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Toolbox Talk Guide

Toolbox Talk Guide 2016

First edition 1996Health and safety at work - Greens, gardens and groundsCompiled, written and edited by Anne CaseyWith expert advice from Dave Ross, Ken Barnard, Ted Dugdale, Hugh Corner; Bill McColl, Bruce Clark, Cathy Paver; Dave Lyons, Ross Hampton, Ted Szafraniec, Dr Robert Kenyon, Amanda Whiles, Joanna Fielding, Stephen Banister, John Odell and Mark Parker.

Second edition 2015Toolbox Talk GuideCompiled and edited by Alison JonesWith expert advice from Stuart Gill, Russell Fletcher

Disclaimer

These toolbox talk guides contain information regarding Work Health and Safety, injury management or workers compensation. It includes some of your obligations under the various workers compensation and work health and safety legislation that WorkCover NSW administers. To ensure you comply with your legal obligations you must refer to the appropriate Acts.

This publication may refer to WorkCover NSW administered legislation that has been amended or repealed. When reading this talk guide you should always refer to the latest laws. Information on the latest laws can be checked at http://www.nsw.gov.au or contact WorkCover NSW.

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http://www.nsw.gov.au/


Table of Contents

Purpose of Tool Box Talks.......................................................................................................................6

About WorkCover............................................................................................................................... 6

Advisory services.................................................................................................................................7

Information......................................................................................................................................... 7

Consultants......................................................................................................................................... 7

Education and training........................................................................................................................7

Rehabilitation......................................................................................................................................7

Workers compensation.......................................................................................................................8

Enforcement....................................................................................................................................... 8

WHS and the law.................................................................................................................................... 9

Putting together an WHS policy........................................................................................................10

Developing an WHS program............................................................................................................11

Making a start - hazard identification...............................................................................................12

Assessing the risk..............................................................................................................................13

More than one cause........................................................................................................................13

Exposure........................................................................................................................................... 13

Severity............................................................................................................................................. 14

Human differences............................................................................................................................14

Risk control....................................................................................................................................... 14

Monitoring and evaluation............................................................................................................... 17

Electrical safety.....................................................................................................................................18

Machine guarding..................................................................................................................................... 23

Refueling............................................................................................................................................... 26

Outdoor plant and equipment..............................................................................................................27

PPE.................................................................................................................................................... 32

Chainsaws......................................................................................................................................... 33

PPE........................................................................................................................................................ 34

Pump.....................................................................................................................................................35

Cars, utilities and other motor vehicles................................................................................................35

Motorbikes........................................................................................................................................... 36

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Lawnmowers.........................................................................................................................................37

Walk-behind mowers............................................................................................................................37

Ride-on mowers....................................................................................................................................38

Rotary hoe............................................................................................................................................ 40

Rollers................................................................................................................................................... 41

Chippers and shredders........................................................................................................................41

Edgers................................................................................................................................................... 42

Workshop machinery................................................................................................................................43

Welding equipment.............................................................................................................................. 43

Electric arc welding...........................................................................................................................43

Gas welding.......................................................................................................................................44

Hydraulic jack........................................................................................................................................46

Chain block........................................................................................................................................... 47

Explosive-powered tools.......................................................................................................................47

Grinders................................................................................................................................................ 48

Drills...................................................................................................................................................... 48

Sanders................................................................................................................................................. 50

Circular saws......................................................................................................................................... 51

Pressure Equipment..............................................................................................................................53

Compressor...........................................................................................................................................54

High pressure cleaner........................................................................................................................... 55

Chemicals..................................................................................................................................................56

Read the label....................................................................................................................................... 58

Get a safety data sheet (SDS)................................................................................................................59

Using the SDS........................................................................................................................................60

Chemical storage.................................................................................................................................. 60

Licensing of dangerous goods...............................................................................................................62

Safe use of chemicals............................................................................................................................63

Register and records.............................................................................................................................65

Health checks........................................................................................................................................66

Manual handling....................................................................................................................................... 68

Sun safety................................................................................................................................................. 70

Noise......................................................................................................................................................... 724 | P a g e


Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).......................................................................................................75

Drugs and alcohol..................................................................................................................................... 77

Amenities and housekeeping....................................................................................................................78

Fire extinguishers..................................................................................................................................78

First aid..................................................................................................................................................... 80

First aid kits...........................................................................................................................................80

Register of injuries................................................................................................................................ 80

Emergency procedures......................................................................................................................... 81

Dangerous insects, spiders and snakes.................................................................................................81

Accident Reporting................................................................................................................................... 83

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Purpose of Toolbox Talks

These toolbox talks have been written especially for employers, supervisors, turf managers, green keepers and grounds employees in registered clubs, parks and gardens, recreation grounds and nurseries. It is designed to give practical information on health and safety at work. This includes basic guidance on:

employers', supervisors’' and employees' duties under the law developing an Work Health and Safety program identifying hazards in the workplace assessing the risks implementing risk control measures accident reporting

These talks are also designed to give employees preparing to enter the target work sectors a basic knowledge of the Work Health and Safety requirements.

This document has been developed by WorkCover in consultation with employer and employee representatives.

Through an extensive survey covering over 5,000 employees in the target sectors, the most common hazards have been identified. Detailed advice is given in this guide on how to control the risks involved.

About WorkCover

WorkCover is the NSW Government agency that administers the laws relating to Work Health and Safety (WHS', workers compensation, rehabilitation, dangerous goods and certification. If you work or operate outside NSW, you should check the relevant Work Health and Safety authority in your State

WorkCover NSW offers a range of products and services:

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Advisory services

WorkCover has offices throughout New South Wales. A team of regional inspectors works out of each office. The main role of these inspectors is to give information and advice on workplace health and 9afet\,' issues- workers compensation, rehabilitation and certification. They are also there to ensure that everyone has a safe and healthy work environment and to enforce the laws where necessary.

These inspectors are available to come and talk to you about your workplace, so if you have any queries, please contact your nearest WorkCover office. A list of off ices is included at the back of this guide.

Information

A wide range of publications on WHS issues is produced by WorkCover. These publications are available through the WorkCover bookshop. WorkCover also has an information centre with operators standing by to answer queries. See back of this guide for details.

Consultants

A specialised consultancy service is operated on a commercial basis through the Techsource branch of the organisation. Technical officers are available to assist in many different aspects of Work Health and Safety.

Education and training

A variety of training courses on WHS issues are available through WorkCover. Accreditation for trainers is another service provided.

Rehabilitation

Work-related injury or illness may cause physical difficulties together with job-related social or emotional problems for workers. To help overcome these difficulties, WorkCover oversees work-based rehabilitation schemes. These are designed to help workers return to work quickly and safely after injury or illness.

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[ ; ]


Workers compensation

WorkCover provides a range of benefits to workers who suffer work-related injury or illness. This service includes information about entitlements, advice on rehabilitation and help with the resolution of disputes.

Enforcement

WorkCover inspectors also have a role in the enforcement of WHS and workers compensation legislation. In certain circumstances, inspectors may issue Prohibition and Improvement Notices. For more serious breaches, they may prosecute.

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WHS and the law

Health and safety at work is regulated in NSW by the Work Health and Safety Act, 2011. This Act covers every place of work in New South Wales. It aims to protect employees, employers, the self-employed and others in workplaces throughout the State.

Under the Act, employers must ensure the health, safety and welfare at work of their employees. To do this, employers must:

provide or maintain equipment and systems of work that are safe and without risk to health

make arrangements to ensure the safe use, handling, storage and transportation of equipment and substances

provide the information, instruction, training and supervision necessary to ensure the health and safety at work of employees

maintain places of work under their control in a safe condition and provide and maintain safe entrances and exits to the workplace

make available adequate information about research and relevant tests of substances used at the place of work

Employers must not require employees to pay for anything done or provided to meet specific requirements under the Act or associated legislation. In addition, employers and self-employed people must ensure the health and safety of people visiting their places of work who are not their employees.

For their part, employees must co-operate with employers in meeting their Work Health and Safety obligations. This means that if an employer provides work equipment designed to protect employees, then employees must use it. If safe systems of work are set up, employees must work within these and not take shortcuts that may cause danger. Employees must take reasonable care of their own health and safety and that of others at their place of work.

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In return, employees have a right to be consulted about any measures designed to protect their health and safety that are to be implemented in the workplace. They should also have access to relevant information and training.

In workplaces with 20 or more employees, a Work Health and Safety committee must be set up if the majority of employees request it. A WHS committee provides a forum where workers and managers can talk to each other and make policy recommendations to improve health and safety in the workplace.

There are various offences and penalties associated with the Work Health and Safety Act, 2011 and associated Regulations. The maximum penalty in NSW for a company found guilty of an offence is 5,000 penalty units. For individuals found guilty of offences, the maximum penalty is 500 penalty units and two years' jail.

A 'penalty unit' is an amount in money ($100 at the time of printing this guide) that can be altered from time to time by the NSW Government. This means that the maximum penalties in dollar terms are currently $500,000 for corporations and $50,000 for individuals.

If you work or operate outside of NSW, you should check the relevant legislation in your State with your local Work Health and Safety authority office.

Putting together an WHS policy

An important first step for any workplace is to develop a health and safety policy.

The WHS policy is a statement of the organisation's belief and intent in relation to workplace health and safety.

It gives clear direction from management and includes the whole organisation. This will be the basis for any Work Health and Safety decisions or actions.

The WHS policy should:

include a basic statement of the organisation's commitment to health and safety

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ensure accountability at all levels - this means 'naming names', that is, stating who is responsible for what

identify one person who is responsible for overseeing, implementing and updating the policy

encourage co-operation - build in consultation between management and employees be easy to understand and available to all employees.

A good idea when drafting the policy is to talk with employees and any WHS representatives or committees in the workplace. Employees will be more committed to the policy if they are involved in its development.

Simply writing the WHS policy and filing it away is not enough. This document needs to be a working model. It should be consulted regularly and updated as developments take place and new issues arise in the workplace.

Developing an WHS program

A WHS program is a planned, co-ordinated campaign of action following on from the WHS policy.

In developing the program, it's best to involve as many people in the workplace as possible from the very beginning. If your organisation has a WHS committee, this should be included in the program development along with management.

The starting point is to identify the hazards in your workplace. The next step is to assess the hazards and give them a risk rating - they will be high, medium or low risk. You should then list your objectives (including hazard control/elimination). Only then can a schedule for implementation of the program be made out.

When putting together the program, you should try to identify:

new and better ways of doing things (where possible) information and training needs for managers, supervisors and employees (for example, manual

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handling or hazardous substances training) • induction needs of new employees

the role of managers and supervisors the different types of equipment or resources provided in the workplace.

Everyone in the workplace who is likely to be affected by the program should be consulted about its development. The program should have a timetable for implementation and should list who is responsible for each action.

In addition, the program should be monitored and updated as needed so that problems are dealt with as they arise.

Making a start - hazard identification

To get started, all of the hazards in the workplace must be identified. This is a major undertaking but given the right approach it can be easily achieved.

Firstly - know what you're looking for and why:

Hazards are the main cause of Work Health and Safety problems, so controlling them is the best way to reduce injury and illness in the workplace.

Hazards arise from:

the work environment the use of equipment and substances in the workplace poor work design inappropriate management systems • human behaviour.

The best approach to hazard identification is to try to break workplace activity down into individual work areas and/or separate tasks. Try to list each task undertaken by every person who works in the organisation.

For example, you could take the workshop as one area - a task here might be sharpening mower blades using a pedestal grinder. One hazard could be the rotating

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grinding wheels - if these are not guarded, an employee might get a finger or loose clothing caught in them and sustain serious injury.

In identifying the hazards, it may be helpful to:

check workplace injury and illness records (to use the above example, has anyone been injured in the past while using the grinder? How? Does this hazard still exist? How can it be controlled?)

talk to employees about any hazards they have experienced or identified (an employee may have noticed that a power lead used for outdoor equipment is damaged, for example; this would need repairing)

observe how each task is done and identify the major hazards.

Assessing the risk

Once a complete list of hazards has been drawn up, you must decide how serious the risk associated with each hazard is.

The risk should be classed as 'high', 'medium' or 'low'. You need to know this in order to work out your priorities with regard to hazard control or elimination. A record should be kept of this assessment along with any relevant material used to classify the risks.

Here are some points to consider when assessing the risks:

More than one cause

A hazard may have more than one cause or contributing factor. For example, the possibility of employees straining their backs while planting large shrubs involves several factors - the lack of proper training in manual handling; the weight of the plant with the earth and root bowl attached; the awkwardness of the object being handled; and the way in which it needs to be maneuvered into planting position (necessitating twisting of the spine).

Each of these factors may increase the risk involved - for example, the heavier the shrub, the more likely it is that a back injury will be sustained.

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Exposure

The risk may increase depending on the length or intensity of exposure to the hazard. Take for example a worker using toxic pesticides without proper training and protective equipment - the risk of ill health increases depending on how often the worker is exposed (frequency); how long the exposure lasts (duration); and how toxic the chemical is.

Severity

This means how serious the injury or illness resulting from the hazard might be. Could the hazard result in death (as an electrical hazard might), permanent disability (for example, having an arm ripped off by an unguarded power take-off shaft) or a serious illness such as silicosis (as from long-term exposure to sand, sandstone and other silica dusts)? Is it more likely to have a less serious result such as bruising, lacerations or muscle strains?

Human differences

You should consider the group and the individuals who are being exposed to the hazards - take into account their skills, experience, training and physical capabilities.

One example of how human differences will affect the level of risk is the positioning of machinery controls - if an emergency stop button is fitted to a walk-behind roller, for example, is it well within reach of anyone likely to be using the roller? Can the steering bar on the roller be adjusted high enough so that a tall employee will not have to operate it in a hunched position resulting in back strain?

Another example of human difference is allergies - some workers may suffer asthma if exposed to certain airborne particles such as smoke, pollen or sawdust; others may get dermatitis if their skin comes in contact with certain substances, such as cleaning agents.

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Risk control

Once the risk assessment is completed, control methods can be identified and a timetable set for their implementation. You may find that there is more than one control method available. In this case, you should apply the 'hierarchy of hazard control':

1. Design out the hazard

The best approach is to try to control the hazard at source. This means designing out the hazard. If you have an existing problem, such as a steep slope to be mowed on a golf course, try eliminating the hazard. Can the area be filled and leveled off, for example, or can the grade be reduced to make it less steep?

When new materials, equipment and work systems are being planned, identify any possible hazards and try to design them out at the outset. For example, if a new ride-on mower is being introduced, does it have a dead man switch or control under the seat so that it cannot be operated while the driver is on the ground (and in danger of being run over). If not, either look for a machine that has a dead man switch, or ask the manufacturer to install one.

2. Substitute the hazard

If you can't get rid of the hazard, try to replace it with a less hazardous material, equipment or work method. For example, if a particular insecticide is highly toxic, is it possible to replace it with a less harmful one? Check the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or ask your supplier for more information.

Can you remove the hazard altogether? For example, it may be possible to seed lawn areas with a more vigorous type of grass that will become dominant and keep weeds out. In herbaceous borders, weed matting or mulching material (such as wood chip or wood pulp) might be used instead of herbicides.

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3. Adapt a safer process

It may be possible to modify tools, equipment or work systems to make them safer. For example, the manual handling problem identified earlier in planting large shrubs might be overcome by using a suitable lifting aid (such as a trolley-mounted hoist).

4. Enclose or isolate the hazard

Try to separate the employees from the hazard by enclosing or isolating it. For example, the vee belts, drive shaft and pulleys of machinery are hazardous; these should be enclosed by appropriate guards to prevent fingers or loose clothing from getting caught and dragged into the drive mechanism. Is it possible to install sound-absorbent insulation around the engines of large machinery to isolate the noise hazard?

5. Provide effective ventilation

Ensure that indoor work and storage areas are properly ventilated. Before purchasing any ventilation device consideration should be given to flammable hazards. Ask your supplier about intrinsically safe' products. These are suitable for use in areas where there are likely to be flammable products.

6. Establish proper administrative procedures

This means setting up support systems such as:

induction training for new employees; training in the safe operation of each type of machinery before use; training in hazards and correct work procedures - for example, making sure that all employees are trained in safe manual handling techniques; routine maintenance and housekeeping procedures - for example, setting a

practice of sharpening and oiling chainsaw blades immediately after use. job rotation to reduce exposure or boredom - for example, establishing a

rotation for outdoor work where no shade can be provided (such as brush cutting) so that the same employees are not exposed to the sun all the time.

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7. Provide and maintain proper personal protective equipment (PPE)

Ensure that the PPE provided is suitable for the task at hand - check, for example, that the respirator and cartridge used when weed spraying are effective in filtering out the chemical in use. Talk to your supplier about your specific needs.

Make sure that all PPE is properly stored (for example, some sunscreens will no longer give protection if they are stored in a warm place or if the container is exposed to direct sunlight) and maintained (for example, motorbike helmets should be routinely checked for scratches and dents as these will reduce their effectiveness on impact).

Employees should receive training in the safe use, storage and maintenance of PPE. If, for example, employees are not aware that they should check the 'use by' date on a respirator cartridge, they may use out-of-date cartridges and unwittingly inhale harmful chemicals.

Monitoring and evaluation

Once proper control methods have been put in place, you should regularly monitor your WHS program to ensure that it is still effective. It should be updated as new machinery, materials and work systems are introduced and as new hazards arise.

An appropriate person in the workplace should be assigned the task of overseeing and updating the WHS program. Everyone in the workplace should be told who this is so that they can inform them of any new circumstances or hazards as they arise.

Note: Each individual workplace must carry out its own assessment. This means following the steps outlined above to identify, assess and control the hazards in each work site and for every task or operation carried out at the workplace.

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Electrical safety

Electricity is a vital commodity in the modern workplace. However, it is also potentially lethal. It should, therefore, be treated with caution. Remember to carry out a full risk assessment. Suitable control measures must be implemented and all employees using electrical equipment must be properly trained in its safe use.

Wiring rules

All electrical installations, materials, fittings and so forth must conform to the requirements of the Australian Standard, AS 3000-1991 SM wiring rules. Where power supply is used for outdoor equipment, it is a good idea to refer to the WorkCover Code of practice: Electrical practices for construction work, which sets out detailed recommendations for wiring. If extension leads exceed 40 metres in length, additional safety measures may need to be implemented - seek advice from a qualified electrician.

Earth leakage devices

The main switchboard supplying power to individual circuits for use with outdoor equipment and power tools should be fitted with a current operated core balance earth leakage device (that is, a residual current device - RCD). This will detect any leakage in current and immediately cut off the power. It can be a lifesaver - for example, if an employee is using a lawnmower and accidentally runs over the power lead, the ROD would immediately cut off the power and prevent electrocution.

Portable generators should also be fitted with an earth leakage device.

Switchboard

The electricity switchboard must:

be of good construction and waterproof have an effective locking device have doors designed so as not to damage flexible cords

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be securely fixed to a wall or structure have an isolating switch to control all outgoing circuits be locked after work each day.

Power outlets

At the minimum, every 240-volt three-pin plug must fulfill these requirements:

It must be rated at a minimum of 10 amperes. If the power source is located in a temporary building, it must be controlled by

a double pole switch that operates in both the active and neutral conductors. Power outlets in workshops or sheds must only be used to supply power within

these buildings. They must not be used to supply power elsewhere in the workplace.

Double adaptors and piggyback connections must not be used. Portable outlet devices must incorporate: - overload protection

o earth leakage protectiono robust design and construction

At the minimum, every 415-volt electrical connection must fulfill these requirements:

It must be rated at a minimum of 10 amperes. If the power source is located in a temporary building, it must be controlled by

a switch that operates in both the active and neutral conductors. Note: the switch will be either a three or a four-pole switch.

Power outlets in workshops or sheds must only be used to supply power within these buildings. They must not be used to supply power elsewhere in the workplace.

Portable outlet devices must incorporate: -overload protection

o earth leakage protectiono robust design and construction.

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Extension cords and fittings

All fittings to extension cords must:

be either non-rewireable (moulded) or transparent not be located in damp places be supported above any work area and passageway to provide clear access for

personnel and vehicles.

All fittings for conductors and flexible extension cords must be wired identically so that the identical phases will be selected by the pin. Every extension cord must be heavy duty as defined in AS 3199-1982 Approval and test specifications for cord extension sets.

Electrical powered machines and portable tools

All leads, earth leakage devices, appliances, fittings and tools must be inspected periodically by a licensed electrician. On completion of this inspection, if appliances are in good working order, all should be tagged with the date checked and the electrician's signature. A record of the inspection should be kept in the workplace. For more detailed information, see the Australian Standard, AS 3760-1990 In-service safety inspection and testing of electrical equipment.

Before operating any electrical powered machine or portable tools, always ensure that:

you have been fully trained in, and understand, how to use the appliance properly.

you follow the manufacturer's recommendations for safe use. the voltage supplied by the power source is the same as the voltage specified

on the nameplate of the tool or machine. the tool or machine is switched off before it is connected to the power source. the appliance is in a stable position. there is ample clear space around the appliance. • the immediate

surrounding floor or ground is sound, level and even.

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the appliance is in good working order and carries the appropriate tags. All guards should be in good condition and firmly fixed in place and all blades or teeth should be sharp and in good repair.

power leads are away from the moving parts of the tool or machine. power leads are kept away from heat, water, oil and corrosive liquids. an efficient stopping and starting switch is provided. the appropriate eye, ear and body protection (PPE) are provided and used. the outer casing of the appliance is not broken or cracked. flexible cords to the appliance are not damaged.

An electrical appliance should never be left to run idly between jobs. It should be adjusted or serviced only when stationary. Switch off power and unplug the appliance before making adjustments or fitting accessories to electrical equipment. Do not use or leave electric equipment outside in the rain or in damp conditions.

Sawdust, shavings, grass, twigs and other debris should be regularly cleared from electrical equipment - check the instruction manual on how to do this safely.

Lightning

Electrical storms are another source of electricity, which must be considered in the context of workplace health and safety. Lightning from electrical storms can cause serious injury and even death. It is important that employees are aware of the dangers and are given the following advice.

During an electrical storm, you should ensure that you are not the highest point or adjacent to the highest point in the area as the lightning strike may pass to earth through your body. It is best to seek shelter immediately when an electrical storm is approaching. To prevent injury, follow these precautions:

Avoid

open spaces - golf courses, parkland and paddocks hilltops or exposed areas swimming pools, ponds, lakes and water courses • overhead electrical wires

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isolated trees or buildings tractors, open vehicles and other grounds maintenance machinery using an umbrella - as this may increase the risk of being struck by lightning.

Seek

shelter in large buildings low lying areas - not hilltops or high places dense trees or forest stands - not isolated trees vehicles with metal tops and bodies

If you are caught in a wide-open space without access to an enclosed vehicle, lie down on the ground. If an employee is struck by lightning, send for expert medical help and commence heart-lung resuscitation (CPR) if you are trained in it.

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Machine guarding

Machine guarding must prevent access to all danger areas that are within the reach of an operator of a passer-by.

What needs to be guarded?

The machine parts, which normally require guarding, are:

non-operational parts which transmit power and motion, such as:o belts and pulleyso gear wheelso shafts and spindleso flywheelso slides and camso chain and sprocket gears

operational parts such as:o circular sawso drills and chucks

Spotting the hazards

Typical hazards to look for when identifying dangerous machine parts include:

'drawing in' (that is, the possibility of a finger, hand or loose clothing being drawn or pulled into the machinery)

shear points (where a blade or sharp surface could chop, cut or sever a body part) impact and crushing (where a body part might be hit or crushed by a

moving part of the machine) cutting entanglement stabbing abras ion

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and flying particles

Types of machine guarding

There are two main types of machine guarding for this work sector:

fixed guards (that is, permanent non-moving guards that cannot be removed without the use of a tool such as a screwdriver or spanner)

interlock guards - these are linked to the operation of the machine so that the machine will not operate until the guard is fully closed. They can be electrical, mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic.

In most cases, fixed guards will be adequate.

Certificates of competency

Anyone who drives cranes, that is, fork lift trucks, excavators, backhoes and so forth, must be properly trained and hold the appropriate certificate of competency (ticket). Tickets are required to operate, for example:

loaders (including front end loaders) backhoes fork lifts excavators

A certificate of competency is also required to erect scaffolding more than four metres high. No ticket is required for scaffolding less than four metres from the working platform, although there are other requirements - for example, a handrail if the scaffolding is more than two metres high.

Only employees with the appropriate ticket (or trainees working under the supervision of a competent person, for example a certificate holder) are permitted to operate these machines or perform these tasks. To gain a certificate of competency, applicants must be at least 18 years of age and be assessed as competent by a registered assessor. Trainees must be over 17 years of age.

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A certificate of competency is valid for life. Trainees must keep a logbook, which must be countersigned by their supervisors.

For a full list of machinery or operations requiring certificates of competency and for further information, contact your nearest WorkCover district office (see back of this guide for details).

Training

Anyone likely to use or operate plant, equipment and substances in the workplace should be fully trained in:

safe working techniques for the substance or machine (and its attachments or implements, where applicable)

operating conditions in all areas, including abnormal or hazardous conditions basic information on the product or, in the case of machinery or equipment,

information on the particular model in use, its controls, attachments and components, design, capacity, stability and limitations.

correct stopping and starting techniques for machinery and equipment cleaning and servicing (if this is to be done by the operator) In the case of

substances, this should include clean-up of spillages and leakages, together with information on cleaning and maintenance of equipment used with the substance

correct adjustment of any harnesses, handles, seats or other attachments selection, maintenance and correct use of protective clothing and equipment emergency procedures first aid

Employees should read the manufacturer's instructions for use and safety precautions for any substances, machinery or equipment they are using.

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Refueling

A full risk assessment must be done for the refueling area and all refueling operations. Suitable control measures must be implemented. Anyone involved in these activities or working near the refueling area should receive appropriate training, particularly with regard to emergency procedures.

Smoking must be prohibited in or near refueling areas. Engines must be turned off and should be allowed to cool down before refueling. The refueling area should be open and unobstructed with adequate ventilation.

Fuels should be stored in a cool place in suitable containers. Depending on the quantities of fuels stored, you may need to meet specific requirements of the Dangerous Substance Act 2004 in relation to storage, licensing and use. For more information, phone the WorkCover information centre on 131 050.

Environment Protection Authority (EPA) requirements for the construction, operation and maintenance of refueling areas must be followed. EPA specifications for the cleanup of fuel spills should be strictly adhered too.

Care should be taken not to spill fuel during refueling. All hand held or portable machines should be moved at least three metres from the refueling area before they are started up. Machinery should not be left idling in the refueling area.

An approved fire extinguisher, a rake or shovel and sand or a piece of canvas to smother small flames should be kept close to the refueling area.

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Outdoor plant and equipment

A full risk assessment must be done for each item of outdoor plant and equipment. Suitable control measures must be implemented. In addition, anyone operating outdoor plant and equipment should be fully trained in its safe use. All operators must hold the appropriate certificate or licence to operate the equipment in use.

All outdoor plant and equipment must be maintained in good working order and checked regularly by a competent person. It is a good idea to have a maintenance checklist, which should be ticked off each time, repairs are done; this would help to ensure that safety items such as machine guards are replaced after servicing.

Any devices or attachments provided for safety must be used. If seat belts are provided, for example, they must be worn - unless it is proven that to do so presents an over-riding safety hazard not foreseen at the time of manufacture.

Tractors

Before operating a tractor, employees must receive sufficient training in its safe use by a competent tractor operator. Anyone using a tractor should read and follow the manufacturer's operating instructions.

Nobody except the driver should ride on the tractor unless they are provided with a seat, which has a backrest shaped to prevent the occupant from slipping out, and with appropriate footrests.

Climbing up or down

A tractor must be stationary when being mounted or dismounted. Ascend or descend from the left (clutch pedal) side. Always face the rear of the machine. Control your movements. Place your feet carefully and take a firm grip.

Do not use the right side of the tractor for access because you may accidentally release the brake; or operate damage or catch your clothing on one of the other controls (such as the brake pedal, foot throttle or hydraulic controls).

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Before starting the tractor

Before starting the tractor, you should:

adjust the seat so that all the controls are in easy reach wear the seat belt if the tractor is fitted with a rollover protective structure

(ROPS). Do not wear the seat belt if there is no ROPS. make sure that all guards are in place check that you know how to operate all of the controls and understand all of

the instruments on the model of tractor you are using check that the tractor is in neutral and that the handbrake is on start the tractor from the driving position only check that the power take-off is disengaged and properly guarded check that anyone in the vicinity is well clear of the tractor wear hearing protection where necessary

Cranking or jump-starting

Extra caution is needed when crank-starting tractors. Always pull the crank handle upwards - do not push it downwards. Never curl your thumb around the handle. These precautions are to ensure that your hand and arm are flung clear if the engine kicks back. If you ignore them, the spinning crank handle could break your arm.

Double check that the brakes and gears are safe before attempting to crank-start the tractor. Make sure the crank handle is removed before starting the engine normally.

If you are starting the engine using jump-leads, make sure the tractor is out of gear and that all brakes are on. Never start a tractor by shorting across the terminals as it may start in gear and cause serious injury.

General safety precautions

Wear close-fitting clothing. Always sit in the driver's seat while operating the tractor. Do not run the engine in a confined space (such as inside a shed). The carbon

monoxide from the exhaust fumes can kill.28 | P a g e


Keep all guards in place. Stop the engine before greasing and refueling. • Do not remove belts while

the engine is running. • Regularly service the tractor, checking tyres, brakes and steering Do not work on or under a tractor while the engine is running. Follow the manufacturer's instructions when doing routine repairs such as

removing wheels and changing tyres. Do not hitch loads to the rear axle of the tractor. Fit attachments strictly in

accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. When attaching equipment, use drawbars fitted to tractor mounting points.

Never drive close to the edge of a trench or ditch Always back up steep slopes. If the rear wheels slip or spin, abandon the

attempt. Descend slopes cautiously in low gear. Take care when operating tractors and implements near overhead power lines. Wear the appropriate PPE - hearing protection, eye protection, headgear, sun

protection and breathing apparatus, as needed. It is a good idea to install a first aid kit in the tractor. In the event of the tractor rolling over, if a SOPS is fitted, stay with the tractor;

if there is no ROPS, jump clear in the opposite direction to the roll of the tractor.

Roll-over protective structures (ROPS)

New South Wales law requires that all tractors weighing between 560 and 15,000 kilograms (as weighed when carrying a full load of fuel coolant and oil) must be fitted with an approved rollover protective structure (ROPS). If you work or operate outside of NSW, check the requirements in your State with your local Work Health and Safety authority office.

The frame must comply with AS 1636-1996 Tractors, rollover protective structures - Criteria and tests. There are three parts to these standard - Part / Conventional tractors, Part II Rear-mounted for narrow track tractors and Part III Mid-mounted for narrow track tractors - apply the one, which covers the type of tractor you are operating. For earthmoving

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tractors, apply AS 2294-1990 Earthmoving machinery - Protective structures. An equivalent overseas standard is acceptable.

Once installed, ROPS must not be altered or modified in any way. They must not be welded, cut or drilled. In any situation where there is a possibility of objects falling onto the tractor, it must be fitted with a falling objects protective structure (FOPS).

Power take-off (PTO)

Power take-offs (PTO) on tractors have been involved in many deaths, maimings and near misses. Even the most experienced operator must apply great care and attention when using a PTO.

It is of the utmost importance that the PTO shaft, drive and input connections are properly and fully guarded. Guards must be maintained in top condition; if they have holes or cracks, they are no longer effective and must be replaced. The guard should be chained to the PTO shaft.

PTO guards should enclose the entire Length of the input shaft - from above and on either side. If the guard revolves with the shaft, you should be able to stop it by hand.

Tractor implements

When operating power implements, do not turn too sharply. If the angle of the power shaft becomes too sharp, the PTO guard cones can be broken and the lower links or the tractor tyre could foul the power shaft.

If you need to attend to a trailing implement, make sure you disengage the power drive and stop the tractor engine.

All tractor implements should be kept in good working order. All guards should be properly maintained and fixed in place.

Anyone attaching an implement to the tractor should be trained in how to do this safely. Special care should be taken in relation to the manual handling of tractor

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implements; if they are too heavy, do not try to jerk or drag them into position - get help or use a mechanical handling aid.

When backing the tractor up to an implement, be aware of any person who may be nearby or helping. People have been killed while standing between a tractor and its implement.

Brush cutters and trimmers

Any employees using brush cutters and other handheld trimmers should be fully trained by a competent person. The brush cutter or trimmer should be in good working condition and comply with AS 35751995 Clearing saws, brush cutters and grass trimmers - Safety requirements. These implements come in three main types, fitted with:

a steel circular saw blade for cutting shrubs and small trees a rubber, plastic or steel cutter blade for clearing grass, weeds or pasture a synthetic cutting cord or with pivot-mounted thermoplastic blades for trimming

or mowing grass and weeds

Safety precautions

Make sure that the model you are using is suitable for the task at hand. Check the instruction manual for safety precautions before getting started. For electric-powered machines, ensure that all electrical safety precautions are followed. For petrol or diesel powered machines, learn how to stop the engine quickly in case of an emergency.

All brush cutters must be fitted with a blade guard to protect the operator from flying objects such as stones and twigs thrown out by the blade.

Before starting work, check that:

the brush cutter or trimmer is clean and free of grass and leaves the cutting blade or cord is not bent, cracked, dull or worn Damaged cutting

blades and worn mounting components are major hazards

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if using a larger model brush cutter, the safety harness fits so that your shoulders, arms and hands are relaxed and your back is straight

Clear the area in which you will be working of stones, sticks, wire and other loose objects. Make sure that other people are kept at least 10 metres away from where you are working.

To start the brush cutter, place it firmly on the ground and clear away any obstructions especially near the front of the cutting blade. Place one hand on the machine and operate the starter with the other.

Make sure your attention does not slip while operating the implement. Keep a firm grip with both hands and keep the blade or cutting cord well clear of your body. Ensure your footing is solid; do not cut above shoulder level.

Do not cut at a pace the machine cannot handle. Watch out for tree stumps, roots and ditches which might trip you. Do not use electric trimmers in the rain or in damp conditions, as there is a danger of electric shock.

Rest breaks should be taken for recovery from fatigue and to prevent the development of vibration white finger.

PPE

Wear appropriate weather protective clothing - wet weather gear or sun protective equipment. In addition, you should wear:

a safety helmet when brush cutting or trimming along verges or on rough ground where the implement is likely to throw objects back from the blades

approved earmuffs or earplugs to minimise the risk of permanent hearing damage

eye and face protection (goggles or a visor) to protect against flying objects and dust

leg protection safety boots with a non-slip thread or metal spikes

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safety gloves or mittens to keep hands warm and dry to prevent vibration white finger

Chainsaws

Chainsaws present many hazards in the workplace - not just the obvious possibility of injury by the rotating saw chain. They can also damage the hearing and general health through noise, vibration and toxic gas emissions. In addition, there is a risk of fire from fuel spillage and burning from hot sparks.

To operate a chainsaw safely, workers need proper training and the correct PPE.

Safety precautions

Read the manufacturer's instructions carefully and make sure you understand the correct way to operate the chainsaw model at your workplace.

Check the chainsaw thoroughly before use. Make sure the bar, chain and sprocket are in top condition and that all safety devices are working.

Service the chainsaw regularly. Always wear the correct personal protective equipment (PPE). Do not start cutting until you have a clear work area, secure footing and a

planned retreat path from the operating area. Make sure there is a second person within calling distance. Do not operate the saw beyond your ability. Use the saw only to cut wood. Hold the chainsaw firmly; making sure that your left hand encircles the top

handle with the thumb underneath. Do not cut above shoulder height and never hold the saw in one hand or with

one handle only. Always begin your cut at peak revs. Do not work in confined spaces as carbon Monoxide from the exhaust is highly toxic. Do not become distracted. Stop the saw if someone starts speaking to you. If you become tired, take a rest. Tired operators have more accidents.

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Follow the usual precautions when refueling the chainsaw

Maintenance

Never operate a saw that is damaged, not properly adjusted or wrongly assembled. Make sure that the:

machine is in good repair (no leaks, wear or damage) throttle trigger, safety throttle lock and stop switch operate correctly chain brake works properly chain is lubricated and sharp, and the tension is correct carburettor idle adjustment is correct muffler is in good condition and that the engine is tuned to the manufacturer's

specifications - this will help prevent hearing damage

After finishing work, clean the chainsaw (particularly the air filter, cooling inlets and sprocket cover). Regularly sharpen the chain, check the guide bar for burring and check the sprocket for wear. Clean the chain brake mechanism often; if it is mounted in the sprocket cover, clean it regularly during use, as it can clog up with oil and sawdust and may malfunction. Have the saw serviced regularly.

PPE

Always use approved earmuffs or plugs (see AS 1270-1988 Acoustics - Hearing protectors). Make sure they are right for the noise level of your saw - its decibel (dB) rating.

Wear an approved safety helmet. Replace every three to five years depending on wear and tear.

Clothing should be close fitting. Make sure you do not have any loose garments, hair, belts, scarves or jewellery, which could get caught in the saw chain.

High grip gloves should be worn. Not only do they help you grip the saw, they also help to prevent vibration white finger.

Boots should be sturdy with non-slip soles. • Wear a goggle or visor to protect your eyes.

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Safety pants or safety chaps with inserts of cut-resistant ballistic nylon should be worn.

In addition, a first aid kit should be readily available.

Pump

Ensure that the pump is in good working order before starting work. Anyone using the pump should be fully trained in its safe use. Follow the precautions set for refueling petrol-driven motors. Do not operate petrol or diesel driven pumps in confined spaces. Check the manufacturer's instructions for use and maintenance.

Even the smaller model pumps are extremely heavy so do not attempt to move or carry them without help from a workmate or using a lifting aid.

All rotating parts of the pump should be fully guarded to prevent injury.

Cars, utilities and other motor vehicles

Anyone driving cars, utilities and other motor vehicles at work must be fully trained in their safe operation. No one under 16 years of age should be allowed to operate a motor vehicle.

It is advisable that operators read the manufacturer's manual so that they are aware of the specific features of the model they are using (for example, a tilt tray on a utility vehicle). Manufacturers' safety recommendations should be followed.

All operators should hold the appropriate, current Road Traffic Authority (RTA) driver's licence.

Drivers should be informed of any special conditions at the workplace, which may create hazards (for example, especially steep slopes or areas that become slippery under certain conditions).

All motor vehicles must be adequately maintained. If they are to be driven on designated public roads, they must carry current RTA registration. Motor vehicles should be checked and certified annually by a registered mechanic.

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If safety belts are provided, they must be worn - unless doing so presents an over-riding safety hazard because of specific workplace conditions.

Motorbikes

Anyone riding motorbikes (two or four wheelers) at work must be fully trained in their safe operation. Three wheeled motorbikes are not recommended as they are unstable and there is a very high risk of injury. No one under 16 years of age should be allowed to operate a motorbike.

It is advisable that operators read the manufacturer's manual so that they are aware of the specific features relating to the model they are using. Manufacturers' safety recommendations should be followed.

If the vehicles are to be used on designated public roads, all operators must hold the appropriate, current Road Traffic Authority (RTA) licence.

Approved motorbike helmets must be worn on public roads. It is advisable that helmets be worn at all times when operating motorbikes -particularly in golf clubs to help guard against injury from flying golf balls.

Appropriate PPE must be worn - sun protective clothing and any additional protection needed for the job at hand.

Operators should be informed of any special conditions at the workplace, which may create hazards (for example, especially steep slopes or areas that become slippery under certain conditions).

All motorbikes must be adequately maintained. If they are to be driven on designated public roads, they must carry current RTA registration. Motor vehicles should be checked and certified annually by a registered mechanic.

If safety belts are provided (on four wheelers), they must be worn - unless doing so presents an over-riding safety hazard.

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Lawnmowers

Lawnmowers can cause serious injury. Before operating one, all workers should be trained in its safe use and read the manufacturer's manual. They should be aware of the basic controls, particularly emergency procedures.

All mowers should be properly maintained. Follow the electrical safety measures, depending on which type of mower you have. Do not operate fuel-driven mowers in confined spaces where exhaust fumes can collect. Do not operate electric mowers outside in wet or damp conditions.

Make sure all guards are in place - if guards are missing or damaged, fix them before operating the mower.

Stop the engine whenever you leave the mower. Stop the engine and disconnect the spark plug lead before checking or working on the lawnmower or cutting units. Never use your hands to clear blockages between the blades - use a wooden stake or tool instead.

Walk-behind mowers

Here are a few simple rules to follow when using a walk-behind mower:

Before starting, make sure the lawn is clear of sticks, stones, wire and other debris. Loose objects can cause injury when thrown out by the blades. Make sure there are no people in the immediate vicinity when mowing.

Always check the blades, blade bolts and cutter assembly for wear and tear or damage before starting up. Replace worn or damaged blades and their fixings in sets to preserve balance. Check all nuts, bolts and screws before each mowing job. Use only appropriate replacement parts - do not improvise.

Wear suitable PPE - sun protective clothing, head protection (particularly in golf clubs to guard against flying golf balls), eye and hearing protection, gloves and high-grip shoes (safety shoes are advisable). Do not wear loose clothing or garments with trailing belts and so forth.

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Disengage all blades and drive clutches before starting. Start the engine carefully with your feet well away from blades.

Stop the engine before pushing the mower over surfaces other than grass. Be extra careful of your footing on slopes or wet grass; do not mow very steep

slopes. Never pull the lawnmower towards you. Do not over speed the engine or tamper with governor settings. Never pick up or carry a mower while it is operating. Stop and switch off the engine if you hit an object. Immediately disconnect the

spark plug lead. Do not use the mower again until you are sure that the entire machine is safe to operate.

Always keep the mower on the ground when mowing. Tilting or lifting the lawnmower may cause stones to be thrown out.

Do not use the lawnmower if there is excessive vibration.

Ride-on mowers

All operators must be trained in safe use of the mower. They should read the manufacturer's information and follow the safety precautions outlined. It is particularly important that operators understand the controls of the model they are operating; they should also be taught emergency stop procedures.

Here are some basic safety precautions:

Heed the warning notices on the machine. If there is a ROPS (rollover protective structure) available for the model of

machine in use, then one must be fitted. If seat belts are provided, wear them unless doing so is dangerous in a particular situation (for example, when mowing near a pond it may be safer not to wear the seat belt in order to facilitate a quick escape if the mower goes in the water). Do not wear a seat belt if the mower does not have a ROPS.

Make sure that the machine is in good working order before operating. Check brakes, clutch and other mechanical parts for correct adjustment and wear. Replace worn or damaged parts promptly. Check the tightness of all nuts and bolts

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regularly. Ensure that all machine guards are in place and in good condition before starting work.

Keep the mower clean and free of dirt, grease, grass and other debris; these increase the risk of fire and machine breakdown.

Never carry another person on the mower. Operate only in daylight or in good artificial light. Wear suitable PPE - sun protective clothing, head protection (particularly in golf

clubs to guard against flying golf balls), eye and hearing protection, gloves and high-grip shoes (safety shoes are advisable). Do not wear loose clothing or garments with trailing belts and so forth, which might get snagged on controls or entangled in machinery.

Observe refueling precautions Thoroughly inspect the area where the equipment is to be used and remove

all debris (such as sticks, stones and litter) before mowing. Beware of low tree limbs, electrical wires and other overhead obstructions, especially while transporting the machine. Make sure there are no people nearby who might be hit by flying debris.

Seek help when loading and unloading the mower; use manual handling aids such as ramps and hoists where possible.

Disengage all drives and set the parking brake before attempting to start the engine. Always start the engine and operate controls while sitting in the operator's seat, never while standing beside the machine.

Do not start engine by shorting across starter terminals as the mower may start in gear and cause serious injury.

Do not stop or start suddenly when going uphill or downhill. Take special care when mowing on slopes. Do not attempt to mow very steep slopes.

Slow down on slopes, uneven ground and sharp turns to prevent tipping or loss of control. Be especially careful when changing direction on slopes.

Never run the engine in confined spaces. Do not operate the mower near ditches, holes, embankments or other ground,

which may collapse under the weight of the machine.

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Switch off power and check machine for damage after striking an obstruction. Make sure that the machine is repaired in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions before operating it again.

Never use your hands to search for oil leaks - use a piece of cardboard or wood. Hydraulic fluid escaping under pressure can have sufficient force to penetrate the skin and cause serious injury.

Before leaving the driving seat, put the machine in neutral and disengage drives; lower all cutting units to the ground; set the parking brake; shut off the engine and remove the key. Wait for all movement of machine parts to stop before servicing the machine. Allow the machine to cool down before storing under cover or indoors.

Never try to mount or dismount a moving mower.

Rotary hoe

The rotary hoe should be properly maintained. Whether it is a walk-behind or a PTO-driven model, it should have guards to prevent access to all parts likely to cause injury.

Anyone using a rotary hoe should be trained in its safe use and should read and follow the manufacturer's instructions. Approved personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used.

Sun protective clothing, hearing protection and eye protection should be worn. Wearing non-slip safety boots is also advisable. Head protection should be worn in golf clubs where there is a risk of being hit by flying golf balls. In addition, eye protection should be worn to protect against stones and other objects, which may be thrown out by the blades.

Be aware of manual handling hazards - do not attempt to load a walk-behind rotary hoe on the back of a vehicle for transportation alone. Ask for help and use ramps where possible.

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Ensure that there is no one in the immediate work area who may be in danger from flying stones and other debris. When using a PTO-driven rotary hoe, follow the basic safety precautions on the use of PTOs and tractor implements.

For petrol-driven rotary hoes, refer to refueling; for electric-powered machines, see also electrical safety. For general precautions in relation to ride-on and walk-behind rotary hoes, apply the advice given on ride-on and walk-behind lawnmowers.

Rollers

Workers must be trained in the safe use of rollers before operating them; it is particularly important that they know the emergency stop procedure. Operators should read the manufacturer's information and follow the safety instructions given.

Before starting work, ensure that the roller is in good working order and that all guards are in good condition and firmly fixed in place; the vee belts and pulley, sprockets and chains should all be completely enclosed to prevent access by hands or clothing.

If the roller has an electric-powered motor, follow the safety precautions. For tractor-mounted rollers, paying particular attention to the precautions for use of PTOs and implements. If you are using a ride-on roller, follow the advice on refueling and also refer to the safety information for ride-on mowers. For walk-behind rollers, apply the advice given for walk-behind mowers. Suitable PPE must be worn.

Chippers and shredders

Ensure that all employees who operate chippers and shredders are fully trained and have read the manufacturers' instructions; it is particularly important that they understand emergency stop procedures.

Ensure that the machine is properly maintained and in good working order before starting work. All guards must be in good condition and fixed in place. Chippers and shredders must have a reversing bar or braking system - these must be kept in good working order at all times.

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It is most important to check that the screen or flap guarding the shredding mechanism is in good condition and firmly fixed in place. This guard should be made of plastic or rubber and constitute either solid flaps or a series of strips designed to:

stop chips and other pieces of material flying back at the operator help reduce noise

When operating a chipper or shredder, remember to switch off and disconnect the power before making any adjustments. Never use your hands to clear blockages - use a wooden stake or tool.

The operator must wear suitable PPE - eye and hearing protection are most important; sun protection will also be needed if working outside. It the machine is located outside, it is a good idea to install some form of shade (such as trees) or a shelter structure (such as a lean-to or open canvas structure) in the work area.

Edgers

Operators should be fully trained in the safe use of the machine; they should read the manufacturer's manual and understand the emergency stop procedure.

The machine must be fully guarded. Follow the precautions for fuel-driven machines and for electric-powered edgers. Refer also to the safety information in on brush cutters and trimmers, and on lawnmowers.

Ensure the machine is regularly maintained and in good working order. Operators must wear the appropriate PPE - including eye, skin, head and hearing protection.

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Workshop machinery

A full risk assessment of all workshop machinery must be carried out and suitable control measures implemented.

Welding equipment

All welding should be carried out in a designated area, which is effectively isolated from anyone likely to be in the vicinity. A protective screen should be erected to shield anyone in the vicinity from welding flashes.

Electric arc welding

Electric arc welding uses an electric arc to produce heat for welding, cutting or gouging. There are many dangers involved - the most likely sources of injury are:

the welding arc which has a temperature of around 6,000 degrees Celsius welded work which is being cleaned or descaled fumes the electrical circuit work which has just been welded work which is being positioned for welding

Follow these basic precautions to help prevent injury or illness:

Only fully trained welders should be allowed to use this equipment. Follow the electrical safety precautions. Wear appropriate PPE - a full face shield or helmet fitted with suitable

filters and proper hearing protection; fire-resistant gauntlet gloves; a leather apron; boots (safety boots are recommended), not shoes; leather spats; a felt skull cap or beret; and a boiler suit. Wear a plastic facemask or clear goggles with side guards when cleaning or machining work, as there is a risk of eye injury from dislodged slag from the welded joints and surfaces.

Welding equipment should never be moved while the electrical supply is connected to it.

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Welders should report any problems with the welding equipment to their supervisor immediately.

Good ventilation is essential - where possible, an exhaust system should be fitted at the source of the fumes. When the work involves wiping or burning of lead, or welding cadmium plated articles, an approved respirator with the appropriate filter must be used.

The welding equipment should be cleaned regularly. Check and tighten all external connections daily and clean all contact

surfaces. Check welding leads for damage. It is recommended that the a.c. (alternating current) welding terminals should be marked 'Electrode' and 'Work'; the d.c. (direct current) terminals should be marked '+' (positive) and '-' (negative).

Where possible, work on a well-insulated floor or position. Do not interfere with internal parts of the welding equipment. Switch off power supply if work is interrupted for more than a few minutes. Use electric welding equipment only as intended (misuse, for example, for

lighting cigarettes is extremely dangerous). Work that has just been welded should be marked 'Hot' using chalk. No heavy work should be lifted without proper holding attachments to prevent

slipping, tipping and falling.

Gas welding

Gas welding uses a flame burning on a combination of oxygen and fuel gases (such as acetylene, LPG and hydrogen) for welding, cutting and gouging.

Oxygen in contact with oil, grease and other oil-based substances (such as gloss paint) and an ignition source (such as an electrical spark, a naked flame or cigarette) can cause spontaneous ignition resulting in fire and explosion. For this reason, it is most important that all oxygen systems (such as regulators, cylinders and pipe work) are kept free from oil and grease.

Do not use oxygen:

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to start internal combustion engines to pressurise oil reservoirs to operate pneumatic tools as a substitute for compressed air to blow out pipelines, vessels or containers to 'freshen' air (for example, in a confined space) • to blow dirt or dust off

clothes or machinery.

In addition, the following safety precautions should be taken when gas welding:

Only fully trained welders should be allowed to operate gas-welding equipment. Ensure that all gas systems and containers are properly maintained and leak-free before use. Ventilate the work area, especially when operating in a confined space. Do not kink or bend pressure hosing to interrupt gas flows; gas can still bleed

through the system or escape rapidly if the operator loses his or her grip or the hose ruptures.

Equipment should only be obtained from a reputable supplier. Use the equipment only as intended.

Follow correct lighting procedures - using only friction lighters or stationary pilot flames to light flames.

When blowpipes are not in use, the oxygen and fuel gas should be closed off and hoses blown down to prevent possible leakage and gauge failures.

Equipment should be regularly dismantled, cleaned and checked for leaks by either the manufacturer or a maintenance specialist. This equipment should also be regularly inspected.

Gas cylinders should be periodically checked by the gas supply company. Do not use cylinders that do not have adequate labeling and colour coding; do

not guess contents - return the cylinder to the supplier. Oxyacetylene back flash preventers should be fitted to fuel lines. These

prevent the flash from coming back down the line to ignite fuels in the cylinders. Do not refill cylinders - this should be done only by authorised suppliers.

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Keep cylinders away from all sources of artificial heat. Follow the supplier's recommendations for storage, handling and

transportation of gas cylinders. These should be stored in a designated area and chained or secured so they cannot fall over.

Wear the right PPE - a full face shield or helmet fitted with filters and proper hearing protection; fire-resistant gauntlet gloves; a leather apron; boots (safety boots are recommended), not shoes; leather spats; a felt skull cap or beret; and a boiler suit. Respiratory equipment should also be worn where necessary.

Hydraulic jack

Check the working load limit (WLL) branded on the jack before you start. Do not exceed this; if possible try to use a jack with a larger capacity than you need (in case of malfunction).

Before operating, ensure the jack is on solid ground - if necessary place a timber pad underneath. You may also need to place a timber pad on the head of the jack to prevent slipping. Examine the condition of the pawl, the teeth of the ratchet and the handle. Make sure they are all in good condition before using the jack.

Use the correct oil and make sure the oil reservoir is full and free from dirt. Check that the plunger and ram rubbers are a good fit; these should be softened in neat’s-foot or hydraulic oil and immersed in the oil when not in use.

Ensure that the release valve is working properly; if it isn't, it should be adjusted by a competent person. All worn rams, pistons, plungers, gears, ratchets and other fittings should be discarded and replaced.

It is not safe to place any part of your body under a load supported by a jack. If you must do so, make sure that the load is safely propped using timbers, axle stands or packing.

Chain block

Anyone operating a chain block should be given basic instruction in its safe use.46 | P a g e


Make sure that the surface to which the chain block is attached is strong enough to support it. The safe working load (SWL) should be clearly marked on the chain block. If necessary, get expert help when installing the chain block. Ask for assistance when mounting the chain block - these are generally very heavy items and present a manual handling hazard.

Before hoisting a toad, ensure that the chain block is strong enough to support that weight. Do not attempt to overload a chain block. Get help or use a manual aid (such as a trolley) to mount the load on the lifting hook. Ensure the load is properly supported on the hook before attempting to hoist it. Use proper lifting slings and attachments - do not improvise.

The chain block must be checked regularly for wear and tear. It should be greased before each use. Make sure that the chain is solid and has not been stretched or damaged before hitching the load.

Never put any part of the body under a supported load. Keep clothing and hands clear of the chain when hoisting. Do not swing or shift the load while hoisting. Make sure the load is lowered onto a solid surface, which can support its weight. Be extra careful to stay clear of the chain when hoisting.

When using an electric powered chain block, ensure that it is properly insulated before operating and check that all electrical safety precautions have been followed.

Explosive-powered tools

Explosive-powered tools (EPTs) can be extremely dangerous. Anyone using them must hold an explosive- powered tool operator's certificate. The WorkCover booklet, A guide for operators of explosive-powered tools is an invaluable reference for operators.

The key safety points are:

Secure the work area with barricades and signs to eliminate the possibility of injuring someone else in the vicinity

Check the other side of the firing area before beginning work

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The tool should be cleaned daily, thoroughly inspected once a week and overhauled once a year by the manufacturer or an authorised representative of the manufacturer to ensure that it is safe for use

Eye protection should be worn by people using EPTs Only certificated operators should use EPTs The EPT toolbox must be kept locked when the tool is not in use Explosive charges of different strengths must be separated A logbook must be kept for each EPT and all inspections, maintenance services,

repairs and incidents involving the tool recorded.

Grinders

When working with a grinder, make sure to follow the safety precautions on electrical safety. Ensure that all guards, face shields and guide bars are in good condition and fixed in place before starting.

Anyone operating the grinder should be trained in its safe use and should know the emergency stop procedure. Operators should read the manufacturer's information before starting work.

Wear the correct PPE - suitable eye protection (or a face shield, where necessary); hearing protection for noisy jobs; and respiratory equipment for dusty jobs; safety boots are also recommended. Wear close-fitting clothes and tie up long hair.

Worktop grinders should be firmly bolted to the workbench to prevent movement during operation.

Drills

When working with power drills, make sure to follow the safety precautions on electrical safety. Anyone operating a power drill should be trained in its safe operation; they should also read the manufacturer's instructions before using the drill and understand how to stop the drill in an emergency.

When using power drills, make sure that:

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the drill you are using is suitable for the task in hand • you wear safety glasses or a face shield

you limit the use of gloves when working close to rotating pieces of machinery long hair is tied up out of the way of the drill bit and close-fitting clothing is

worn air vents in the drill are kept free from dust, oil and wood, plastic or metal

scraps the chuck is well tightened - take the chuck key out before starting the drill as

it could fly out and blind you the work piece being drilled cannot move you reduce pressure on the drill just before breaking through the other side

of the piece being drilled you drill a small pilot hole to act as a guide before drilling a large hole you never use a bent drill bit - it reduces your control of the drill the manufacturer's recommended loads or drilling capacities for a drill are

never exceeded high-speed steel drill bits are never used without cooling or lubricating the central pilot drill bit is always used when a hole saw cutter is in use you never reach under or around the work piece while you are drilling you never stretch to get at the work piece and you always keep a proper footing

and balance.

When drilling small pieces of wood, metal or plastic:

choose the bit or attachment that suits the size of the drill and the job to be done

make sure that bits and attachments are properly seated and tightened in the drill chuck

follow the manufacturer's instructions whenchoosing and using a bit or attachment.

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Sanders

When working with power sanders, make sure to follow the safety precautions on electrical safety. All operators should be fully trained in the safe use of the sander before starting to work with it; they should also read the manufacturer's instructions and understand the emergency stop procedure.

Ensure all guards are in good condition and fixed in place.

Apply the following safety precautions:

Wear safety glasses or a face shield. Use a dust respirator for dusty operations. Wear close-fitting clothing and tie up long hair. Use both hands to control the sander - one on the trigger switch, the other on

the front knob handle. Regularly clean all sanding dust from the sander motor and air vents. Never lean heavily on the sander when it is moving. Do not use a sander without an exhaust system or a dust-collecting bag or

bin. Empty the bag or bin when it is a quarter full, making sure to unplug the sander before removing the bag or bin.

Make sure the material you are working on is held securely or is heavy enough to stay in place.

Never stretch to get to the job. Stand close enough to be comfortable and make sure you have a firm foothold and proper balance.

Never cover the air vents on a sander.

When working with a portable belt sander:

check sanding belts before using them and replace worn or torn belts make sure the sanding belt is fixed in the right direction - as shown on the

sander keep your hands away from the sanding belt keep the sanding belt at the right tension so that it runs straight and at the same speed as the pull

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drum

Circular saws

When working with circular saws, make sure to follow the safety precautions on electrical safety. All operators should be trained in the safe use of the circular saw, including emergency stop procedures; they should read the manufacturer's instructions before using the machine. Guards should be in good working order.

Follow these safety precautions when operating circular saws:

Use suitable PPE - safety glasses or a face shield; hearing protection for noisy jobs; and an

approved respirator for dusty tasks. Clothing should be close fitting and long hair should be tied up out of the way

of machinery parts. Use a sharp blade designed for the job at hand. Never twist the saw blade

while cutting and never use a saw that vibrates or seems unsafe in any way. Check the retracting lower blade guard often to make sure that it works freely.

It should cover the teeth as completely as possible as well as the portion of the blade that is not cutting. Never hold the retracting lower guard in the open position.

Let the saw reach full power before cutting. Make sure the lower blade guard is fully returned before putting the saw down. Disconnect the saw from the power supply before adjusting or changing the

blade. Use both hands to operate the saw - one on the trigger switch, the other on the front knob handle. • Keep the motor and its

housing clean and free of oil, sawdust and woodchips. Keep the upper guard and the retracting lower blade guard clean and free of

sawdust. Choose the proper blade for the work being cut and always allow it to cut

steadily - do not force it. • Check that the saw blade has been fitted

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correctly and will rotate in the right direction. Do not over-tighten the blade-locking nut.

Check the saw often to see that the blade is spinning smoothly and evenly. Clamp or wedge the work being cut so that it cannot move. Never place your hand under the shoe or guard of the saw. Make sure to check the material to be cut for nails and screws before starting -

metal obstruction can cause serious injury. Never over-reach. Keep a firm footing and proper balance at all times. If ripping the work, always use a guide that is clamped or nailed to the work

piece. Never force the saw at any time during cutting.

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Pressure Equipment

Pressure equipment is designed, constructed and inspected to meet stringent safety standards. However, if it is not used properly it can cause serious injury or death.

Accidents can occur due to:

pressure equipment exploding because the pressure inside is too high parts flying off like projectiles with great force due to improper use or poor

maintenance the rapid release of flammable or toxic contents.

To help ensure safety, all operators should:

be properly trained in the safe use of the equipment • read and follow the manufacturer's instructions and warning notices

use the equipment only as intended use the appropriate personal protective equipment - eye protection, gloves

and adequate clothing and footwear.

A full risk assessment must be carried out for all pressure equipment used in the workplace and suitable control measures must be implemented. The following precautions should be taken:

Buy safe equipment. Ask if the equipment you are buying complies with regulations and the relevant Australian Standard. A reputable supplier will be able to provide this information. Never use homemade pressure equipment.

Follow the instructions and warnings, which come with the pressure equipment. These will tell you how to use it, dismantle it and replace parts.

Handle and store the equipment carefully. Do not drill, weld, hammer, bump, expose to fire or store at high temperature or in corrosive conditions. High temperatures cause high-pressure and can cause the fittings to leak or the container to explode.

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Never use equipment that is damaged, cracked or leaking. If it is possible to replace parts, use only the correct parts supplied by the manufacturer. Repairs must only be carried out by a competent or certificated person, as appropriate.

Don't experiment. Use pressure equipment for its intended purpose only. Do not use air or gas from a high-pressure unit to test low-pressure containers. It is most dangerous to do this to test for leaks. Use only pressurised water, or an approved testing kit.

If in doubt about a piece of equipment, ask for more information. The supplier or a person who has had experience with that particular piece of equipment should be able to help you.

If your pressure equipment malfunctions, report it to the supplier. If a piece of pressure equipment causes damage or injury, report it to your nearest WorkCover district office (see back of this guide for details). There may be a fault in the equipment that will need to be corrected - or you may need to learn how to operate it safely.

Compressor

You may need to use compressed air for powered tools, inflating tyres or for spray equipment. It is extremely important to first check that compressed air is safe to use with the equipment you're operating. For example, it is not safe to use compressed air to run a line marker. Serious accidents have resulted from this kind of misuse.

Before use, ensure that the pressure from the air receiver is not too high for the equipment you're using. For example, an air receiver with 689 kPa (100 psi or pounds per square inch) of pressure should never be hooked up to low pressure equipment (such as a sprayer with a 250 kPa/35 psi rating). Doing so could result in the equipment exploding.

The air receiver must be checked periodically in accordance with AS 3788-1990 Boiler and pressure vessels - In-service inspection. This requires the outside of the receiver to be checked at least every two years and the inside every four years at a minimum. This inspection may have to be carried out by a licensed boiler inspector.

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Check the pressure relief valve before operating and drain water regularly. Do not overpressure any piece of equipment.

Never direct compressed air at your body or at another person. Do not use compressed air to brush down clothing after mowing for example, or to clean down machinery.

Compressed air coming in contact with the skin can pass through into the blood stream and has the potential to kill. In addition, it can dislodge pieces of metal, glass and other sharp objects from machinery and other surfaces; these can also be projected into the eyes or bloodstream causing serious injury.

High pressure cleaner

When using the high pressure cleaner, follow the rules already outlined for using pressure equipment. Ensure that all water from wash downs complies with Environment Protection Authority (EPA) requirements for wastewater. High pressure jetting systems with an output greater than 800 bar litres/minute must be operated and maintained in accordance with AS/NZS 4233-1994 High pressure water jetting systems - Safe operation and maintenance.

Check that all hoses, cleaning lances and other fittings are maintained in good order. Do not operate a high pressure cleaner unless you have received proper instruction in its safe use.

For steam cleaners, make sure you follow the manufacturer's guidelines in relation to fuel safety and that emergency interlocks are functioning correctly.

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Chemicals

This section deals with the storage, licensing and safe use of chemicals at work as required under laws administered by WorkCover NSW. The Environment Protection Authority administers other laws with regard to chemicals (for example, wastewater and spray drift requirements) - for more information phone (02) 795 5000.

Some of the chemicals at your workplace will be classed as hazardous substances. These substances can cause health problems. In NSW, they are covered by the Work Health Safety (Hazardous Substances) Regulation 2011 (the Hazardous Substances Regulation for short) Regulation 2011 and associated codes of practice.

Some chemicals (including many hazardous substances) will be classed as dangerous goods. These substances may be flammable, explosive or combustible for example. They are covered by the Dangerous Goods Regulation 2004. Depending on the classes and quantities of dangerous goods stored and used in the workplace, very specific requirements will apply.

There will be substances that are also classed as scheduled poisons. Scheduled poisons and drugs are marked with 'S' numbers, ranging from Si to S8. They are administered by the Department of Health and the rules relate mainly to who can sell them, how they are packaged, labeling and security measures (such as childproof packaging).

A pesticide can be classed as a hazardous substance, a scheduled poison or as dangerous goods. You wit find that a pesticide may fall into one, two or all three of these categories. Spraying of pesticides or fumigants in or around buildings or structures must be carried out by licensed pest control operators or licensed fumigators.

If you work or operate outside NSW, check the legal requirements in your State with your local Work Health and Safety authority office. You should also check with the Department of Agriculture, Health Department and the environmental authority in your State for their requirements with regard to chemicals.

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Remember that all chemicals, equipment used with them and work practices involving chemicals must be assessed and suitable measures implemented to control any hazards involved. Employees should be consulted during this process and appropriate training should be given to anyone using chemicals in the workplace.

When assessing the risks and deciding on control measures in relation to chemicals in the workplace, you should:

first identify the chemicals used at work by reading the labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS). During this process, determine which chemicals are hazardous substances.

obtain SDS for all hazardous substances and file them in a register. identify employees at risk of exposure to the chemicals. identify the hazards and rank the risks in order of importance. The labels from

chemical containers as well as SDS (where available) will be helpful here. implement control measures in order of priority (from the list of hazards/risks).

Once again, the container labels and SDS will help. maintain records conduct health checks of employees or monitor the air for contaminants, if required (for example, if organophosphates are used

Training for employees using hazardous substances must include:

information on the risks relating to the substances they are using or handling. instruction in how to control exposure to these substances. direction in reading and understanding labels and Safety Data Sheets. instruction in how to use and maintain personal protective equipment.

WorkCover NSW has produced a training package - Work Health and Safety Workplace Substances Training Course that may be helpful here. The Code of practice for the control of workplace hazardous substances is another source of useful information.

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Read the label

The first step in getting health and safety information about the chemicals used at your workplace is to read the label.

You can find out if a chemical is classed as dangerous goods, a hazardous substance and/or a scheduled poison from the label. If the container carries:

a dangerous goods class 'diamond' label (see examples to follow), then it contains dangerous goods.

the word 'hazardous' in red, then it contains a hazardous substance. the wording 'dangerous poison', 'poison', 'caution' or 'warning' together with

an 'S' number, then it contains a scheduled poison.

A chemical may fall into one, two or all three of these categories. Many dangerous goods are also hazardous substances; all scheduled poisons are hazardous substances. In some cases, a chemical may be classed as dangerous goods and it may also be a scheduled poison and a hazardous substance.

The label on hazardous substances containers will tell you:

the product name - both the trade name (for example 'Bugsoff') and the common chemical name (for example, 'pyrethrin') should be given on the label.

the chemical name(s) of the substances and/or ingredients. If the product is a mixture, each hazardous chemical should be listed on the label.

risk information - this is a generically used phrase to describe the hazards (for example, 'Toxic when

swallowed', 'Avoid eye contact' or 'Irritating to the skin'). safety information - this will be a set of key phrases on safe storage and

handling and the personal protective equipment required when using the chemical (for example, 'Keep container dry', or 'Wear eye protection, protective overalls and gloves'.

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the manufacturer's or supplier's name - this will be a name and address in Australia which will also be the source of a Safety Data Sheet if one is required (for example, in the case of a hazardous substance).

Any chemicals, which you buy, should have appropriate labeling on them. If they do not, you should refuse to accept delivery until they are properly labeled.

If the label indicates that the chemical is a hazardous substance and the contents are decanted into another container, this container should also be properly labeled - unless the chemical is used immediately (for example, poured into a spray tank). Containers should remain labeled until they have been cleaned of all hazardous substance residues.

Bulk tanks of pesticides should be labeled with the words 'Poison', 'Avoid contact', 'Hazardous pesticide' and the common name of the chemical in use in lettering not less than 2.5 cm high.

Get a safety data sheet (SDS)

Reading the safety data sheet (SDS) is the second step in getting health and safety information about chemicals used at your workplace.

If the label indicates that the chemical is classed as a hazardous substance, the employer must obtain a SDS. Get the correct name of the chemical from the label, and contact the supplier or manufacturer (whose name and address are on the label). They are obliged by law to provide you with a Safety Data Sheet for that substance.

The SDS will tell you:

the ingredients in the mixture the health effects of the chemical and first aid instructions precautions to follow when using the chemical safe handling and storage information.

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Just because a SDS has been obtained does not mean the chemical is now safe to use. The SDS should be read very carefully and used as part of the hazard identification, risk

assessment and control planning process. Anyone using hazardous substances at work should understand the information on the SDS and follow the instructions for

safe use.

Using the SDS

Once you have obtained an SDS for each hazardous substance used in your workplace, you should:

place a copy of each SDS in the hazardous substances register. keep copies of the SDS in a place where anyone using the chemicals can read

them. It's a good idea to place the SDS in plastic sleeves and put them on a board or in a folder. This should be kept in or near the chemical storage area, so employees can refer to them before using the chemicals.

make sure everyone at work understands the contents of the SDS for the products used in their area.

The Safety Data Sheet can be used to:

find out how to use and store a product safely • check that all chemicals are being used in the right way for the right job

decide whether any improvements should be made to machinery or procedures

decide whether any monitoring of airborne contamination should be done check that emergency equipment and procedures are adequate assist with on-the-job training.

Chemical storage

Obtain the lowest toxicity chemical that is approved for the job at hand. Keep only the smallest amount of each chemical that you need - avoid ordering large quantities of chemicals.

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Always keep chemicals in their original packaging or containers. Personal protective equipment and personal clothing or property must be stored outside the chemical store.

Dangerous goods should be stored in accordance with the Dangerous Goods Regulation 2004 and the Work Health and Safety (Fumigation and Pesticides) Regulation. The storage requirements will vary depending on the amounts of each different class you store.

The storage area for liquid poisons must be adequately bunded. This means that the floor should not allow any spills to seep through and there should be a liquid-tight wall around the goods to contain any spills or leaks. Make sure packages can't fall or spill outside the bund.

It is good practice to store powdered or dry material above liquids. This means that if a liquid leaks, it will be captured by the bund and cannot contaminate other materials. Liquids should be stored as low as possible in the chemical storage area.

Only compatible agricultural products should be stored inside each bunded area in the chemical store. For example, only pesticides and chemicals used with them (such as wetting agents) should be stored together.

Materials that burn easily must be kept at least five metres away from the poisons area - these materials include liquid fuels, oils, gas cylinders, straw, waste paper, rags, empty cardboard boxes, old tyres, sawdust, overhanging trees, tall dry grass and bushy shrubs.

An action plan to cope with spillages, leakages and other chemical emergencies should be prepared. This action plan should be incorporated into employee and supervisor training. It's a good idea to place a copy of the action plan together with a resuscitation chart and emergency contact numbers in a location in or near the storage area, where employees can access them easily.

Equipment for dealing with spillages, leakages and other chemical emergencies should be kept near the chemical storage area so it is on hand when needed. This equipment should include empty containers, absorbent material and detergent. There should also

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be an adequate water supply nearby. Ensure that the correct personal protective equipment is used when dealing with spillages, leakages and other chemical emergencies.

There should be at least one 9 kg powder extinguisher within easy reach but outside the bunded area. The extinguisher should be serviced every six months.

The chemical storage area must be adequately ventilated - by cross flow of outside air or by other appropriate ventilation systems.

Adequate washing facilities must also be provided. If corrosive substances are used or stored in the workplace, it may be worthwhile to install a safety shower.

Licensing of dangerous goods

Many chemicals (for example, some pesticides) used in grounds maintenance are classified as dangerous goods. There are many different classes of dangerous goods. Different storage and licensing requirements will apply depending on the quantities of each class that you store.

To find out if you have dangerous goods at your workplace, check the label - if it carries a 'diamond' symbol together with a number, then the contents are dangerous goods. The number refers to the dangerous goods class to which it belongs (for example, class 3 dangerous goods are flammable liquids and class 8 is corrosives).

The following are two examples of dangerous goods labels.

Class 6.1 - Toxic substances Class 8- Corrosives

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Examples of Class 6.1 dangerous goods are methidathion, arsenic trioxide, copper oxychloride and diazinon. Sodium hypochlorite (liquid pool chlorine) and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) are class 8 dangerous goods.

Classes 3, 4, 5, 6.1, 8 and 9 are also given packaging group numbers. These are shown on the label as PG I (which represents great danger), PG II (medium danger) and PG III (minor danger).

To find out more about the dangerous goods, read the label. Once again, a Safety Data Sheet (obtained from your supplier) will tell you more about the dangerous goods you are storing and using. The SDS will give you the correct shipping name for the goods; the dangerous goods class; the PG (packaging group) and UN numbers; and information on the health effects and how to use it safely.

Depending on the amount of chemicals from each class and packaging group that you store, you may need a dangerous goods licence - to find out more, consult the WorkCover NSW factsheet, Storage and licensing of poisons on farms or phone the

WorkCover information centre on: 131 050 or your local WorkCover office (see list at the back of this guide).

If you work or operate outside NSW, check the requirements in your State with your local Work Health and Safety authority office.

Safe use of chemicals

Chemicals can cause serious health problems - in the short term, they can cause nausea, headaches, burns, eye damage and breathing difficulties. In the longer term, they can cause permanent eye, skin, lung and organ damage; they can cause cancer; and they can kill.

The three main ways that chemicals enter your body are:

by absorption, or through the skin by inhalation - by breathing in through the nose or mouth by ingestion, or swallowing.

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To protect yourself when using chemicals, you should:

always read the label on the container and follow any instructions. When using hazardous substances, always check the SDS and follow the instructions for safe use.

always wear the correct personal protective equipment (PPE). For hazardous substances, this will be listed on the SDS. PPE may include items such as impervious gloves, a respirator, a

washable hat, a boiler suit or other protective clothing, a visor and waterproof boots. Remember to use the recommended PPE when mixing chemical concentrates, spraying or hosing down equipment used with chemicals.

always wash your hands before eating, smoking or using the toilet. wash contaminated clothing separately from other clothes.

Safe work practices when using chemicals include:

selecting the lowest toxicity chemical that is approved for the job. You should also use the largest droplet size possible.

following the manufacturer's instructions exactly when mixing or decanting chemicals. This includes using the correct PPE.

labeling bulk tanks of pesticides with the words Poison', Avoid contact', Hazardous pesticide' and the common name of the chemical in lettering not less than 2.5 cm high.

never spraying outdoors on windy days where this endangers the worker or creates a danger of drift onto adjoining property or into areas where other people may be exposed to the chemical.

never allowing pesticides to drift onto adjoining property. washing out empty chemical containers adequately and recycling them (ask

your supplier for recycling details). If the chemical needs to be diluted, you can use the wastewater from washing out the container in making up the mix.

ensuring that all spills of chemicals are contained, properly disposed of and the spill site decontaminated.

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disposing of surplus chemicals at designated waste disposal facilities or collection sites - for further details, phone the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) on (02) 795 5000 and ask for the information centre.

following EPA requirements for disposal of wastewater.

Adequate procedures for dealing with chemical emergencies must be planned and documented. There should be regular emergency drills for all employees and records should be kept of these.

If a person collapses following the use of chemicals:

send for expert help remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin and hair identify the chemical used be prepared to administer heart-lung resuscitation if necessary until expert

medical care arrives.

Register and records

Employers must keep a register (that is, a list) of all hazardous substances used and produced in the workplace (under the Hazardous Substances Regulation). All hazardous emissions (such as dusts and fumes from welding) must also be identified and listed on the register. It is good practice to list all your dangerous goods on the register too.

A Safety Data Sheet for each hazardous substance must be included in the register. The register must be accessible to all employees who may use or come in contact with hazardous substances at work.

Other records which employers are required to keep (under the Hazardous Substances Regulation) are:

the record of induction and training of employees in safe use and storage of hazardous substances. These records must be kept for five years.

assessment reports in relation to the safe use and storage of hazardous substances. These records must be kept for five years.

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the results of any monitoring and medical surveillance required to control risks related to the use and storage of hazardous substances in the workplace. These and the relevant assessment reports must be kept for 30 years.

In addition, a record should be kept of procedures for chemical emergencies and of emergency drills.

All of these records, including the register, must be made available to WorkCover and to emergency services on request. This is to help protect emergency workers and others in the vicinity during fires or spills, and also to assist in the treatment of poisoning victims.

Health checks

If the risk assessment shows that the use of hazardous substances by employees may be associated with health effects, then health checks must be carried out at appropriate intervals. Health checks must be done on workers who have been

identified as at risk and who use pesticides containing:

organophosphates inorganic arsenic (for example, arsenic trioxide) inorganic mercury cadmium.

For more information on health surveillance, phone the WorkCover information centre on 131 050 or your relevant State authority.

Health checks may include blood and urine testing. Employees must co-operate where medical tests are arranged. The employer must pay for the cost of the medical examination and employees' wages while they are off work for these checks. Employees must be consulted when a doctor is being selected for medical checks.

It is recommended that baseline blood testing be arranged for all employees using or likely to use organophosp hates in the workplace. This testing should be done when workers are first employed (before they start using these substances). Regular follow-up

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testing should be done based on the timing and frequency of organophosphate usage. Follow-up testing should be done during the period when these chemicals are in use, not in the low season.

All medical records are confidential. The doctor must explain the results to the employee. Where there is evidence of a chemical exposure problem, the doctor must also inform the employer so that improved control measures can be planned and implemented.

For further advice on health checks and for a list of authorised medical practitioners, contact the WorkCover Work Medicine Branch on (02) 370 5153 or your relevant State authority.

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Manual handling

Manual handling means any activity that requires a person to use their physical force to lift, carry, push, pull restrain or hold a load.

An example of manual handling is carrying a fertiliser bag from the store and emptying the contents into a container for use.

If these tasks are done incorrectly, they can cause serious injury and even permanent disability. Manual handing injuries include back strain, muscle sprains, torn ligaments, hernias, cuts and fractures.

This area is regulated in NSW by the Work Health and Safety (Manual Handling) Regulation 2007, which adopts the National Standard for Manual Handling. The National Standard aims to prevent injuries and/or reduce the severity of injuries resulting from manual handling tasks. It requires employers to identify, assess and control risks from manual handling. All employees involved in manual handling should be properly trained in safe methods of lifting, holding and shifting loads.

Where possible, it is always best to avoid manual handling risks in the first place. Try to design them out by thinking about the safety of equipment or supplies when buying them.

Otherwise, try to remove or reduce the risk, for example by:

ordering supplies in smaller loads (such as 20 kg bags of cement or fertiliser) or bulk supplies that can be gravity fed or moved by workers according to their individual needs and capabilities.

ensuring that workshop benches are adjustable or set up for the person using them. This will prevent prolonged bending when working with equipment such as grinders, drills and so forth.

ensuring that trucks and utility vehicles have ramps or hoists for loading and unloading heavy equipment. There are also many different types of trolleys

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available. These can be useful for moving heavy and awkward loads such as large drums.

organising the storage area. Where possible, ensure the most commonly used items are stored between thigh and chest height. Tools should also be stored around waist height.

minimising the amount of lifting of larger items. Drums of chemicals, for example, could be stored at waist level and taps installed so chemicals can be dispensed without lifting the drum.

ensuring that work areas and passageways are kept clean and clear of debris. Slippery floors and surfaces should be cleaned immediately.

Employees should never lift or move anything that is too heavy or awkward for them. They should be encouraged to ask workmates for help if something is too heavy, too large or too long to handle alone.

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Sun safety

Australia has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world. Two out of three people in this country will develop skin cancer in their lifetimes.

Over-exposure to the sun can cause many different health effects - sunburn, headaches, dehydration, nausea, dizziness, heat stress and fatigue. The most serious effects, however, are not immediately obvious - skin cancer and cataracts of the eye are the biggest problems.

Up to 1,200 Australians die every year from this disease and it costs us $150 million annually.

To protect employees from the sun, employers should consider the following control options:

Change the job - move it indoors or to a new location, which is outside but in the shade.

Provide shade - use the shade from existing buildings or trees, or erect shade structures such as canopies, lean-tos or synthetic shade cloths.

Rotate workers so that the same workers are not outside all the time. Change work times so that workers are not outside during the times of

highest risk - 10 am to 2 pm (or 11 am to 3 pm during daylight saving). Provide PPE and ensure workers wear it. This means long-sleeved shirts or

tops; long trousers or skirts; broad-brimmed hats, preferably with a French Foreign Legion flap at the back (hardhats should be fitted with brims and flaps too); approved sunglasses (complying with AS 1067 Sunglasses and Fashion Spectacles; and 'broad spectrum', water resistant sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15+.

Remember - your skin can still be damaged by the sun on cloudy days and no matter what skin type you have, you can still get skin cancer. If employers provide systems of work or equipment designed to protect employees from the sun, employees must co-operate and use them.70 | P a g e


For more detailed information on sun safety at work, see the WorkCover NSW publications, Skin cancer and outdoor workers - A guide for employers and Skin cancer and outdoor workers - A guide for workers.

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Noise

Excessive noise for long periods at work can cause deafness. Hearing problems usually develop slowly so employees often don't realise the damage that's being done. However, extremely loud noises (for example, from gunshots or explosive-powered tools) can cause immediate and permanent damage.

The Work Health and Safety (Noise) Regulation 2011, requires that no workers be exposed to noise levels of:

85 dB(A) for more than eight hours, or individual exposures of more than 140 dB (A).

If you work or operate outside NSW, check the legal requirements in your State with your local Work Health and Safety authority office.

The first step in controlling noise at work is to carry out an assessment and measure the amount of noise at each work site. The risk of permanent hearing damage is related to the loudness of the noise and the length of exposure.

Here are some examples of typical noise levels:

Noise Source Noise level dB(A)

Quiet countryside 30

Normal conversation About 60

Tractor (idling) 80

Tractor working hard (without cab) 96-102

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Knapsack mister 95

Workshop grinder/angle grinder 105

Chainsaw (idling) 80-90

Chainsaw (cutting) 105-102

Motor mower 100

Jet aircraft taking off 100 metres away 130

Threshold of pain 140

Once you know what the main noise sources are, control measures must be introduced. There are a number of options:

eliminate or modify the noise source stop the noise from being transmitted prevent workers from being exposed to the noise.

If it's not possible to get rid of the source of the noise (for example, disposing of machinery), try insulating the machinery or the area in which it operates. You could also try excluding workers from noisy areas (for example, where the chipper operates) or putting up sound barriers between them and the source of the noise.

If the noise cannot be excluded, isolated or contained, workers must use suitable PPE. Earmuffs or plugs used in NSW should be WorkCover NSW approved; these will cut down the noise by 20 to 30 per cent.

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Hearing protection should be worn all the time working in a noisy environment, not on and off.

In some cases, it will be necessary to use a combination of control measures (for example, isolation by insulating the motor of the tractor and using PPE in the form of earplugs or muffs).

For more information on workplace noise management, see the WorkCover publications, Noise at work and Code of practice - Noise management and protection of hearing at work.

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should only be used as a last resort, where other methods of control are impracticable or are not adequate on

their own.

The most important points when using personal protective equipment (PPE) at work are:

Ensure that it is the correct equipment for the hazard to be controlled (for example, if using a respirator when spraying pesticides, ensure it is the correct type and that the cartridge is suitable for screening the chemical in use).

Make sure the PPE fits properly. The PPE should be properly cleaned and maintained. It should be an approved model of PIPE - check if there is WorkCover approval

or an Australian Standard to cover the equipment you're using. Make sure all employees who use PPE are trained in its correct use. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for use. PPE must be stored properly. Some types of PPE require special storage

conditions to prevent deterioration (for example, sunscreens need to be stored in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight). Make sure the manufacturer's recommendations for correct storage are checked and followed for all PPE used or stored in the workplace.

Any workplace where PPE is used should have a PPE program in place. This is a set of routine procedures to be followed in relation to PPE. It should take account of the following:

Could the workplace be made safe so that PPE is not necessary? Is the PPE designed to provide adequate protection against the specific hazards

at your workplace? Are regular checks done to ensure that the PPE comfortably fits all employees

who have to wear it and that it is always worn by employees at risk? Have provisions been made for cleaning and maintenance of the PPE?

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Has training been provided for all workers using PPE? Is training given to all new employees?

Are storage conditions adequate? Are written procedures in place?

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Drugs and alcohol

Drugs and alcohol can affect a worker's ability to work safely.

Alcohol is a depressant drug, which slows down the brain and responses. Both legal and illegal drugs come under three main headings: depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens.

In most cases it is unsafe for workers to operate machinery when under the influence of drugs or alcohol. It is therefore advisable that employers establish a drug and alcohol policy. This should set out the rules with regard to the use of drugs and alcohol as far as they affect employees at work. The policy should also take account of problem prevention, counseling and rehabilitation.

The workplace drug and alcohol policy should be a written document developed by management in consultation with workers or the relevant union. It should spell out the code of behaviour required of staff at all levels and should cover the following points:

when it is considered appropriate to consume alcohol acceptable standard of work performance • appropriate use of prescribed

drugs prohibition on being under the influence of illegal drugs at work.

For more detailed information on drugs and alcohol at work, see the WorkCover NSW publication, Drugs, alcohol and the workplace.

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Amenities and housekeeping

Staff welfare facilities must be provided in the workplace. There should be a covered area available for lunch and break times. Washing facilities and an adequate supply of clean, fresh drinking water should be provided. There should be at least one toilet for every 20 workers.

Passageways should be at least 1.2 metres wide and should be kept clear and unobstructed at all times. There should be a fire exit within 16 metres of any point inside a building. This exit should be lockable from the outside but open from the inside at all times. Both the inside and outside of the doorway or exit way should be marked with a yellow line to keep it clear and accessible at all times.

Fire extinguishers

Different fire extinguishers are produced for different types of fire (for example, a water fire extinguisher is suitable for putting out wood or paper fires but not for electrical fires - these require a carbon dioxide extinguisher or a specific type of dry chemical powder extinguisher).

It is important that the correct fire extinguishers are provided for each work area and that they are clearly identified with the appropriate colour coding (for example, red for water fire extinguishers, yellow for wet chemical extinguishers and so forth).

All staff should be trained in how to identify the different types of extinguishers. Training should cover which type of extinguisher is suitable for which type of fire. It should also outline how to use a fire extinguisher safely.

The following precautions should be taken in relation to fire extinguishers:

Do not tamper, drill, hammer or weld. Keep in an accessible, dry, cool location. Check the pressure gauge (if there is one) regularly to ensure that the

extinguisher still works. Read the manufacturer's instructions on how to put out a fire.

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Extinguishers must be checked and certified once yearly by a qualified person - ask your supplier for details.

The fire extinguishers should be kept in a designated area, which is clear and unobstructed (for ease of access in emergencies). Everyone in the workplace should know where the extinguishers are kept.

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First aid

First aid kits

The law requires that there is a first aid kit within easy reach of all employees in the workplace (under the NSW Work Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulation). If you work or operate outside NSW, check the relevant requirements with your local Work Health and Safety authority office.

There are three sizes of kit - the size required at the workplace depends on the maximum number of employees at work at one time:

kit A is for workplaces with more than 100 people at work kit B is for workplaces with between 11 and 99 people kit C is to be used where 10 or fewer people work.

It is a good idea to include a first aid kit in machinery such as tractors that may be used at outlying locations in the workplace.

A person must be appointed to be in charge of the kit(s). If there are more than 25 people at the workplace, the person in charge of the kit(s) must hold a current approved first aid certificate.

Register of injuries

A register of injuries must be kept and the following details recorded:

the name, age, address and occupation of the injured person the industry in which the person was working the operation in which the person was engaged at the time of injury the date and time of injury a brief description of the type, cause and location of the injury and the

treatment given the name of the first aid person in attendance any referral for further treatment if required.

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These records must be kept for at least five years. A book of register of injury forms is available from the WorkCover NSW.

Emergency procedures

All employees should be given training in what to do in case of emergency. In the event of a serious injury at your workplace:

Don't panic. Stop what you are doing, think and act. Ensure the victim is in no immediate danger. If the victim is not breathing, position them so the airway is not obstructed and start heart-lung resuscitation (CPR). Stop excessive bleeding. If you think an ambulance is needed, phone for one immediately, stating

clearly: the location of the emergency what has happened what is being done who is calling ask what you should do before the ambulance arrives.

Make the victim comfortable.

Dangerous insects, spiders and snakes

It is a good idea to obtain wall charts with pictures and information on the venomous snakes, spiders, bees and other insects found in your area. Recommended first aid for each should be included in or near the first aid kit. Make sure that all employees are aware of the dangerous snakes, insects and spiders - where they are found and what they look like. Ensure that strong gloves are worn by employees when they are checking outdoor valves or in other situations where they may have to insert their hands into dark recesses likely to harbour these creatures. It is advisable to use a stick or other implement to check that the area is clear of 'nasties' before inserting a hand.

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For more detailed information on workplace first aid, see the WorkCover publication, Providing first aid at work.

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Accident Reporting

Certain workplace accidents and illnesses must be reported to WorkCover (under section 27 of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 and the Work Health and Safety (Notification of Accidents) Regulation 2011). An accident report form should be completed by the employer or person in control of the workplace and sent to the WorkCover office closest to the site of the accident (see list of offices at the back of this guide).

If you work or operate outside NSW, check the accident reporting procedures in your State with your local Work Health and Safety authority office.

For work-related illnesses, a report must be made if an employee:

gives the employer or person in control of the workplace a medical certificate stating that he or she is suffering from a work-related illness

is unable to carry out his or her usual duties for a continuous period of at least seven days as a result of the illness.

An accident report must also be made if, as a result of an accident at your workplace, a person:

dies is injured so that he or she cannot carry out their usual duties for at least seven

continuous days.

You should notify a WorkCover office as soon as possible by phone, fax or in person if the accident caused a death or serious bodily injury. The accident report form must be returned to the appropriate WorkCover office within:

seven days of a death or serious injury (or within seven days of becoming aware that there had been a death or serious injury)

seven days of receiving a medical certificate about a serious work-related illness seven days of a dangerous occurrence.

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An accident report form must also be submitted in relation to any dangerous occurrences at work, even if no one is injured. A dangerous occurrence includes:

damage to any boiler, pressure vessel, plant, equipment or other thing which may endanger the health or safety of anyone at the workplace

damage to any load-bearing member or control device or a crane, hoist, conveyor, lift, escalator, moving walk, plant, scaffolding, gear, amusement device or public stand

an uncontrolled explosion, fire or escape of gas, dangerous goods or steam any occurrence involving imminent risk of explosion, fire or escape of gas,

dangerous goods or steam any occurrence involving imminent risk of death or serious injury to any person

(for example, an electric shock) or substantial damage to property.

A copy of each accident report form sent to WorkCover must be kept at the workplace for at least five years.

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I, hereby confirm that I was in attendance and understand the full extent of today’s toolbox talk.

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Documents

Toolbox Talk Guide€¦ · Web view2021. 5. 24. · Gas welding uses a flame burning on a combination of oxygen and fuel gases (such as acetylene, LPG and hydrogen) for welding,