symbols for use on equip-ment — Registered Symbols

ISO 7296-1:1991 (R2012) Cranes — Graphical symbols

Publisher: International Organization forStandardization (ISO), Central Secretariat, Chemin deBlandonnet 8, Case Postale 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,Switzerland (www.iso.org)

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ASME B30.18-2016

Chapter 18-1General Construction and Installation

SECTION 18-1.1: MARKING

18-1.1.1 Rated Load Markings — Crane

The rated load of the stacker crane and its load centerlocation shall be marked on the crane. The rated loadof the stacker crane shall also be marked on each sideof the crane and shall be legible from the ground or floor.

18-1.1.2 Manufacturer’s Identification Markings

The stacker crane shall be marked with the manufac-turer’s identification information on a plate or labelattached to the crane, as follows:

(a) name and address of manufacturer(b) manufacturer’s model or serial number(c) voltage of AC or DC power supply, and phase and

frequency of AC power supply(d) circuit ampacity

18-1.1.3 Warnings

(a) Floor-operated cranes and remote-operated cranesshall have safety label(s) affixed to the pendant station,portable operating station, or the stacker crane carriage.Cab-operated and pulpit-operated stacker cranes shallhave safety label(s) affixed in the cab or pulpit. The labelor labels shall be in compliance with ANSI/NEMA Z535.4, and shall include cautionary languageagainst, but not limited to

(1) lifting more than the rated load(2) operating stacker crane when the load is not

properly centered on forks(3) operating hoist-powered stacker with twisted,

kinked, or damaged chain or rope(4) operating damaged or malfunctioning stacker

crane(5) lifting people, except as outlined in

para. 18-3.3.2(d)(6) lifting loads over people(7) operating a rope hoist powered stacker with a

rope that is not properly seated in its groove(8) removing or obscuring safety labels

(b) A safety label shall be affixed on all electrical con-trol enclosures. The label shall be in compliance withANSI/NEMA Z535.4, and shall include, but not be lim-ited to, information such as

(1) Disconnect power and lockout disconnectingmeans before removing cover or servicing thisequipment.

(2) Do not operate without cover in place.

8

18-1.1.4 Translations of Safety-Related Informationand Control Designations

(a) Translation of non-English documentation intoEnglish

(1) The wording of written non-English safetyinformation and manuals regarding use, inspection, andmaintenance shall be translated into English by profes-sional translation industry standards, which include, butare not limited to

(-a) translation of the complete paragraph mes-sage, instead of word by word

(-b) grammatical accuracy(-c) respectfulness of the source document con-

tent without omitting or expanding the text(-d) translation of the terminology with accuracy(-e) reflection of the level of sophistication of the

original document(2) The finished translation shall be verified for

compliance with paras. 18-1.1.4(a)(1)(-a) through18-1.1.4(a)(1)(-e), by a qualified person having an under-standing of the technical content of the subject matter.

(3) Pictograms used to identify controls shall bedescribed in the manuals. The pictograms should com-ply with ISO 7000, ISO 7296, or other recognized sources,if previously defined. The text of the description shallmeet the criteria of paras. 18-1.1.4(a)(1) and18-1.1.4(a)(2).

(b) Any non-English documentation provided inaddition to English shall be translated and reviewed inaccordance with the requirements listed above.

SECTION 18-1.2: CLEARANCES

18-1.2.1 Clearance From Obstruction

(a) Clearance shall be maintained between the stackercrane and the building as well as parallel running cranesunder all normal operating conditions. Factors thatinfluence clearance, such as wheel float, truss sag, bridgeskewing, stacker mast movement, aisle width, andapproaches of the stacker trolley, shall be considered.

(b) Where passageways or walkways are provided onthe structure supporting the stacker crane, obstructionsshall not be placed such that personnel will be jeopard-ized by movements of the crane.

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18-1.2.2 Clearance Between Noninterlocking ParallelCranes

If the runways of two cranes are parallel and thereare no intervening walls or structures, there should bea minimum of 2 in. (50 mm) clearance provided andmaintained between the two stacker crane bridges.

SECTION 18-1.3: GENERAL CONSTRUCTION —RUNWAYS AND SUPPORTINGSTRUCTURES

18-1.3.1 Foundations and Anchorages

(a) Permanent concrete or masonry foundations shallrest on footings below the frost line except in permafrost.

(b) Every outdoor stacker crane shall be providedwith secure fastenings convenient to apply and ableto hold the crane against a wind pressure of 30 lb/ft2

(1 436 Pa). Parking brakes may be considered minimumcompliance with this rule.

(c) Where design wind pressures in excess of 30 lb/ft2

(1 436 Pa) are specified, special anchorages such aslatches or tie-downs shall be provided at the home posi-tion, or remotely operated rail clamps capable of engage-ment at all positions shall be provided as a supplementto the primary braking system. (ASCE/SEI 7 may beused as a reference for this condition.)

(d) Rail clamps should only be applied when thestacker crane is not in motion.

(e) When rails are used for anchorages, they shall besecured to withstand the resultant forces applied by therail clamps. If the clamps act on the rail, any projectionor obstruction in the clamping area shall be avoided.

(f) A wind-indicating device shall be provided for alloutdoor cranes. The device shall be mounted on thecrane or the crane runway structure and shall give avisible and audible alarm to the crane operator at apredetermined wind velocity. A single wind-indicatingdevice may serve as an alarm for more than one crane.

18-1.3.2 Crane Runways

(a) Construction of Runways and Rails(1) The crane runways and supporting structures

shall be designed to withstand the loads and forcesimposed by the stacker crane, and should conform tothe design parameters as specified in the applicableAISC Steel Construction Manual.

(2) Runway columns shall be securely anchored tofoundations.

(3) The structure shall be free from detrimentalvibration under normal operating conditions.

(4) Rails shall be level, straight, joined, and spacedto crane span within the manufacturer’s recommendedtolerances compatible with the design of the stackercrane.

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(b) Runway Stops(1) Stops shall be provided at the limits of travel

of the stacker crane bridge.(2) Stops shall be designed to withstand the forces

applied to the bumpers as specified in para. 18-1.7.2.(3) If a stop engages the tread of the wheel, it shall

not be of a height less than the radius of the wheel.Stops engaging other parts of the stacker crane arerecommended.

SECTION 18-1.4: STACKER CRANE CONSTRUCTION

18-1.4.1 Welded Construction

All welding procedures and welding operator qualifi-cations to be used on load-sustaining members shall bein accordance with ANSI/AWS D1.1 except as modifiedby ANSI/AWS D14.1. Where special steels or othermaterials are used, the manufacturer shall provide weld-ing procedures.

18-1.4.2 Bridge Structure

All stacker cranes built after the issuance of thisVolume should conform to the minimum design param-eters as specified in applicable sections of CMAA No. 70or ANSI MH27.1.

18-1.4.3 Molten Metal

Stacker cranes used for transporting or pouring mol-ten metals shall be designed, constructed, installed,tested, maintained, and operated in accordance withthis Volume and the additional requirements establishedby ASTM E2349.

18-1.4.4 Modifications

Stacker cranes may be modified or rerated providedsuch modifications and the supporting structures areanalyzed thoroughly by a qualified person or manufac-turer of stacker cranes. A rerated stacker crane or onewhose load-supporting components have been modifiedshall be tested in accordance with para. 18-2.2.2. Thenew rated load shall be displayed in accordance withpara. 18-1.1.1.

SECTION 18-1.5: CABS

18-1.5.1 Cab Construction

(a) The structure should be of noncombustiblematerials.

(b) Cab location generally will put the operator closeto other objects; thus, special consideration should begiven to confinement in the cab by screening.

(c) Outdoor cabs should be enclosed. All cab glazingshall be safety-glazing material as defined inANSI Z26.1.

(d) Construction shall offer protection from fallingobjects. The protection shall support a minimum staticload of 50 lb/ft2 (2.4 kPa).

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(e) The cab door shall be interlocked so crane motionswill not commence until the door is closed.

(f) Vertically traveling stacker cabs shall be equippedwith a device(s) to minimize free-fall in the event ofmalfunction of cab support hoist ropes or hoistmachinery.

18-1.5.2 Access to Stacker Crane

Access to the stacker crane cab or bridge walkwayshall be by a fixed ladder, stairs, or platform requiringno step over any gap exceeding 12 in. (305 mm). Fixedladders shall be in conformance with ANSI-ASC A14.3.

18-1.5.3 Tool Box

If a receptacle is provided for the stowing of tools andoil cans, it shall be metal and securely fastened in thecab or on the walkway.

18-1.5.4 Fire Extinguisher

A portable fire extinguisher, with a basic minimumextinguisher rating of 10 BC, shall be installed in thecab or at the machinery housing.

18-1.5.5 Lighting

Cab lighting, either natural or artificial, shall providea level of illumination that enables the operator toobserve the operating controls.

SECTION 18-1.6: FOOTWALKS AND LADDERS

18-1.6.1 Location of Footwalks

(a) A footwalk should be provided on the drive sidealong the entire length of the bridge of all stacker craneshaving the trolley running on the top of the girders. Togive access to the opposite side of the trolley, bridgeconductors, or other equipment, there should be pro-vided a footwalk mounted on the trolley, a footwalk orplatform in the building, or a footwalk on the oppositeside of the bridge at least twice the length of the trolley.

Footwalks should be located to give a headroom ofnot less than 78 in. (1 981 mm). In no case shall less than48 in. (1 219 mm) be provided. If 48 in. (1 219 mm)of headroom cannot be provided, footwalks should beomitted from the stacker crane and a stationary platformor landing stage built for workers making repairs.

(b) On other than cab-operated cranes, a footwalk orother means (including mobile equipment or measuresto protect workers from the hazard of falls) should beprovided for workers to make repairs and inspect thecrane.

18-1.6.2 Construction of Footwalks

(a) Footwalks shall be designed to sustain a distrib-uted load of at least 50 lb/ft2 (2.4 kPa).

(b) Footwalks shall have a slip-resistant walkingsurface.

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(c) Footwalks should have a clear passageway at least18 in. (457 mm) wide except opposite the bridge cranedrive mechanism and controls, where they should benot less than 15 in. (380 mm).

18-1.6.3 Toeboards and Handrails for Footwalks

Toeboards and handrails shall be in compliance withANSI A1264.1.

18-1.6.4 Ladders and Stairways

(a) Stacker cranes should be provided with laddersor stairways extending from the runway elevation to thefootwalk or cab platform.

(b) Stairways shall be equipped with metal handrailsand should be at an angle of not more than 50 degwith the horizontal. Walking surfaces shall be of a slip-resistant type.

(c) Ladders shall be fastened in place and shall beconstructed in compliance with ANSI-ASC A14.3.

18-1.6.5 Egress

There should be means of egress from cab-operatedstacker cranes to permit departure under emergencyconditions. The means of egress should depend on thefacts of the situation.

SECTION 18-1.7: STOPS, BUMPERS, RAILSWEEPS, AND GUARDS

18-1.7.1 Trolley Stops

(a) Stops shall be provided at the limits of travel ofthe stacker trolley.

(b) Stops shall be designed to withstand the forcesapplied to the bumpers as specified in para. 18-1.7.3.

(c) If a stop engages the tread of the wheel, it shallnot be of a height less than the radius of the wheel.Stops engaging other parts of the stacker crane trolleyare recommended.

18-1.7.2 Bridge Bumpers (Buffers)

(a) A stacker crane shall be provided with bumpersor other automatic means providing equivalent effect.These bumpers shall have the following minimumcharacteristics:

(1) have energy-absorbing (or -dissipating) capac-ity to stop the stacker crane and the rated load when itis traveling with power off in either direction at a speedof at least 40% of rated load speed

(2) be capable of stopping the stacker crane, includ-ing the vertically guided lifted load, at a rate of decelera-tion not to exceed an average of 3 ft/sec2 (0.9 m/s2)when it is traveling with power off in either directionat 20% of rated load speed

(3) be so mounted that there is no direct shear onbolts upon impact

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ASME B30.18-2016

(b) Bumpers shall be designed and installed to mini-mize parts falling from the stacker crane in case of break-age or loosening of bolted connections.

(c) When more than one stacker crane is located andoperated on the same runway, bumpers shall be pro-vided on their adjacent ends to meet the requirementsof paras. 18-1.7.2(a)(1), (2), and (3).

(d) Consideration shall be given to providing bump-ers with greater capacity for energy absorption (or dissi-pation) than that specified in para. 18-1.7.2(a)(1), and toproviding bridge end stops with correspondingincreased strength when any one of the following condi-tions is present:

(1) The crane has a maximum bridge speed of320 ft/min (100 m/min) or greater.

(2) The crane is remote operated.(3) The crane is pulpit operated.(4) The location of the runway end stops is

obscured or uncertain. As an example, the bumper forceapplied at 100% of rated load speed is 625% greater thanthe bumper force applied at 40% of rated speed load.

18-1.7.3 Trolley Bumpers (Buffers)

(a) A stacker trolley shall be provided with bumpersor other automatic means of equivalent effect. Thesebumpers shall have the following minimumcharacteristics:

(1) have energy-absorbing (or -dissipating) capac-ity to stop the stacker trolley and the rated load whenit is traveling with power off in either direction at aspeed of at least 50% of rated load speed

(2) be capable of stopping the stacker trolley,including the vertically guided lifted load, at a rate ofdeceleration not to exceed an average of 4.7 ft/sec2

(1.4 m/s2) when it is traveling with power off in eitherdirection at one-third of rated load speed

(3) be so mounted that there is no direct shear onbolts upon impact

(b) Bumpers shall be designed and installed to mini-mize parts falling from the stacker trolley in case ofbreakage.

(c) When a bridge has more than one trolley, bumpersshall be provided on their adjacent ends to meet therequirements of paras. 18-1.7.3(a)(1), (2), and (3).

(d) Consideration shall be given to providing bump-ers with greater capacity for energy absorption (or dissi-pation) than that specified in para. 18-1.7.3(a)(1), and toproviding trolley end stops with correspondingincreased strength when any one of the following condi-tions is present:

(1) The trolley has a maximum speed of 150 ft/min(46 m/min) or greater.

(2) The trolley is on a remote-operated crane.(3) The trolley is on a pulpit-operated crane.(4) The location of the trolley end stops is obscured

or uncertain.

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18-1.7.4 Rail Sweeps

(a) Bridge trucks for gantry type stacker cranes shallbe equipped with sweeps that extend to the rail top, orbelow the rail top and project in front of the stackercrane leading wheels.

(b) Overhead top running stacker bridge trucksshould be equipped with sweeps that extend below thetop of the rail and project in front of the stacker craneleading wheels.

NOTE: If wheel stops are used, rail sweeps may become impracti-cal and cannot be used.

(c) Top running stacker trolley trucks should beequipped with sweeps that extend below the top of therail and project in front of the stacker trolley leadingwheels.

NOTE: If wheel stops are used, rail sweeps may become impracti-cal and cannot be used.

18-1.7.5 Wheel and Truck Frames

Means should be provided to limit the drop of stackertrolley and bridge truck frames to 1 in. (25 mm) in caseof wheel or axle breakage.

18-1.7.6 Guards for Moving Parts

(a) Exposed moving parts such as gears, set screws,projecting keys, chains, chain sprockets, and reciprocat-ing components that constitute a hazard under normaloperating conditions shall be guarded.

(b) Each guard shall be capable of supporting, with-out permanent deformation, the weight of a 200 lb(90 kg) person unless the guard is located where it isnot probable that a person will step on it.

SECTION 18-1.8: BRAKES

18-1.8.1 Brakes for Stacker Crane Hoists

(a) Each independent hoisting unit of a stacker craneshall be equipped with at least one holding brake,applied directly to the motor shaft or some part of thegear train.

(b) Each independent hoisting unit of a stacker crane,except worm-geared hoists, the angle of whose wormis such as to prevent the load from accelerating in thelowering direction, shall, in addition to a holding brake,be equipped with control braking means to control low-ering speeds.

18-1.8.2 Hoist Holding Brakes

(a) Holding brakes for stacker crane hoist units shallhave not less than the following percentages of the ratedload hoisting torque at the point where the brake isapplied:

(1) 125% when used with a control braking meansother than mechanical

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(2) 100% when used with a mechanical controlbraking means

(3) 100% each if two holding brakes are provided(b) Holding brakes on hoists shall have thermal capac-

ity for the frequency of operation required by the service.(c) Holding brakes on hoists shall be applied automat-

ically when power to the brake is removed.(d) Holding brakes shall be provided with means to

compensate for lining wear.(e) The wearing surface of all brake wheels, drums, or

disks shall be free of defects that interfere with operation.

18-1.8.3 Hoist Controlled Braking Means

(a) An electrically controlled braking means (such asregenerative, dynamic, countertorque, or eddy currentbraking) or a mechanical or hydraulic controlled brakingmeans shall be capable of maintaining controlled low-ering speeds.

(b) The controlled braking means shall have thermalcapacity for the frequency of operation required by theservice.

18-1.8.4 Brakes for Stacker Crane Trolleys andBridges (Cab Operated)

(a) Foot-operated brakes shall require an appliedforce of not more than 70 lb (310 N) to develop ratedbrake torque.

(b) Brake pedals, latches, and levers should allowrelease without the exertion of greater force than wasused in applying the brake.

(c) Brakes may be applied by mechanical, electrical,pneumatic, hydraulic, or gravity means.

(d) Brakes shall be provided with means to compen-sate for lining wear.

(e) The wearing surfaces of all brakes wheels, drums,or disks shall be free of defects that interfere withoperation.

(f) Foot-brake pedals shall be constructed so that theoperator’s foot will not readily slip off the pedal.

(g) Foot-operated brakes shall be equipped with ameans for positive release when force is released fromthe pedal.

(h) The foot-brake pedals should be so located thatthey are convenient to the operator at the controls.

(i) Except for emergency braking means inpara. 18-1.8.6(b), brakes for stopping the motion of thestacker crane trolley or bridge shall have the torquecapability to stop the stacker crane trolley or bridgewithin a distance in feet (meters) equal to 10% of ratedload speed in ft/min (m/min) when traveling at fullspeed with rated load and with power off.NOTE: If drive friction losses result in meeting this requirement,a brake is not required.

(j) If parking brakes are provided on the stacker cranebridge or trolley(s), they shall not prohibit the use of adrift point in the control circuit.

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(k) Brakes shall have thermal capacity for the fre-quency of operation required by the service.

18-1.8.5 Brakes for Stacker Crane Trolleys andBridges (Floor and Remote Operated,Including Skeleton Cab Operated)

Brakes, if provided, shall meet the requirements ofparas. 18-1.8.4(d), (e), (i), (j), and (k).

18-1.8.6 Stacker Crane Trolley and Bridge BrakingMeans

(a) Service braking means for stopping the motion ofthe stacker crane trolley or bridge shall have the torquecapability to stop the stacker crane trolley or bridgewithin a distance in feet (meters) equal to 10% of ratedload speed in ft/min (m/s) when traveling at full speedwith rated load.

(b) Emergency braking means, when required, shallhave the capability of decelerating the stacker cranetrolley or bridge from rated load speed to 40% of ratedload speed in the distance specified in para. 18-1.8.6(a).

NOTE: If drive friction losses result in meeting this requirement,this braking means is not required.

(c) If parking brakes are provided on the stacker cranebridge or trolley(s), they shall not prohibit the use of adrift point in the control circuit.

(d) Brake or braking means on stacker crane trolleysand bridges shall have thermal capacity for the fre-quency of operation required by the service.

(e) Any combination of service, emergency, and park-ing functions may be provided by a single friction brakeas long as it can be applied without having poweravailable.

18-1.8.7 Application of Stacker Crane Trolley Brakes

(a) On cab-operated stacker cranes with a cab on thetrolley, a trolley service brake shall be required as speci-fied under para. 18-1.8.4.

(b) If a brake is provided on a stacker crane trolleythat does not have a cab on the trolley, it should havea torque rating of not less than 50% of the rated motortorque at the point of application.

(c) On cab-operated stacker cranes with a cab on thebridge, a drag brake may be applied to hold the trolleyin a desired position on the bridge and to eliminatecreep with the power off.

(d) On all floor-, remote-, and pulpit-operated stackercrane trolley drives, an emergency brake with torquerating per para. 18-1.8.6(b), a drag brake, or a noncoast-ing mechanical drive should be provided.

18-1.8.8 Application of Stacker Crane Bridge Brakes

(a) On cab-operated stacker cranes with a cab on thebridge, a service brake shall be required as specified inpara. 18-1.8.6.

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ASME B30.18-2016

(b) On cab-operated stacker cranes with a cab on thetrolley, a bridge brake of the emergency type, in additionto a service or controlled braking means, shall berequired. This brake shall comply with para. 18-1.8.6(b).

(c) On all floor-, remote-, and pulpit-operated stackercrane bridge drives, an emergency brake or noncoastingmechanical drive shall be provided to meet the require-ments of para. 18-1.8.6(b).

SECTION 18-1.9: ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

18-1.9.1 General

(a) Wiring and equipment shall comply withArticle 610 of ANSI/NFPA 70.

(b) The control circuit voltage in pendant push but-tons or to cab-operated controllers shall not exceed 150 Vfor AC or 300 V for DC.

(c) Where multiple conductor cable is used with asuspended push-button station, the station shall be sup-ported so that the electrical conductors are protectedfrom strain.

(d) Pendant control stations shall be constructed toprevent electrical shock. The push-button enclosure shallbe at ground potential.

(e) Control actuators shall be labeled indicating theirfunction and resulting direction of motion.

18-1.9.2 Equipment

(a) Electrical equipment shall be so located orenclosed that live parts will not be exposed to inadver-tent contact under normal operating conditions.

(b) Live parts of electrical equipment shall be pro-tected from direct exposure to grease, oil, and moisture,and they should be protected from dirt.

(c) Guards for live parts, if provided, shall be so con-structed or located that they cannot be inadvertentlydeformed so as to make contact with the live parts.

18-1.9.3 Controllers

(a) Stacker cranes not equipped with spring-returncontrollers, spring-return master switches, or momen-tary contact push buttons shall be provided with a devicewhich will disconnect all motors from the line in theevent of a power failure. This disconnect device shallnot permit any motor to be restarted until the controlleror master switch handle is brought to the off position,or a reset switch or “power on” button is operated.

(b) Lever-operated manual controllers and masterswitches shall be provided with a notch or latch, whichin the off position, prevents the handle from being inad-vertently moved to the on position. An off detent, orspring-return arrangement, is acceptable.

(c) For cab-operated cranes, the master switchoperating mechanism shall be located within reach ofthe operator.

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(d) For cab- or pulpit-operated stacker cranes, themovement of each operating handle should be in thesame general direction as the resultant movement of theload, except as shown in Figs. 18-1.9.3-1 and 18-1.9.3-2.

(e) For cab- or pulpit-operated stacker cranes, thearrangement of manual controllers or master switchesshould conform to Figs. 18-1.9.3-1 and 18-1.9.3-2.

(f) If a magnet controller is provided, the on (lift)direction shall be toward the operator and off (drop)direction away from the operator.

(g) For floor-operated stacker cranes, the controlleror controllers, if rope-operated, shall automaticallyreturn to the off position when released by the operator.

(h) Push buttons in pendant stations shall return tothe off position when pressure is released by the craneoperator.

(i) Remote-operated stacker cranes shall function sothat if the control signal for any crane motion becomesineffective, that crane motion shall stop, and conversely,signals received from any source other than theoperating station (transmitter) shall not result in opera-tion of any motion of the stacker crane.

(j) The arrangement of pendant push-button stationsand radio-control transmitters should conform toFigs. 18-1.9.3-3 and 18-1.9.3-4, respectively. Compassdirections may be substituted for “right-left” and“forward-reverse” in Fig. 18-1.9.3-3, and for W, X, Y andZ in Fig. 18-1.9.3-4.

(k) Master switches shall be labeled to indicate theirfunctions.

18-1.9.4 Resistors

(a) Resistor units, when used, shall be supported tominimize vibration effect.

(b) Provisions shall be made to prevent broken partsor molten metal falling upon the operator or from thecrane.

(c) If resistor enclosures are provided, the enclosuresshall be installed to minimize the accumulation of com-bustible matter.

18-1.9.5 Switches

(a) The power supply to the runway conductors shallbe controlled by a switch or circuit breaker located ona fixed structure, accessible from the floor, and arrangedto be locked in the open position.

(b) On cab-operated stacker cranes, a switch or circuitbreaker of the enclosed type with provision for lockingin the open position shall be provided in the leads fromthe runway conductors. A means of opening this deviceshall be located within the reach of the operator when theoperator is in the operating position. When the operatoropens this switch or circuit breaker, the holding brake(s)should set.

(c) On floor-, remote-, or pulpit-operated stackercranes, a switch or circuit breaker of the enclosed type

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Fig. 18-1.9.3-1 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers or Master Switches (Three-Motor Crane)

Bridge drive girder

Bridge

Trolley

Main hoist

Left-hand cab

Up DownBridge

Trolley

Main hoist

Right-hand cab

Down UpB

rid

ge

Tro

lley

Mai

n h

ois

tU

pD

ow

n

Center cab

Fig. 18-1.9.3-2 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers or Master Switches (Four-Motor Crane)

Bridge drive girder

Bridge

Trolley

Main hoist

Left-hand cab

Up DownBridge

Trolley

Main hoist

Right-hand cab

Down Up

Bri

dg

e

Tro

lley

Mai

n h

ois

tU

pD

ow

n

Center cab

Up DownAux. hoist

Au

x. h

ois

tU

pD

ow

n

Aux. hoistDown Up

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ASME B30.18-2016

Fig. 18-1.9.3-3 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers (Pendant Push-Button Station Arrangement)

Power On

Power Off

Up

DownMain Hoist

Up

DownAuxiliary Hoist

Right

LeftTrolley

Forward

ReverseBridge

1

(Indicating Light)Power On

Power Off

Up

DownMain Hoist

Up

DownAuxiliary Hoist

Right

LeftTrolley

Forward

ReverseBridge

On PowerOff

2

GENERAL NOTE: In each user location, the relative arrangement of units on crane pendant push-button stations should be standardized. Inthe absence of such standardization, suggested arrangements are shown in arrangements 1 and 2.

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Fig. 18-1.9.3-4 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers(Radio Crane Control Transmitter Lever Arrangement)

Up Z Up

Down Y X Down

Bridge Trolley Main hoist

Auxiliary hoist

Four-Motion

Three-Motion

Up Z

Down Y X

Bridge Trolley Hoist

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ASME B30.18-2016

shall be provided in the leads from the runway conduc-tors. This device shall be mounted on the bridge orfootwalk near the runway collectors. There shall be pro-visions for locking the device in the open position unlessthe stacker crane is the only load on a lockable switchor circuit breaker that is accessible from the floor. One ofthe following types of floor-, remote-, or pulpit-operateddisconnects shall be provided:

(1) nonconductive fiber-rope attached to the maindisconnect device on a floor-operated stacker crane. Ifthis is selected, the rope shall be suspended adjacent tothe operating ropes if manual controllers are used, ornear the pendant push-button station if magnetic con-trols are used.

(2) an under voltage trip for a main circuit breaker,operated by an emergency stop button in the pendantpush-button station or the pulpit.

(3) a main line contactor operated by a switch orpush button on the pendant push-button station, theremote control station, or the pulpit.

(d) The hoisting motion of all electric traveling stackercranes shall be provided with an overtravel limit switchin the hoisting direction to stop hoisting motion. Onstacker cranes using a wire rope hoist, if a geared orother limit switch device that operates in relation todrum turns is used, an additional limit switch or devicethat operates independent of drum rotations shall beprovided.

18-1.9.6 Runway Conductors

Conductors of the open type, mounted on the stackercrane runway beams or overhead, shall be located orguarded so that persons cannot inadvertently come intocontact with them.

18-1.9.7 Extension Lamps

If a service receptacle is provided in the stacker cabor on the stacker bridge, it shall be a grounded typepermanent receptacle, not exceeding 300 V.

SECTION 18-1.10: HOISTING EQUIPMENT

18-1.10.1 Sheaves

(a) Sheave grooves shall be free from surface defectsthat could cause rope damage. The cross-sectional radiusat the bottom of the groove should be such as to forma close-fitting saddle for the size of rope used. The sidesof the groove shall be tapered outward and rounded atthe rim to facilitate entrance of the rope into the groove.Flange rims shall run true about the axis of rotation.

(b) Sheaves carrying ropes, which can be momentarilyunloaded, shall be provided with close-fitting guards,or other devices, to guide the rope back into the groovewhen the load is reapplied.

(c) Means shall be provided to minimize chafing ofthe ropes during normal operation.

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(d) All running sheaves should be equipped withmeans for lubrication. Permanently lubricated, sealed,or shielded bearings are acceptable.

(e) Sheave pitch diameter, in relation to rope diameter,will have an effect on the wear of the rope. Therefore,rope inspection as given in paras. 18-2.4.1, 18-2.4.2, and18-2.4.3 shall be followed.

18-1.10.2 Drums

Rope drums shall be grooved. The grooves shall befree from surface defects that could cause rope damage.The cross-sectional radius at the bottom of the grooveshould form a close-fitting saddle for the size of ropeused.

18-1.10.3 Rope

(a) The hoisting ropes shall be of a recommendedconstruction for stacker crane service. The total load(rated load + weight of carriage) divided by the numberof parts of line shall not exceed 20% of the minimumbreaking force of the rope.

(b) Socketing shall be done in the manner specifiedby the manufacturer of the hoist rope assembly or therope manufacturer.

(c) Rope shall be secured to the drum as follows:(1) No less than two wraps of rope shall remain on

each anchorage of the hoisting drum when the carriageis in its extreme low position unless a lower limit deviceis provided, in which case no less than one wrap shallremain.

(2) Rope end shall be anchored by a clamp attachedto the drum, or by a socket arrangement specified bythe crane or rope manufacturer. The rope clamps shallbe tightened evenly to the manufacturer’s recommendedtorque.

(d) Eye splices shall be made in a recommended man-ner. Rope thimbles should be used in the eye.

(e) Wire-rope clips shall be drop-forged steel of thesingle saddle (U-bolt) or double saddle type clip. Mallea-ble cast iron clips shall not be used. For spacing, numberof clips, and torque values, refer to the clip manufactur-er ’s recommendation. Wire-rope clips attached withU-bolts shall have the U-bolt over the dead end of therope and the live rope resting in the clip saddle. Clipsshall be tightened evenly to the recommended torque.After the initial load is applied to the rope, the clipnuts shall be retightened to the recommended torque tocompensate for any decrease in rope diameter causedby the load. Rope clip nuts should be retightened period-ically to compensate for any further decrease in ropediameter during usage.

(f) Swaged or compressed fittings shall be appliedas recommended by the rope, stacker crane, or fittingmanufacturer.

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ASME B30.18-2016

(g) Wherever exposed to ambient temperatures at therope in excess of 180°F (82°C), rope having an indepen-dent wire-rope or wire-strand core, or othertemperature-damage resistant core shall be used.

(h) Replacement rope shall be the same size, grade,and construction as the original rope furnished by thestacker crane manufacturer, unless otherwise recom-mended by a rope or stacker crane manufacturer orqualified person due to actual working conditionrequirements.

18-1.10.4 EqualizersIf a load is supported by more than one part of rope,

the tension in the parts shall be equalized.

18-1.10.5 Guards for Hoisting Ropes(a) If it is possible for hoisting ropes to foul or chafe

on adjacent parts of the stacker crane under normal

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operating conditions, guards shall be installed to mini-mize damage to the rope.

(b) A guard shall be provided to prevent contactbetween bridge or runway conductors and hoistingropes if, under normal operating conditions, they cancome into contact.

SECTION 18-1.11: WARNING DEVICES

On cab- and remote-operated stacker cranes, an audi-ble or visual warning means shall be provided.

SECTION 18-1.12: LUBRICATION

Lubricating points should be accessible from walk-ways, floors, or platforms.

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Chapter 18-2Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance

SECTION 18.2.1: INSPECTION

18-2.1.1 General

All inspections shall be performed by a designatedperson. Any deficiencies identified shall be examinedand a determination made by a qualified person as towhether they constitute a hazard, and if so, what addi-tional steps need to be taken to address the hazard.

18-2.1.2 Inspection Classification

(a) Initial Inspection. Prior to initial use, all new,reinstalled, altered, modified, or extensively repairedstacker cranes shall be inspected by a designated personto verify compliance with the applicable provisions ofthis Volume.

(b) Inspection procedures for stacker cranes in regularservice is divided into two general classifications basedupon the intervals at which inspection should be per-formed. The intervals in turn are dependent upon thenature of the critical components of the stacker craneand the degree of their exposure to wear, deterioration,or malfunction. The two general classifications are des-ignated as frequent and periodic with respective intervalsbetween inspections as defined below.

(1) Frequent Inspection. Visual inspections with rec-ords not required.

(-a) normal service: monthly(-b) heavy service: weekly to monthly(-c) severe service: daily to weekly(-d) special or infrequent service: recommended

by a qualified person before and after each instance ofspecial or infrequent service

(2) Periodic Inspection. Visual inspection of appar-ent external conditions, with records kept, to providethe basis for a continuing evaluation.

(-a) normal service, equipment in place: yearly(-b) heavy service, equipment in place: quarterly,

unless external conditions indicate that disassemblyshould be done to permit detailed inspection

(-c) severe service, equipment in place: quarterly,unless external conditions indicate that disassemblyshould be done to permit detailed inspection

(-d) special or infrequent service: recommendedby a qualified person before and after each instance ofspecial or infrequent service

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18-2.1.3 Frequent Inspection

(a) Frequent inspections shall be performed at inter-vals defined in para. 18-2.1.2(b)(1) and shall includeobservations during operation.

(b) Determination shall be made whether conditionsfound during the inspection constitute a hazard andwhether a more detailed inspection is required.

(c) The following items shall be inspected:(1) all functional operating mechanisms for malad-

justment interfering with proper operation(2) operation of upper limit device(s) shall be veri-

fied in accordance with para. 18-3.3.3(a)(3) lines, tanks, valves, pumps, and other parts of

pneumatic or hydraulic systems for leakage(4) rated load supporting devices attached to the

carriage(5) hoist ropes, including end fittings, rope clips,

and proper seating in sheaves and drums(6) free fall stop(s)

18-2.1.4 Periodic Inspection

Complete inspection of the stacker cranes shall beperformed at intervals as defined in para. 18-2.1.2(b)(2).Any deficiencies, such as those listed, shall be examinedand determination made as to whether they constitutea hazard. These inspections should include the require-ments of para. 18-2.1.3 and, in addition, items such asthe following:

(a) deformed, cracked, or corroded members.(b) loose bolts or rivets.(c) cracked or worn sheaves and drums.(d) worn, cracked, or distorted parts such as pins,

bearings, shafts, gears, rollers, and locking and clampingdevices.

(e) excessive wear on brake system parts, linings,pawls, and ratchets.

(f) load and other indicators over their full range forany significant inaccuracies.

(g) excessive wear of chain drive sprockets and exces-sive chain stretch.

(h) electrical apparatus for signs of any deteriorationof controllers, master switches, contacts, limit switches,and push-button stations, but not limited to these items.

(i) all limit devices should be checked, without a loadon the carriage. Care shall be exercised. The carriageshall be inched into its limit device, or run in at a slowspeed.

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18-2.1.5 Stacker Cranes Not in Regular Use

(a) A stacker crane, other than a standby stackercrane, which has been idle for a period of one month ormore but less than one year, shall be given an inspectionconforming with the requirements of para. 18-2.1.3before being placed in service.

(b) Standby stacker cranes shall be inspected annuallyin accordance with the requirements of para. 18-2.1.3.Standby stacker cranes exposed to adverse environ-ments should be inspected more frequently.

18-2.1.6 Inspection Records

Dated inspection reports or comparable records shallbe made on critical items such as hoisting machinerysheaves, carriage, chains, ropes, and other lifting devicesas listed in para. 18-2.1.4. Records shall be available forexamination.

SECTION 18-2.2: TESTING

18-2.2.1 Operational Tests

(a) Prior to initial use, all new, reinstalled, altered, ormodified stacker cranes shall be inspected by a desig-nated person to ensure compliance with this Volumeincluding the following functions:

(1) lifting and lowering.(2) trolley travel.(3) bridge travel.(4) limit switches. The trip setting of hoist limit

devices shall be determined by tests with an emptycarriage traveling in increasing speeds up to the maxi-mum speed. The actuating mechanism of the limitdevice shall be located so that it will trip the deviceunder all conditions, in sufficient time to prevent contactof the carriage or load block with any part of the trolleymast support or stacker crane.

(5) locking, limiting, and indicating devices, ifprovided.

(b) Prior to initial use, a repaired stacker crane shallbe tested. Testing may be limited to the functionsaffected by the repair.

18-2.2.2 Rated Load Test

(a) Prior to initial use(1) all new, reinstalled, altered, or modified equip-

ment shall be tested and inspected by or under thedirection of a designated person. A written test reportshall be prepared by the designated person and placedon file. Test loads shall be 125% ± 5% of the rated load,unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer.

(2) the need for testing of repaired equipment shallbe determined by a qualified person. When a rated loadtest is required, testing shall be in accordance withpara. 18-2.2.2(a)(1).

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(b) The rated load test, if made, shall consist of thefollowing operations as a minimum requirement:

(1) Hoist the carriage and test load a distance toassure that the load is supported by the stacker craneand held by the hoist brake(s).

(2) Transport the test load by means of the stackertrolley for the full length of the bridge.

(3) Transport the test load by means of the bridgefor the full length of the runway in one direction withthe trolley as close to the extreme right-hand end of thestacker crane as practical and in the other direction withthe trolley as close to the extreme left-hand end of thestacker crane as practical.

(4) Lower the carriage and test load, and stop andhold the load with the brake(s).

SECTION 18-2.3: MAINTENANCE

18-2.3.1 Preventive Maintenance

(a) A preventive maintenance program shall be estab-lished and should be based on the recommendationsoutlined in the crane manufacturer’s manual. Dated rec-ords should be placed on file.

(b) Replacement parts shall be at least equal to theoriginal manufacturer’s specifications.

18-2.3.2 Maintenance Procedure

(a) Before adjustments and repairs are started on astacker crane, the following precautions shall be takenas applicable:

(1) The stacker crane to be repaired shall be movedto a location where it will cause the least interferencewith other cranes and operations in the area.

(2) All controllers shall be placed in the off position.(3) Main switch (crane disconnect) shall be

de-energized and locked, tagged, or flagged in the de-energized position.

(4) Effective markings and barriers shall be utilizedin instances where maintenance work creates a hazard-ous area on the floor beneath the stacker crane.

(5) Where other cranes are in operation on the samerunway, rail stops, or other means shall be provided toprevent interference with the idle stacker crane.

(6) Where temporary protective rail stops or othermeans are not available or practical, a signalperson shallbe placed at a visual vantage point for observing theapproach of an active stacker crane and warning itsoperator when reaching the limit of safe distance fromthe idle stacker crane.

(7) Where runways are adjacent to the stacker cranerunway of the stacker crane being repaired and/or thecenter runway or center repair platform becomes a workarea that is not protected by wire mesh or other suitableprotection, or if any hazard from adjacent operationsexists, the adjacent runway must also be restricted. Whenstacker cranes must operate on adjacent runways and

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through the restricted area, a signalperson shall be pro-vided. All stacker cranes shall come to a full stop priorto entering the restricted area and may then proceedthrough this area on a signal from the signalperson.

(b) Provisions shall be made for trained personnel towork on energized equipment when adjustments andtests are required.

(c) After adjustments and repairs have been made,the stacker crane shall not be restored to service until allguards have been reinstalled, safety devices reactivated,and maintenance equipment removed.

18-2.3.3 Adjustments and Repairs

(a) Any hazardous conditions disclosed by the inspec-tion requirements of Section 18-2.1 shall be correctedbefore normal operation of the stacker crane is resumed.Adjustments and repairs shall be done only by a desig-nated person.

(b) Adjustments shall be maintained to ensure correctfunctioning of components. The following are examples:

(1) all functional operating mechanisms(2) limit devices(3) control systems(4) brakes

(c) Repairs or replacements shall be made as needed.The following are examples:

(1) all critical parts that are cracked, broken, bent,or excessively worn.

(2) pitted or burned electrical contacts should becorrected only by replacement and in sets. Controllerparts should be lubricated as recommended by themanufacturer.

(3) function labels on pendant control stations shallbe kept legible.

(d) If repairs of load sustaining members are madeby welding, identification of materials shall be madeand appropriate welding procedure shall be followed.

18-2.3.4 Lubrication

(a) All moving parts of the stacker crane, for whichlubrication is specified, should be regularly lubricated.Lubricating systems should be checked for delivery oflubricant. Care should be taken to follow manufacturer’srecommendations as to points and frequency of lubrica-tion, maintenance of lubricant levels, and types of lubri-cant to be used.

(b) Machinery shall be stationary while lubricants arebeing applied, and protection provided as called forin paras. 18-2.3.2(a)(1) through (4) unless equipped forautomatic or remote lubrication.

(c) Lubricants should be kept away from any grabsurfaces on the vertical anti-free-fall devices.

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SECTION 18-2.4: ROPE INSPECTION,REPLACEMENT, ANDMAINTENANCE

18-2.4.1 General

All inspections shall be performed by a designatedperson. Any deficiencies identified shall be examinedand a determination made by a qualified person as towhether they constitute a hazard, and if so, what addi-tional steps need to be taken to address the hazard.

18-2.4.2 Rope Inspection

(a) Frequent Inspection(1) All ropes should be visually inspected at the

start of each shift. These visual observations should beconcerned with discovering gross damage, such as thefollowing, which may be a hazard:

(-a) distortion of the rope such as kinking, crush-ing, unstranding, birdcaging, main strand displacement,or core protrusion

(-b) general corrosion(-c) broken or cut strands(-d) number, distribution, and type of visible bro-

ken wires [see paras. 18-2.4.3(b)(1) through (3) for furtherguidance]

(2) When such damage is discovered, the rope shalleither be removed from service or given an inspectionas detailed in para. 18-2.4.2(b).

(b) Periodic Inspection(1) The inspection frequency shall be determined

by a qualified person and shall be based on such factorsas expected rope life, as determined by experience on theparticular installation or similar installations, severity ofenvironment, percentage of capacity lifts, frequencyrates of operation, and exposure to shock loads. Inspec-tions need not be at equal calendar intervals and shouldbe more frequent as the rope approaches the end of itsuseful life.

(2) Periodic inspections shall be performed. Thisinspection shall cover the entire length of rope. Theindividual outer wires in the strands of the rope shallbe visible to this person during the inspection. Anydeterioration resulting in appreciable loss of originalstrength, such as the following, shall be noted and deter-mination shall be made as to whether further use of therope would constitute a hazard:

(-a) points listed in para. 18-2.4.2(a)(-b) reduction of rope diameter below nominal

diameter due to loss of core support, internal or externalcorrosion, or wear of outside wires

(-c) severely corroded or broken wires at endconnections

(-d) severely corroded, cracked, bent, worn, orimproperly applied end connections

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(3) Special care should be taken when inspectingsections of rapid deterioration such as the following:

(-a) sections in contact with saddles, equalizersheaves, or other sheaves where rope travel is limited

(-b) sections of the rope at or near terminal endswhere corroded or broken wires may protrude

(-c) sections subject to reverse bends(-d) sections of rope that are normally hidden

during visual inspection, such as parts passing oversheaves

(c) In order to establish data as a basis of judging theproper time for replacement, a continuing inspectionrecord should be maintained. This record should coverpoints of deterioration listed in para. 18-2.4.2.

18-2.4.3 Rope Replacement

(a) No precise rules can be given for determination ofthe exact time for rope replacement since many variablefactors are involved. Once a rope reaches a specifiedremoval criteria, it may be allowed to operate to the endof the work shift, based on the judgment of a qualifiedperson. The rope shall be replaced after that work shift,at the end of the day, or, at the latest, prior to the equip-ment’s use by the next work shift.

(b) Removal criteria for wire rope replacement shallbe as follows:

(1) in running ropes, six randomly distributed bro-ken wires in six-rope diameters or three broken wiresin one strand in six-rope diameters, except as noted inpara. 18-2.4.3(b)(2)

(2) in rotation resistant ropes, two randomly dis-tributed broken wires in six rope diameters or four ran-domly distributed broken wires in thirty rope diameters

(3) one outer wire, broken at the contact point withthe core of the rope that has worked its way out of therope structure and protrudes or loops out from the ropestructure

(4) kinking, crushing, birdcaging, or any otherdamage resulting in distortion of the rope structure

(5) evidence of heat damage from any cause

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(6) reductions from nominal diameter greaterthan 5%

(c) Broken wire removal criteria cited in this Volumeapply to wire rope operating on steel sheaves and drums.The user shall contact a qualified person, the sheave,drum, or crane manufacturer for broken wire removalcriteria for wire ropes operating on sheaves and drumsmade of material other than steel.

(d) Attention shall be given to end connections. Upondevelopment of two broken wires adjacent to a socketedend connection, the rope should be resocketed orreplaced. Resocketing shall not be attempted if theresulting rope length will be insufficient for properoperation.

(e) Replacement rope and connections shall have astrength rating at least as great as the original rope andconnections furnished by the crane manufacturer. Anydeviation from the original size, grade, or constructionshall be specified by a rope manufacturer, the cranemanufacturer, or a qualified person.

18-2.4.4 Rope Maintenance

(a) Rope should be stored to prevent damage ordeterioration.

(b) Unreeling or uncoiling of rope shall be done withcare to avoid kinking or inducing a twist.

(c) Before cutting a rope, means shall be used to pre-vent unlaying of the strands.

(d) During installation, care should be observed toavoid dragging the rope in dirt or around objects thatwill scrape, nick, crush, or induce sharp bends.

(e) Rope should be maintained in a well-lubricatedcondition. Lubricant applied as part of a maintenanceprogram shall be compatible with the original lubricant.Lubricant applied shall be of the type that does nothinder visual inspection. Those sections of rope thatare located over sheaves or otherwise hidden duringinspection and maintenance procedures require specialattention when lubricating rope. The purpose of ropelubrication is to reduce internal friction and to preventcorrosion.

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Chapter 18-3Operation

SECTION 18-3.1: QUALIFICATIONS ANDRESPONSIBILITIES

18-3.1.1 Operators

(a) Stacker cranes shall be operated only by the fol-lowing personnel:

(1) designated persons.(2) trainees under the supervision of a designated

person. The number of trainees permitted to be super-vised by a single designated person, the physical loca-tion of the designated person while supervising, and thetype of communication required between the designatedperson and the trainee shall be determined by a qualifiedperson.

(3) maintenance and test personnel, when it is nec-essary in the performance of their duties

(4) inspectors (stacker cranes)(b) No one, other than personnel specified in para.

18-3.1.1(a), shall enter a stacker crane or pulpit with theexception of persons such as oilers and supervisors,whose duties require them to do so, and then only inthe performance of their duties and with the knowledgeof the operator or other designated person.

18-3.1.2 Qualifications for Operators

(a) Operators of floor-operated stacker cranes shallbe required by the employer to pass a practical operatingexamination. Qualification shall be limited to the specifictype of equipment for which examined.

(b) Operators of cab-operated, pulpit-operated, orremote-operated stacker cranes shall be required by theemployer to pass a written or oral examination, and apractical operating examination unless able to furnishsatisfactory evidence of qualifications and experience,in which case only a practical operating examinationshall be required. Qualification shall be limited to thespecific type of equipment for which examined.

(c) Operators and operator trainees shall meet thefollowing physical qualifications:

(1) vision of at least 20/30 Snellen in one eye, and20/50 in the other, with or without corrective lenses

(2) ability to distinguish colors regardless of posi-tion of colors, if color differentiation is required foroperation

(3) hearing, with or without hearing aid, must beadequate for a specific operation

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(4) sufficient strength, endurance, agility, coordina-tion, and speed of reaction to meet the demands ofequipment operation

(5) normal depth perception, field of vision, reac-tion time, manual dexterity, coordination, and no tend-encies to dizziness or similar undesirable characteristics

(d) Evidence of physical defects or emotional instabil-ity that could render the operator a hazard to the opera-tor or others, or in the opinion of the examiner couldinterfere with the operator’s performance, may be causefor disqualification. In such cases, specialized clinical ormedical judgments and tests may be required.

(e) Evidence that an operator is subject to seizures orloss of physical control shall be reason for disqualifica-tion. Specialized medical tests may be required to deter-mine these conditions.

18-3.1.3 Responsibilities

While the organizational structure of various work-places may differ, the following roles are described forthe purpose of delineating responsibilities. All responsi-bilities listed below shall be assigned in the workplaceorganization. (A single individual may perform one ormore of these roles.)

crane owner: has custodial control of the crane by virtueof lease or ownership.

supervisor: exercises supervisory control over the craneoperator, the facility, or the work area where the craneis being used.

crane operator: directly controls the crane’s functions.

(a) The crane owner’s responsibilities shall includethe following:

(1) providing a stacker crane that meets the require-ments of Chapters 18-1 and 18-2 of this Volume

(2) providing a stacker crane and all necessary com-ponents, specified by the manufacturer, that meets therequired configuration and capacity for its intended use

(3) establishing an inspection, testing, and mainte-nance program in accordance with Chapter 18-2

(4) designating personnel for the purposes of main-tenance, repair, inspection, and testing

(5) establishing qualification examinations as spec-ified in para. 18-3.1.2

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(b) The supervisor’s responsibilities shall include thefollowing:

(1) ensuring that all inspection, testing, and mainte-nance programs are followed

(2) using crane operators that meet the require-ments of para. 18-3.1.2

(3) ensuring the assigned operator(s) has been noti-fied of adjustments or repairs that have not yet beencompleted, prior to commencing crane operations

(4) complying with the requirements of thisVolume, manufacturer’s requirements, and those regula-tions applicable in the workplace

(c) The crane operator’s responsibilities shall includethe items listed in Sections 18-3.2 and 18-3.3 of thisVolume.

SECTION 18-3.2: CONDUCT OF OPERATORS

(a) The operator shall not engage in any practice thatwill divert attention while actually engaged in operatingthe stacker crane.

(b) When physically or otherwise unfit, an operatorshall not engage in the operation of the stacker crane.

(c) Each operator shall be responsible for those opera-tions under the operator’s direct control. Whenever thereis doubt as to safety, the operator shall consult with thesupervisor before handling the loads.

(d) If a warning device is furnished, it shall be acti-vated each time before traveling, and intermittentlywhen approaching workpersons.

(e) Before leaving a cab-operated stacker cane unat-teded, the operator shall land the load, place controllersin the off position, and open the main line disconnectdevice of the specific stacker crane.

(f) The operator shall not close the main line discon-nect device until certain that no worker is on or adjacentto the stacker crane. If there is a warning sign or lockon the device, it shall not be energized until the sign orlock is removed by the person who placed it there, orby a designated person.

(g) Before closing the main line disconnect device, theoperator shall see to it that all controllers are in the offposition.

(h) If power goes off during operation, the operatorshall immediately place all controllers in the off position.Prior to reuse of the stacker crane, operating motionsshall be checked for proper direction.

(i) The operator shall be familiar with the equipmentand its proper care. If adjustments or repairs are neces-sary, or any defects are known, the operator shall reportthe same promptly to the designated person who shallbe responsible for the operation and maintenance repairsof the stacker crane. The operator shall also notify thenext operator or shift supervisor of any remaining uncor-rected deficiencies upon changing shifts.

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(j) Contacts with runway stops or other stacker cranesshall be made with caution. The operator shall do sowith care for the safety of persons on or below the stackercrane, and only after making certain that any persons onthe other stacker cranes are aware of what is being done.

(k) Operators of outdoor stacker cranes shall securethem when leaving.

(l) When the wind-indicating alarm is given, thebridge or gantry on outside stacker cranes shall beanchored.

(m) Before the operator performs any maintenancework on the stacker crane, the operator shall lock, tag,or flag the main switch (see para. 18-2.3.2) in the de-energized position.

(n) All controls shall be tested by the operator beforebeginning a new shift. If any controls do not operateproperly, they should be adjusted or repaired beforeoperations are begun.

(o) Persons boarding or leaving overhead stackercranes should do so only at authorized locations anddesignated boarding entrances.

SECTION 18-3.3: HANDLING THE LOAD

18-3.3.1 Load Weight

The crane shall not be loaded beyond its rated loadexcept for test purposes as provided in para. 18-2.2.2.

18-3.3.2 Moving the Load

(a) The operator shall determine that(1) the load is supported on the lifting device on

the carriage(2) the load is balanced (centered) and positioned

on the lifting device on the carriage before the load islifted more than a few inches (millimeters)

(3) the rope is seated in the drum grooves and inthe sheaves, if there is or has been a slack rope condition

(b) During lifting, care shall be taken that(1) there is no sudden acceleration or deceleration

of the moving load(2) the load does not contact any obstructions

(c) Stacker cranes shall not be used for side pushingor pulling of loads.

(d) The operator shall not lift, lower, or travel whileanyone is on the carriage outside the cab, except asis necessary for maintenance, inspection, or inventorychecks. Prior to any such use, the following shall beverified:

(1) the rider is secured by a fall protection system(2) a flat, slip-resistant surface upon which to stand

shall be provided either on the carriage or on a portableplatform/surface attached to the carriage

(3) travel is in the jog control mode(4) the controls shall be operated by a designated

operator(5) the operator and rider are able to communicate

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(6) a means of emergency stop shall be available tothe person on the carriage

(7) hand hold(s) shall be available to the person(s)on the carriage

(e) The operator should avoid carrying loads overpeople.

(f) The operator shall check the hoist brake(s) at leastonce each shift if a load approaching the rated load isto be handled. This shall be done by lifting the load ashort distance and applying the brake(s).

(g) The load shall not be lowered below the pointwhere two wraps of rope remain on each anchorage ofthe hoisting drum unless a lower limit device is pro-vided, in which case no less than one wrap shall remain.

18-3.3.3 Hoist Limit Devices (Switches)

(a) Prior to the initial use of any hoist during eachshift, the operator shall verify operation of the primaryupper limit device of that hoist under no load conditions.Care shall be exercised; the carriage shall be inched intothe limit or run in at slow speed. If the device does notoperate properly, the operator shall immediately notifythe shift supervisor or other designated person.

(b) The hoist limit device that controls the upper limitof travel of the carriage shall not be used as an operatingcontrol in normal operation unless additional means areprovided to prevent damage from overtravel.

SECTION 18-3.4: MISCELLANEOUS18-3.4.1 Ladders

(a) Hands shall be free from encumbrances while per-sonnel are using ladders.

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(b) Articles that are too large to be carried in pocketsor tool belts shall be lifted and lowered by hand line.

18-3.4.2 Cabs

(a) Clothing and personal belongings shall be storedin such a manner as to not interfere with access oroperation.

(b) Tools, oil cans, rags, and other articles shall notbe permitted to lie loose in or about the cab.

18-3.4.3 Fire Extinguishers

Operators shall be familiar with the location, opera-tion, and care of fire extinguishers provided. (Refer topara. 18-1.5.4.)

18-3.4.4 Crane Lockout/Tagout

(a) A lockout/tagout policy and procedure shall bedeveloped, documented, and implemented by theowner or user of stacker cranes.

(b) The lockout/tagout policy and procedure shallcomply with the requirements of ANSI/ASSE Z244.1.

(c) The policy shall give consideration to the follow-ing areas:

(1) single-crane runways(2) multiple-crane runways(3) cranes on an adjacent runway(4) runway disconnecting means(5) crane disconnecting means(6) work to be done on a crane(7) work to be done other than on a crane but within

the path of a crane where its movement creates a hazard

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