Tổng hợp ngữ pháp tiếng Anh luyện thi đại học

Môc lôc

Grammar Review ......................................................................................................... 1

1. Danh tõ ®Õm ® îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ® îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun) .................................. 1

Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an" ........................................................................ 3

Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The" .............................................................................................. 4

Çch sö dông another vµ other. ................................................................................ 9

Çch sö dông little, a little, few, a few .................................................................... 11

Së h÷u çch ............................................................................................................... 12

Verb ............................................................................................................................ 14

1. Present ....................................................................................................................................... 14 1) Simple Present ........................................................................................................................ 14 2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing) ............................................................................................ 14 3) Present Perfect : Have + PII ................................................................................................... 15 4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing ..................................................................... 16

2. Past ............................................................................................................................................ 17 1) Simple Past: V-ed ................................................................................................................... 17 2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing .................................................................................... 17 3) Past Perfect: Had + PII ........................................................................................................... 18 4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing ...................................................................... 18

3. Future ......................................................................................................................................... 19 1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form ...................................................... 19 2) Near Future ............................................................................................................................. 20 3) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verbing ........................................................................... 20 4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII .................................................................................. 21

Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ ...................................................................... 22

1. Çc tr êng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ .................................................................... 22

2. Çc danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái çc ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt ................ 23

3. Çch sö dông None vµ No ....................................................................................................... 23

4. Çch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) vµ neither...nor (kh«ng...mµ còng kh«ng) 24

5. V-ing lµm chñ ng÷ ..................................................................................................................... 25

6. Çc danh tõ tËp thÓ ................................................................................................................... 25

7. Çch sö dông a number of, the number of: ............................................................................ 27

8. Çc danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu .......................................................................................... 27

9. Thµnh ng÷ there is, there are ................................................................................................... 28

§¹i tõ .......................................................................................................................... 30

1. §¹i tõ nh©n x ng (Chñ ng÷) ....................................................................................................... 30

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2. §¹i tõ nh©n x ng t©n ng÷ ........................................................................................................... 31

3. TÝnh tõ së h÷u ........................................................................................................................... 31

4. §¹i tõ së h÷u ............................................................................................................................. 32

5. §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n ........................................................................................................................ 32

T©n ng÷ ...................................................................................................................... 34

1. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ t©n ng÷ ................................................................................................ 34

2. Verb -ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷ ...................................................................................................... 34

3. Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt ................................................................................................................ 35

4. Çc ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ ................................................................................................... 36

5. VÊn ®Ò çc ®¹i tõ ®øng tr íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷. ................ 37

Çch sö dông çc ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt ....................................................... 39

1. Need ........................................................................................................................................... 39 1) Dïng nh mét ®éng tõ th êng: ® îc sö dông ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nã ........................ 39 2) Need ® îc sö dông nh mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt .................................................................... 39

2. Dare ............................................................................................................................................ 40 1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m" .................................................................................................... 40 2) Dare dïng nh mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ ............................................................................................. 40

Çch sö dông to be trong mét sè tr êng hîp ........................................................ 42

Çch sö dông to get trong mét sè tr êng hîp ®Æc biÖt ......................................... 45

1. To get + P2 ................................................................................................................................. 45

2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm g× ............................................................................. 45

3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lµm ai/ çi g× b¾t ®Çu. .............................................................................. 45

4. Get + to + verb ........................................................................................................................... 45

5. Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò nhËn thøc) = Gradually = dÇn dÇn ...................................................................................................................... 46

C©u hái ....................................................................................................................... 47

1. C©u hái Yes/ No ......................................................................................................................... 47

2. C©u hái th«ng b¸o .................................................................................................................... 47 a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷ ........................................................................................................... 47 b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷ ........................................................................................................ 47 c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo çc bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why ................................................... 48

3. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp ....................................................................................................................... 48

4. C©u hái cã ®u«i ......................................................................................................................... 48

Lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh ................................................................ 50

1. Kh¼ng ®Þnh ................................................................................................................................ 50

2. Phñ ®Þnh .................................................................................................................................... 50

C©u phñ ®Þnh ............................................................................................................. 52

MÖnh lÖnh thøc ......................................................................................................... 55

§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt .............................................................................................. 56

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C©u ®iÒu kiÖn ............................................................................................................. 57

1. §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ® îc ë hiÖn t¹i ............................................................................... 57

2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ® îc ë hiÖn t¹i ......................................................................... 57

3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ® îc ë qu¸ khø ........................................................................ 57

Çch sö dông çc ®éng tõ will, would, could, should sau if ............................... 58

Mét sè çch dïng thªm cña if ................................................................................. 60

1. If... then: NÕu... th× .................................................................................................................... 60

2. If dïng trong d¹ng c©u kh«ng ph¶i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn: §éng tõ ë çc mÖnh ®Ò diÔn biÕn b×nh th êng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh nã. .............................................................................................. 60

3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diÔn ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n (Xem thªm phÇn sö dông should trong mét sè tr êng hîp cô thÓ) ...................................................... 60

4. If.. was/were to... ....................................................................................................................... 60

5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng v×, nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo. .................................................. 61

6. Not ®«i khi ® îc thªm vµo nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ó bµy tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n. 61

7. It would... if + subject + would... (sÏ lµ... nÕu kh«ng ®– îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt) ................ 61

8. If... ‘d have... ‘have: Dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt, diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø .......................................................................................................... 62

9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bÞ l îc bá) .......................................................... 62

10. If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi mét sè tõ nh any/anything/ever/not diÔn ®¹t phñ ®Þnh .............. 62

11. If + Adjective = although (cho dï lµ) .................................................................................... 63

Çch sö dông to Hope, to Wish. .............................................................................. 64

1. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë t ¬ng lai ........................................................................................... 64

2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ® îc ë hiÖn t¹i ......................................................................... 64

3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ® îc ë qu¸ khø ........................................................................ 64

Çch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though (gÇn nh lµ, nh thÓ lµ) .......................... 66

Used to, to be/get used to ........................................................................................ 67

Çch sö dông thµnh ng÷ would rather ................................................................... 68

1. Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷ .......................................................................................................... 68

2. Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷ ........................................................................................................... 68 a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i ..................................................................................................... 69 b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ® îc ë hiÖn t¹i ............................................................................ 69 c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ® îc ë qu¸ khø ........................................................................... 69

Çch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would like ....................................................................... 70

Çch sö dông çc ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t çc tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i . 72

1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Cã lÏ, cã thÓ. ..................................................... 72

2. Should + Verb in simple form .................................................................................................. 72

3. Must + Verb in simple form ...................................................................................................... 72

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Çch sö dông çc ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t çc tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø 74

1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã lÏ ®· ............................................................................... 74

2. Could have + P2 = LÏ ra ® cã thÓ (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng)· ..................................................... 74

3. Might have been + V-ing = Cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang ......................................................................... 74

4. Should have + P2 = LÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn ................................................................................ 74

5. Must have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®· ....................................................................................................... 74

6. Must have been V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang ................................................................................ 74

Çc vÊn ®Ò sö dông should trong mét sè tr êng hîp cô thÓ ................................ 76

TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ....................................................................................................... 78

§éng tõ nèi ................................................................................................................ 80

Çc d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ................................................................. 82

1. So s¸nh b»ng ............................................................................................................................ 82

2. So s¸nh h¬n kÐm ...................................................................................................................... 83

3. So s¸nh hîp lý ......................................................................................................................... 84

4. So s¸nh ®Æc biÖt ....................................................................................................................... 85

5. So s¸nh ®a béi .......................................................................................................................... 86

6. So s¸nh kÐp ............................................................................................................................... 86

7. CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... th× ® ...· .................................................................... 87

8. So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng êi hoÆc 2 vËt ................................................................................................ 88

9. So s¸nh bËc nhÊt ...................................................................................................................... 88

Danh tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ .......................................................................................... 90

Enough ....................................................................................................................... 91

Mét sè tr êng hîp cô thÓ dïng Much & Many ......................................................... 92

Ph©n biÖt thªm vÒ çch dïng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal/ so víi many/ much. .......................................................................................................................... 94

Mét sè çch dïng cô thÓ cña more & most ........................................................... 95

Çch dïng long & (for) a long time ......................................................................... 97

Tõ nèi .......................................................................................................................... 98

1. Because, Because of ................................................................................................................ 98 Because of = on account of = due to .......................................................................................... 98

2. Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶ ................................................................................................ 98

3. Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶. ........................................................................................ 99

4. Mét sè çc tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c. ........................................................................ 100

C©u bÞ ®éng ............................................................................................................. 103

§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n ...................................................................................... 107

1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g× ............................ 107

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2. To have/to get sth done = § a çi g× ®i lµm ............................................................................ 107

3. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth ............................................................................ 107

4. To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao .............................................................................. 107

5. To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho çi g× bÞ lµm sao ..................................................................... 107

6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ó ai, cho phÐp ai lµm g× ........................ 108

7. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm g× ......................................................................... 108

8. 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt .................................................................................................................. 108

C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ ............................................................ 110

1. That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô .............................................................................. 110

2. That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô ............................................................................... 110

3. Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô ............................................................................................. 111

4. Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô ........................................................................................... 111

5. MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc. .......................................................................... 111 1) MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc. .................................................................................................. 111 2) MÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc .......................................................................................... 112

6. TÇm quan träng cña viÖc sö dông dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô .................................... 112

7. Çch sö dông All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which ......................... 113

8. Whose = cña ng êi mµ, cña con mµ. ....................................................................................... 113

9. Çch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô ..................................................................................................... 114

Çch sö dông P1 trong mét sè tr êng hîp ............................................................ 115

10. Dïng víi mét sè çc cÊu tróc ®éng tõ. ............................................................................... 115

11. P1 ® îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi ........................................................................ 116

Çch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh (To have + P2) ........................... 118

Nh÷ng çch sö dông kh¸c cña that ...................................................................... 120

1. That dïng víi t çch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng) ............................................................................. 120

2. MÖnh ®Ò that ............................................................................................................................ 120

C©u gi¶ ®Þnh ............................................................................................................. 122

1. Dïng víi would rather that ..................................................................................................... 122

2. Dïng víi ®éng tõ. ................................................................................................................... 122

3. Dïng víi tÝnh tõ. ...................................................................................................................... 123

4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè tr êng hîp kh¸c ..................................................................... 124

5. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time ................................................................................. 125

Lèi nãi bao hµm ....................................................................................................... 127

1. Not only ..... but also ............................................................................................................... 127

2. As well as: Còng nh ................................................................................................................ 127

3. Both ..... and ............................................................................................................................ 128

Çch sö dông to know, to know how. ................................................................... 129

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MÖnh ®Ò nh îng bé .................................................................................................. 130

1. Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp ................................................................................................. 130

2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu ........................................................................... 130

3. However + adj + S + linkverb = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a th× .... .............................................. 130

4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier ............................. 131

Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn ........................................................................... 132

Mét sè çc ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c ......................................................................... 135

Sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ ................................................................................... 137

Çch sö dông to say, to tell ................................................................................... 139

§¹i tõ nh©n x ng one vµ you ................................................................................... 140

Tõ ®i tr íc ®Ó giíi thiÖu ........................................................................................... 141

Çch sö dông çc ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô ................................................... 142

Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ ........................................................................................ 145

1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) ® îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ çc ®iÒu kiÖn sau: ............ 145

2. Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) ® îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ çc ®iÒu kiÖn sau: ............ 145

C©u thõa ................................................................................................................... 146

CÊu tróc c©u song song ......................................................................................... 147

Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ............................................................................. 148

1. C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp ................................................................................................ 148

§éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ...................................................... 150

Sù ®¶o ng îc phã tõ ................................................................................................ 151

1. Mét sè çc d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ë ®Çu c©u ................................................................ 151

Çch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p ....................... 155

1. KiÓm tra çc lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gåm .......................................................................... 155

2. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh r êm rµ: ........................................................................ 155

3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ çc tõ trong c©u ® îc chän ®Òu ph¶i phóc vô cho nghÜa cña bµi, ®Æc biÖt lµ çc ng÷ ®éng tõ. ................................................................................................. 156

4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ® îc phÐp dïng trong v¨n viÕt qui chuÈn ...................................................................................................................................... 156

Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn ..................................................................................... 157

Phô lôc: mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn kh¸c: ............................................... 160

Giíi tõ ....................................................................................................................... 163

Ng÷ ®éng tõ ............................................................................................................. 167

Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÖn bµi ®äc .................................................................... 170

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Grammar Review

Mét c©u trong tiÕng Anh bao gåm çc thµnh phÇn sau ®©y

SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER (OBJECT)

DIRECT INDIRECT

SUBJECT cã thÓ lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ, mét VERB_ING, mét ®¹i tõ, song nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn lµ mét danh tõ. Chóng bao giê còng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ. V× lµ danh tõ nªn chóng liªn quan ®Õn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:

1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun)

Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc: Dïng ®îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã cã thÓ dïng ®îc víi "a" vµ "the".

Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc: Kh«ng dïng ®îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã kh«ng thÓ dïng ®îc víi "a", cßn "the" chØ trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt.

Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt. Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®îc cã d¹ng sè Ýt/ sè nhiÒu nh nhau

chØ ph©n biÖt b»ng cã "a" vµ kh«ng cã "a" Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.

Mét sè çc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc nh food, meat, money, sand, water ... ®èi khi ®îc dïng nh çc danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®Ó chØ çc d¹ng, lo¹i kh¸c nhau cña danh tõ ®ã.

Ex: water -> waters (Níc -> nh÷ng vòng níc)

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Danh tõ "time" nÕu dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi gian" lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc nhng khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi ®¹i" hay "sè lÇn" lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®îc.

Ex: Ancient times (Nh÷ng thêi cæ ®¹i) - Modern times (nh÷ng thêi hiÖn ®¹i)

B¶ng sè 1 trang 45 lµ çc ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®îc víi çc danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc.

ViÖc x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc lµ hÕt søc quan träng vµ thêng lµ bíc c¬ b¶n më ®Çu cho çc bµi nghe/ ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL.

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Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"

Dïng "an" tríc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng:o 4 nguyªn ©m A, E, I, O.o 2 b¸n nguyªn ©m U, Y.o Nh÷ng danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng "h" c©m (an heir/ an

hour)o Nh÷ng tõ më ®Çu b»ng mét ch÷ viÕt t¾t (an S.O.S/ an

M.P)o Lu ý: §øng tríc mét danh tõ më ®Çu b»ng "uni..." ph¶i

dïng "a" (a university/ a uniform) Dïng "a" tríc danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m. §îc dïng tríc mét danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÒ mÆt vÞ trÝ/

tÝnh chÊt/ ®Æc ®iÓm hoÆc ®îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu tiªn trong c©u.

Dïng trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ sè lîng nhÊt ®Þnh nh: a lot of/ a great deal of/ a couple/ a dozen.

Dïng tríc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh thêng lµ hµng ngµn, hµng tr¨m nh a/ one hundred - a/one thousand.

Dïng tríc "half" (mét nöa) khi nã theo sau mét ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn: a kilo and a half, hay khi nã ®i ghÐp víi mét danh tõ kh¸c ®Ó chØ nöa phÇn (khi viÕt cã dÊu g¹ch nèi): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngµy lÔ chØ nghØ nöa ngµy).

Dïng víi çc ®¬n vÞ ph©n sè nh 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.

Dïng trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, 4 times a day.

Dïng tríc çc danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®îc. trong çc th¸n tõ what a nice day/ such a long life.

A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mét «ng/ bµ/ c« nµo ®ã (kh«ng quen biÕt)

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Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"

Dïng tríc mét danh tõ ®· ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø hai trong c©u.

The + danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõEx: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.

Dïng tríc nh÷ng tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc only.Ex: The only way, the best day.

Dïng cho nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh (thËp niªn): In the 1990s

The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phôEx: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman

Tríc mét danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖtEx: She is in the (= her) garden

The + danh tõ sè Ýt tîng trng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt

Ex: The whale = whales (loµi ç voi), the deep-freeze (thøc ¨n ®«ng l¹nh)

Lu ý: Nhng ®èi víi man khi mang nghÜa "loµi ngêi" tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng "the".Ex: Since man lived on the earth (kÓ tõ khi loµi ngêi sinh sèng trªn tr¸i ®Êt nµy)

Dïng tríc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Ó chØ mét nhãm, mét h¹ng ngêi nhÊt ®Þnh trong x· héi.

Ex: The small shopkeeper: Giíi chñ tiÖm nhá/ The top offcial: Giíi quan chøc cao cÊp

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The + adj: Tîng trng cho mét nhãm ngêi, chóng kh«ng bao giê ®îc phÐp ë sè nhiÒu nhng ®îc xem lµ çc danh tõ sè nhiÒu. Do vËy ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i cïng víi chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.

Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very hard in their moving

The + tªn çc vïng/ khu vùc ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö

Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh tõ

used as adjectiveEx: Ex: The North/ South Pole

(B¾c/ Nam Cùc)Ex: Ex: The East End of London

(Khu ®«ng L«n §«n)*Nhng kh«ng ®îc dïng THE tríc çc tõ nµy nÕu nã ®i

liÒn víi tªn ch©u lôc hoÆc quèc gia: West Germany, North America... The + tªn gäi çc ®éi hîp xíng/ dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn/ ban nh¹c

phæ th«ngEx: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles. The + tªn gäi çc tê b¸o (kh«ng t¹p chÝ)/ tµu biÓn/ çc

khinh khÝ cÇu.Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg

The + hä mét gia ®×nh ë sè nhiÒu = gia ®×nh nhµEx: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children

Dïng tríc tªn hä cña mét ngêi ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ngêi ®ã trong sè nh÷ng ngêi trïng tªn.

Kh«ng ®îc dïng "the" tríc çc danh tõ chØ b÷a ¨n trong ngµy trõ çc trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt.

Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morningEx: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.

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Kh«ng ®îc dïng "the" tríc mét sè danh tõ nh home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v... khi nã ®i víi çc ®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng chØ ®i ®Õn ®ã v× môc ®Ých chÝnh hoÆc ra khái ®ã còng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh.

Ex: Students go to school everyday.Ex: The patient was released from hospital .

Nhng nÕu ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã kh«ng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng "the".

Ex: Students go to the school for a class party .Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork*Lu ý: trong American English hospital vµ university ph¶i dïng víi THE:

Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient).Ex: She was unhappy at the university (at the university

as a student). Mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt

• Go to work = Go to the office.• To be at work• To be hard at work (lµm viÖc ch¨m chØ)• To be in office (®¬ng nhiÖm) <> To be out of office

(§· m n· nhiÖm)• Go to sea = ®i biÓn (nh nh÷ng thñy thñ)• Go to the sea = ra biÓn, thêng ®Ó nghØ• To be at the sea: ë gÇn biÓn• To be at sea (ë trªn biÓn) trong mét chuyÕn h¶i

hµnh.• go to town: §i vµo trung t©m/ §i phè - To be in town

(ë trung t©m) khi town lµ cña ngêi nãi.B¶ng sö dông "the" vµ kh«ng sö dông "the" trong mét sè trêng hîp ®iÓn h×nh

Cã "The" Kh«ng "The" Dïng tríc tªn çc ®¹i d-

¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh vµ çc hå (ë sè nhiÒu)

Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the

Tríc tªn mét håEx: Lake Geneva

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Great Lakes

Tríc tªn çc d y· nóiEx: The Rocky Mountains Tríc tªn nh÷ng vËt thÓ

duy nhÊt trong vò trô hoÆc trªn thÕ giíi

Ex: The earth, the moon The Great Wall The schools, colleges,

universities + of + danh tõ riªng

Ex: The University of Florida

the + sè thø tù + danh tõEx: The third chapter.

Tríc tªn çc cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi ®iÒu kiÖn tªn khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®îc tÝnh tõ ho¸

Ex: The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese economy)

Tríc tªn çc níc cã hai tõ trë lªn (ngo¹i trõ Great Britain)

Ex: The United States

Tríc tªn çc níc ®îc coi lµ mét quÇn ®¶o hoÆc mét quÇn ®¶o

Ex: The Philipines

Tríc tªn çc tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn lÞch sö

Ex: The Constitution, The

Tríc tªn mét ngän nóiEx: Mount Vesuvius Tríc tªn çc hµnh tinh

hoÆc çc chßm saoEx: Venus, Mars

Tríc tªn çc trêng nµy nÕu tríc nã lµ mét tªn riªng

Ex: Stetson University

Tríc çc danh tõ ®i cïng víi mét sè ®Õm

Ex: Chapter three

Tríc tªn çc níc më ®Çu b»ng New, mét tÝnh tõ chØ híng hoÆc chØ cã mét tõ

Ex: New Zealand, North Korean, France

Tríc tªn çc lôc ®Þa, tØnh, tiÓu bang, thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn

Ex: Europe, Florida

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Magna Carta Tríc tªn çc nhãm d©n téc

thiÓu sèEx: the Indians

Tríc tªn çc m«n häc cô thÓ

Ex: The Solid matter Physics

Tríc tªn bÊt k× m«n thÓ thao nµo

Ex: baseball, basketball

Tríc çc danh tõ trõu t-îng (trõ mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt)

Ex: freedom, happiness

Tríc tªn çc m«n häc nãi chung

Ex: mathematics

Tríc tªn çc ngµy lÔ, tÕtEx: Christmas, Thanksgiving

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Çch sö dông another vµ other.

Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt nghÜa nhng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.

Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®îc Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc

another + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè Ýt = mét çi n÷a, mét çi kh¸c, mét ngêi n÷a, mét ngêi kh¸c.

the other + danh tõ ®Õm ®-îc sè Ýt = çi cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), ngêi cßn l¹i (cña mét nhãm).

anOther + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu = mÊy çi n÷a, mÊy çi kh¸c, mÊy ngêi n÷a, mÊy ngêi kh¸c.

The other + danh tõ ®Õm ®-îc sè nhiÒu = nh÷ng çi cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), nh÷ng ngêi cßn l¹i (cña mét nhãm).

anOther + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc = mét chót n÷a.

The other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc = chç cßn sãt l¹i.

Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another.(another = any other book - not specific)

I don't want this book. Please give me the other .(the other = the other book, specific)

Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi The other lµ x¸c ®Þnh, nÕu chñ ng÷ hoÆc danh tõ ®· ®îc nh¾c ®Õn ë

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trªn th× ë díi chØ cÇn dïng Another hoÆc other nh mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.

NÕu danh tõ ®îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu: Other -> Others. Kh«ng bao giê ®îc dïng Others + danh tõ sè nhiÒu. ChØ ®-îc dïng mét trong hai.

Trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones ®»ng sau another hoÆc other.

Lu ý: This hoÆc That cã thÓ dïng víi one nhng These vµ Those kh«ng ®îc dïng víi ones.

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Çch sö dông little, a little, few, a few

Little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc = rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh híng phñ ®Þnh)

Ex: I have little money , not enough to buy groceries.

A little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc = cã mét chót, ®ñ ®ÓEx: I have a little money , enough to buy groceries

Few + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu = cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh híng phñ ®Þnh)

Ex: I have few books , not enough for reference reading

A few + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu: cã mét chót, ®ñ ®ÓEx: I have a few records , enough for listening.

Trong mét sè trêng hîp khi danh tõ ë trªn ®· ®îc nh¾c ®Õn th× ë phÝa díi chØ cÇn dïng little hoÆc few nh mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.

Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little .

Quite a few (®Õm ®îc) = Quite a bit (kh«ng ®Õm ®îc) = Quite a lot (c¶ hai) = rÊt nhiÒu.

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Së h÷u çch

The noun's + noun: ChØ ®îc dïng cho nh÷ng danh tõ chØ ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho çc ®å vËt.

Ex: The student's book The cat's legs.

§èi víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy

Ex: The students' book.

Nhng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ ®æi sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng "s" ë ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng ®Çy ®ñ dÊu së h÷u çch.

Ex: The children's toys. The people's willing

NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u çch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u.

Ex: Paul and Peter's room.

§èi víi nh÷ng tªn riªng hoÆc danh tõ ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i cã thÓ chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy vµ nhÊn m¹nh ®u«i khi ®äc hoÆc dïng së h÷u çch vµ ph¶i thay ®æi çch ®äc. Tªn riªng kh«ng dïng "the" ®»ng tríc.

Ex: The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz] Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.

Nã ®îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m, th¸ng, thËp niªn, thÕ kØ)Ex: The 1990s' events: nh÷ng sù kiÖn cña thËp niªn 90 The 21st century's prospects.

Cã thÓ dïng cho çc mïa trong n¨m trõ mïa xu©n vµ mïa thu. NÕu dïng së h÷u çch cho hai mïa nµy th× ngêi viÕt ®· nh©n çch ho¸ chóng. Ngµy nay ngêi ta dïng çc mïa trong n¨m nh mét tÝnh tõ cho çc danh tõ ®»ng sau, Ýt dïng së h÷u çch.

Ex: The Autumn's leaf : chiÕc l¸ cña nµng thu.

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Dïng cho tªn çc c«ng ty lín, çc quèc giaEx: The Rockerfeller's oil products. China's food.

§èi víi çc cöa hiÖu cã nghÒ nghiÖp ®Æc trng chØ cÇn dïng danh tõ víi dÊu së h÷u.

Ex: In a florist's At a hairdresser's§Æc biÖt lµ çc tiÖm ¨n: Antonio's

Dïng tríc mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ trong mét sè thµnh ng÷

Ex: a stone's throw from ...(Çch n¬i ®©u mét tÇm ®¸ nÐm).

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Verb

§éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh Chia lµm 3 thêi chÝnh:Qu¸ khø (Past)HiÖn t¹i (Present)T¬ng lai (Future)

Mçi thêi chÝnh l¹i chia thµnh nhiÒu thêi nhá ®Ó diÔn ®¹t tÝnh chÝnh x¸c cña hµnh ®éng.

1. Present

1) Simple Present Khi chia ®éng tõ thêi nµy ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt, ph¶i cã "s" ë

tËn cïng vµ ©m dã ph¶i ®îc ®äc lªnEx: He walks. Ex: She watches TV

Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng thêng xuyªn x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ thêi gian, hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh qui luËt.

Thêng dïng víi mét sè çc phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh today, present day, nowadays.

§Æc biÖt nã dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ tÇn suÊt nh: always, sometimes, often, every + thêi gian...

2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing) Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë vµo mét thêi

®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh cña hiÖn t¹i. Thêi ®iÓm nµy ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ b»ng mét sè phã tõ nh : now, rightnow, at this moment.

Dïng thay thÕ cho thêi t¬ng lai gÇn, ®Æc biÖt lµ trong v¨n nãi.

§Æc biÖt lu ý nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau kh«ng ®îc chia ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn dï bÊt cø thêi nµo khi chóng lµ nh÷ng ®éng

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tõ tÜnh diÔn ®¹t tr¹ng th¸i c¶m gi¸c cña ho¹t ®éng tinh thÇn hoÆc tÝnh chÊt cña sù vËt , sù viÖc. Nhng khi chóng quay sang híng déng tõ hµnh ®éng th× chóng l¹i ®îc phÐp dïng ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn.

know believe hear see smell wish understand hate love like want sound have need appear seem taste own

Ex: He has a lot of books. He is having dinner now. (§éng tõ hµnh ®éng: ¨n tèi) I think they will come in time I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (§éng tõ hµnh ®éng: §ang nghÜ vÒ)

3) Present Perfect : Have + PII

Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tõ trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i vµ chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i, thêi diÓm hµnh ®éng hoµn toµn kh«ng ®îc x¸c ®Þnh trong c©u.

ChØ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i

Ex: George has Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh, lu ý r»ng already cã thÓ ®øng ngay sau have vµ còng cã thÓ ®øng ë cuèi c©u.

Dïng víi yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh, yet thêng xuyªn ®øng ë cuèi c©u.

Dïng víi yet trong c©u nghi vÊnEx: Have you written your reports yet?

seen this movie three time.

Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ SINCE/FOR+time Trong mét sè trêng hîp ë phñ ®Þnh, yet cã thÓ ®øng ngay

sau have nhng ph¶i thay ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p: not mÊt ®i vµ PII trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to.

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Ex: John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.

Dïng víi now that... (giê ®©y khi mµ...)Ex: Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply...

Dïng víi mét sè phã tõ nh till now, untill now, so far (cho ®Õn giê). Nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu c©u hoÆc cuèi c©u.

Ex: So far the problem has not been resolved.

Dïng víi recently, lately (gÇn ®©y) nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u.

Ex: I have not seen him recently.

Dïng víi before ®øng ë cuèi c©u.Ex: I have seen him before.

4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing Dïng gièng hÖt nh Present Perfect nhng hµnh ®éng

kh«ng chÊn døt ë hiÖn t¹i mµ vÉn tiÕp tôc tiÕp diÔn, thêng xuyªn dïng víi since, for + time

Ph©n biÖt çch dïng gi÷a hai thêi: Present Perfect Hµnh ®éng ®· chÊm døt ë

hiÖn t¹i do ®ã ®· cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt.

Ex: I've waited you for half an hour (and now I stop working because you didn't come).

Present Perfect Progressive Hµnh ®éng vÉn tiÕp diÔn ë

hiÖn t¹i, cã kh¶ n¨ng lan tíi t¬ng lai do ®ã kh«ng cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt.

Ex: I've been waiting for you for half an hour (and now I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come)

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2. Past

1) Simple Past: V-ed Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã c¶ d¹ng Simple Past

vµ Past Perfect b×nh thêng còng nh ®Æc biÖt. Ngêi Anh a dïng Simple past chia b×nh thêng vµ P2 ®Æc biÖt lµm adj hoÆc trong d¹ng bÞ ®éng

Ex: To light lighted/lighted: He lighted the candles in his birthday

cake.lit/ lit: From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.

Nã diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra ®øt ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng liªn quan g× tíi hiÖn t¹i, thêi diÓm trong c©u ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh râ rÖt b»ng mét sè çc phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh yesterday, at that moment, last + time

2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë vµo mét

thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh cña qu¸ khø. Thêi diÓm ®ã ®îc diÔn ®¹t cô thÓ = ngµy, giê.

Nã dông kÕt hîp víi mét simple past th«ng qua 2 phã tõ chØ thêi gian lµ when vµ while, ®Ó chØ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang tiÕp diÔn trong qu¸ khø th× mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c chen ngang vµo (khi ®ang... th× bçng...).

Subject + Simple Past – while - Subject + Past Progressive

Ex: Smb hit him on the head while he was walking to his car

Subject + Past Progressive - when - Subject + Simple Past

Ex: He was walking to his car when Smb hit him on the head

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MÖnh ®Ò cã when & while cã thÓ ®øng bÊt k× n¬i nµo trong c©u nhng sau when ph¶i lµ simple past vµ sau while ph¶i lµ Past Progressive.

Nã diÔn ®¹t 2 hµnh ®éng ®ang cïng lóc x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø.

Subject + Past Progressive - while - Subject + Past Progressive

Ex: Her husband was reading newspaper while she was preparing dinner.

MÖnh ®Ò hµnh ®éng kh«ng cã while cã thÓ ë simple past nhng Ýt khi v× dÔ bÞ nhÇm lÉn.

3) Past Perfect: Had + PII

Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tríc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong qu¸ khø, trong c©u bao giê còng cã 2 hµnh ®éng

Dïng kÕt hîp víi mét simple past th«ng qua 2 phã tõ chØ thêi gian after vµ before.

Subject + Simple Past after Subject + Past Perfect Subject + Past Perfect before Subject + Simple Past

Lu ý• MÖnh ®Ò cã after & before cã thÓ ®øng ë ®Çu hoÆc cuèi

c©u nhng sau after ph¶i lµ past perfect cßn sau before ph¶i lµ simple past.

• Before & After cã thÓ ®îc thay b»ng when mµ kh«ng sî bÞ nhÇm lÉn v× trong c©u bao giê còng cã 2 hµnh ®éng, 1 tr-íc, 1 sau.

Ex: The police came when the robber had gone away.

4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing Dïng gièng hÖt nh Past Perfect duy cã ®iÒu ho¹t ®éng

diÔn ra liªn tôc cho ®Õn tËn Simple Past. Nã thêng kÕt

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hîp víi Simple Past th«ng qua phã tõ Before. Trong c©u thêng xuyªn cã since, for + time

Lu ý: Thêi nµy ngµy nay Ýt dïng, ngêi ta thay thÕ nã b»ng Past Perfect vµ chØ dïng khi nµo cÇn ®iÔn ®¹t tÝnh chÝnh x¸c cña hµnh ®éng.

3. Future

1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple formNgµy nay ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn ®¹i, ®Æc biÖt lµ ng÷ ph¸p MÜ chÊp nhËn viÖc dïng will cho tÊt c¶ çc ng«i, cßn shall chØ dïng víi çc ng«i I, we trong mét sè trêng hîp nh sau: §a ra ®Ò nghÞ mét çch lÞch sùEx: Shall I take you coat?

Dïng ®Ó mêi ngêi kh¸c mét çch lÞch sù:Ex: Shall we go out for lunch?

Dïng ®Ó ng· gi¸ trong khi mÆc c¶, mua b¸n:Ex: Shall we say : $ 50

Thêng ®îc dïng víi 1 v¨n b¶n mang tÝnh ph¸p qui buéc çc bªn ph¶i thi hµnh ®iÒu kho¶n trong v¨n b¶n:

Ex: All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dorm rule

Trong tiÕng Anh b×nh d©n , ngêi ta thay shall = must ë d¹ng c©u nµy.

Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t¬ng lai nhng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ. Thêng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh tomorrow, next + time, in the future, in future = from now on.

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2) Near Future DiÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong t¬ng lai gÇn, th-

êng dïng víi çc phã tõ díi d¹ng: In a moment (l¸t n÷a), At 2 o'clock this afternoon....

Ex: We are going to have a reception in a moment

Nã chØ 1 viÖc ch¾c ch¾n sÏ ph¶i x¶y ra theo nh dù tÝnh cho dï thêi gian lµ t¬ng lai xa.

Ex: We are going to take a TOEFL test next year .

Ngµy nay ngêi ta thêng dïng present progressive.

3) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verbing DiÔn ®¹t mét ®iÒu sÏ x¶y ra trong t¬ng lai ë vµo mét thêi

®iÓm nhÊt ®ÞnhEx: At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the

lecture.Ex: Good luck with the exam! We will be thinking of you.

Dïng kÕt hîp víi present progressive kh¸c ®Ó diÔn ®¹t hai hµnh ®éng ®ang song song x¶y ra. Mét ë hiÖn t¹i, cßn mét ë t¬ng lai.

Ex: Now we are learning English here, but by the time

tomorrow we will be attending the meeting at the

office.

§îc dïng ®Ó ®Ò cËp ®Õn çc sù kiÖn t¬ng lai ®· ®îc x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc quyÕt ®Þnh (kh«ng mang ý nghÜa tiÕp diÔn).

Ex: Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass – making at the same time next week.

HoÆc nh÷ng sù kiÖn ®îc mong ®îi lµ sÏ x¶y ra theo mét tiÕn tr×nh thêng lÖ (nhng kh«ng diÔn ®¹t ý ®Þnh cña ç nh©n ngêi nãi).

Ex: You will be hearing from my solicitor.Ex: I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect.

Dù ®o¸n cho t¬ng lai:

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Ex: Don’t phone now, they will be having dinner.

DiÔn ®¹t lêi ®Ò nghÞ nh· nhÆn muèn biÕt vÒ kÕ ho¹ch cña ngêi kh¸c

Ex: You will be staying in this evening.(«ng cã dù ®Þnh ë l¹i ®©y tèi nay chø ¹)

4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII

ChØ mét hµnh ®éng sÏ ph¶i ®îc hoµn tÊt ë vµo mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t¬ng lai. Nã thêng ®îc dïng víi phã tö chØ thêi gian díi d¹ngBy the end of....., By the time + sentence

Ex: We will have accomplished the TOEFL test taking skills by the end of next year .Ex: By the time Halley's Comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the people alive today will have passed away.

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Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ

Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh, th«ng thêng th× chñ ng÷ ®øng liÒn ngay víi ®éng tõ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ nhng kh«ng ph¶i lu«n lu«n nh vËy.

1. Çc trêng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ

Xen vµo gi÷a lµ mét ng÷ giíi tõ (mét giíi tõ më ®Çu céng çc danh tõ theo sau). Çc ng÷ giíi tõ nµy kh«ng hÒ cã quyÕt ®Þnh g× tíi viÖc chia ®éng tõ, ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo chñ ng÷ chÝnh.

Çc thµnh ng÷ ë b¶ng sau cïng víi çc danh tõ ®i theo sau nã t¹o nªn hiÖn têng ®ång chñ ng÷. Nã sÏ ®øng xen vµo gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ, t¸ch ra khái gi÷a 2 thµnh phÇn ®ã = 2 dÊu ph¶y vµ kh«ng cã ¶nh hëng g× ®Õn viÖc chia ®éng tõ.

Ex: The actrees, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.

Together with along with accompanied by as well as

NÕu 2 danh tõ lµm chñ ng÷ nèi víi nhau b»ng and th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu (they)

Nhng nÕu 2 ®ång Chñ ng÷ nèi víi nhau b»ng or th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo danh tõ ®øng sau or. NÕu danh tõ ®ã lµ sè Ýt th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt vµ ngîc l¹i.

Ex: The actress or her manager is going to answer the interview.

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2. Çc danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái çc ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt

§ã lµ çc danh tõ ë b¶ng sau (cßn gäi lµ çc ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ).

any + no + some + singular noun singular noun singular nounanybody nobody somebodyanyone no one someoneanything nothing something

every + singular noun each + singular noun everybody everyone either * everything neither*

*Either and neither are singular if thay are not used with or and nor

either (1 trong 2) chØ dïng cho 2 ngêi hoÆc 2 vËt. NÕu 3 ngêi (vËt) trë lªn ph¶i dïng any. neither (kh«ng mét trong hai) chØ dïng cho 2 ngêi, 2 vËt. NÕu 3 ngêi trë lªn dïng not any.

Ex: Neither of his chutes opens as he plummets to the ground

Ex: Not any of his pens is able to be used.

3. Çch sö dông None vµ No NÕu sau None of the lµ mét danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc th×

®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt. Nhng nÕu sau nã lµ mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.

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none + of the + non-count noun + singular verb

none + of the + plural count noun + plural verb

Ex: None of the counterfeit money has been found.Ex: None of the students have finished the exam yet.

NÕu sau No lµ mét danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè Ýt hoÆc kh«ng ®Õm ®îc th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt nhng nÕu sau nã lµ mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu

no + {singular noun/non-count noun} + singular verb

no + plural noun + plural verb

Ex: No example is relevant to this case.

4. Çch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) vµ neither...nor (kh«ng...mµ còng kh«ng)

§iÒu cÇn lu ý nhÊt khi sö dông cÊu tróc nµy lµ ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo danh tõ ®i sau or hoÆc nor. NÕu danh tõ ®ã lµ sè Ýt th× déng tõ ®ã chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt vµ ngîc l¹i.

+ noun + + plural noun + plural verb + noun + + singular noun + singular verb

neither either

nor or

neither either

nor or

Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.

Ex: Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.

Ex: Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.

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Ex: Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

5. V-ing lµm chñ ng÷ Khi V-ing dïng lµm chñ ng÷ th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø

3 sè Ýt

Ngêi ta sÏ dïng V-ing khi muèn diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng cô thÓ x¶y ra nhÊt thêi nhng khi muèn diÔn ®¹t b¶n chÊt cña sù vËt, sù viÖc th× ph¶i dïng danh tõ

Ex: Dieting is very popular today.Ex: Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease.

§éng tõ nguyªn thÓ còng cã thÓ dïng lµm chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ sau nã sÏ chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt. Nhng ngêi ta th-êng dïng chñ ng÷ gi¶ it ®Ó më ®Çu c©u.

Ex: To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book.

6. Çc danh tõ tËp thÓ §ã lµ çc danh tõ ë b¶ng sau dïng ®Ó chØ 1 nhãm ngêi

hoÆc 1 tæ chøc nhng trªn thùc tÕ chóng lµ nh÷ng danh tõ sè Ýt, do vËy çc d¹i tõ vµ ®éng tõ theo sau chóng còng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

Congress family group committee classOrganization team army club crowdGovernment jury majority* minority public

Ex: The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

Tuy nhiªn nÕu ®éng tõ sau nh÷ng danh tõ nµy chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu th× c©u ®ã ¸m chØ çc thµnh viªn trong nhãm ®ang ho¹t ®éng riªng rÏ:

Ex: Congress votes for the bill.

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*(Congress are discussing about the bill. (some agree, some disagree)).(TOEFL kh«ng b¾t lçi nµy).

Danh tõ the majority ®îc dïng tuú theo thµnh phÇn sau nã ®Ó chia ®éng tõ

the majority + singular verb

the majority of the + plural noun + plural verb

Ex: The majority believes that we are in no danger.Ex: The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.

the police/sheep/fish + plural verbEx: The sheep are breaking awayEx: The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin

in the bank

a couple + singular verbEx: A couple is walking on the path

The couple + plural verbEx: The couple are racing their horses through the

meadow.

Çc côm tõ ë b¶ng sau chØ mét nhãm ®éng vËt hoÆc gia sóc. cho dï sau giíi tõ of lµ danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ vÉn chia theo ng«i chñ ng÷ chÝnh – ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

flock of birds, sheep school of fishherd of cattle pride of lionspack of dogs

Ex: The flock of birds is circling overhead.

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TÊt c¶ çc danh tõ tËp thÓ chØ thêi gian, tiÒn b¹c, sè ®o ®Òu ®îc xem lµ 1 danh tõ sè Ýt. Do ®ã çc ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

Ex: 25 dollars is too much....

*Note: He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another 50 .

7. Çch sö dông a number of, the number of: A number of = mét sè lín nh÷ng... nÕu ®i víi danh tõ sè

nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ chia ë ng«i thø ba sè nhiÒu.

a number of + plural noun + plural verb

Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic (a number of = many).

Nhng the number of = mét sè... ®îc coi lµ mét tæng thÓ sè Ýt, do ®ã cho dï sau nã lµ mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ vÉn ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

the number of + plural noun + singular verb...

Ex: The number of days in a week is seven.

8. Çc danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu B¶ng sau lµ nh÷ng danh tõ bao giê còng ë h×nh th¸i sè

nhiÒu v× chóng bao g«m 2 thùc thÓ nªn çc ®¹i tõ vµ ®éng tõ ®i cïng víi chóng còng ph¶i ë sè nhiÒu.

Scissors shorts Pants jeans tongsTrousers eyeglasse

sPliers tweezers

NÕu muèn chóng thµnh ng«i sè Ýt ph¶i dïng a pair of...Ex: The pants are in the drawer.Ex: A pair of pants is in the drawer.

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9. Thµnh ng÷ there is, there are Thµnh ng÷ nµy chØ sù tån t¹i cña ngêi hoÆc vËt t¹i mét n¬i

nµo ®ã. Chñ ng÷ thËt cña thµnh ng÷ nµy lµ danh tõ ®i sau. NÕu nã lµ danh tõ sè Ýt th× ®éng tõ to be chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt vµ ngîc l¹i.

Mäi biÕn ®æi vÒ thêi vµ thÓ ®Òu n»m ë to be cßn there gi÷ nguyªn.

Ex: There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.

Ex: There have been a number of telephone calls today.

Lu ý çc cÊu tróc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be: Ch¾c ch¾n lµ sÏ cã

Ex: There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter (Ch¾c ch¾n lµ sÏ cã r¾c rèi khi c« Êy nhËn ®îc th anh ta)

Ex: Do you think there is likely to be snow (Anh cho r»ng ch¾c ch¾n sÏ cã tuyÕt chø)

Trong d¹ng tiÕng Anh quy chuÈn hoÆc v¨n ch¬ng mét sè çc ®éng tõ kh¸c ngoµi to be còng ®îc sö dông víi there.

• §éng tõ tr¹ng th¸i: Stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live

• §éng tõ chØ sù ®Õn: enter/ go/ come/ follow

of state There + verb + noun as subject of arrival

Ex: In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker (T¹i mét thÞ trÊn xÐp ë §øc ®· tõng cã mét «ng thî giµy nghÌo sèng ë ®ã)

Ex: There remains nothing more to be done (Ch¶ cßn cã g× ë ®ã n÷a mµ lµm)

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Ex: Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black (Bçng cã mét h×nh bãng k× l¹ ®i vµo mÆc toµn ®å ®en)

Ex: There followed an uncomfortable silence (Mét sù im lÆng ®Õn bÊt tiÖn tiÕp theo sau ®ã)

There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: k×a/ thÕ lµ/ råi th×Ex: There he comes

(Anh ta ®· ®Õn råi kia k×a)Ex: There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an

hour (Anh ®©y råi, t«i ®ang chê anh ®Õn h¬n mét tiÕng råi ®Êy)

There + be + name of people : Th× cã .. .. ®Êy th«i .. Nh»m ®Ó gîi ta sù chó ý ®Õn There + be + always + noun: Th× lóc nµo ch¶ cã .. mét gi¶i ph¸p kh¶ dÜ cho 1 vÊn ®Ò

Ex: Whom could we ask ? Well, there is James, or Miranda, or Ann, or Sue...

Ex: Where can he sleep/_ Well, there is always the attic

There was this + noun: ChÝnh lµ çi ... nµy ®Êy (®Ó më ®Çu cho mét c©u chuyÖn)

Ex: There was this man, see, and he could not get up in the morning. So he ...(Nµy, chÝnh lµ çi anh chµng nµy ®Êy, anh ta kh«ng dËy ®îc buæi s¸ng. ThÕ lµ anh ta...

There (lµm tÝnh tõ) chÝnh çi/ con/ ngêi ÊyEx: Give that book there, please

Lµm ¬n ®a cho t«i chÝnh cuèn s¸ch Êy That there dog: ChÝnh con chã Êy ®ÊyThat there girl, she broke two records of speed (ChÝnh c« g¸i Êy ®Êy, c« ta ®· ph¸ hai kØ lôc vÒ tèc ®é)

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§¹i tõ

Chia lµm 5 lo¹i víi çc chøc n¨ng sö dông kh¸c nhau.

1. §¹i tõ nh©n xng (Chñ ng÷)

I we you you he she they it

§øng ®Çu c©u, lµm chñ ng÷, quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ §øng sau ®éng tõ to beEx: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I.Ex: It was she who called you.

§øng ®»ng sau çc phã tõ so s¸nh nh than, as (Lçi c¬ b¶n) §»ng sau çc ng«i sè nhiÒu nh we, you cã quyÒn dïng mét

danh tõ sè nhiÒu trùc tiÕp ®»ng sau.Ex: We students are going to have a party (Sinh viªn chóng t«i .....) You guys (Bän mµy)

We/ You/ They + all/ bothEx: We all go to school now They both bought the ensurance You all come shopping.

Nhng nÕu all hoÆc both ®i víi çc ®¹i tõ nµy ë d¹ng c©u cã ®éng tõ kÐp th× all hoÆc both sÏ ®øng sau trî ®éng tõ (Future, progressive, perfect)

Ex: We will all go to school next week. They have both bought the insurance.

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All vµ Both cïng ph¶i ®øng sau ®éng tõ to be trªn tÝnh tõEx: We are all ready to go swimming.

Dïng he/she thay thÕ cho çc vËt nu«i nÕu chóng ®îc xem lµ cã tÝnh çch, th«ng minh hoÆc t×nh c¶m (chã, mÌo, ngùa...)

Ex: Go and find a cat if where she stays in.Ex: How’s your new car? Terrrific, she is running

beutifully.

Tªn níc ®îc thay thÕ trang träng b»ng she (ngµy nay it dïng).

Ex: England is an island country and she is governed by a mornach.

2. §¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷me us you you him her them it

§øng ®»ng sau çc ®¹i tõ vµ çc giíi tõ lµm t©n ng÷ : us/ you/ them + all/ both

Ex: They invited us all (all of us) to the party last night. §»ng sau us cã thÓ dïng mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu trùc tiÕpEx: The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students.

3. TÝnh tõ së h÷u

my our your your his her their its

§øng tríc mét danh tõ vµ chØ sù së h÷u cña ngêi hoÆc vËt ®èi víi danh tõ ®ã.

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4. §¹i tõ së h÷u

mine ours yours yours his hers theirs its

Ngêi ta dïng ®¹i tõ së h÷u ®Ó tr¸nh khái ph¶i nh¾c l¹i tÝnh tõ së h÷u + danh tõ ®· nãi ë trªn.

§øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ.

§øng sau çc phã tõ so s¸nh nh than hoÆc asEx: Your teacher is the same as his teacher. Yours is the same as his.

§øng sau ®éng tõ to be §øng ®»ng sau mét ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng lµm t©n ng÷.Ex: I forgot my homework. I forgot mine

5. §¹i tõ ph¶n th©nmyself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself themselves itself

Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t chñ ng÷ lµm mét viÖc g× cho chÝnh m×nh. Trong trêng hîp nµy nã ®øng ngay ®»ng sau ®éng tõ hoÆc giíi tõ for ë cuèi c©u.

Ex: I washed myself He sent the letter to himself.

Dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµo viÖc chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊy viÖc g×, trong trêng hîp nµy nã ®øng ngay sau chñ ng÷. Trong mét sè trêng hîp nã cã thÓ ®øng ë cuèi c©u, khi nãi h¬i ngng l¹i mét chót.

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Ex: I myself believe that the proposal is good. She prepared the nine-course meal herself.

By + oneself = mét m×nh.Ex: John washed the dishes by himself (alone)

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T©n ng÷§éng tõ dïng lµm t©n ng÷

Kh«ng ph¶i bÊt cø ®éng tõ nµo trong tiÕng Anh còng ®Òu ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ ®øng sau nã lµ mét danh tõ. Mét sè çc ®éng tõ l¹i ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ sau nã ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ kh¸c. Chóng chia lµm hai lo¹i.

1. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ t©n ng÷ B¶ng díi ®©y lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ sau nã lµ

mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ kh¸c.

agree attempt claim decide demanddesire expect fail forget hesitatehope intend learn need offerplan prepare pretend refuse seem

strive tend want wish

Ex: John expects to begin studying law next semester.

2. Verb -ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷B¶ng díi ®©y lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ theo sau nã ph¶i lµ mét Verb - ing

admit appreciate

avoid can't help consider

delay deny enjoy finish mindmiss postpone practice quit recall

repeat resent resist resume risksuggest

Ex: John admitted stealing the jewels.

Lu ý r»ng trong b¶ng nµy cã mÉu ®éng tõ can't help doing/ but do smt: kh«ng thÓ ®õng ®îc ph¶i lµm g×

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Ex: With such good oranges, we can't help buying (but buy) two kilos at a time.

NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh cho çc ®éng tõ trªn ®©y dïng lµm t©n ng÷ ph¶i ®Æt not tríc nguyªn thÓ hoÆc verb - ing.

B¶ng díi ®©y lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ t©n ng÷ sau nã cã thÓ lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc mét verb - ing mµ ng÷ nghÜa kh«ng thay ®æi.

begin can't stand continue dreadhate like love prefer

start try

Lu ý r»ng trong b¶ng nµy cã mét ®éng tõ can't stand to do/doing smt: kh«ng thÓ chÞu ®ùng ®îc khi ph¶i lµm g×.

Ex: He can't stand to wait / waiting such a long time.

3. Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt §ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng sÏ ®æi kh¸c

hoµn toµn khi t©n ng÷ sau nã lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc verb - ing.

1) Stop to do smt: dõng l¹i ®Ó lµm g×

2) Stop doing smt: dõng lµm viÖc g×

3) Remember to do smt: Nhí sÏ ph¶i lµm g×Ex: I remember to send a letter at the post office tomorow morning.

4) Remember doing smt: Nhí lµ ®· lµm g×Ex: I remember locking the door before leaving, but now I can't find the key.

§Æc biÖt nã thêng ®îc dïng víi mÉu c©u: S + still remember + V-ing : VÉn cßn nhí lµ ® ...·

Ex: I still remember buying the first motorbike

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5) Forget to do smt: quªn sÏ ph¶i lµm g× Ex: I forgot to pickup my child after school

6) Forget doing smt: (ChØ ®îc dïng trong çc mÉu c©u phñ ®Þnh.

§Æc biÖt nã thêng ®îc dïng víi mÉu c©u S + will never forget + V-ing: sÏ kh«ng bao giê quªn ®îc lµ ®· ...

Ex: She will never forget meeting the Queen.

7) Regret to do smt: LÊy lµm tiÕc v× ph¶i (thêng b¸o tin xÊu)Ex: We regret to inform the passengers that the flight for Washington DC was canceled because of the bad weather.

8) Regret doing smt: LÊy lµm tiÕc v× ®·Ex: He regrets leaving school early. It's a big mistake.

4. Çc ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ TÊt c¶ çc ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ ®Òu ph¶i ë d¹ng V-ing Mét sè çc ®éng tõ thêng ®i kÌm víi giíi tõ to. Kh«ng ®îc

nhÇm lÉn giíi tõ nµy víi to cña ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ.

Verb + prepositions + V-ingapprove of be better of count on depend on

give up insist on keep on put offrely on succeed in think abount think ofworry abount

object to look forward to

confess to

Ex: Fred confessed to stealing the jewels

Adjective + prepositions + V-ingaccustomed

toafraid of capable of fond of

intent on interested in successful in tired ofEx: Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

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Noun + prepositions + V-ingchoice of excuse for intention of method for

possibility of reason for (method of)Ex: There is no reason for leaving this early.

Kh«ng ph¶i bÊt cø tÝnh tõ nµo còng ®Òu ®ßi hái sau nã lµ mét giíi tõ + V-ing. Nh÷ng tÝnh tõ ë b¶ng sau l¹i ®ßi hái sau nã lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ.

anxious boring dangerous hardeager easy good strange

pleased prepared ready ableusual common difficult

Ex: It is dangerous to drive in this weather.

able/ unable to do smt = capable/ incapable of doing smt.

5. VÊn ®Ò çc ®¹i tõ ®øng tríc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷.

§øng tríc mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµm t©n ng÷ th× d¹ng cña ®¹i tõ vµ danh tõ sÏ lµ t©n ng÷.

allow ask beg convince

expect instruct

invite order permit persuade

prepare promise

remind urge want

S + V + complement form (pronoun/ noun) + [to + verb]

Ex: Joe asked Mary to call him when she woke up.Ex: We ordered him to appear in court.

Tuy nhiªn ®øng tríc mét V- ing lµm t©n ng÷ th× d¹ng cña ®¹i tõ vµ danh tõ sÏ lµ së h÷u.

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Subject + verb + possessive form (pronoun/ noun) + verb-ing

Ex: We understand your not being able to stay longer.Ex: We object to their calling at this hour.

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Çch sö dông çc ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt

1. Need

1) Dïng nh mét ®éng tõ thêng: ®îc sö dông ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nãa) Khi chñ ng÷ lµ mét ®éng vËt + need + to + verbEx: My friend needs to learn Spanish.

b) Khi chñ ng÷ lµ mét bÊt ®éng vËt + need + to be + P2/ V-ingEx: The grass needs cutting OR The grass needs to be cut

Need = to be in need of + noun

Ex: Jill is in need of money (Jill needs money).

Want vµ Require còng ®îc dïng theo mÉu c©u nµy

Want/ Require + verb-ing

Ex: Your hair wants cuttingEx: All ears require servicing regularly

2) Need ®îc sö dông nh mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt Lu«n ë d¹ng hiÖn t¹i. Ng«i thø ba sè Ýt kh«ng cã "s" tËn cïng ChØ dïng ë thÓ nghi vÊn vµ phñ ®Þnh Kh«ng dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do. Sau need ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ bá "to"Ex: We needn't reserve seats - there will be plenty of rooms.Ex: Need I fill out the form ?

Dïng sau çc tõ nh if/ whether/ only/ scarcely/ hardly/ no one

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Ex: I wonder if I need fill out the form This is the only form you need fill out.

Needn't + have + P2 : LÏ ra kh«ng cÇn ph¶iEx: You needn't have came so early - only waste your time.

Lu ý: Needn't = kh«ng cÇn ph¶i trong khi mustn't = kh«ng ®-îc phÐp.

2. Dare

1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m" Kh«ng dïng ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh, chØ dïng ë thÓ nghi vÊn vµ

phñ ®Þnh. Nã cã thÓ dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do hoÆc víi chÝnh b¶n th©n nã. §éng tõ sau nã vÒ mÆt lý thuyÕt lµ cã to nhng trªn thùc tÕ thêng bá.

Ex: Did they dare (to) do such a thing = Dared they do such a thingEx: He didn't dare (to) say anything = He dared not say anything.

Dare kh«ng ®îc dïng ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh ngo¹i trõ thµnh ng÷ I dare say/ I daresay víi 2 nghÜa sau: T«i cho r»ng: I dare say there will be a restaurant car

at the end of the train T«i thõa nhËn lµ: I daresay you are right.

How dare/ dared + S + Verb in simple form: Sao ... d¸m (tá sù giËn gi÷)

Ex: How dared you open my letter: Sao mµy d¸m më th cña tao.

2) Dare dïng nh mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ Mang nghÜa “th¸ch thøc”:

Dare sb to do smt: Th¸ch ai lµm g×

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Ex: They dare the boy to swim across the river in such a cold weather.

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Çch sö dông to be trong mét sè trêng hîp

To be of + noun = to have: cã (dïng ®Ó chØ tÝnh chÊt hoÆc t×nh c¶m)

Ex: Mary is of a gentle nature : Mary cã mét b¶n chÊt tö tÕ.

To be of + noun: NhÊn m¹nh cho danh tõ ®øng ®»ng sauEx: The newly-opened restaurant is of (ë ngay) the Leceister Square

To be + to + verb: lµ d¹ng cÊu t¹o ®Æc biÖt ®îc sö dông trong nh÷ng trêng hîp sau: §Ó truyÒn ®¹t çc mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc çc chØ dÉn tõ ng«i

thø nhÊt qua ng«i thø hai ®Õn ng«i thø ba.Ex: No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.

Dïng víi mÖnh ®Ò if khi mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh diÔn ®¹t mét c©u tiÒn ®iÒu kiÖn: Mét ®iÒu ph¶i x¶y ra tríc nhÊt nÕu mét ®iÒu kh¸c sÏ x¶y ra.

Ex1: If we are to get there by lunch time we had better hurry.Ex2: Smt must be done quickly if the endangered birds are to be save .Ex3: He knew he would have to work hard if he was to pass his exam

§îc dïng ®Ó th«ng b¸o nh÷ng yªu cÇu xin chØ dÉnEx: He asked the air traffic control where he was to land.

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§îc dïng rÊt phæ biÕn ®Ó truyÒn ®¹t mét dù ®Þnh, mét sù s¾p ®Æt, ®Æc biÖt khi nã lµ chÝnh thøc.

Ex1: She is to get married next month.Ex2: The expedition is to start in a week.Ex3: We are to get a ten percent wage rise in June. CÊu tróc nµy rÊt th«ng dông trªn b¸o chÝ, khi lµ tùa ®Ò

b¸o th× to be ®îc bá ®i ®Ó tiÕt kiÖm chç.Ex: The Primer Minister (is) to make a statement tomorrow.

were + S + to + verb = if + S + were + to + verb = thÕ nÕu (diÔn ®¹t mét gi¶ thuyÕt)

Ex: Were I to tell you that he passed his exams, would you believe me.

was/ were + to + verb: §Ó diÔn ®¹t ý tëng vÒ mét sè mÖnh ®· ®Þnh s½n

Ex1: They said goodbye without knowing that they were never to meet again.Ex2: Since 1840, American Presidents elected in years ending zero were to be died (have been destined to die )in office.

to be about to + verb = near future (s¾p söa)Ex: They are about to leave .

Trong mét sè d¹ng c©u ®Æc biÖt• Be + adj ... më ®Çu cho mét ng÷ = tá ra...Ex: Be careless (Tá ra bÊt cÈn...) in a national park where there are bears around and the result are likely to be tragical indeed• Be + subject + noun/ noun phrase/ adjective = cho dï lµEx: Societies have found various methods to support and train their artists, be it (cho dï lµ...) the Renaissance system of royal support of the sculptors and painters of the period or the Japanese tradition of passing artistic knowledge from father to son.Ex: To have technique is to possess the physical expertise to perform whatever steps a given work may contain, be they simple or complex:

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(Cã ®îc kü thuËt lµ sÏ cã ®îc sù ®iªu luyÖn vÒ mÆt c¬ thÓ ®Ó thùc hiÖn bÊt kú nh÷ng bíc vò nµo mµ mét ®iÖu vò ®· ®Þnh s½n cã thÓ bao gåm, cho dï lµ chóng ®¬n gi¶n hay phøc t¹p)

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Çch sö dông to get trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt

1. To get + P2

get washed/ dressed/ prepared/ lost/ drowned/ engaged/ married/ divorced.ChØ viÖc chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊy hoÆc tr¹ng th¸i mµ chñ ng÷ ®ang ë trong ®ã.

Ex: You will have 5 minutes to get dressed (... tù mÆc quÇn ¸o)Ex: He got lost in old Market Street yesterday. (tr¹ng th¸i l¹c)

TuyÖt nhiªn kh«ng ®îc lÉn trêng hîp nµy víi ®éng tõ bÞ ®éng.

§éng tõ to be cã thÓ dïng thay thÕ cho get trong lo¹i c©u nµy.

2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm g×Ex: We'd better got moving , it's late.

3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lµm ai/ çi g× b¾t ®Çu.Ex: Please get him talking about the main task. (Lµm ¬n b¶o anh ta b¾t ®Çu nãi vÒ nhiÖm vô chÝnh ®i) Ex: When we get the heater running , the whole car will start to warm up. (Khi chóng ta cho m¸y sëi b¾t ®Çu ch¹y)

4. Get + to + verb T×m ®îc çch.Ex: We could get to enter the stadiums without tickets.(Chóng t«i ®· t×m ®îc çch lät vµo...)

Cã c¬ may.

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Ex: When do I get to have a promotion.(Khi nµo t«i cã c¬ may ®îc t¨ng l¬ng ®©y)

§îc phÐpEx: At last we got to meet the general director. (Cuèi cïng th× råi chóng t«i còng ®îc phÐp gÆp)

5. Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò nhËn thøc) = Gradually = dÇn dÇn

Ex: We will get to speak English more easily as time goes by.Ex: He comes to understand that learning English is not much difficult

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C©u háiTiÕng Anh cã nhiÒu lo¹i c©u hái bao gåm nh÷ng chøc n¨ng vµ môc ®Ých kh¸c nhau

1. C©u hái Yes/ No

auxiliary be + S + V ... do, does, did

Së dÜ gäi lµ nh vËy v× khi tr¶ lêi ®îc dïng Yes/ No ë ®Çu c©u. Nªn nhí r»ng :

Yes + Positive verb No + Negative verb.

tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc tr¶ lêi theo kiÓu c©u tiÕng ViÖt.

2. C©u hái th«ng b¸o Lµ lo¹i c©u dïng víi mét lo¹t çc ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn

a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷

+ verb + (complement) + (modifier)

who what

§øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ. §éng tõ sau nã nÕu ë thêi hiÖn t¹i ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

Ex: What happened last night ?

b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷ whom

what auxiliary do, does, did

+ + S + V + (modifier)

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Chóng vÉn ®øng ®Çu c©u nhng lµm t©n ng÷ cho c©u hái. Nªn nhí r»ng trong tiÕng Anh qui chuÈn b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng whom mÆc dï trong v¨n nãi cã thÓ dïng who thay cho whom (Lçi c¬ b¶n).

Ex: What did George buy at the store.

c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo çc bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why

when where how why

auxiliary + be do, does, did

+ S + V + complement + modifier

Ex: How did Maria get to school today ?

3. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕpLµ lo¹i c©u mang nh÷ng ®Æc tÝnh nh sau:

C©u cã hai thµnh phÇn nèi víi nhau b»ng mét ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn.

§éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò hai ph¶i ®Æt xu«i theo chñ ng÷, kh«ng ®îc cÊu t¹o c©u hái.

§¹i tõ nghi vÊn kh«ng chØ lµ 1 tõ mµ cßn bao gåm 2 hoÆc 3 tõ.

S + V (phrase) + question word + S + V

Ex: The authorities can't figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport.

auxiliary + S + V + question word + S + V

Ex: Do you know where he went ?. Question word cã thÓ lµ mét phrase: whose + noun, how

many, how much, how long, how often, what time, what kind.

Ex: I have no idea how long the interview will take.

4. C©u hái cã ®u«i C©u chia lµm hai thµnh phÇn t¸ch biÖt nhau bëi dÊu phÈy.

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NÕu ®éng tõ ë thµnh phÇn chÝnh chia ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh th× ®éng tõ ë phÇn ®u«i chia ë thÓ phñ ®Þnh vµ ngîc l¹i.

Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë ®u«i ph¶i theo thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

§éng tõ thêng dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do. Çc ®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp dïng víi chÝnh trî ®éng tõ cña nã. §éng tõ to be ®îc phÐp dïng trùc tiÕp.

Çc thµnh ng÷ there is, there are vµ it is ®îc dïng l¹i ë phÇn ®u«i.

Trong tiÕng Anh cña ngêi Mü, to have lµ ®éng tõ thêng, do vËy nã ph¶i dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do.

Ex1: You have two children, don't you ?Ex2: He should stay in bed, shouldn't he ?Ex3: She has been studying English for two years, hasn't she ?*Lu ý: khi sö dông lo¹i c©u hái nµy nªn nhí r»ng ngêi hái chØ nh»m ®Ó kh¼ng ®Þnh ý kiÕn cña m×nh ®· biÕt chø kh«ng nh»m ®Ó hái. Do ®ã khi chÊm c©u hiÓu trong TOEFL, ph¶i dùa vµo thÓ ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh chø kh«ng dùa vµo thÓ ®éng tõ ë phÇn ®u«i.Ex: John can get Mary to play this, can’t he?

Correct answer: John believes that Mary will play this for us.

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Lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh

1. Kh¼ng ®Þnh Lµ lèi nãi phô häa l¹i ý kh¼ng ®Þnh cña ngêi kh¸c t¬ng ®-

¬ng víi cÊu tróc tiÕng ViÖt còng thÕ. CÊu tróc ®îc dïng sÏ lµ so, too. §éng tõ to be ®îc phÐp dïng trùc tiÕp, ®éng tõ thêng

dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do. Çc ®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp (Future, perfect, progressive) dïng víi chÝnh trî ®éng tõ cña nã.

affirmative statement (be) + and +

S + V (be) + too so + V (be) + S

Ex: I am happy, and you are too I am happy, and so are you.

affirmative statement + and +

(compound verb)

S + auxiliary only + too so + auxiliary only + S

Ex: They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too . They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you .

affirmative statement + and + (single verb except be)

S + do, does, or did + too so + do, does, or did + S

Ex: Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too . Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.

2. Phñ ®Þnh §Ó phô häa l¹i ý phñ ®Þnh cña ngêi kh¸c, t¬ng ®¬ng víi cÊu

tróc tiÕng ViÖt còng kh«ng.

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Thµnh ng÷ ®îc sö dông sÏ lµ either vµ neither. Nªn nhí r»ng:

Either + negative verbNeither + positive verb

Sö dông gièng lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh víi 3 lo¹i: to be, ®éng tõ thêng vµ çc ®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp.

negative statement + and +

S + negative auxiliary or be + either neither + positive auxiliary or be + S

Ex: I didn't see Mary this morning, and John didn't either I didn't see Mary this morning, and neither did John.Lu ý: Çc lèi nãi me too vµ me neither chØ ®îc dïng trong v¨n nãi, tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt.

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C©u phñ ®Þnh

§Ó cÊu t¹o c©u phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not sau: §éng tõ to be - Trî ®éng tõ to do cña ®éng tõ thêng - çc trî

®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp. §Æt any ®»ng tríc danh tõ ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh trong phñ ®Þnh. Nªn

nhí r»ng trong tiÕng Anh cña ngêi Mü th× not any + noun = not .... a single noun.

Ex: He didn't sell a single magazine yesterday.

Trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµo phñ ®Þnh cña danh tõ. Ngêi ta ®Ó ®éng tõ ë d¹ng kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ ®Æt no tríc danh tõ. Lóc ®ã no = not ... at all.

Mét sè çc c©u hái ë d¹ng phñ ®Þnh sÏ mang hai nghÜa:

• NhÊn m¹nh cho sù kh¼ng ®Þnh cña ngêi nãi.Ex: Shouldn't you put on your hat, too! : ThÕ th× anh còng ®éi lu«n mò vµo ®i.Ex: Didn't you say that you would come to the party tonight: ThÕ anh ®· ch¼ng nãi lµ anh ®i dù tiÖc tèi nay hay sao.

• Dïng ®Ó t¸n d¬ngEx: Wasn't the weather wonderful yesterday: Thêi tiÕt h«m qua ®Ñp tuyÖt vêi.Ex: Wouldn't it be nice that we didn't have to work on Friday: ThËt lµ tuyÖt vêi khi chóng ta kh«ng ph¶i lµm viÖc ngµy thø 6.

Negative + Negative = Positive.(emphasizing - NhÊn m¹nh)Ex: It's unbelieveable he is not rich.

Negative + comparative (more/ less) = superlativeEx: I couldn't agree with you less = absolutely disagree.Ex: You couldn't have gone to the beach on a better day = the best day to go to the beach.Nhng ph¶i hÕt søc cÈn thËn v× :Ex: He couldn't have been more unfriendly (the most unfriendly) when I met him first.

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Ex: The surgery couldn't have been more unnecessary (absolutely unnecessary).

Negative... even/still less/much less + noun/ verb in simple form: kh«ng ... mµ l¹i cµng kh«ng.

Ex: These students don't like reading novel, much less textbook.Ex: It's unbelieveable how he could have survived such a freefall, much less live to tell about it on television

Mét sè çc phã tõ trong tiÕng Anh mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh, khi ®· dïng nã trong c©u kh«ng ®îc cÊu t¹o thÓ phñ ®Þnh cña ®éng tõ n÷a. hardly, barely, scarcely = almost no = hÇu nh kh«ng. hardlyever, seldom, rarely = almost never = hÇu nh kh«ng

bao giê.

subject + negative adverb + positive verb

subject + to be + negative adverb

*Lu ý r»ng çc phã tõ nµy kh«ng mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh hoµn toµn mµ mang nghÜa gÇn nh phñ ®Þnh. §Æc biÖt lµ nh÷ng tõ nh barely vµ scarcely khi ®i víi nh÷ng tõ nh enough vµ only hoÆc nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ chØ sù chÝnh x¸c.Ex: She barely make it to class on time: C« ta ®Õn líp võa vÆn ®óng giê.Ex: Do you have enough money for the tution fee? Only barely (Scarcely enough):Võa ®ñ. §èi víi nh÷ng ®éng tõ nh to think, to believe, to suppose,

to imagine + that + sentense. Ph¶i cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh ë çc ®éng tõ ®ã, kh«ng ®îc cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh ë mÖnh ®Ò thø hai.

Ex: I don't think you came to class yesterday.Ex: I don't believe she stays at home now.

Trong d¹ng informal standard English (tiÕng Anh qui chuÈn dïng thêng ngµy) mét cÊu tróc phñ ®Þnh ngng kh«ng mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh ®«i khi ®îc sö dông sau nh÷ng ý chØ sù nghi ngê hoÆc kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n, ®Æc biÖt lµ phñ ®Þnh kÐp.

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Ex: I shouldn’t be suprised if they didn’t get married soon (if they got married soon).T«i sÏ kh«ng lÊy lµm ng¹c nhiªn nÕu hä lÊy nhau sím.

Ex: I wonder whether I oughtn’t to go and see a doctor. I’m feeling a bit funny.T«i tù hái xem lµ liÖu t«i cã nªn ®i kh¸m b¸c sü kh«ng. T«i...

No matter + who/what/which/where/when/how + Subject + verb in present: Dï cã... ®i ch¨ng n÷a... th×

Ex: No matter who telephones, say I’m out.Cho dï lµ ai gäi ®Õn th× h y· b¶o lµ t«i ®i v¾ng.

Ex: No matter where you go, you will find Coca-ColaCho dï anh cã ®i ®Õn ®©u, anh còng sÏ t×m thÊy níc Coca-Cola

*Lu ý 1: No matter who = whoever/ No matter what = whateverEx: No matter what (whatever) you say, I won’t believe you.

Cho dï lµ mµy cã nãi g× ®i ch¨ng n÷a, tao còng kh«ng tin.

*Lu ý 2: Çc cÊu tróc nµy cã thÓ ®øng cuèi c©u mµ kh«ng cÇn cã mÖnh ®Ò theo sau:Ex: I will always love you, no matter what.

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MÖnh lÖnh thøc

Chia lµm 2 lo¹i: Trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp. MÖnh lÖnh thøc trùc tiÕpEx: Close the doorEx: Please don't turn off the light.

MÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ to order/ ask/ say/ tell sb/ do/ not to do smt.

Ex: John asked Jill to turn off the light.Ex: Please tell Jaime not to leave the room.

Chó ý : let's kh¸c let usEx: let's go: m×nh ®i nµoEx: let us go: ®Ó chóng t«i ®i ®iC©u hái cã ®u«i cña let's lµ shall weEx: Let's go out for dinner, shall we

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§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau vµ mang nh÷ng ®Æc ®iÓm

present tense past tenseWillCanMay

Shallmust (have to)

would (used to)couldmight

should (ought to) (had better)(had to)

Kh«ng cã tiÓu tõ "to" ®»ng tríc. §éng tõ nµo ®i sau nã ph¶i bá "to". Kh«ng cÇn dïng víi trî ®éng tõ mµ dïng víi chÝnh b¶n

th©n nã trong çc d¹ng c©u nghi vÊn vµ c©u phñ ®Þnh. Kh«ng bao giê hai ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®i cïng nhau, nÕu

cã th× ®éng tõ thø hai ph¶i biÕn sang mét d¹ng kh¸c.will have to (must), will be able to (can), will be allowed to (may)

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C©u ®iÒu kiÖn1. §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹iIf + S + simple present - S + will (can, shall, may) + Verb in simple form.Ex: If he tries much more, he will improve his English.

2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹iIf + S + simple past - S + would (could, should, might) + Verb in simple formEx: If I had enough money now, I would buy this house .

§éng tõ to be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i.Ex: If I were you , I wouldn't do such a thing.Trong mét sè trêng hîp, ngêi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o were lªn trªn chñ ng÷ (were I you ... lçi c¬ b¶n).

3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë qu¸ khøIf + S + had + P2 - S + would(could, shoult,might) + have + P2

Ex: If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it.

Trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o had lªn phÝa tríc.Lu ý: C©u ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng tu©n theo qui luËt trªn. Trong mét sè trêng hîp mét vÕ cña ®iÒu kiÖn sÏ lµ qu¸ khø nhng vÕ cßn l¹i ë hiÖn t¹i do thêi gian qui ®Þnh.Ex: If she had caught the train, she would be here by now .

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Çch sö dông çc ®éng tõ will, would, could, should

sau if

Th«ng thêng çc ®éng tõ nµy kh«ng ®îc sö dông víi if trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn, tuy nhiªn vÉn cã ngo¹i lÖ.

If you will/would : NÕu ..... vui lßng. Thêng ®îc dïng trong çc yªu cÇu lÞch sù. Would lÞch sù h¬n will.

Ex: If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here.

If + Subject + Will/Would : NÕu ..... chÞu. §Ó diÔn ®¹t ý tù nguyÖn.

Ex: If he will listent to me, I can help him.

Will cßn ®îc dïng theo mÉu c©u nµy ®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù ngoan cè: NÕu ..... nhÊt ®Þnh, NÕu ..... cø.Ex: If you will turn on the music loudly late the night, no wonder why your neighbour complain.

If you could: Xin vui lßng. DiÔn ®¹t lÞch sù 1 yªu cÇu mµ ng-êi nãi cho r»ng ngêi kia sÏ ®ång ý nh lµ mét lÏ ®¬ng nhiªn.

Ex: If you could open your book, please.

If + Subject + should + ..... + imperative (mÖnh lÖnh thøc): VÝ pháng nh. DiÔn ®¹t mét t×nh huèng dï cã thÓ x¶y ra ®îc song rÊt khã.

Ex: If you should find any dificulty in using that TV, please call me this number.

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Trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o should lªn trªn chñ ng÷ (Should you find)

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Mét sè çch dïng thªm cña if

1. If... then: NÕu... th×Ex: If she can’t come to us, then we will have to go and see

her.

2. If dïng trong d¹ng c©u kh«ng ph¶i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn: §éng tõ ë çc mÖnh ®Ò diÔn biÕn b×nh th-êng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh nã.

Ex: If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice.

Ex: If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to understand.

Ex: If that was Marry, why didn’t she stop and say hello.

3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diÔn ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n (Xem thªm phÇn sö dông should trong mét sè tr-êng hîp cô thÓ)

Ex: If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs. (Ngé nhì mµ anh cã t×nh cê ghÐ qua chî cã lÏ mua cho em Ýt trøng)

4. If.. was/were to... DiÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt hoÆc tëng tîng ë t¬ng

lai.Ex: If the boss was/were to come in now (= if the boss came

in now), we would be in real trouble.Ex: What would we do if I was/were to lose my job.

HoÆc cã thÓ diÔn ®¹t mét ý lÞch sù khi ®a ra ®Ò nghÞ

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Ex: If you were to to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down.

(NÕu anh vui lßng dÞch ghÕ cña anh ra mét chót th× chóng ta cã thÓ cïng ngåi ®îc)

Note: CÊu tróc nµy tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng víi çc ®éng tõ tÜnh hoÆc chØ tr¹ng th¸i t duy

Ex: Correct: If I knew her name, I would tell you.Incorrect: If I was/were to know...

5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng v×, nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo.

Thêi hiÖn t¹i:Ex: Ex: If it wasn’t/weren’t for the children, that couple

wouldn’t have any thing to talk about. (NÕu kh«ng v× nh÷ng ®øa con th× vî chång nhµ Êy ch¶ cã chuyÖn g× mµ nãi)

Thêi qu¸ khø:Ex: Ex: If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what we

would have done.(NÕu kh«ng nhê vµo sù gióp ®ì cña anh th× t«i còng kh«ng biÕt lµ chóng t«i sÏ lµm g× ®©y)

6. Not ®«i khi ®îc thªm vµo nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ó bµy tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n.

Ex: Ex: I wonder if we shouldn ’ t ask the doctor to look at Mary.

7. It would... if + subject + would... (sÏ lµ... nÕu – kh«ng ®îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt)

Ex: Ex: It would be better if they would tell every body in advance.(SÏ lµ tèt h¬n nÕu hä kÓ cho mäi ngêi tõ tríc)

Ex: Ex: How would we feel if this would happen to our family.

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(Ta sÏ c¶m thÊy thÕ nµo nÕu ®iÒu nµy x¶y ra ®èi víi gia ®×nh chóng ta.)

8. If... ‘d have... ‘have: Dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt, diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø

Ex: Ex: If I’d have known, I’d have told you.Ex: Ex: If she’d have recognized him it would have been

funny.

9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bÞ l-îc bá)

Ex: Ex: If in doubt, ask for help (=If you are in doubt)Ex: Ex: If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good

nights sleep(= If you are about to go on... )

10. If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi mét sè tõ nh any/anything/ever/not diÔn ®¹t phñ ®Þnh

Ex: There is little if any good evidence for flying saucers.(=There is little evidence if ther is any at all, for flying saucers)(Cã rÊt Ýt b»ng chøng vÒ ®Üa bay, nÕu qu¶ lµ cã mét chót)

Ex: I’m not angry. If anything, I feel a little surprised.(T«i kh«ng giËn d÷ g× ®©u. Mµ tr¸i l¹i t«i c¶m thÊy h¬i ng¹c nhiªn)

Thµnh ng÷ nµy cßn diÔn ®¹t ý kiÕn ím thö: NÕu cã...Ex: I’d say he was more like a father, if anything

(T«i xin nãi r»ng «ng Êy cßn h¬n c¶ mét ngêi cha, nÕu cã thÓ nãi thÕ.)

Ex: He seldom if ever travel abroad.(Anh ta ch¶ mÊy khi ®i ra níc ngoµi)

Ex: Usually, if not always , we write “cannot” as one word(Th«ng thêng, nhng kh«ng ph¶i lµ lu«n lu«n... )

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11. If + Adjective = although (cho dï lµ) NghÜa kh«ng m¹nh b»ng although - Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t quan

®iÓm riªng hoÆc vÊn ®Ò g× ®ã kh«ng quan träng.Ex: His style, if simple , is pleasant to read.

(V¨n phong cña «ng ta, cho dï lµ ®¬n gi¶n, th× ®äc còng thó)

Ex: The profits, if little lower than last year’s, are still extremely wealthy(Lîi nhuËn, cho dï lµ cã thÊp h¬n n¨m qua mét chót, th× vÉn lµ rÊt lín.)

CÊu tróc nµy cã thÓ thay b»ng may..., butEx: His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read.

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Çch sö dông to Hope, to Wish.

Hai ®éng tõ nµy tuy cïng nghÜa nhng kh¸c nhau vÒ çch sö dông vµ b¶n chÊt ng÷ ph¸p. §éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò sau hope (hi väng r»ng) sÏ diÔn biÕn

b×nh thêng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh mÖnh ®Ò ®ã. §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau wish b¾t buéc ph¶i ë d¹ng ®iÒu kiÖn

kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc. §iÒu kiÖn ®ã chia lµm 3 thêi:

1. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë t¬ng lai§éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau wish sÏ cã d¹ng would/could + Verb

hoÆc were + [verb + ing].Ex: We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can't come)

2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i§éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau wish sÏ chia ë Simple past, to be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i.Ex: I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.

3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë qu¸ khø§éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau wish sÏ chia ë Past perfect hoÆc could have + P2.Ex: I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. She wishes that she could have been there.

*Lu ý 1: §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau wish chØ cã thÓ bÞ ¶nh hëng cña wish lµ b¾t buéc ph¶i ë d¹ng ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc nhng ®iÒu kiÖn Êy ë thêi nµo l¹i phô thuéc vµo chÝnh thêi gian cña b¶n th©n mÖnh ®Ò chø kh«ng vµo wish.

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Ex: She wishes that she could have gone earlier yesterday.(Past)Ex: He wished that he would come to visit me next week.(Future)Ex: The photographer wished we stood clother than we are standing now. (Present).

*Lu ý 2: CÇn ph©n biÖt wish (íc g×/ mong g×) víi wish mang nghÜa "chóc"trong mÉu c©u: to wish sb smt Ex: I wish you a happy birthday.*Lu ý 3: vµ wish mang nghÜa "muèn": To wish to do smt (Muèn lµm g×)

To wish smb to do smt (Muèn ai lµm g×)Ex: Why do you wish to see the managerEx: I wish to make a complaint.Ex: The government does not wish Dr.Jekyll Hyde to accept

a professorship at a foreign university.

Wish (lÞch sù/ trang träng nhÊt) = would like (lÞch sù) = want (th©n mËt)

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Çch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though (gÇn nh lµ, nh thÓ

lµ)

MÖnh ®Ò ®»ng sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy thêng xuyªn ë d¹ng ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc. §iÒu kiÖn nµy chia lµm 2 thêi: Thêi hiÖn t¹i: nÕu ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò tríc chia ë thêi hiÖn

t¹i ®¬n gi¶n th× ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau chia ë qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n. To be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i.

Ex: The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter)

Thêi qu¸ khø: NÕu ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò tríc chia ë qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n th× ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau chia ë qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh.

Ex: Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost. (He didn't see a ghost)

Lu ý: MÖnh ®Ò sau as if, as though kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng tu©n theo qui luËt trªn. NÕu ®iÒu kiÖn trong c©u lµ cã thËt hoÆc theo quan niÖm cña ngêi nãi, ngêi viÕt lµ cã thËt th× hai c«ng thøc trªn kh«ng ®îc sö dông. §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau diÔn biÕn b×nh thêng theo mèi quan hÖ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.Ex: He looks as if he has finished the test.

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Used to, to be/get used to

Used to + Verb: Thêng hay ®· tõng. ChØ mét thãi quen, mét hµnh ®éng thêng xuyªn x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø.

Ex: When David was young, he used to swim once a day. (past time habit)Nghi vÊn: Did + S + used to + Verb = Used + S + to + V.Phñ ®Þnh: S + didn't + used to + Verb = S + used not to + V.

To be/ to get used to + V-ing/ Noun: Trë nªn quen víi.Ex: He is used to swimming every day.Ex: He got used to American food*Lu ý: Used to + V cã thÓ thay b»ng would nhng Ýt khi v× dÔ nhÇm lÉn.

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Çch sö dông thµnh ng÷ would rather

would rather .... than = prefer .... to = thÝch h¬n lµ. §»ng sau would rather b¾t buéc ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ bá

to nhng sau prefer lµ mét V-ing vµ cã thÓ bá ®i ®îc. Khi would rather .... than mang nghÜa thµ .... cßn h¬n lµ

th× prefer .... to kh«ng thÓ thay thÕ ®îc.Ex: They would rather die in freedom than live in slavery.Ex: He prefers dogs to cat (Anh ta thÝch chã h¬n mÌo)Ex: He would rather have dogs than cats (Anh ta thµ nu«i chã h¬n mÌo) ViÖc sö dông would rather cßn tïy thuéc vµo sè CN vµ

nghÜa cña c©u.

1. Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷CÊu tróc sö dông cho lo¹i c©u nµy lµ would rather ... than lµ lo¹i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc hiÖn ®îc vµ chia lµm 2 thêi: Thêi hiÖn t¹i: Sau would rather lµ nguyªn thÓ bá to. NÕu

muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tríc nguyªn thÓ bá to.

Ex: Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today.

Thêi qu¸ khø: §éng tõ sau would rather ph¶i lµ have + P2, nÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tríc have.

Ex: Jim would rather have gone to class yesterday than today.

2. Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷Lo¹i c©u nµy dïng thµnh ng÷ would rather that (íc g×, mong g×) vµ dïng trong mét sè trêng hîp sau:

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a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i Lµ lo¹i c©u ngêi thø nhÊt muèn ngêi thø hai lµm viÖc g× nh-

ng lµm hay kh«ng cßn phô thuéc vµo ngêi thø hai. Trong trêng hîp nµy ®éng tõ ë mÖng ®Ò hai ®Ó ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ bá to. NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tríc nguyªn thÓ bá to.

Ex: I would rather that you call me tomorrow.

Ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn ®¹i ngµy nay ®Æc biÖt lµ ng÷ ph¸p MÜ cho phÐp bá that trong cÊu tróc nµy mµ vÉn gi÷ nguyªn h×nh thøc gi¶ ®Þnh.

Ex: He would rather (that) he not take this train.

b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i §éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ hai sÏ chia ë simple past, to be ph¶i

chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i.Ex: Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does.Ex: Jane would rather that it were winter now.

NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh dïng didn't + Verb hoÆc were not sau chñ ng÷ hai.

c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë qu¸ khø §éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ hai sÏ chia ë d¹ng past perfect. NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh dïng hadn't + P2.Ex: Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.

Lu ý: Trong lèi nãi b×nh thêng hµng ngµy ngêi ta dïng wish thay cho would rather that.

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Çch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would like

DiÔn ®¹t mét çch lÞch sù lêi mêi mäc hoÆc ý m×nh muèn g×.Ex: Would you like to dance with me.

Kh«ng dïng do you want khi mêi mäc ngêi kh¸c. Trong tiÕng Anh cña ngêi Anh, nÕu ®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù a thÝch

cña chñ ng÷ th× sau like lµ mét V-ing.Ex: He does like reading novel. (enjoyment)

Nhng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù lùa chän hoÆc thãi quen th× sau like ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ.

Ex: Between the soccer and tenis, I like to see the former. (choice)Ex: When making tea, he usually likes to put some sugar and a slice of lemon in first. (habit)

Nhng trong tiÕng Anh ngêi MÜ kh«ng cã sù ph©n biÖt nµy: TÊt c¶ sau like ®Òu lµ ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ.

Wouldn't like = kh«ng a trong khi don't want = kh«ng muèn.

Ex: Would you like somemore coffee ? Polite: No, thanks/ No, I don't want any more. Impolite: I wouldn't like (thÌm vµo)

Lu ý r»ng khi like ®îc dïng víi nghÜa "cho lµ ®óng" hoÆc "cho lµ hay/ kh«n ngoan" th× bao giê theo sau còng lµ mét nguyªn thÓ cã to (infinitive)

Ex: She likes the children to play in the garden (She think they are safe playing there)

(C« Êy muèn bän trÎ con ch¬i trong vên cho ch¾c/ cho an toµn)

Ex: I like to go to the dentist twice a year

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(T«i muèn ®Õn b¸c sÜ nha khoa 2 lÇn n¨m cho ch¾c).

Would like = would care /love/ hate/ prefer + to + verb khi diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn cho mét hµnh ®éng cô thÓ ë t¬ng lai.

Ex: Would you like/ care to come with me? I'd love to

Would like/ would care for/ would enjoy + Verb-ing khi diÔn ®¹t khÈu vÞ, ý thÝch nãi chung cña chñ ng÷.

Ex: She would like/ would enjoy riding if she could ride better.Ex: I wonder if Tom would care for/ would enjoy hang-gliding.

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Çch sö dông çc ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t çc

tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Cã lÏ,

cã thÓ. ChØ kh¶ n¨ng cã thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i nhng ngêi nãi kh«ng

d¸m ch¾c. (C¶ 3 ®éng tõ ®Òu cã gi¸ trÞ nh nhau).Ex: It might rain tomorrow.

2. Should + Verb in simple form Nªn : diÔn ®¹t mét lêi khuyªn, sù gîi ý, sù b¾t buéc nhng

kh«ng m¹nh l¾m. Cã khi, cã lÏ : DiÔn ®¹t ngêi nãi mong muèn ®iÒu ®ã sÏ x¶y

ra. (Expect) Çc thµnh ng÷ had better, ought to, be supposed to ®Òu

mang nghÜa t¬ng ®¬ng víi should víi ®iÒu kiÖn ®éng tõ to be trong thµnh ng÷ be supposed to ph¶i chia ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.

Ex: John ought to study tonight.Ex: John is supposed to study tonight.

Lu ý: Thµnh ng÷ be supposed to ngoµi ra cßn mang nghÜa: qui ®Þnh ph¶i, b¾t buéc ph¶i.Ex: We are supposed to have a science test this afternoon, but it was postponed because the teacher had to attend a conference.

3. Must + Verb in simple form Ph¶i: mang nghÜa b¾t buéc rÊt m¹nh.Ex: George must call his insurance agent today.

H¼n lµ: chØ sù suy luËn logic dùa trªn nh÷ng hiÖn tîng cã thËt ë hiÖn t¹i.

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Ex: John's lights are out. He must be asleep.

Ngêi ta dïng have to thay cho must trong çc trêng hîp sau Qu¸ khø = had to.Ex: Mrs.Kinsey had to pass an examination before she could practice law.

T¬ng lai = will have to.Ex: We will have to take an exam next week.

HiÖn t¹i: Have to ®îc dïng thay cho must ®Ó hái xem b¶n th©n m×nh b¾t buéc ph¶i lµm g× hoÆc ®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù b¾t buéc do kh¸ch quan ®em l¹i. Gi¶m nhÑ tÝnh b¾t buéc cña must.

Ex: Guest: Do I have to leave a deposit.Receptionist: No, you needn't. But you have to leave your I.D card number written down in this register. I'm sorry but that's the way it is.

Lu ý: Have got to + Verb = must Ex: He has got to go to the office tonight. (Thêng dïng nhiÒu trong v¨n nãi).vµ thêng xuyªn dïng cho nh÷ng hµnh ®éng ®¬n lÎ, t¸ch biÖt.Ex: I have to work everyday except Sunday. But I don't have got to work a full day on Saturday.

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Çch sö dông çc ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t çc

tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã lÏ ®· DiÔn ®¹t mét kh¶ n¨ng cã thÓ ë qu¸ khø song ngêi nãi

kh«ng d¸m ch¾c.Ex: It may have rained last night, but I'm not sure.

2. Could have + P2 = LÏ ra ®· cã thÓ (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng)

Ex: He could have gotten the ticket for the concert last night.

3. Might have been + V-ing = Cã lÏ lóc Êy ®angEx: I didn't hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.

4. Should have + P2 = LÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn ChØ mét viÖc lÏ ra ®· ph¶i x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø nhng trªn

thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng.Should have + P2 = was/ were supposed to

Ex: Maria shouldn't have called John last night. (She did call him)

5. Must have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®· ChØ sù suy ®o¸n logic dùa trªn nh÷ng hiÖn tîng cã thËt ë

qu¸ khø.Ex: The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.

6. Must have been V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®angEx: I didn't hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.

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Çc vÊn ®Ò sö dông should trong mét sè trêng hîp cô

thÓ

DiÔn ®¹t kÕt qu¶ cña mét yÕu tè tëng tîng: SÏEx: If I was asked to work on Sunday I should resign.

Dïng trong mÖnh ®Ò cã that sau nh÷ng tÝnh tõ chØ tr¹ng th¸i nh anxious/ sorry/ concerned/ happy/ delighted... : LÊy lµm/ r»ng/ v×...

Ex: I'm anxious that she should be well cared for(T«i lo l¾ng r»ng liÖu c« Êy cã ®îc s¨n sãc tèt kh«ng)

Ex: We are sorry that you should feel uncomfortable (Chóng t«i lÊy lµm tiÕc v× anh kh«ng thÊy ®îc tho¶i m¸i)

Ex: That you should speak to him like that is quite astonishing

(Çi ®iÒu mµ anh Êy nãi víi anh nh vËy qu¶ lµ ®¸ng ng¹c nhiªn).

Dïng víi if/ in case ®Ó chØ mét ®iÒu khã cã thÓ x¶y ra/ ngêi ta ®a ra ý kiÕn chØ ®Ò phßng ngõa.

Ex: If you should change your mind = Should you change your mind, please let me know.Ex: In case he should have forgotten to go to the airport, nobody will be there to meet her.(Ngé nhì/ nÕu ch¼ng may «ng Êy quªn mÊt ra s©n bay, th× sÏ kh«ng cã ai ë ®ã ®ãn c« ta mÊt)

Dïng sao so that/ in order that ®Ó chØ môc ®Ých (Thay cho would/ could)

Ex: He put the cases in the car so that he should be able to make an early start.Ex: She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand.

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Dïng trong lêi yªu cÇu lÞch sùEx: I should like to make a phone call, if possible (t«i xin phÐp gäi ®iÖn tho¹i nÕu t«i cã thÓ)

Dïng víi imagine/ say/ think... ®Ó ®a ra lêi ®Ò nghÞ: ThiÕt t-ëng, cho lµ

Ex: I should imagine it will take about 3 hours (T«i thiÕt t-ëng c«ng viÖc sÏ tèn mÊt 3 giê ®ång hå ®Êy).Ex: I should say she's over 40 (T«i cho lµ bµ ta ®· ngoµi 40)

Dïng trong c©u hái ®Ó diÔn t¶ sù nghi ngê, thiÕu quan t©mEx: How should I know (Lµm sao t«i biÕt ®îc kia chø)Ex: Why should he thinks that (sao nã l¹i nghÜ nh vËy chø)

Dïng víi çc ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn nh what/ where/ who ®Ó diÔn t¶ sù ng¹c nhiªn, thêng dïng víi "But".

Ex: I was thinking of going to see John when who should appear but John himself (T«i ®ang tÝnh lµ ®Õn th¨m John th× ngêi xuÊt hiÖn l¹i chÝnh lµ anh Êy)Ex: What should I find but an enormous spider (Çi mµ t«i nh×n thÊy l¹i chÝnh lµ mét con nhÖn khæng lå)

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TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ

Mét tÝnh tõ lu«n bæ nghÜa cho mét danh tõ vµ chØ mét danh tõ, nã lu«n ®øng tríc danh tõ ®îc bæ nghÜa.

Trong tiÕng Anh, cã duy nhÊt mét tÝnh tõ ®øng sau danh tõ:galore = nhiÒu, phong phó, dåi dµo

Ex: There were errors galore in the final test.

TÝnh tõ còng ®øng sau çc ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ (something, anything, anybody...)

Ex: It’s something strange.Ex: He is sb quite unknown.

Mét phã tõ lu«n bæ nghÜa cho mét ®éng tõ, mét tÝnh tõ hoÆc mét phã tõ kh¸c.

Ex: Rita drank too much.Ex: I don't play tenis very well.

Adj + ly = Adv. Nhng ph¶i cÈn thËn, v× mét sè tÝnh tõ còng cã tËn cïng lµ ®u«i ly (lovely, friendly). Phã tõ cña çc tÝnh tõ nµy ®îc cÊu t¹o b»ng çch nh sau:

in a + Adj + way/ manner

Ex: He behaved me in a friendly way .

Mét sè çc phã tõ cã cÊu t¹o ®Æc biÖt: so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too. Çc phã tõ nµy tr¶ lêi cho c©u hái how.

Ngoµi ra cßn mét sè çc côm tõ còng ®îc coi lµ phã tõ, nã bao gåm mét giíi tõ më ®Çu víi çc danh tõ ®i sau ®Ó chØ: ®Þa ®iÓm (at home), thêi gian (at 5 pm), ph¬ng tiÖn (by train), t×nh huèng, hµnh ®éng (in a very difficult situation). TÊt c¶ çc côm nµy ®Òu ®îc xem lµ phã tõ.

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VÞ trÝ cña phã tõ trong c©u t¬ng ®èi tho¶i m¸i vµ phøc t¹p, qui luËt:

• NÕu cha biÕt ®Æt phã tõ ë ®©u th× vÞ trÝ thêng xuyªn cña nã ë cuèi c©u, ®Æc biÖt çc phã tõ ®u«i ly.

• Çc phã tõ vµ côm phã tõ lµm bæ ng÷ ®øng cuèi c©u theo thø tù nh sau: chØ ph¬ng thøc hµnh ®éng-chØ ®Þa ®iÓm-chØ thêi gian-chØ ph¬ng tiÖn hµnh ®éng-chØ t×nh huèng hµnh ®éng.

• Kh«ng bao giê mét phã tõ hoÆc mét côm phã tõ ®îc xen vµo gi÷a ®éng tõ vµ t©n ng÷.

• NÕu trong c©u kh«ng cã phã tõ nµo kh¸c ngoµi phã tõ chØ thêi gian th× cã thÓ ®a nã lªn ®Çu c©u.

Ex: In 1980 , He graduated and found a job.

Çc phã tõ chØ tÇn sè nh: always, sometimes, often... lu«n ®øng tríc ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng nhng ®øng sau ®éng tõ to be.

Ex: The president always comes in time.Ex: The president is always in time.

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§éng tõ nèi

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau, mang nh÷ng tÝnh chÊt sau

be appear feelbecome seem lookremain sound smellstay

Kh«ng diÔn ®¹t hµnh ®éng mµ diÔn ®¹t tr¹ng th¸i hoÆc b¶n chÊt sù viÖc.

§»ng sau chóng ph¶i lµ tÝnh tõ kh«ng thÓ lµ phã tõ. Kh«ng ®îc chia ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn dï díi bÊt cø thêi nµo.Lu ý: Trong b¶ng cã çc cÆp ®éng tõ:

to seem to happen

= = dêng nh

to appear to chance

Chóng cã thÓ thay thÕ lÉn cho nhau, nhng kh«ng thÓ thay thÕ ngang hay thay thÕ chÐo. Çc ®éng tõ nµy ®îc dïng theo mÉu c©u sau:

• Dïng víi chñ ng÷ gi¶ itEx: It seems that they have passed the exam./ It happens

(chances that they have passed the test)

• Dïng víi chñ ng÷ thËtEx: They seem to have passed the exam./ They happened/ chanced to have passed the exam.

NghÜa "T×nh cê", "NgÉu nhiªn", "May mµ".Ex: She happened to be out/ It happened that she was out when he called (NgÉu nhiªn c« ta kh«ng cã nhµ khi anh ta gäi ®iÖn)Ex: She chanced to be in/ It happened that she was in when he called. (May mµ c« ta cã nhµ khi anh ta gäi ®iÖn ®Õn).

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Ba ®éng tõ: to be, to become, to remain trong mét sè tr-êng hîp cã mét danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ danh tõ theo sau, khi ®ã chóng mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng cña mét ®éng tõ nèi.

Ex: Children often become bored (adj) at meeting Christine became class president (noun phrase) after a long, hard campaign.

Bèn ®éng tõ: to feel, to look, to smell, to taste trong mét sè trêng hîp cã thÓ lµ ngo¹i ®éng tõ, ®ßi hái mét t©n ng÷ ®i sau nã, lóc nµy nã mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng cña mét ®éng tõ nèi, cã thÓ cã phã tõ ®i kÌm. Chóng thay ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa:

Ex: to feel: sê n¾n ®Ó kh¸m.Ex: to look at: nh×nEx: to smell: ngöiEx: to taste: nÕm

Chóng ®îc phÐp chia ë th× tiÕp diÔn.Ex: The lady is smelling the flowers gingerly.

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Çc d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ

1. So s¸nh b»ng CÊu tróc sö dông lµ as .... as

S + V + as + adj/ adv + as + noun/ pronoun

NÕu lµ phñ ®Þnh, as thø nhÊt cã thÓ thay b»ng so (chØ ®Ó dÔ ®äc – informal English)

Sau as ph¶i lµ mét ®¹i tõ nh©n xng chñ ng÷, kh«ng ®îc lµ mét t©n ng÷ (Lçi c¬ b¶n)

Ex: He is not as tall as his father.Ex: He is not so tall as his father.

Danh tõ còng cã thÓ ®îc dïng ®Ó so s¸nh trong trêng hîp nµy, nhng nªn nhí tríc khi so sanh ph¶i ®¶m b¶o r»ng danh tõ ®ã ph¶i cã çc tÝnh tõ t¬ng ®¬ng.

adjectives nounsheavy, light weightwide, narrow widthdeep, shallow depthlong, short lengthbig, small size

S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun

Ex: My house is as high as his. My house is the same height as his.

The same...as >< different from...

Chó ý, trong tiÕng Anh (A-E), different than... còng cã thÓ ®îc dïng nÕu sau chóng lµ mét mÖnh ®Ò hoµn chØnh. Tuy

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nhiªn trêng hîp nµy kh«ng phæ biÕn vµ kh«ng ®a vµo çc bµi thi ng÷ ph¸p:

Ex: His appearance is different from what I have expected. ...than I have expected.(A-E)

2. So s¸nh h¬n kÐm Trong lo¹i so s¸nh nµy ngêi ta chia lµm hai d¹ng: tÝnh tõ

vµ phã tõ ng¾n (®äc lªn chØ cã mét vÇn). TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ dµi (2 vÇn trë lªn).

§èi víi tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ng¾n chØ cÇn céng ®u«i er. §èi víi tÝnh tõ ng¾n chØ cã mét nguyªn ©m kÑp gi÷a hai phô

©m tËn cïng, ph¶i gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi ®Ó tr¸nh thay ®æi çch ®äc.

§èi víi tÝnh tõ tËn cïng lµ y, dï cã 2 vÇn vÉn bÞ coi lµ tÝnh tõ ng¾n vµ ph¶i ®æi thµnh Y-IER (happy→happier; dry→drier; pretty→prettier).

Trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt: strong→stronger; friendly→friendlier than/ more friendly than.

§èi víi tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ dµi ph¶i dïng more/less.

Sau THAN ph¶i lµ ®¹i tõ nh©n xng chñ ng÷, kh«ng ®îc lµ t©n ng÷. C«ng thøc:

S + V +adjective_eradverb_ermore + adj/advless + adj/adv

+ THAN + noun/ pronoun

Khi so s¸nh mét ngêi/ mét vËt víi tÊt c¶ nh÷ng ngêi hoÆc vËt kh¸c ph¶i thªm else sau anything/anybody...

Ex: He is smarter than anybody else in the class.

§Ó nhÊn m¹nh so s¸nh, cã thÓ thªm much/far tríc so s¸nh, c«ng thøc:

S + V + far/much + Adj/Adv_er + than + noun/pronounS + V + far/much + more + Adj/Adv + than + noun/pronoun

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Ex: Harry’s watch is far more expensive than mineEx: He speaks English much more rapidly than he does

Spanish.

Danh tõ còng cã thÓ dïng ®Ó so s¸nh b»ng hoÆc h¬n kÐm, nhng tríc khi so s¸nh ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh xem ®ã lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®îc hay kh«ng ®Õm ®îc, v× ®»ng tríc chóng cã mét sè ®Þnh ng÷ dïng víi 2 lo¹i danh tõ ®ã. C«ng thøc:

Ex: He earns as much money as his father.Ex: February has fewer day than March.Ex: Their jobs allow them less freedom than ours does.

*Lu ý (quan träng): §»ng sau as vµ than cña çc mÖnh ®Ò so s¸nh cã thÓ lo¹i bá chñ ng÷ nÕu nã trïng hîp víi chñ ng÷ thø nhÊt, ®Æc biÖt lµ khi ®éng tõ sau than vµ as ë d¹ng bÞ ®éng. Lóc nµy than vµ as cßn cã thªm chøc n¨ng cña mét ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ.

Ex: Their marriage was as stormy as had been expected (Incorrect: as it had been expected).

Ex: Anne is going to join us , as was agreed last week (Incorrect: as it was agree last week).

He worries more than was good for him (Incorrect: than it/what is good for him).

*HoÆc çc t©n ng÷ còng cã thÓ bÞ lo¹i bá sau çc ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau THAN vµ AS:Ex: Don’t lose your passport, as I did last year (Incorrect:

as I did it last year).Ex: They sent more than I had ordered (Incorrect: than I

had ordered it).Ex: She gets her meet from the same butcher as I go to

(Incorrect: as I go to him).

3. So s¸nh hîp lý Khi so s¸nh nªn nhí: çc môc dïng ®Ó so s¸nh ph¶i t¬ng ®-

¬ng nhau: ngêi-ngêi, vËt-vËt. Bëi vËy môc so s¸nh hîp lý sÏ lµ:

S + V + as + many/much/little/few + noun + as + noun/pronounS + V + more/fewer/less + noun + than + noun/pronoun

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• Së h÷u çchEx: Incorrect: His drawings are as perfect as his

instructor.(C©u nµy so s¸nh çc bøc tranh víi ngêi chØ dÉn)→ Correct: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor ’ s .(instructor's = instructor's drawings)

• Dïng thªm that of cho danh tõ sè Ýt:Ex: Incorrect: The salary of a professor is higher than a

secretary.(C©u nµy so s¸nh salary víi secretary)→ Correct: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary.(that of = the salary of)

• Dïng thªm those of cho çc danh tõ sè nhiÒu:Ex: Incorrect: Theduties of a policeman are more

dangerous than a teacher .(C©u nµy so s¸nh duties víi teacher)→ Correct: Theduties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher (those of = the duties of)

4. So s¸nh ®Æc biÖtAdjective or

adverbComparative Superlative

far

littlemuchmanygoodwellbad

badly

fartherfurther

lessmore

better

worse

farthestfurthest

leastmost

best

worst

Lu ý: farther : dïng cho kho¶ng çchfurther : dïng cho th«ng tin hoÆc mét sè trêng hîp

trõu tîng kh¸c

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Ex: The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine.Ex: If you want more/further information , please call to the agent. Ex: Next year he will come to the U.S for his further (= more) education

5. So s¸nh ®a béi T¬ng ®¬ng cÊu tróc tiÕng ViÖt: gÊp rìi, gÊp hai... Kh«ng ®îc sö dông so s¸nh h¬n kÐm mµ sö dông so s¸nh

b»ng, khi so s¸nh ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ lµ ®Õm ®îc hay kh«ng ®Õm ®îc, v× ®»ng tríc chóng cã many/much

Ex: This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one.Ex:Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.

Ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn ®¹i ngµy nay, ®Æc biÖt lµ ng÷ ph¸p Mü cho phÐp dïng so s¸nh h¬n kÐm ®Õn gÊp 3 lÇn trë lªn, nhng ®èi víi gÊp 2 hoÆc 1/2 th× tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng.

Çc lèi nãi: twice that many/twice that much = gÊp ®«i ngÇn Êy... chØ ®îc dïng trong khÈu ng÷, kh«ng ®îc dïng ®Ó viÕt.Ex: We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showned up. (twice as many as that number).

6. So s¸nh kÐp Lµ lo¹i so s¸nh víi cÊu tróc: Cµng... cµng... Çc Adj/Adv so s¸nh ph¶i ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, tríc chóng ph¶i

cã The

The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

Ex: The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.

NÕu chØ mét vÕ cã Adj/Adv so s¸nh th× vÕ cßn l¹i cã thÓ dïng The more

The more + S + V + the + coparative + S + V

Ex: The more you study, the smarter you will become.

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Sau The more ë vÕ thø nhÊt cã thÓ cã that nhng kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt.

Ex: The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become.

Trong trêng hîp nÕu c¶ hai vÕ ®Òu cã thµnh ng÷ it is th× bá chóng ®i

Ex: The shorter (it is), the better (it is).

HoÆc nÕu c¶ hai vÕ ®Òu lµ to be th× bá ®iEx: The closer to one of the Earth’s pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is).

Çc thµnh ng÷: all the better (cµng tèt h¬n), all the more (cµng... h¬n), not... any the more... (ch¼ng... h¬n... tÝ nµo), none the more... (ch¼ng chót nµo) dïng ®Ó nhÊn rÊt m¹nh cho çc tÝnh tõ hoÆc phã tõ ®îc ®em ra so s¸nh ®»ng sau. Nã chØ ®îc dïng víi çc tÝnh tõ trõu tîng:

Ex: Sunday mornings were nice. I enjoyed them all the more because Sue used to come round to breakfast.(çc s¸ng chñ nhËt trêi thËt ®Ñp. T«i l¹i cµng thÝch nh÷ng s¸ng chñ nhËt ®ã h¬n n÷u v× Sue thêng ghÐ qua ¨n s¸ng.)

Ex: He didn’t seem to be any the worse for his experience.(Anh ta cµng kh¸ h¬n lªn v× nh÷ng kinh nghiÖm cña m×nh.)

Ex: He explained it all carefully, but I was still none the wiser.(Anh ta gi¶i thÝch toµn bé ®iÒu ®ã cÈn thËn nhng t«i vÉn kh«ng s¸ng ra chót nµo c¶.)

CÊu tróc nµy tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng dïng cho çc tÝnh tõ cô thÓ:

Ex: Incorrect: Those pills have made him all the slimmer.

7. CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... th× ® ...· ChØ dïng cho thêi Qu¸ khø vµ thêi HiÖn t¹i, kh«ng dïng

cho thêi T¬ng lai. No sooner ®øng ë ®Çu mét mÖnh ®Ò, theo sau nã lµ mét

trî ®éng tõ ®¶o lªn tríc chñ ng÷ ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh, than ®øng ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò cßn l¹i:

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No sooner + auxiliary + S + V + than + S + V

Ex: No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain. (Past)

Mét vÝ dô ë thêi hiÖn t¹i (will ®îc lÊy sang dïng cho hiÖn t¹i)Ex: No sooner will he arrive than he want to leave.(Present)

Mét cÊu tróc t¬ng ®¬ng cÊu tróc nµy:No sooner ... than ... = Hardly/Scarely ... whenEx: Scarely had they felt in love each other when they got maried.

Lu ý: No longer ... = not ... anymore = kh«ng ... n÷a, dïng theo cÊu tróc:

S + no longer + Positive Verb

8. So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ngêi hoÆc 2 vËt Khi so s¸nh gi÷a 2 ngêi hoÆc 2 vËt, chØ ®îc dïng so s¸nh

h¬n kÐm, kh«ng ®îc dïng so s¸nh bËc nhÊt, mÆc dï trong mét sè d¹ng v¨n nãi vµ c¶ v¨n viÕt vÉn chÊp nhËn so s¸nh bËc nhÊt. (Lçi c¬ b¶n).

Tríc adj vµ adv so s¸nh ph¶i cã the, trong c©u cã thµnh ng÷ of the two + noun thµnh ng÷ cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u.

Ex: Harvey is the smarter of the two boys .Ex: Of the two shirts , this one is the prettier .

9. So s¸nh bËc nhÊt Dïng khi so s¸nh 3 ngêi hoÆc 3 vËt trë lªn: §èi víi tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ng¾n dïng ®u«i est. §èi víi tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ dµi dïng most hoÆc least. §»ng tríc so s¸nh ph¶i cã the. Dïng giíi tõ in víi danh tõ sè Ýt.Ex: John is the tallest boy in the family

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Dïng giíi tõ of víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu Ex: Deana is the shortest of the three sister

Do ®ã sau thµnh ng÷ One of the + so s¸nh bËc nhÊt + noun ph¶i ®¶m b¶o ch¾c ch¾n r»ng noun ph¶i lµ sè nhiÒu, vµ ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë sè Ýt.

Ex: One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson.

Mét sè çc tÝnh tõ hoÆc phã tõ mang tÝnh tuyÖt ®èi th× cÊm dïng so s¸nh bËc nhÊt, h¹n chÕ dïng so s¸nh h¬n kÐm, nÕu buéc ph¶i dïng th× bá more:unique/ extreme/ perfect/ supreme/ top/ absolute/Prime/

PrimaryEx: His drawings are perfect than mine.preferable to Sb/Sth... = ®îc a thÝch h¬n...superior to Sb/Sth... = siªu viÖt h¬n...inferior to Sb/Sth... = h¹ ®¼ng h¬n...

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Danh tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ

Trong tiÕng Anh cã hiÖn tîng mét danh tõ ®øng tríc mét danh tõ kh¸c lµm nhiÖm vô cña mét tÝnh tõ. §Ó lµm ®îc chøc n¨ng nh vËy, chïng ph¶i b¶o ®¶m nh÷ng tÝnh chÊt §øng ngay tríc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa. Kh«ng ®îc phÐp cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu trõ mét sè trêng

hîp ®Æc biÖt.Ex: No frills store = cöa hµng kh«ng trang trÝ mµu mÌ. a sports/sport car small-claims court = phiªn toµ xö nh÷ng vô nî vÆt.

NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng lµm tÝnh tõ th× gi÷a chóng ph¶i cã dÊu g¹ch nèi “-”.

Trong mét sè trêng hîp nÕu dïng danh tõ lµm tÝnh tõ th× mang nghÜa ®en:Ex: A gold watch → a watch made of gold.

Nhng nÕu dïng tÝnh tõ gèc mang nghÜa bãng:Ex: A golden opportunity = a chance that it is very rare and precious (quÝ gi¸).

Kh«ng ®îc dïng tÝnh tõ bæ trî cho danh tõ khi cho nã chØ tÝnh chÊt nghÒ nghiÖp hoÆc néi dung:

Ex: mathematics teacher/ a biology book

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Enough

Enough lu«n ®øng ®»ng sau Adj/Adv nhng l¹i ph¶i ®øng tríc danh tõ:

Ex: well enough...Ex:enough food, enough water...Trong mét sè trêng hîp nÕu danh tõ ®· ®îc nh¾c ®Õn ë trªn, th× ë díi cã quyÒn dïng enough nh mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñEx: I forgot money. Do you have enough?

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Mét sè trêng hîp cô thÓ dïng Much & Many

Many/ Much + noun/ noun phrase nh mét ®Þnh ng÷.Ex: Ex: She didn’t eat much breakfast(C« ta kh«ng ¨n s¸ng nhiÒu)Ex: Ex: There aren’t many large glasses left(Kh«ng cßn l¹i nhiÒu cèc lín)Tuy nhiªn much of + personal and geographic names cã thÓ

®îc dïng mµ kh«ng cÇn dÞnh ng÷ ®i kÌm theo danh tõ ®»ng sau:

Ex: Ex: I have seen too much of Howard recently.(GÇn ®©y t«i kh«ng hay gÆp Howard)Ex: Ex: Not much of Denmark is hilly.(§an m¹ch kh«ng cã mÊy ®åi nói) Many/Much of + determiner (a, the, this, my... ) + noun.Ex: Ex: You can’t see much of a country in a week.(Anh kh«ng thÓ biÕt nhiÒu vÒ mét níc trong vßng mét tuÇn ®©u.)Ex: Ex: I won’t pass the exam. I have missed many of my

lessons.(T«i sÏ kh«ng tho¸t ®îc kú thi nµy mÊt, t«i bá qu¸ nhiÒu bµi.)Many vµ much dïng nhiÒu trong c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ c©u nghi

vÊn, nhng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh nªn dïng çc lo¹i tõ kh¸c nh plenty of, a lot, lots of... ®Ó thay thÕ.

Ex: Ex: How much money have you got? I’ve got plenty.Ex: Ex: He got lots of men friends, but he doesn’t know

many women.Tuy nhiªn trong tiÕng Anh chuÈn (formal) much vµ many vÉn

®îc dïng b×nh thêng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh.Ex: Ex: Much has been written about the causes of

unemployment in the opinion of many economists.Much dïng nh mét phã tõ:Ex: Ex: I don’t travel much these days.

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Much cã thÓ dïng tríc mét sè ®éng tõ diÔn ®¹t sù a thÝch vµ mét sè ý t¬ng tù ®Æc biÖt trong d¹ng tiÕng Anh qui chuÈn.

Ex: Ex: I much appreciate you help.Ex: Ex: We much prefer the country to the town.Ex: Ex: Janet much enjoyed her stay with your family.®èi víi mét sè ®éng tõ (nh like/ dislike... ) chØ nªn dïng much

sau very vµ trong cÊu tróc phñ ®Þnh.Ex: Ex: I very much like you brother.Ex: Ex: I don’t much like your dog. It’s very cruel.

Mét sè çch dïng ®Æc biÖt cña much vµ many:§Æc ng÷: Much too much/ many so many dïng ®éc lËp sau

mÖnh ®Ò tríc danh tõ mµ nã bæ ng÷.Ex: Ex: The cost of a thirty-second commercial on a

network television station is $300,000, much too much for most business.

Many a + singular noun + singular verb: BiÕt bao nhiªu.Ex: Many a strong man has disheartened before such a challenge.Ex: Ex: I have been to the top of the Effeil tower many a

time.

Many’s the (biÕt bao nhiªu) + singular verb

Ex: Ex: Many ’ s the student who couldn’t follow the post-graduate courses at Universities and colleges under the pressure of money.

(BiÕt bao nhiªu sinh viªn ®· kh«ng thÓ... )Ex: Many ’ s the promise that has been broken. (BiÕt bao nhiªu lêi høa... )

Smb + whoSmt + that

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Ph©n biÖt thªm vÒ çch dïng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great

deal/ so víi many/ much.

Çc thµnh ng÷ trªn t¬ng ®¬ng víi much/ many (nhiÒu) vµ most (®a phÇn).

A lot of/ lots of (informal) = a great deal/ alarge number of/ much/ many (formal)

Kh«ng cã kh¸c nhau g× mÊy gi÷a a lot of vµ lots of. Chñ ng÷ chÝnh sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ.

A lot of/ lots of +

Ex: Ex: A lot of time is needed to learn a language.Ex: Ex: Lots of us think it’s time for an election.Plenty of ®îc dïng phæ biÕn trong informal English.Ex: Ex: Don’t rush, there’s plenty of time.Ex: Ex: Plenty of shops take checks.A large a mount of = a great deal of + non-count noun

(formal English)Ex: Ex: I have thrown a large amount of ald clothing.Ex: Ex: Mr Lucas has spent a great deal of time in the Far

East.A lot vµ a great deal cã thÓ ®îc dïng lµm phã tõ vµ vÞ trÝ

cña nã lµ ë cuèi c©u.Ex: Ex: On holiday we walk and swim a lot. Ex: Ex: The gorvernment seems to change its mind a great

deal.

uncountable noun + singular verbplural noun + plural verb

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Mét sè çch dïng cô thÓ cña more & most

More + noun/noun phrase: dïng nh mét ®Þnh ng÷Ex: Ex: We need more time.Ex: Ex: More university students are having to borrow

money these day.More + of + personal/geographic namesEx: Ex: It would bi nice to see more of Ray and Barbara. RÊt hay khi ®îc gÆp Ray vµ Barbara thêng xuyªn h¬n.Ex: Ex: Five hundred years ago, much more of Britain was

covered with trees. 500 n¨m tríc ®©y, ®a phÇn níc Anh phñ nhiÒu rõng h¬n b©y giê nhiÒu.More of + determiner/pronoun (a/ the/ my/ this/ him/ them...)Ex: Ex: He is more of a fool than I thought. Nã lµ mét th»ng ngu h¬n t«i tëng nhiÒu.Ex: Ex: Three more of the missing climbers have been found. Ex: Ex: Could I have some more of that smoked fish.Ex: Ex: I don’t think any more of them want to come. One more/ two more... + noun/ noun phraseEx: Ex: There is just one more river to cross.Nhng ph¶i dïng cardinal number (sè ®Õm) + noun + more (Five

dollars more) nÕu more mang nghÜa thªm n÷a.Ex: Ex: He has contributed $50, and now he wants to

contribute $50 more.Most + noun = §a phÇn, ®a sèEx: Ex: Most cheese is made from cow’s milk.Ex: Ex: Most Swiss people understand French.Most + determiner/ pronoun (a, the, this, my, him...) = HÇu

hÕt...Ex: Ex: He has eaten 2 pizzas and most of a cold chicken.Ex: Ex: Most of my friend live abroad.Ex: Ex: She has eaten most of that cake.

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Ex: Ex: Most of us though he was wrong. Most ®îc dïng nh mét danh tõ, nÕu ë trªn, danh tõ hoÆc chñ

ng÷ ®ã ®· ®îc nh¾c ®Õn.Ex: Ex: Some people had difficulty with the lecture, but

most understood.Ex: Ex: Ann and Robby found a lot of blackberries, but

Susan found the most .Most + adjective khi mang nghÜa veryEx: Ex: That is most kind of you.Ex: Ex: Thank you for a most interesting afternoon.

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Çch dïng long & (for) a long time

Long ®îc dïng trong c©u hái vµ c©u phñ ®Þnh.Ex: Ex: Have you been waiting long?Ex: Ex: It does not take long to get her house.Ex: Ex: She seldom stays long.(for) a long time dïng trong c©u kh¼ng ®ÞnhEx: Ex: I waited for a long time, but she didn’t arrive.Ex: Ex: It takes a long time to get to her house.Long còng ®îc dïng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh khi ®i víi: too,

enough, as, soEx: Ex: The meeting went on much too long .Ex: Ex: I have been working here long enough . Time to get a

new job.Ex: Ex: You can stay as long as you want.Ex: Ex: Sorry! I took so long .Long before (l©u tríc khi)/ long after (m i· sau khi)/ long ago

(çch ®©y ®· l©u)Ex: Ex: We used to live in Paris, but that was long before

you were born.Ex: Ex: Long after the accident he used to dream that he

was dying.Ex: Ex: Long ago , in a distant country, there lived a

beutiful princess.Long ph¶i ®Æt sau trî ®éng tõ: This is a problem that has

long been recognized.All day/ night/ week/ year long = suèt c¶...Ex: Ex: She sits dreaming all day long (C« ta ngåi m¬ méng suèt c¶ ngµy). Before + long = Ngay b©y giê, ch¼ng bao l©u n÷aEx: Ex: I will be back before long (T«i sÏ quay l¹i ngay b©y giê).

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Trong c©u phñ ®Þnh for a long time (®· l©u, trong mét thêi gian dµi) ≠ for long (ng¾n, kh«ng dµi, chèc l¸t)

Ex: Ex: She didn ’ t speak for long . (= she only spoke for a short time)

Ex: Ex: She didn ’ t speak for a long time . (= she was silent for a long time)

How long have you been here for? = Anh sÏ ë ®©y l©u chø? (bao gåm hoÆc ®Ò cËp ®Õn c¶ t¬ng lai).

Ex: Ex:

− How long have you been here for?

− Until the end of next week.Ex: Ex:

− How long have you been here for? (Anh ®· ë ®©y cho ®Õn giê lµ bao l©u råi?)

− Since last Monday.

Tõ nèi1. Because, Because of§»ng sau Because ph¶i dïng 1 c©u hoµn chØnh nhng ®»ng sau Because of ph¶i dïng 1 ng÷ danh tõ.

Because of = on account of = due to Nhng nªn dïng due to sau ®éng tõ to be cho chuÈn.Ex: The accident was due to the heavy rain.

Dïng as a result of ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh hËu qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng hoÆc sù vËt, sù viÖc.

Ex: He was blinded as a result of a terrible accident.

2. Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶ Trong cÊu tróc nµy ngêi ta dïng thµnh ng÷ “so that” (sao

cho, ®Ó cho). §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau so that ph¶i ®Ó ë thêi t¬ng lai so víi thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

Ex: He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.

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Ph¶i ph©n biÖt “so that” trong cÊu tróc nµy víi so that mang nghÜa do ®ã (therefore). Çch ph©n biÖt duy nhÊt lµ ®éng tõ ®»ng sau so that mang nghÜa do ®ã diÔn biÕn b×nh thêng so víi thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò ®»ng tríc.

Ex: We heard nothing from him so that ( = therefore) we wondered if he moved away.

3. Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶. Trong lo¹i tõ nèi nµy ngêi ta dïng cÊu tróc so/such ....

that = qu¸, ®Õn nçi mµ vµ chia lµm nhiÒu lo¹i sö dông. Dïng víi tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ : CÊu tróc lµ so ..... that.Ex: Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.Ex: Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.

Dïng víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu: CÊu tróc vÉn lµ so ... that nh-ng ph¶i dïng many hoÆc few tríc danh tõ ®ã.

Ex: I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc : CÊu tróc vÉn lµ so ... that nhng ph¶i dïng much hoÆc little tríc danh tõ ®ã.

Ex: He has invested so much money in the project that he can't abandon it now.

Dïng víi tÝnh tõ + danh tõ sè Ýt: such a ... that. Cã thÓ dïng so theo cÊu tróc : so + adj + a + noun ... that. (Ýt phæ biÕn h¬n)

Ex: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.Ex: It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

Dïng víi tÝnh tõ + danh tõ sè nhiÒu/kh«ng ®Õm ®îc: such ... that. TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng so.

Ex: They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.

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Ex: This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

4. Mét sè çc tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c. Even if + negative verb: cho dï.Ex: You must go tomorrow even if you aren't ready.

Whether or not + positive verb: dï cã hay kh«ng.Ex: You must go tomorrow whether or not you are ready.

Çc ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn ®øng ®Çu c©u còng dïng lµm tõ nèi vµ ®éng tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

Ex: Whether he goes out tonight depends on his girldfriend. Why these pupils can not solve this problems makes the teachers confused.

Mét sè çc tõ nèi cã quy luËt riªng cña chóng nÕu kÕt hîp víi nhauAnd moreover And in addtionAnd thus or otherwiseAnd furthermore And therefore But nevertheless But ... anyway

NÕu nèi gi÷a hai mÖnh ®Ò, ®»ng tríc chóng ph¶i cã dÊu phÈy

Ex: He was exhausted, and therefore his judgement was not very good.

Nhng nÕu nèi gi÷a hai tõ ®¬n th× kh«ngEx: The missing piece is small but significant.

Unless + positive = if ... not: Trõ phi, nÕu kh«ng.Ex: You will be late unless you start at once.

But for that + unreal condition: NÕu kh«ng th×

• HiÖn t¹iEx: My father pays my fee, but for that I couldn't be

here(But he is here learning)

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• Qu¸ khøEx: My car broken down, but for that we would have

been here in time (But they were late)

Otherwise + real condition: KÎo, nÕu kh«ng th×.Ex: We must be back before midnight otherwise I will be locked out.

Otherwise + unreal condition: KÎo, nÕu kh«ng th× nhng sau nã ph¶i lµ ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc

• HiÖn t¹iEx: Her father supports her finance otherwise she couldn't conduct these experiments (But she can with her father's).

• Qu¸ khø:Ex: I used a computer, otherwise I would have taken longer with these calculations (But he didn't take any longer).*Lu ý: Trong tiÕng Anh th«ng tôc (colloquial English) ngêi ta dïng or else ®Ó thay thÕ cho otherwise.

Provided/Providing that: Víi ®iÒu kiÖn lµ, miÔn lµ = as long as

Ex: You can camp here providing that you leave no mess.

Suppose/Supposing = What ... if : Gi¶ sö .... th× sau, NÕu ..... th× sao.

Ex: Suppose the plane is late = What (will happen) if the plane is late.

Lu ý: * Suppose cßn cã thÓ ®îc dïng ®Ó ®a ra lêi gîi ý.Ex: Suppose you ask him = Why don't you ask him.

* Lu ý thµnh ng÷: What if I am: Tao thÕ th× ®· sao nµo (mang tÝnh th¸ch thøc)

If only + S + simple present/will + verb = hope that: hi väng r»ng

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Ex : If only he comes in time Ex : If only he will learn harder for the test next month.

If only + S + simple past/past perfect = wish that(C©u ®/k kh«ng thùc hiÖn ®îc)

Ex: If only he came in time now.Ex: If only she had studied harder for that test If only + S + would + V

• DiÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹iEx: If only he would drive more slowly = we wish he drived more slowly.

• DiÔn ®¹t mét íc muèn v« väng vÒ t¬ng lai:Ex: If only it would stop raining

Immediately = as soon as = the moment (that) = the instant that = directly: ngay lËp tøc

Ex: Tell me immediatly (=as soon as ) you have any news.Ex: Phone me the moment that you get the results.Ex: I love you the instant (that) I saw you.Ex: Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke.

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C©u bÞ ®éng

Ngêi ta dïng c©u bÞ ®éng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµo t©n ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng.

Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë c©u bÞ ®éng ph¶i tu©n theo thêi cña ®éng tõ ë c©u chñ ®éng.

NÕu lµ lo¹i ®éng tõ cã 2 t©n ng÷, muèn nhÊn m¹nh vµo t©n ng÷ nµo ngêi ta ®a t©n ng÷ ®ã lªn lµm chñ ng÷ nhng th«ng thêng chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña c©u bÞ ®éng lµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp.

Ex: I gave you a book = I gave a book to him = He was given a book by me.

§Æt " by + t©n ng÷ míi" ®»ng sau tÊt c¶ çc t©n ng÷ kh¸c. NÕu sau by lµ mét ®¹i tõ v« nh©n xng mang nghÜa ngêi ta:

by people, by sb th× bá h¼n nã ®i.

SIMPLE PRESENT OR SIMPLE PAST Am is are +[verb in past participle] was were

Ex: Active: Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year.

Ex: Passive: A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PAST PROGRESSIVE

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Amis are + being + [verb in past participle]was were

Ex: Active: The committee is considering several new proposals.

Ex: Passive: Several new proposals are being considered by the committee.

PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST PERFECT Has have + been +[verb in past participle] had

Ex: Active: The company has ordered some new equipment.Ex: Passive: Some new equipment has been ordered by the

company.

MODALSmodal + been +[verb in past participle]

Ex: Active: The manager should sign these contracts today.

Ex: Passive: These contracts should be signed by the manager today.

Çc néi ®éng tõ (§éng tõ kh«ng yªu cÇu 1 t©n ng÷ nµo) kh«ng ®îc dïng ë bÞ ®éng.

Ex: My leg hurts.

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§Æc biÖt khi chñ ng÷ chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm chÝnh cña hµnh ®éng còng kh«ng ®îc chuyÓn thµnh c©u bÞ ®éng.

Ex: The America takes charge: Níc Mü nhËn l nh· tr¸ch nhiÖm

NÕu lµ ngêi hoÆc vËt trùc tiÕp g©y ra hµnh ®éng th× dïng by nhng nÕu lµ vËt gi¸n tiÕp g©y ra hµnh ®éng th× dïng with.

Ex: The bird was shot with the gun - The bird was shot by the hunter.

Trong mét sè trêng hîp to be/to get + P2 hoµn toµn kh«ng mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng mµ mang 2 nghÜa: ChØ tr¹ng th¸i mµ chñ ng÷ ®ang ë trong ®ã

Ex: Could you please check my mailbox while I am gone .Ex: He got lost in the maze of the town yesterday.

ChØ viÖc chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊyEx: The little boy gets dressed very quickly.Ex: Could I give you a hand with these tires.Ex: No thanks, I will be done when I finish tightening these

bolts.Mäi sù biÕn ®æi vÒ thêi vµ thÓ ®Òu nh»m vµo ®éng tõ to be, cßn ph©n tõ 2 gi÷ nguyªn.• to be made of: §îc lµm b»ng (§Ò cËp ®Õn chÊt liÖu lµm nªn

vËt)Ex: This table is made of wood

• to be made from: §îc lµm ra tõ (®Ò cËp ®Õn viÖc nguyªn vËt liÖu bÞ biÕn ®æi hoµn toµn vÒ tr¹ng th¸i ban ®Çu ®Ó lµm nªn vËt)

Ex: Paper is made from wood

• to be made out of: §îc lµm b»ng (®Ò cËp ®Õn qu¸ tr×nh lµm ra vËt)

Ex: This cake was made out of flour, butter, sugar, eggs and milk

• to be made with: §îc lµm víi (®Ò cËp ®Õn chØ mét trong sè nhiÒu chÊt liÖu lµm nªn vËt)

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Ex: This soup tastes good because it was made a lot of spices.

Ph©n biÖt thªm vÒ çch dïng marry vµ divorce trong 2 thÓ: Chñ ®éng vµ bÞ ®éng• Khi kh«ng cã t©n ng÷ th× ngêi Anh a dïng get maried vµ

get divorced trong d¹ng informal English.Ex: Lulu and Joe got maried last week. (informal)Ex: Lulu and Joe married last week. (formal)

Ex: After 3 very unhappy years they got divorced. (informal)Ex: After 3 very unhappy years they dovorced. (formal)

• Sau marry vµ divorce lµ mét t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp kh«ng cã giíi tõ: To mary / divorce smb

Ex: She married a builder.Ex: Andrew is going to divorce Carola

• To be/ get married/ to smb (giíi tõ “to” lµ b¾t buéc)Ex: She got married to her childhood sweetheart.Ex: He has been married to Louisa for 16 years and he still doesn’t understand her.

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§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ diÔn ®¹t ®èi tîng thø nhÊt g©y cho ®èi tîng thø hai mét ®iÒu g× víi mét sè mÉu c©u nh sau:

1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g×

2. To have/to get sth done = §a çi g× ®i lµm Theo khuynh híng nµy ®éng tõ to want vµ would like

còng cã thÓ dïng víi mÉu c©u nh vËy: To want/ would like sth done. C©u hái dïng cho lo¹i mÉu c©u nµy lµ: What do you want

done to ? Ex: What do you want done to your car ?

I want/ would like it washed.

3. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth §»ng sau t©n ng÷ cña make cßn cã thÓ dïng 1 tÝnh tõ: To

make sb/sth + adj Ex: Wearing flowers made her more beautiful .

4. To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm saoEx: Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.

5. To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho çi g× bÞ lµm saoEx: The big thunder storm caused many waterfront houses damaged.

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NÕu t©n ng÷ cña make lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ th× ph¶i ®Æt it gi÷a make vµ tÝnh tõ, ®Æt ®éng tõ ra phÝa ®»ng sau: make it + adj + V as object.

Ex: The wire service made it possible to collect and distribute news faster and cheaper.

Tuy nhiªn nÕu t©n ng÷ cña make lµ 1 danh tõ hay 1 ng÷ danh tõ th× kh«ng ®îc ®Æt it gi÷a make vµ tÝnh tõ: Make + adj + noun/ noun phrase.

Ex: The wire service made possible much speedier collection and distribution of news.

6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ó ai, cho phÐp ai lµm g×

7. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm g× NÕu t©n ng÷ cña help lµ mét ®¹i tõ v« nh©n xng mang

nghÜa ngêi ta th× kh«ng cÇn ph¶i nh¾c ®Õn t©n ng÷ ®ã vµ bá lu«n c¶ to cña ®éng tõ ®»ng saul

Ex: This wonder drug will help (people to ) recover more quickly.

NÕu t©n ng÷ cña help vµ t©n ng÷ cña ®éng tõ sau nã trïng hîp víi nhau, ngêi ta sÏ bá t©n ng÷ sau help vµ bá lu«n c¶ to cña ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.

Ex:The body fat of the bear will help (him to ) keep him alive during hibernation.

8. 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt §ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng sÏ thay ®æi ®«i chót khi ®éng tõ sau t©n ng÷ cña chóng ë çc d¹ng kh¸c nhau. To see/to watch/ to hear sb/sth do sth (hµnh ®éng chøng

kiÕn tõ ®Çu ®Õn cuèi) Ex: I hear the telephone ring.

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To see/to watch/ to hear sb/sth doing sth (hµnh ®éng kh«ng chøng kiÕn trän vÑn mµ chØ nhÊt thêi)

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C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ

TiÕng Anh cã 2 lo¹i c©u C©u ®¬n gi¶n: lµ c©u cã 1 thµnh phÇn vµ chØ cÇn vËy c©u

còng ®· ®ñ nghÜa. C©u phøc hîp: lµ lo¹i c©u cã 2 thµnh phÇn chÝnh/phô nèi

víi nhau b»ng 1 tõ gäi lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ.

1. That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô Nã ®øng ®Çu c©u phô, thay thÕ cho danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt ®øng tríc nã vµ lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô. Do ®ã nã kh«ng thÓ nµo bá ®i ®îc.Ex: We bought the stereo that had been advertised at a reduced price.

2. That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô• Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt ®øng tríc nã, më

®Çu c©u phô nhng lµm t©n ng÷. Do ®ã nã cã thÓ bá ®i ®-îc.Ex: George is going to buy the house (that) we have been thinking of buying

• Ngêi ta dïng that chø kh«ng dïng which khi:• §øng tríc nã lµ mét tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt + danh

tõEx: That is the best novel that has been written by this author.

• Khi ®»ng tríc nã lµ mét sè çc ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ nh all, some, any, anything, everything, much, little, nothing v.v..Ex1: I want to see all that he possesses.

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Ex2: All the apples that fall are eaten by pig.

3. Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô• Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt ë tríc

nã, lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô. Do ®ã nã kh«ng thÓ bá ®i ®îc.Ex: The man (who) is in this room is angry.

4. Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô• Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt ë tríc

nã vµ lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô, nã cã thÓ bá ®i ®îc.Ex: The men (whom) I don't like are angry.

• NÕu whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña mét ng÷ ®éng tõ bao gåm 1 Verb + 1 giíi tõ th× lèi viÕt chuÈn nhÊt lµ ®a giíi tõ ®ã lªn tríc whom.Ex: The man to whom you have just talked is the chairman of the company.

• Tuy nhiªn nÕu whom lµ t©n ng÷ cña mét ng÷ ®éng tõ bao gåm 1 ®éng tõ + 2 giíi tõ th× 2 giíi tõ ®ã vÉn ph¶i ®øng ®»ng sau ®éng tõ.Ex: The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.

• Kh«ng ®îc dïng who thay cho whom trong v¨n viÕt dï nã ®îc chÊp nhËn trong v¨n nãi.

5. MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc.

1) MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc.• Lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò b¾t buéc ph¶i cã mÆt ë trong c©u, nÕu

bá ®i c©u sÏ mÊt ý nghÜa ban ®Çu.• Nªn dïng that lµm chñ ng÷ cho lo¹i c©u nµy mÆc dï

which vÉn ®îc chÊp nhËn

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• C©u phô thêng ®øng xen vµo gi÷a c©u chÝnh hoÆc nèi liÒn víi c©u chÝnh vµ kh«ng t¸ch rêi khái nã bëi bÊt cø dÊu ph¶y nµo.Ex: Weeds that float to the surface should be removed before they decay.

2) MÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc• Lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò mang th«ng tin phô trong c©u, nÕu bá

nã ®i c©u kh«ng mÊt nghÜa ban ®Çu.• Kh«ng ® îc dïng that lµm chñ ng÷ mµ ph¶i dïng which ,

cho dï which cã lµ t©n ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô còng kh«ng ® îc phÐp bá nã ®i.

• C©u phô thêng ®øng chen vµo gi÷a c©u chÝnh vµ b¾t buéc ph¶i t¸ch khái c©u chÝnh b»ng 2 dÊu phÈy.Ex1: My car, which is very large, uses too much gasoline.Ex2: This rum, which I bought in the Virgin Islands, is very smooth.

6. TÇm quan träng cña viÖc sö dông dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô

ë nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc, khi kh«ng dïng dÊu phÈy tøc lµ cã sù giíi h¹n cña mÖnh ®Ò phô ®èi víi danh tõ ®»ng tríc (trong tiÕng ViÖt: chØ cã)

Ex: The travelers who knew about the flood took another road.

(ChØ cã çc l÷ kh¸ch nµo mµ...)Ex: The wine that was stored in the cellar was ruined.

(ChØ cã rîu vang ®Ó díi hÇm míi bÞ...) §èi víi nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc, khi cã dÊu

phÈy ng¨n çch th× nã kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc giíi h¹n danh tõ ®øng tríc nã. (trong tiÕng ViÖt: tÊt c¶).

Ex: The travelers, who knew about the flood, took another road.

(TÊt c¶ l÷ kh¸ch...)Ex: The wine, which was stored in the cellar, was ruined.

(TÊt c¶ rîu vang...)

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Çc nguyªn t¾c trªn ®©y chØ dïng trong v¨n viÕt, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n nãi.

7. Çch sö dông All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which

TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷: them, us trong trêng hîp nµy.

Ex1: Their sons , both of whom (kh«ng ®îc nãi both of them) are working abroad, ring her up every week.Ex2: The buses , most of which were full of passengers, began to pull out.

What = the thing/ the things that cã thÓ lµm t©n ng÷ cho mÖnh ®Ò phô cïng lóc lµm chñ ng÷ cho mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh/ hoÆc lµm chñ ng÷ cña c¶ 2 mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh, phô.

Ex1: What we have expected is the result of the test.Ex2: What happened to him yesterday might happen to us tomorrow.

8. Whose = cña ngêi mµ, cña con mµ. Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ngêi hoÆc ®éngvËt ë tríc nã

vµ chØ sù së h÷u cña ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt ®ã ®èi víi danh tõ ®i sau.

Ex: James, whose father is the president of the company, has received a promotion.

Trong lèi v¨n viÕt quan träng nªn dïng of which ®Ó thay thÕ cho danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt mÆc dï whose vÉn ®îc chÊp nhËn.

Ex: Saving account, of which (= whose) interest rate is quite hight, is very common now.

HoÆc dïng with + noun/ noun phrase thay cho whoseEx: The house whose walls were made of glass = The house with the glass walls .

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9. Çch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô§èi víi nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc ngêi ta cã thÓ lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ ®éng tõ to be (cïng víi çc trî ®éng tõ cña nã) trong mét sè trêng hîp sau: Tríc mét mÖnh ®Ò phô mµ cÊu tróc ®éng tõ ë thêi bÞ ®éng.Ex: This is the Z value (which was ) obtained from the table areas under the normal curve.

Tríc mét mÖnh ®Ò phô mµ sau nã lµ mét ng÷ giíi tõ.Ex: The beaker (that is ) on the counter contains a solution.

Tríc mét cÊu tróc ®éng tõ ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn.Ex: The girl (who is) running down the street might be in trouble.

Ngoµi ra trong mét sè trêng hîp khi ®¹i tõ quan hÖ trong mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc g¾n liÒn víi chñ ng÷ ®øng tr-íc nã vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô Êy diÔn ®¹t qui luËt hoÆc sù kiÖn diÔn ®¹t theo tÇn sè, ngêi ta cã thÓ bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ ®éng tõ chÝnh thay vµo ®ã b»ng mét Verb-ing.

Ex: The travelers taking (= who take) this bus on a daily basis buy their ticket in booking.

Trong nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc ngêi ta còng cã thÓ lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ ®éng tõ to be khi nã ®øng tríc mét ng÷ danh tõ. Tuy nhiªn phÇn ng÷ danh tõ cßn l¹i vÉn ph¶i ®øng gi÷a 2 dÊu phÈy.

Ex: Mr Jackson, (who is) a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.

Lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ ®éng tõ chÝnh, thay vµo ®ã b»ng 1 Verb-ing khi mÖnh ®Ò phô nµy ®i bæ nghÜa cho mét t©n ng÷ (lèi viÕt nµy rÊt phæ biÕn).

Ex: The president made a speech for the famous man visiting (who visited ) him.

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Çch sö dông P1 trong mét sè trêng hîp

10. Dïng víi mét sè çc cÊu tróc ®éng tõ.• Have sb/sth + doing = cause: lµm cho .

Ex: He had us laughing all through the meal.

• S + won't have sb + doing = S + won't allow sb to do sth: kh«ng cho phÐp ai lµm g× Ex: I won't have him telling me what to do.

• Çc côm hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ: adding, pointing out, reminding, warning, reasoning that ®Òu cã thÓ më ®Çu cho mét mÖnh ®Ò phô gi¸n tiÕp.Ex1: He told me to start early, reminding me that the road would be crowded.Ex2: Reasoning that he could only get to the lake, we followed that way.

• To catch sb doing sth: b¾t gÆp ai ®ang ( hµnh ®éng cña t©n ng÷ lµm phËt lßng chñ ng÷). Ex: If she catches you reading her diary,she will be furious.

• To find sb/sth doing sth: ThÊy ai/ çi g× ®ang Ex: I found him standing at the doorwayEx: He found a tree lying across the road.

• To leave sb doing sth: §Ó ai lµm g× Ex: I left Bob talking to the director after the introduction.

• Go/come doing sth ( dïng cho thÓ thao vµ mua s¾m)

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Ex: Go skiing/ go swimming/ go shopping/ come dancing

• To spend time doing sth: Bá thêi gian lµm g× Ex: He usually spends much time preparing his lessons.

• To waste time doing: hao phÝ thêi gian lµm g× Ex: She wasted all the afternoon having small talks with her friends.

• To have a hard time/trouble doing sth: GÆp khã kh¨n khi lµm g× Ex: He has trouble listening English.

• To be worth doing sth: ®¸ng ®Ó lµm g× Ex: This project is worth spending time and money on.• To be busy doing something: bËn lµm g× Ex: She is busy packing now.• Be no/ not much/ any/ some good doing smt: Kh«ng cã Ých,

Ýt khi cã Ých (lµm g×)Ex: It's no good my talking to him: Nãi chuyÖn víi anh ta t«i ch¶ thÊy cã Ých g×.Ex: What good is it asking her: Hái c« ta th× cã Ých g× c¬ chø

11. P1 ®îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng mét lóc: hµnh ®éng

thø hai ë d¹ng V-ing, hai hµnh ®éng kh«ng t¸ch rêi khái nhau bëi bÊt k× dÊu ph¶y nµo.

Ex: He drives away and whistles = He drives away whistling. Khi hµnh ®éng thø hai hoÆc çc hµnh ®éng tiÕp sau theo

nã lµ mét phÇn trong qu¸ tr×nh diÔn biÕn cña hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt th× hµnh ®éng thø hai hoÆc çc hµnh ®éng tiÕp theo sau nã ë d¹ng V-ing. Gi÷a hai hµnh ®éng cã ng¨n çch nhau bëi dÊu phÈy.

Ex: She went out and slammed the door -> she went out , slamming the door.

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Khi hµnh ®éng thø 2 hoÆc çc hµnh ®éng sau nã lµ kÕt qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt th× hµnh ®éng thø 2 vµ çc hµnh ®éng tiÕp theo sÏ ë d¹ng V-ing. Nã sÏ ng¨n çch víi hµnh ®éng chÝnh b»ng mét dÊu phÈy.

Ex: He fired two shots, killling a robber and wounding the other.

Hµnh ®éng thø 2 kh«ng cÇn chung chñ ng÷ víi hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt mµ chØ cÇn lµ kÕt qu¶ còng ®· cã thÓ ë d¹ng V-ing.

Ex: The plane crashed , its bombs exploding when it hit the ground.

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Çch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh (To have + P2)

Whould (should) like + to have + P2 : DiÔn ®¹t mét íc muèn kh«ng thµnh.Ex: He would like to have seen the photos = He would have liked to see the photos (But he couldn't).

Dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ: to appearto seemto happento pretend

Nªn nhí r»ng hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

Ex: He seems to have passed the exam -> It seems that he has passed the exam.Ex: She pretended to have read the material -> She pretended that she had read the material.

Dïng víi sorry, to be sorry + to have + P2: Hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tríc tr¹ng th¸i sorry.

Ex: The girls were sorry to have missed the Rock Concert -> the girls were sorry that they had missed the Rock Concert.

Dïng víi mét sè çc ®éng tõ sau ®©y ë thÓ bÞ ®éng: to ackowledge. believe, consider, find, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand. Hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

Ex: He was believed to have gone out of the country -> It was believed that he had gone out of the country.

+ to have + P2

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Dïng víi mét sè çc ®éng tõ kh¸c nh to claim, expect, hope, promise. §Æc biÖt lu ý r»ng hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh sÏ ë future perfect so víi thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

Ex: He expects to have graduated by June -> He expects that he will have graduated by June.Ex: He promised to have told me the secret by the end of this week -> He promised that he would have told me the secret by the end of this week.

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Nh÷ng çch sö dông kh¸c cña that

1. That dïng víi t çch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng) §»ng sau 4 ®éng tõ say, tell, think, believe th× that cã

thÓ bá ®i ®îc.Ex: John said (that) he was leaving next week.

§»ng sau 4 ®éng tõ mention, declare, report, state th× that b¾t buéc ph¶i cã mÆt.

Ex: George mentioned that he was going to France next year.

That vÉn b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng ë mÖnh ®Ò thø 2 trong c©u sau dÊu phÈy nÕu vÉn cïng chung mét mÖnh ®Ò ®»ng sau 4 ®éng tõ trªn.

Ex: The Major declared that or June the first he would announce the result of the search and that he would never over look the crime punishment.

2. MÖnh ®Ò that Lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò cã hai thµnh phÇn vµ b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that

trong c©u. Dïng víi chñ ng÷ gi¶ it vµ tÝnh tõ.

It + to be + adj + That + S + V = That + S + V ... to be + adjEx: It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying.

orThat many residents of third world countries are dying is well known.

Dïng víi ®éng tõ t¹o thµnh mét mÖnh ®Ò ®éc lËp.It + verb + complement + That + S + V = That + S + V + ... +V +

complement

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Ex: It surprises me that John would do such a thing or

That John would do such a thing surprises me.

Ngêi ta dïng chñ ng÷ gi¶ it trong v¨n nãi ®Ó dÔ nhËn biÕt vµ that lµm chñ ng÷ thËt trong v¨n viÕt.

Trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta ®¶o ng÷ giíi tõ lªn ®Çu c©u, ®éng tõ nèi hoÆc ®éng tõ tÜnh ®¶o lªn trªn THAT vµ sau ®ã míi lµ chñ ng÷ thËt. C«ng thøc sö dông nh sau:

Ex: Among the surprising discoveries were THAT T.rex was a far sleeker but more powerful carnivore than previous thought, perhaps weighing less than 6.5 tons more than a bull elephant, and THAT T.rex habitat was forest, not swamp or plain as previously believed.(Mét trong sè nh÷ng ph¸t hiÖn ng¹c nhiªn lµ ë chç loµi khñng long b¹o chóa lµ mét lo¹i ¨n thÞt cã th©n h×nh m-ît mµ h¬n nhiÒu, song còng lµ loµi dòng m nh· h¬n ngêi ta ®· tõng nghÜ tríc ®©y, cã lÏ c©n nÆng cha ®Õn 6 tÊn rìi-tøc lµ kh«ng lín h¬n mét con voi ®ùc, vµ t»ng m«i trêng sèng cña loµi khñng long nµy lµ rõng chø kh«ng ph¶i lµ ®Çm lÇy hay ®ång b»ng nh ngêi ta vÉn th-êng tin.)

The fact that + sentence/ the fact remains that + sentence/ the fact of the matter is that = Thùc tÕ lµ.../Sù thùc lµ...

Ex: The fact that Simon had not been home for 3 days didn’t seem to worry anybody.

Prepositional phrase + link verb/stative verb-THAT-sentence as real subject, and THAT-sentence as real subject.

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C©u gi¶ ®Þnh

Lµ lo¹i c©u ®èi tîng thø nhÊt muèn ®èi tîng thø hai lµm mét viÖc g× nhng lµm hay kh«ng cßn phô thuéc vµo ngêi thø hai.

Trong c©u b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that trõ mét sè trêng hîp.

1. Dïng víi would rather that Ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn ®¹i ngµy nay ®Æc biÖt lµ ng÷ ph¸p Mü cho

phÐp dïng would rather mµ kh«ng cÇn dïng that trong lo¹i c©u nµy.Ex: We would rather (that) he not take this train.

2. Dïng víi ®éng tõ. B¶ng 1/183. Lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®ßi hái mÖnh ®Ò ®»ng sau nã

ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh vµ trong c©u b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that nÕu nã diÔn ®¹t ý trªn.

advise demand prefer require ask insist propose stipulate

command move recommend suggestdecree order request urge

§éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ 2 ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ kh«ng chia bá to.

NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not sau chñ ng÷ 2 tr-íc nguyªn thÓ bá to.Ex: The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.

NÕu bá that ®i th× chñ ng÷ 2 sÏ trë vÒ d¹ng t©n ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ sau nã trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to, c©u mÊt tÝnh chÊt gi¶ ®Þnh. Trë thµnh mét d¹ng mÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp.

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Trong ng÷ ph¸p Anh-Anh ®»ng tríc ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò 2 thêng cã should, ngêi Anh chØ bá should khi nã lµ ®éng tõ to be nhng ng÷ ph¸p Anh-Mü kh«ng dïng should cho toµn bé ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.

3. Dïng víi tÝnh tõ. B¶ng 1/184 lµ mét sè çc tÝnh tõ ®ßi hái mÖnh ®Ò sau nã

ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh, trong c©u b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that vµ ®éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ 2 ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ bá to.

advised necessary recommended urgentimportant obligatory required imperativemandatory proposed suggested

Lu ý r»ng trong b¶ng nµy cã mét sè tÝnh tõ lµ ph©n tõ 2 cÊu t¹o tõ çc ®éng tõ ë b¶ng 1/183.

NÕu muèn cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not sau chñ ng÷ 2 tríc nguyªn thÓ bá to.

It + be + adj + that + S + [verb in simple form]

Ex1: It is necessary that he find the books.Ex2: It has been proprosed that we change the topic.

NÕu bá that ®i th× chñ ng÷ 2 sÏ biÕn thµnh t©n ng÷ sau giíi tõ for, ®éng tõ trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to vµ c©u mÊt tÝnh chÊt gi¶ ®Þnh trë thµnh d¹ng mÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp.Lu ý:

C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi 2 lo¹i trªn thêng ®îc dïng trong çc v¨n b¶n hoÆc th giao dÞch diÔn ®¹t lêi ®Ò nghÞ tõ phÝa A -> B mµ kh«ng cã tÝnh b¾t buéc.

Kh«ng chØ cã ®éng tõ vµ tÝnh tõ míi ®îc dïng theo d¹ng nµy, tÊt c¶ çc danh tõ xuÊt ph¸t tõ nh÷ng ®éng tõ vµ

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tÝnh tõ trªn ®Òu buéc mÖnh ®Ò sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh, nÕu nh nã diÔn ®¹t çc yÕu tè trªn.Ex: There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient

stop smoking.Ex: It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be

present at the court

4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè trêng hîp kh¸c Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét íc muèn hoÆc mét lêi nguyÒn rña

thêng bao hµm çc thÕ lùc siªu nhiªn.God be with you = Good bye.Curse this toad: ChÕt tiÖt çi con cãc nµy.

Dïng víi ®éng tõ May trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt sau:

• Come what may = Dï thÕ nµo ch¨ng n÷a, dï bÊt cø truyÖn g×.

Ex: Come what may we will stand by you.

• May as well not do sth .... if .... = Cã thÓ ®õng..... nÕu kh«ng.

Ex: You may as well not come if you can't be on time: Çc anh cã thÓ ®õng ®Õn nÕu kh«ng ®Õn ®îc ®óng giê.

• May/Might (just) as well do smt = Ch¼ng mÊt g× mµ l¹i kh«ng, mÊt g× cña bä.

Ex: Since nobody wants that job, we might (just) as well let him have it: V× kh«ng ai thÝch viÖc nµy, m×nh ch¼ng mÊt g× mµ l¹i kh«ng cho h¾n ta lµm nã

• May diÔn ®¹t mét gi¶ ®Þnh trong lêi ®Ò nghÞ mµ ngêi nãi cho r»ng cha ch¾c nã ®· ®îc thùc hiÖn:

Ex: The sign on the lawn says clearly that people may not walk on the grass.(kh«ng dïng should trong trêng hîp nµy).

linkverb + adj• May + S + = CÇu chóc cho.

verb + complementEx: May you both very happy: Chóc çc b¹n b¸ch niªn giai l o.·

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Ex: May the conference be successful: Chóc héi nghÞ thµnh c«ng rùc rì.Ex: Long may she live to enjoy her good fortune: CÇu chóc

cho nµng sèng l©u hëng trän vÑn vËn may cña nµng.

• If need be = If necessary = NÕu cÇnEx: If need be, we can take another road.

• Dïng víi ®éng tõ to be, bá to sau if ®Ó chØ mét sù gi¶ ®Þnh cha ®îc ph©n ®Þnh râ rµng lµ ®óng hay sai.

Ex: If that be all right, then it would be no defence for this man to say he's innocent.Ex: If that be error and upon me proved: NÕu ®ã qu¶ lµ lçi vµ cø nhÊt ®Þnh g¸n cho t«i.

• Let it be me: Gi¶ sö ®ã lµ t«i, gi¸ ph¶i tay t«i.Ex: Husband: Let it be me.

Wife (suddenly appearing) : If that be you, what would you do.

• Be that as it may... = whether that is true or not... = Cho dï lµ ph¶i thÕ hay kh«ng.

Ex: Be that as it may, you have to accept it.

• Then so be it: Cø ph¶i vËy th«i.Ex: If we have to pay $2,000, then so be it (th× cø ph¶i tr¶

th«i)

5. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time It's time (for sb) to do smt: ®· ®Õn lóc ai ph¶i lµm g× (Thêi

gian võa vÆn kh«ng mang tÝnh gi¶ ®Þnh).

Ex: It's time for me to get to the airport: §· ®Õn lóc t«i ph¶i ra s©n bay.

It's time hightime + S + simple past = ®· ®Õn lóc mµ (thêi gian ®· trÔ mang tÝnh

about time gi¶ ®Þnh)

Ex: It's time I got to the airport

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Ex: It's hightime the city government did smt to stop the traffic jam.

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Lèi nãi bao hµm

§ã lµ lèi nãi gép hai ý trong c©u lµ mét th«ng qua mét sè çc thµnh ng÷.

1. Not only ..... but also Çc thùc thÓ ë ®»ng sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i t¬ng ®-

¬ng víi nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p (N - N, adj - adj).

noun noun adjective adjective adverb adverb prepositional phrase prepositional phrase

OR

S + Verb + not only + + but also +

Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb

Ex: Robert is not only talented but also handsome.Ex: He writes not only correctly but also neatly.

Thµnh phÇn sau but also thêng quyÕt ®Þnh thµnh phÇn sau not only.

Ex: Incorrect: He is not only famous in Italy but also in Switzerland. Correct: He is famous not only in Italy but also in Switzerland.

2. As well as: Còng nh Çc thµnh phÇn ®»ng tríc vµ ®»ng sau thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i

t¬ng ®¬ng víi nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.

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OR

S + Verb + + as well as +

Subject + verb + as well as + verb

noun adjective adverb prepositional phrase

noun adjective adverb prepositional phrase

Ex: Robert is talented as well as handsome.Ex: He writes correctly as well as neatly.Ex: Paul plays the piano as well as composes music.

Kh«ng ®îc nhÇm thµnh ng÷ nµy víi as well as cña hiÖn t-îng ®ång chñ ng÷ mang nghÜa cïng víi .

Ex: The teacher , as well as her students, is going to the concert.Ex: My cousins , as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.

3. Both ..... and C«ng thøc dïng gièng hÖt nh Not only .... but also. Both chØ ®îc dïng víi and, kh«ng ®îc dïng víi as well

as.Ex: Robert is both talented and handsome .Ex: Paul both plays the piano and composes music.

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Çch sö dông to know, to know how.

S + know how + [verb in infinitive]

or

Noun S + know + Prepositional phrase Sentence

Ex: Bill know how to play tennis well.Ex: Jason knew the answer to the teacher's question.Ex: I didn't know that you were going to France.

§»ng sau to know how còng cã thÓ dïng mét c©u ®Ó diÔn ®¹t kh¶ n¨ng hoÆc sù b¾t buéc.

Ex: At a glance, she knew how she could solve this math problem.

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MÖnh ®Ò nhîng bé §ã lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò diÔn ®¹t hai ý tr¸i ngîc trong cïng

mét c©u.

1. Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp §»ng sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i dïng mét ng÷ danh tõ,

kh«ng ®îc dïng mét c©u hoµn chØnh.

Ex: Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.Ex: Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.

2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu §»ng sau 3 thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i dïng mét c©u hoµn chØnh,

kh«ng ®îc dïng mét ng÷ danh tõ.Ex: Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.

Tuy nhiªn nÕu though ®øng cuèi c©u t¸ch biÖt khái c©u chÝnh bëi dÊu phÈy. Khi nãi h¬i dõng l¹i mét chót, lóc ®ã nã mang nghÜa tuy nhiªn (= However) .

Ex: He promised to call me, till now I haven't received any call from him, though.

3. However + adj + S + linkverb = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a th× ....

Ex: However strong you are , you can't move this rock.

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4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier

Ex: Her appointment was a significant, althought/ albeit temporary success. (ViÖc bµ Êy ®îc bæ nhiÖm lµ mét thµnh c«ng quan träng ®Êy, nhng dÉu sao còng chØ lµ nhÊt thêi)Ex: Her performed the task well, althought/ albeit slowly (Anh ta thùc hiÖn nhiÖm vô ®ã tèt ®Êy, tuy r»ng chËm).

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Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn

Nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau rÊt dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa, chÝnh t¶ hoÆc ph¸t ©m.

Néi ®éng tõriseliesit

roselaysat

risenlainsat

rising

lyingsitting

Ngo¹i ®éng tõraiselayset

raisedlaidset

raised

laidset

raising

laying

setting

To rise : D©ng lªn.Ex: The sun rises early in the summer.

To raise smt/sb: N©ng ai, çi g× lªn.Ex: The students raise their hands in class.

To lie: N»m, ë, t¹i.To lie in: ë t¹iTo lie down: n»m xuèng.To lie on: n»m trªn.

Ex: The university lies in the western section of town.Ex: Don't disturb Mary, she has laid down for a rest.

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*Lu ý: CÇn ph©n biÖt ®éng tõ nµy víi ®éng tõ to lie (nãi dèi) trong mÉu c©u to lie to sb about smt (nãi dèi ai vÒ çi g×):Ex: He is lying to you about the test.

To lay: ®Æt, ®ÓTo lay on: ®Æt trªnTo lay in: ®Æt vµoTo lay down: ®Æt xuèng.

Ex: Don't lay your clothes on the bed.*Lu ý 1: Thêi hiÖn t¹i cña ®éng tõ nµy rÊt dÔ ng©y nhÇm lÉn víi qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n cña ®éng tõ to lie. CÇn ph¶i ph©n biÖt b»ng ng÷ c¶nh cô thÓ.

To sitTo sit in: ngåi t¹i, ngåi trong.To sit on: ngåi trªn (®· ngåi s½n).

To set = to put, to lay: ®Æt, ®Ó.Lu ý: Ph¸t ©m hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cña ®éng tõ nµy rÊt dÔ lÉn víi Simple past cña to sit.

Mét sè çc thµnh ng÷ dïng víi ®éng tõ trªn:

to set the table for: bÇy bµn ®Ó.Ex: My mother has set the table for the family dinner.

to lay off (workers. employees): cho th«i viÖc, gi n· thî.Ex: The company had to lay off twenty-five employees because of a production slowdown.

to set (broken bone) in: bã nh÷ng çi x¬ng gÉy vµo.Ex: Dr.Jacobs has set many broken bones in plaster casts.

to set one's alarm for: §Æt ®ång hå b¸o thøc vµo lóc.Ex: John set his alarm for six o'clock.

to set fire to: lµm ch¸y

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Ex: While playing with matches, the children set fire to the sofa.

to raise (animals, plants) for a living: trång çi g×, nu«i con g× b¸n ®Ó lÊy tiÒn.

Ex: That farmer raises chickens for a living .

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Mét sè çc ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ gièng hÖt nhau vÒ mÆt h×nh thøc nhng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa nÕu ë trong çc mÉu c©u kh¸c nhau. agree to do smt: ®ång ý lµm g×Ex: He agreed to leave early tomorrow morning.

agree to one's doing smt: ®ång ý víi viÖc ai lµm g×.Ex: He agreed to my leaving early tomorrow morning.

Mean to do smt: ®Þnh lµm g×.Ex: I mean to get to the top of the hill before sunrise.

If it + mean + verb-ing: cho dï c¶ viÖc, bao hµm c¶ viÖc.Ex: My neighbour was determined to get a ticket for Saturday's game if it meant standing in line all night.

Propose to do smt: cã ý ®Þnh lµm g×.Ex: I propose to start tomorrow.

Propose doing smt: §Ò nghÞ lµm g×Ex: I propose waiting till the police came.

Go on doing smt/smt: tiÕp tôc lµm g×, çi g× (mét viÖc ®ang bÞ bá dë)

Ex: He went on writing after a break

Go on to do smt: Quay sang tiÕp tôc lµm g× (vÉn vÒ cïng mét vÊn ®Ò nhng chuyÓn sang khÝa c¹nh kh¸c)

Ex: He showed the island on the map then went on to tell about its climate.

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Try to do smt: cè g¾ng lµm g×Ex: He try to solve this math problem.

Try doing smt: Thö lµm g×Ex: I try sending her flowers, writing her letter, giving

her presents, but she still wouldn’t speak to me.

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Sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ

Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã 2 thµnh phÇn cã liªn quan ®Õn nhau vÒ mÆt thêi th× thêi cña ®éng tõ ë hai thµnh phÇn ®ã ph¶i t¬ng ®¬ng víi nhau. Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò phô.

Main clause Dependent clause Simple present Present progressive

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra cïng lóc víi hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh Simple present Will/ Can/ May + Verb (hoÆc

Near future)Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét t¬ng lai kh«ng ®îc x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc t¬ng lai gÇn. Simple present Simple past

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét qu¸ khø ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian. Simple present Present perfect

(progressive)

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét qu¸ khø kh«ng ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian. Simple past Past progressive/ Simple

past

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra cïng lóc víi hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong qu¸ khø.

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Simple past Would/ Could/ Might + Verb

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét t¬ng lai trong qu¸ khø. Simple past Past perfect

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh, lïi s©u vÒ trong qu¸ khø.

Lu ý: Nh÷ng nguyªn t¾c trªn ®©y chØ ®îc ¸p dông khi çc mÖnh ®Ò trong c©u cã liªn hÖ víi nhau vÒ mÆt thêi gian nhng nÕu çc mÖnh ®Ò trong c©u cã thêi gian riªng biÖt th× ®éng tõ ph¶i tu©n theo thêi gian cña chÝnh mÖnh ®Ò ®ã.Ex: He promised to tell me, till now I haven't received any call from him, though.

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Çch sö dông to say, to tell

NÕu sau chñ ng÷ kh«ng cã mét t©n ng÷ nµo mµ ®Õn liªn tõ that ngay th× ph¶i dïng to say.

S + say + (that) + S + V

Nhng nÕu sau chñ ng÷ cã mét t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp råi míi ®Õn liªn tõ that th× ph¶i dïng to tell.

S + tell + indirect object + (that) + S +V

Ex: He says that he will be busy tomorrow/ he tell me that....

Sau to tell vÉn cã thÓ cã mét sè t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp dï bÊt k× hoµn c¶nh nµo.

Tell

a story ajoke asecret a lie the truth (the) time

Ex: The little boy was punished because he told his mother a lie .

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§¹i tõ nh©n xng one vµ you C¶ hai ®¹i tõ nµy ®Òu mang nghÜa ngêi ta, tuy nhiªn ng÷

ph¸p sö dông cã kh¸c nhau. NÕu ë trªn ®· sö dông ®¹i tõ one th× çc ®¹i tõ t¬ng øng

tiÕp theo ë mÖnh ®Ò díi ph¶i lµ one, one's, he, his.Ex: If one takes this exam without studying, one is likely to fail. If one takes this exam without studying, he is likely to fail.

One should always do one's homework.One should always do his homework.

Lu ý mét sè ngêi do cÈn thËn muèn tr¸nh ph©n biÖt nam/ n÷ ®· dïng he or she, his or her nhng ®iÒu ®ã lµ kh«ng cÇn thiÕt. Çc ®¹i tõ ®ã chØ ®îc sö dông khi nµo ë phÝa trªn cã nh÷ng danh tõ chØ chung chung nh the side, the party.

Ex: The judge will ask the defendant party (chØ chung chung) if he or she admits the allegations.

NÕu ®¹i tõ ë trªn lµ you th× çc ®¹i tõ t¬ng øng tiÕp theo ë díi sÏ lµ you hoÆc your.

Ex: If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail. You should always do your homework.

TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng dïng lÉn one vµ you trong cïng mét c©u hoÆc dïng they thay thÕ cho hai ®¹i tõ nµy.

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Tõ ®i tríc ®Ó giíi thiÖu

Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã 2 thµnh phÇn, nÕu mét trong hai thµnh phÇn ®ã cã dïng ®Õn ®¹i tõ nh©n xng th× ë thµnh phÇn cßn l¹i ph¶i cã mét danh tõ ®Ó giíi thiÖu cho ®¹i tõ ®ã .

Danh tõ ®i giíi thiÖu ph¶i t¬ng ®¬ng víi ®¹i tõ nh©n xng ®ã vÒ mÆt gièng vµ sè.

Incorrect: Henry was denied admission to graduate school because they did not believe that he could handle the work load.Correct: The members of the admissions committee denied Henry admission to graduate school because they did not believe that he could handle the work load.

or Henry was denied admission to graduate school

because the members of the admissions committee did not believe that he could handle the work load.

ChØ cã mét danh tõ ®îc phÐp giíi thiÖu cho ®¹i tõ, nÕu cã hai sÏ g©y nªn sù lÇm lÉn do trïng lÆp.

Incorrect: Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in order to finish the report.Correct : According to Mr. Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in order to finish the report.

or Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report,

Mr. Adams would have to work all night.

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Çch sö dông çc ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô

Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã chung mét chñ ng÷ bao gåm 2 thµnh phÇn: MÖnh ®Ò phô cã thÓ më ®Çu b»ng mét V-ing (chiÕm ®a sè) - mét ph©n tõ hai (nÕu mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng) - mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ (nÕu chØ môc ®Ých) vµ mét ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc mét ng÷ giíi tõ nÕu chØ sù t¬ng øng.

Khi sö dông lo¹i c©u nµy cÇn hÕt søc lu ý r»ng chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i lµ chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña mÖnh ®Ò phô.

Th«ng thêng cã 6 giíi tõ ®øng tríc mét V-ing më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô, ®ã lµ: By (b»ng çch, bëi), upon, after (sau khi), before (tríc khi), while (trong khi), when (khi).

Ex: By working a ten-hour day for four days, we can have a long weekend.

Lu ý r»ng: on + ®éng tõ tr¹ng th¸i hoÆc in + ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng th× cã thÓ t¬ng ®¬ng víi when hoÆc while.:

Ex: On finding (= when finding) the door ajar, I aroused suspicion.(Khi thÊy cöa hÐ më, t«i n¶y sinh mèi nghi ngê)

Ex: In searching (=while searching) for underground deposits of oil, geologist often rely on magnometers.(Trong khi t×m çc má dÇu trong lßng ®Êt, çc nhµ ®Þa chÊt thêng dùa vµo tõ kÕ.)

Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò phô ph¶i do thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh quyÕt ®Þnh, 2 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cung lóc:

• Present: Ex: Practing her swing every day, Trica hopes to get a job

as a golf instructor.

• Past:

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Ex: While reviewing for the test, Maria realized that she has forgotten to study the use of particle phrases.

• Future:Ex: After preparing the dinner, Michelle will read a book.

NÕu being vµ having më ®Çu c©u phô th× ®»ng tríc chóng Èn giíi tõ because.

Ex: Being a good student, he can always pass his exam easily. (= Because he is...)

Ex: Having a terrible toothache, Phillip called the dentist far an appointment. (= Because he had a...).

§éng tõ nguyªn thÓ chØ môc ®Ých ë ®Çu c©u phôEx: Incorrect: To prevent cavities , dental floss should be

used daily after brushing one's teeth.→Correct: To prevent cavities , one should use dental floss daily after brushing teeth.

Ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ sù t-¬ng øng

Ex: Incorrect: A competitive sports , gymnasts must perform before a panel of judges who use their knowledge of rules and skill to determine which participant will win.

→Correct: In a gymnastic competitive sports game, gymnasts must ......

Ph©n tõ hai më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ bÞ ®éng:Ex: Incorrect: Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky , some

archeologists estimated that the three - million - year - old fossils were the oldest human remains that were discovered.

→Correct: Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky , the three - million - year - old fossils were estimated by some archeologists to be the oldest human remains that had ever been discovered.

Lu ý: CÊu tróc nµy cßn ¸p dông cho c¶ çc mÉu c©u cã mÖnh ®Ò phô më ®Çu b»ng: Although + Adj/ P2.

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Ex: Although (he was) nervous , he gave a wonderful speech.Ex: Although (it had been) damaged , the machine was still functioning.

HoÆc cã thÓ dïng when + P2 më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô:Ex: When (it is) shown through a prism, a beam of white

light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.

NÕu hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lÉn mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Òu x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø mµ hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô lïi s©u h¬n n÷a vµo trong qu¸ khø th× c«ng thøc sÏ lµ:

§»ng tríc having cßn Èn chøa 2 giíi tõ lµ because vµ after, viÖc hiÓu 2 giíi tõ nµy phô thuéc vµo ng÷ c¶nh cña c©u.

§Æc biÖt lu ý r»ng: cÊu tróc nµy cßn cã thÓ ¸p dông cho c¶ mÉu c©u mµ c¶ 2 thêi cña ®éng tõ sÏ diÔn biÕn ë present perfect-simple present. (tuy r»ng rÊt hiÕm)

Ex: Having seen the children’s work, Miss Adams approves their request to go home.(= After she has seen ..., Miss Adams approves...)

NÕu hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra ë thêi bÞ ®éng th× c«ng thøc sÏ lµ:

Ph¶i hÕt søc lu ý r»ng: ®iÒu quan träng nhÊt trong viÖc sö dông 2 mÉu c©u trªn vÉn ph¶i lµ: chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ph¶i lµ chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña mÖnh ®Ò phô.

(Not) + having + P2 ..., S + simple past.

After/because + (not) + having been + P2 ..., S + simple past.

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Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ

1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) ®îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ çc ®iÒu kiÖn sau:

§øng ngay tríc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa. Hµnh ®éng ph¶i ë thÓ chñ ®éng. Hµnh ®éng ®ã ®ang ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn. §éng tõ ®îc sö dông lµm tÝnh tõ ph¶i kh«ng ®ßi hái mét

t©n ng÷ nµo (néi ®éng tõ).Ex: The crying baby woke Mr.Binion. ( The baby was crying)Ex: The blooming flowers in the meadow created a rainbow of colors. (The flowers were blooming)

2. Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) ®îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ çc ®iÒu kiÖn sau:

§øng ngay tríc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa. Hµnh ®éng ph¶i ë thÓ bÞ ®éng. Hµnh ®éng ®ã x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.Ex: The sorted mail was delivered to the offices before noon. (The mail had been sorted).

Lu ý: Mét sè çc ®éng tõ nh to interest, to bore, to excite, to frighten khi sö dông ph¶i rÊt cÈn thËnvÒ viÖc nh÷ng ph©n tõ ®îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ xuÊt ph¸t tõ nh÷ng ®éng tõ nµy mang nghÜa chñ ®éng hay bÞ ®éng.Ex: The boring professor put the students to sleep. The boring lecture put the students to sleep. The bored students went to sleep during the boring lecture.

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C©u thõa

Khi th«ng tin trong c©u bÞ lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i díi d¹ng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt th× nã bÞ gäi lµ c©u thõa, cÇn ph¶i lo¹i bá phÇn thõa ®ã.(Page 219)

Ngêi Anh kh«ng dïng the reason .... because mµ dïng the reason ... that.

Ex: The reason I take this course that it's necessary for me.

Ngêi Anh kh«ng dïng the time when mµ chØ dïng mét trong hai.

Ex: It is the time / when I got home.

Ngêi Anh kh«ng dïng place where mµ chØ dïng mét trong hai.

Ex: It is the place/ where I was born.

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CÊu tróc c©u song song

Khi th«ng tin trong mét c©u ®îc ®a ra díi d¹ng hµng lo¹t th× çc thµnh phÇn ®îc liÖt kª ph¶i song song víi nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p (Noun - noun, adj - adj).

Th«ng thêng th× thµnh phÇn ®Çu tiªn sau ®éng tõ sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh çc thµnh phÇn cßn l¹i

Not parallel: Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and he teaches.

noun noun clause

Parallel: Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and a teacher.

noun noun noun

Lu ý: Tuy nhiªn nÕu thêi gian trong c©u lµ kh¸c nhau th× ®éng tõ còng ph¶i tu©n theo qui luËt thêi gian. Lóc ®ã cÊu tróc c©u song song kh«ng tån t¹i

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Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp

1. C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp Trong c©u trùc tiÕp th«ng tin ®i tõ ngêi thø nhÊt ®Õn

th¼ng ngêi thø hai.Ex: He said "I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday"

Trong c©u gi¸n tiÕp th«ng tin ®i tõ ngêi thø nhÊt qua ngêi thø hai ®Õn víi ngêi thø ba. Khi ®ã c©u cã biÕn ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.

Ex: He said he had bought a new motorbike for himself the day before .

§Ó biÕn ®æi mét c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp cÇn:

§æi chñ ng÷ vµ çc ®¹i tõ nh©n xng kh¸c trong c©u trùc tiÕp theo chñ ng÷ cña thµnh phÇn thø nhÊt.

Lïi ®éng tõ ë vÕ thø 2 xuèng mét cÊp so víi vÕ ban ®Çu. BiÕn ®æi çc ®¹i tõ chØ thÞ, phã tõ chØ thêi gian vµ ®Þa

®iÓm theo b¶ng qui ®Þnh.

B¶ng ®æi ®éng tõDirect speech Indirect speech

Simple presentPresent progressive

Present perfect (Progressive)

Simple pastWill/Shall

Can/May

Simple pastPast progressive

Past perfect (Progressive)Past perfect

Would/ ShouldCould/ Might

B¶ng ®æi çc ®¹i tõ chØ thÞ, phã tõ chØ ®Þa ®iÓm vµ thêi gianToday That day

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YesterdayThe day before yesterday

TomorrowThe day after tomorrow

Next + TimeLast + TimeTime + agoThis, these

Here, Overhere

The day beforeTwo days before

The next/ the following dayIn two days' time

The following + TimeThe previous + Time

Time + beforeThat, those

There, Overthere

NÕu lêi nãi vµ hµnh ®éng x¶y ra cïng ngµy th× kh«ng cÇn ph¶i ®æi thêi gian.

Ex: At breakfast this morning he said "I will be busy today" At breakfast this morning he said he would be busy today.

Çc suy luËn logic vÒ mÆt thêi gian tÊt nhiªn lµ cÇn thiÕt khi lêi nãi ®îc thuËt l¹i sau ®ã mét hoÆc hai ngµy.

Ex: (On Monday) He said " I'll be leaving on Wednesday " (On Tuesday) He said he would be leaving tomorrow. (On Wednesday) He said he would be leaving today.

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§éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp

Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã hai lo¹i t©n ng÷ : 1 trùc tiÕp vµ 1 gi¸n tiÕp ®ång thêi còng cã hai çch dïng:

Lèi dïng gi¸n tiÕp: §Æt t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp sau ®éng tõ råi ®Õn t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp ®i sau hai giíi tõ for vµ to.

Ex: The director's secretary sent the manuscript to them last night.

Lèi dïng trùc tiÕp: §Æt t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp sau ®éng tõ råi ®Õn t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp, hai giíi tõ to vµ for bÞ lo¹i bá.

Ex: The director's secretary sent them the manuscript last night.

Incorrect: The director's secretary sent to them the manuscript last night.

Hai ®éng tõ to introduce vµ to mention ph¶i dïng c«ng thøc gi¸n tiÕp, kh«ng ®îc dïng c«ng thøc trùc tiÕp.to introduce smt/sb to sbto mention smt to sb.

NÕu c¶ hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ®Òu lµ ®¹i tõ nh©n xng th× kh«ng ®îc dïng c«ng thøc trùc tiÕp mµ ph¶i dïng c«ng thøc gi¸n tiÕp.

Ex: Correct: They gave it to us .Incorrect: They gave us it .

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Sù ®¶o ngîc phã tõ Trong mét sè trêng hîp çc phã tõ kh«ng ®øng ë vÞ trÝ

b×nh thêng cña nã mµ ®¶o lªn ®øng ë ®Çu c©u nh»m nhÊn m¹nh vµo hµnh ®éng cña chñ ng÷.

Trong trêng hîp ®ã ng÷ ph¸p sÏ thay ®æi, ®»ng sau phã tõ ®øng ®Çu c©u lµ trî ®éng tõ råi míi ®Õn chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ chÝnh.

hardly rarely seldom + auxiliary + S + V never only...

Ex: Never have so many people been unemployed as today. adveb auxiliary subject verb

(So many people have never been unemployed as today)

1. Mét sè çc d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ë ®Çu c©u

In/ Under no circumstances: Dï trong bÊt cø hoµn c¶nh nµo còng kh«ng.

Ex: Under no circumstances should you lend him the money.

On no account: Dï bÊt cø lý do g× còng kh«ngEx: On no accout must this switch be touched.

Only in this way: ChØ b»ng çch nµyEx: Only in this way could the problem be solved

In no way: Kh«ng sao cã thÓ Ex: In no way could I agree with you.

By no means: Hoµn toµn kh«ngEx: By no means does he intend to criticize your idea.

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Negative ..., nor + auxiliary + S + VEx: He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.

Khi mét mÖnh ®Ò më ®Çu b»ng çc thµnh ng÷ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆc trËt tù th× ®éng tõ chÝnh cã thÓ ®¶o lªn chñ ng÷ nh-ng tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc sö dông trî ®éng tõ trong trêng hîp nµy.

Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary)

Ex: In front of the museum is a statue.Ex: First came the ambulance, then came the police.

( Tho¹t ®Çu lµ xe cøu th¬ng ch¹y ®Õn, tiÕp sau lµ c¶nh s¸t.)

Khi mét ng÷ giíi tõ lµm phã tõ chØ ®Þa ®iÓm hoÆc ph¬ng h-íng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, çc néi ®éng tõ ®Æt lªn tríc chñ ng÷ nhng tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc sö dông trî ®éng tõ trong lo¹i c©u nµy. Nã rÊt phæ biÕn trong v¨n m« t¶ khi muèn diÔn ®¹t mét chñ ng÷ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh:

Ex: Under the tree was lying one of the biggest man I had ever seen.

Ex: Directly in front of them stood a great castle.Ex: On the grass sat an enormous frog.Ex: Along the road came a strange procession.

TÝnh tõ còng cã thÓ ®¶o lªn trªn ®Çu c©u ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµ sau ®ã lµ ®éng tõ nèi nhng tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc sö dông trî ®éng tõ.

Ex: So determined was she to take the university course that she taught school and gave music lesson for her tuition fees.

Trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta còng cã thÓ ®¶o toµn bé ®éng tõ chÝnh lªn trªn chñ ng÷ ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh, nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®îc ®¶o lªn trªn trong trêng hîp nµy phÇn lín ®Òu mang s¾c th¸i bÞ ®éng nhng hoµn toµn kh«ng cã nghÜa bÞ ®éng.

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Ex: Lost , however, are the secrets of the Mayan astronomers and the Inca builders as well as many medicinal practices.(Tuy nhiªn nh÷ng bÝ mËt .... ®· mÊt ®i vÜnh viÔn kh«ng bao giê trë l¹i.)

Çc phã tõ away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up... cã thÓ theo sau lµ mét ®éng tõ chuyÓn ®éng vµ sau ®ã lµ mét danh tõ lµm chñ ng÷ .

Ex: Away went the runners/ Down fell a dozen of apples...

Nhng nÕu mét ®¹i tõ nh©n xng lµm chñ ng÷ th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ®Ó sau chñ ng÷:Ex: Away they went/ Round and round it flew.

Trong tiÕng Anh viÕt (written English) çc ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu b»ng çc giíi tõ down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, up... cã thÓ ®îc theo sau ngay bëi ®éng tõ chØ vÞ trÝ (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand...) hoÆc çc d¹ng ®éng tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng, çc ®éng tõ nh be born/ die/ live vµ mét sè d¹ng ®éng tõ kh¸c.

Ex: From the rafters hung strings of onions.Ex: In the doorway stood a man with a gun.Ex: On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.Ex: Over the wall came a shower of stones.*Lu ý: 3 vÝ dô ®Çu cña çc vÝ dô trªn cã thÓ diÔn ®¹t b»ng mét VERB-ING më ®Çu cho c©u vµ ®éng tõ BE ®¶o lªn trªn chñ ng÷:Ex: Hanging from the rafters were strings of onions.Ex: Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.Ex: Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot.

HiÖn tîng nµy cßn x¶y ra khi chñ ng÷ sau çc phã tõ so s¸nh as/than qu¸ dµi:

Ex: She was very religious, as were most of her friends .Ex: City dwellers have a higher death rate than do

country people .

Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up...+ motion verb + noun/noun phrase as a subject.

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T©n ng÷ mang tÝnh nhÊn m¹nh còng cã thÓ ®¶o lªn ®Çu c©u:

Ex: Not a single word did he say.

Here/There hoÆc mét sè çc phã tõ ®i kÕt hîp víi ®éng tõ ®øng ®Çu c©u còng ph¶i ®¶o ®éng tõ lªn trªn chñ ng÷ lµ mét danh tõ, nhng nÕu chñ ng÷ lµ mét ®¹i tõ th× kh«ng ®-îc ®¶o ®éng tõ:

Ex: Here comes Freddy.Incorrect: Here comes he

Ex: Off we goIncorrect: Off go we

Ex: There goes your brotherEx: I stopped the car , and up walked a policeman .

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Çch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷

ph¸p

Mét trong sè hai bµi thi ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL ®îc cho díi d¹ng mét c©u cho s½n, cßn ®Ó trèng mét phÇn vµ díi ®ã lµ 4 c©u ®Ó ®iÒn vµo. Trong 4 c©u chØ cã mét c©u ®óng. §Ó gi¶i quyÕt ®îc c©u ®óng ph¶i theo lÇn lît çc bíc sau:

1. KiÓm tra çc lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gåma) Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ vÞ ng÷b) Çch sö dông Adj vµ Advc) VÞ trÝ cña çc Adv theo thø tù lÇn lît: chØ ph¬ng thøc

hµnh ®éng - ®Þa ®iÓm - thêi gian - ph¬ng tiÖn hµnh ®éng - t×nh huèng hµnh ®éng.

d) Sù phèi hîp gi÷a çc thêi ®éng tõ.e) Xem xÐt viÖc sö dông hîp lý çc ®¹i tõ trong c©u.f) CÊu tróc c©u song song.

2. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh rêm rµ:a) Lo¹i bá c©u tr¶ lêi bao gåm mét thµnh ng÷ dµi, tuy

kh«ng sai nhng cã mét tõ ng¾n h¬n ®Ó thay thÕ.*Lu ý: Nhng ph¶i hÕt søc cÈn thËn v× mét sè çc Adj tËn cïng b¨ng ®u«i ly kh«ng thÓ cÊu t¹o phã tõ b»ng ®u«i ly. Phã tõ cña nh÷ng Adj nµy lµ in a Adj-ly + manner/way.Ex: He behaves me in a friendly way/ manner

Ph¶i cÈn thËn khi dïng fresh in a fresh manner = mét çch t¬i.

Ex: This food is only delicious when eaten in a fresh manner

freshly + PII = võa míi

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Ex: freshly-picked fruit = qu¶ võa míi h¸i

Ex: freshly-laid eggs = trøng gµ võa míi ®Î

b) Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng tõ thõa trong c©u thõaEx: Cause a result => thõa a result

3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ çc tõ trong c©u ®îc chän ®Òu ph¶i phóc vô cho nghÜa cña bµi, ®Æc biÖt lµ çc ng÷ ®éng tõ.

4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ®îc phÐp dïng trong v¨n viÕt qui chuÈn

Ex: A bunch of flowers.(Kh«ng ®îc).

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Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn§ã lµ nh÷ng tõ rÊt dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa, chÝnh t¶ hoÆc ph¸t ©m, cÇn ph¶i ph©n biÖt râ chóng b»ng ng÷ c¶nh.

• site (V) trÝch dÉn• site (N) khu ®Êt ®Ó x©y dùng.• sight (N) khe ng¾m, tÇm ng¾m. (V) quang c¶nh, c¶nh tîng. (V) quan s¸t, nh×n thÊy• dessert (N) mãn tr¸ng miÖng• desert (N) sa m¹c• desert (V) bá, bá mÆc, ®µo ngò• later sau ®ã, råi th× (thêng dïng víi ®éng tõ thêi t¬ng

lai)• the latter çi thø 2, ngêi thø 2, çi sau, ngêi sau. >< the

former = çi tríc, ngêi tríc.• principal (N) hiÖu trëng (trêng phæ th«ng)

(Adj) chÝnh, chñ yÕu.• principle (N) nguyªn t¾c, luËt lÖ• affect (V) t¸c ®éng ®Õn• effect (N) ¶nh hëng, hiÖu qu¶

(V) thùc hiÖn, ®em l¹i• already (Adv) ®·• all ready tÊt c¶ ®· s½n sµng.• among (Prep) trong sè (dïng cho 3 ngêi, 3 vËt trë lªn)• between...and gi÷a...vµ (chØ dïng cho 2 ngêi/vËt)

*Lu ý: between...and còng cßn ®îc dïng ®Ó chØ vÞ trÝ chÝnh x¸c cña mét quèc gia n»m gi÷a nh÷ng quèc gia kh¸c cho dï lµ > 2Ex: Vietnam lies between China, Laos and Cambodia.

Among = one of/some of/included in (mét trong sè/ mét sè trong/ kÓ c¶, bao gåm).

Ex: Among the first to arrive was the ambassador. (Trong sè nh÷ng ngêi ®Õn ®Çu tiªn cã ngµi ®¹i sø).

Ex: He has a number of criminals among his friends.

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(Trong sè nh÷ng b¹n bÌ cña m×nh, anh ta cã quen mét sè téi ph¹m).

Between cßn ®îc dïng cho çc qu ng· çch gi÷a çc vËt vµ çc giíi h¹n vÒ mÆt thêi gian.

Ex: We need 2 meters between the windows.Ex: I will be at the office between 9 and 11.

Dïng between khi muèn ®Ò cËp ®ªn 2 vËt hoÆc 2 nhãm vËt ë vÒ 2 phÝa.

Ex: A little valley between high mountains .Ex: I saw something between the wheels of the car.

Different + between (not among)Ex: What are the differences between crows, rooks, and

jackdaws.

Between each + noun (-and the next) (more formal)Ex: We need 2 meters between each window .Ex: There seems to be less and less time between each

birthday (and the next). (Thêi gian ngµy cµng ng¾n l¹i gi÷a 2 lÇn sinh nhËt.)

Devide + between (not among)Ex: He devided his money between his wife, his daughter,

and his sister.

Share + between/amongEx: He shared the food between/among all my friend.

• consecutive (Adj) liªn tôc (kh«ng cã tÝnh ®øt qu ng)·• successive (Adj) liªn tôc (cã tÝnh çch qu ng)·• emigrant (N) ngêi di c,

(V) -> emigrate from• immigrant (N) ngêi nhËp c

(V) immigrate into• formerly (Adv) tríc kia• formally (Adv) chØnh tÒ (¨n mÆc)

(Adv) chÝnh thøc• historic (Adj) næi tiÕng, quan träng trong lÞch sö

(Adj) mang tÝnh lÞch sö. Ex: historic times

• historical (Adj) thuéc vÒ lÞch sö

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Ex: Historical reseach, historical magazine (Adj) cã thËt trong lÞch sö Ex: Historical people, historical events

• hepless (Adj) v« väng, tuyÖt väng• useless (Adj) v« dông• imaginary = (Adj) kh«ng cã thËt, tëng tîng• imaginative = (Adj) phong phó, bay bæng vÒ trÝ tëng t-

îng

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Phô lôc: mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn kh¸c:

Classic (adj)

• chÊt lîng cao: a classic novel (mét cuèn tiÓu thuyÕt hay); a classic football match (mét trËn bãng ®¸ hay).

• ®Æc thï/®Æc trng/tiªu biÓu: a classic example (mét vÝ dô tiªu biÓu, ®iÓn h×nh).

Classic (noun): v¨n nghÖ sÜ, t¸c phÈm lu danh.Ex: This novel may well become a classic

(T¸c phÈm nµy cã thÓ ®îc lu danh).

Classics: v¨n häc vµ ng«n ng÷ cæ Hy-La.

Classical: cæ ®iÓn, kinh ®iÓn.

Politic: nhËn thøc ®óng/ kh«n ngoan/ trang träng.Ex: I don’t think it would be politic to ask for loan just

now. (T«i cho r»ng sÏ kh«ng lµ kh«n ngoan nÕu hái vay mét kho¶n ngay lóc nµy.)

Political: thuéc vÒ chÝnh trÞ.Ex: A political career

(mét sù nghiÖp chÝnh trÞ).

Continual: liªn tôc lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i (hµnh ®éng cã tÝnh çch qu ng)·

Ex: Please stop your continual questions (Xin h y· th«i hái lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i m i· nh thÕ).

Continous: liªn miªn/suèt (hµnh ®éng kh«ng cã tÝnh çch qu ng)·

Ex: A continous flow of traffic (Dßng xe cé ch¹y liªn miªn bÊt tËn).

As (liªn tõ) = Nh + Subject + verb.Ex: When in Roma, do as Romans do

(NhËp gia tïy tôc).

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Like (tÝnh tõ dïng nh mét giíi tõ) + noun/noun phraseEx: He fought like a mad man

(Anh ta chiÕn ®Êu nh ®iªn nh d¹i).

Alike (adj.): gièng nhau, t¬ng tùEx: Although they are brother, they don’t look alike.

Alike (adverb): nh nhauEx: The climate here is always hot, summer and winter

alike.

As: nh/ víi t çch lµ (dïng trong so s¸nh khi b¶n th©n chñ ng÷ cã chøc n¨ng nh vËt/ngêi ®îc so s¸nh)

Ex: Let me speak to you as a father (H y· ®Ó t«i nãi víi cËu nh mét ngêi cha)

Like: nh lµ (dïng trong so s¸nh khi b¶n th©n chñ ng÷ vµ çi/ngêi so s¸nh kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét hoÆc kh«ng cã chøc n¨ng ®ång nhÊt)

Ex: Let me speak to you like a man above (H y· ®Ó t«i nãi víi anh nh mét ngêi bÒ trªn).

Before: tríc ®©y/tríc ®ã (dïng khi so s¸nh mét thø víi tÊt c¶ çc thø kh¸c cïng lo¹i)

Ex: She has never seen such a beautiful picture before (C« ta cha bao giê nh×n thÊy mét bøc tranh ®Ñp nh thÕ tríc ®©y).

Before: Tríc (chØ mét sù viÖc x¶y ra tríc mét sù viÖc kh¸c trong qu¸ khø, thêng dïng víi Past Perfect)

Ex: He lived in France in 1912, he had lived in England 4 years before.

Ago: tríc (tÝnh tõ hiÖn t¹i trë ngîc vÒ qu¸ khø, thêng dïng víi Simple Past)

Ex: I went to England 3 years ago.

Certain: ch¾c ch¾n (biÕt sù thùc)Ex: Certainly/ I’m certain that he didn’t steal it

(T«i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng h¾n ta kh«ng lÊy çi ®ã).

Sure: tin r»ng (kh«ng biÕt ch¾c, nãi theo c¶m nhËn, nghÜa lµ yÕu h¬n certain)

Ex: Surely/ I am sure that he did not steal it (T«i tin r»ng h¾n kh«ng lÊy thø ®ã).

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Indeed:

• Very+indeed (sau mét tÝnh tõ hoÆc mét phã tõ)Ex: Thank you very much indeed.Ex: I was very pleased indeed to hear from you.

• Indeed dïng sau to be hoÆc mét trî ®éng tõ nh»m x¸c nhËn hoÆc nhÊn m¹nh cho sù ®ång ý (thêng dïng trong c©u tr¶ lêi ng¾n).

Ex: It is cold / - It is indeed.Ex: Henny made a fool of himself / - He did indeed.

Ill (British English) = Sick (American English) = èmEx: George didn’t come in last week because he was ill (=he

was sick)

• Sick + Noun = èm yÕu/ bÖnh tËtEx: He spent 20 years looking after his sick father

(Ngêi cha bÖnh tËt)

• Be sick = Fell sick = N«n/ buån n«n/ say (tµu, xe...)Ex: I was sick 3 times in the night

(t«i n«n 3 lÇn trong ®ªm)Ex: I feel sick. Where’s the bath room?

(t«i thÊy buån n«n, phßng t¾m ë ®©u?)Ex: She is never sea-sick

(C« Êy ch¼ng bao giê say sãng c¶)

Welcome (adjective) = ®îc mong ®îi/ ®îc chê ®îi tõ l©u/ thó vÞ

Ex: A welcome guest (Kh¸ch quÝ/ kh¸ch bÊy l©u mong ®îi)

Ex: A welcome gift (Mãn quµ thó vÞ ®îc chê ®îi tõ l©u)

Welcome to + noun = Cã quyÒn, ®îc phÐp sö dông.Ex: You are welcome to any book in my library

(Anh cã quyÒn lÊy bÊt kú quyÓn s¸ch nµo trong th viÖn cña t«i)

Welcoming (ph©n tõ 1 cÊu t¹o tõ ®éng tõ welcome dïng lµm tÝnh tõ)

• Chµo ®ãn/ ®ãn tiÕp ©n cÇnEx: This country have given me a welcoming feeling.

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(Xø së nµy ®· dµnh cho t«i mét t×nh c¶m chµo ®ãn ©n cÇn)

• Hoan nghªnh/ T¸n ®ång (ý kiÕn)Ex: To show a welcoming idea

(Béc lé mét ý kiÕn t¸n ®ång)

Be certain/ sure of + verb-ing: ch¾c ch¾n lµ (®Ò cËp ®Õn t×nh c¶m cña ngêi ®ang ®îc nãi ®Õn)

Ex: Before the game she feft certain of wining , but after a few minutes she realized it wasn’t going to be easy.

Ex: You seem very sure of passing the exam, I hope you are right.

Be certain/ sure + to + verb: ch¾c ch¾n sÏ ph¶i (®Ò cËp ®Õn t×nh c¶m cña chÝnh ngêi nãi hoÆc viÕt c©u ®ã):

Ex: The repairs are certain to cost more than you think.Ex: Elaine is sure to win-the other girl hasn’t got a chance.

Be interested + to + verb: ThÊy thÝch khi...:Ex: I’m interested to read in the paper that scientists have

found out how to talk to whales.(T«i thÊy thÝch/ thó vÞ khi...)

Be interested in + verb-ing/ Be interested + to + verb:Muèn biÕt/ muèn ph¸t hiÖn ra/ muèn t×m ra...:

Ex: I’m interested in finding out/ to find out what she did with all that money.(T«i muèn biÕt c« ta ®· lµm g× víi ngÇn Êy tiÒn).

Be interested in + verb-ing: ThÊy thÝch/ thÝch/ muèn...Ex: I’m interested in learning higher education in U.S.

Giíi tõ

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1. During = trong suèt (ho¹t ®éng diÔn ra liªn tôc)2. From = tõ >< to = ®Õn

− From ... to ...= tõ ... ®Õn... (dïng cho thêi gian vµ n¬i chèn)− From time to time = ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng

3. Out of=ra khái><into=vµo trong− Out of + noun = hÕt, kh«ng cßn− Out of town = ®i v¾ng− Out of date=cò, l¹c hËu >< up to date = míi, cËp nhËt− Out of work = thÊt nghiÖp, mÊt viÖc− Out of the question = kh«ng thÓ− Out of order = háng, kh«ng ho¹t ®éng

4. By− ®éng tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng + by = ®i ngang qua (walk by

the library)− ®éng tõ tÜnh + by = ë gÇn (your books are by the

window)− by + thêi gian cô thÓ = tríc lóc, cho ®Õn lóc (hµnh ®éng

cho ®Õn lóc ®ã ph¶i x¶y ra)− by + ph¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng = ®i b»ng− by then = cho ®Õn lóc ®ã (dïng cho c¶ QK vµ TL)− by way of = theo ®êng... = via− by the way = mét çch t×nh cê, ngÉu nhiªn− by the way = by the by = nh©n ®©y, nh©n tiÖn− by far + so s¸nh (thêng lµ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt)=>dïng ®Ó

nhÊn m¹nh − by accident = by mistake = t×nh cê, ngÉu nhiªn >< on

purose

5. In = bªn trong− In + month/year − In time for = In good time for = §óng giê (thêng kÞp lµm g×,

h¬i sím h¬n giê ®· ®Þnh mét chót)− In the street = díi lßng ®êng− In the morning/ afternoon/ evening− In the past/future = tríc kia, trong qu¸ khø/ trong t¬ng

lai

164

− In future = from now on = tõ nay trë ®i− In the begining/ end = at first/ last = tho¹t ®Çu/ rèt cuéc− In the way = ®ç ngang lèi, ch¾n lèi− Once in a while = ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng− In no time at all = trong nh¸y m¾t, mét tho¸ng− In the mean time = meanwhile = cïng lóc− In the middle of (®Þa ®iÓm)= ë gi÷a− In the army/ airforce/ navy− In + the + STT + row = hµng thø...− In the event that = trong trêng hîp mµ − In case = ®Ó phßng khi, ngé nhì− Get/ be in touch/ contact with Sb = liªn l¹c, tiÕp xóc víi ai

6. On = trªn bÒ mÆt:− On + thø trong tuÇn/ ngµy trong th¸ng− On + a/the + ph¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng = trªn chuyÕn/ ®· lªn

chuyÕn...− On + phè = ®Þa chØ... (nh B.E : in + phè) − On the + STT + foor = ë tÇng thø...− On time = võa ®óng giê (bÊt chÊp ®iÒu kiÖn bªn ngoµi,

nghÜa m¹nh h¬n in time)− On the corner of = ë gãc phè (gi÷a hai phè)− Chó ý:

− In the corner = ë gãc trong− At the corner = ë gãc ngoµi/ t¹i gãc phè

− On the sidewalk = pavement = trªn vØa hÌ− Chó ý:

− On the pavement (A.E.)= trªn mÆt ®êng nhùa (Don’t brake quickly on the pavement or you can slice into another car)

− On the way to: trªn ®êng ®Õn >< on the way back to: trªn ®êng trë vÒ

− On the right/left− On T.V./ on the radio− On the phone/ telephone = gäi ®iÖn tho¹i, nãi chuyÖn

®iÖn tho¹i − On the phone = nhµ cã m¾c ®iÖn tho¹i (Are you on the

phone?)− On the whole= nãi chung, vÒ ®¹i thÓ

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− On the other hand = tuy nhiªn= however− Chó ý:

− On the one hand = mét mÆt th× => on the other hand = mÆt kh¸c th× (On the one hand, we must learn the basic grammar, and on the other hand, we must combine it with listening comprehension)

− on sale = for sale = cã b¸n, ®Ó b¸n− on sale (A.E.)= b¸n h¹ gi¸ = at a discount (B.E)− on foot = ®i bé

7. At = ë t¹i− At + sè nhµ− At + thêi gian cô thÓ− At home/ school/ work− At night/noon (A.E : at noon = at twelve = gi÷a tra (she

was invited to the party at noon, but she was 15 minutes late))

− At least = chÝ Ýt, tèi thiÓu >< at most = tèi ®a− At once =ngay lËp tøc− At present/ the moment = now − Chó ý: 2 thµnh ng÷ trªn t¬ng ®¬ng víi presently nhng

presently se kh¸c nhau vÒ nghÜa nÕu nã ®øng ë çc vÞ trÝ kh¸c nhau trong c©u:

− Sentence + presently (= soon): ngay tøc th× ( She will be here presently/soon)

− Presently + sentence (= Afterward/ and then) : ngay sau ®ã (Presently, I heard her leave the room)

− S + to be + presently + Ving = at present/ at the moment ( He is presently working toword his Ph.D. degree)

− At times = ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng− At first = tho¹t ®Çu >< at last = cuèi cïng− At the begining of / at the end of... = ë ®Çu/ ë cuèi (dïng

cho thêi gian vµ ®Þa ®iÓm).− At + tªn çc ngµy lÔ : at Christmas, at Thanks Giving...

Nhng on + tªn çc ngµy lÔ + day = on Christmas day ...

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Trong d¹ng informal E., on tríc çc thø trong tuÇn ®«i khi bÞ lîc bá: She is going to see her boss (on) Sun. morning. At/in/on thêng ®îc kh«ng dïng trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ thêi gian khi cã mÆt: next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some, all

− At + ®Þa ®iÓm : at the center of the building− At + nh÷ng ®Þa ®iÓm lín (khi xem nã nh mét n¬i trung

chuyÓn hoÆc gÆp gì): The plane stopped 1 hour at Washington D.C. before continuing on to Atlanta.

− At + tªn çc toµ nhµ lín (khi xem nh 1 hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra ë ®ã chø kh«ng ®Ò cËp ®Õn toµ nhµ) : There is a good movie at the Center Theater.

− At + tªn riªng çc tæ chøc: She works at Legal & General Insurence.

− At + tªn riªng n¬i çc trêng së hoÆc khu vùc ®¹i häc: She is studying at the London school of Economics.

− At + tªn çc ho¹t ®éng qui tô thµnh nhãm: at a party/ lecture...

8. Mét sè çc thµnh ng÷ dïng víi giíi tõ♦ On the beach: trªn bê biÓn♦ Along the beach: däc theo bê biÓn♦ In place of = Instead of: thay cho, thay v×.♦ For the most part: chÝnh lµ, chñ yÕu lµ = mainly.♦ In hope of + V-ing = Hoping to + V = Hoping that + sentence

= víi hi väng lµ.♦ off and on: dai d¼ng, t¸i håi♦ all of a sudden= suddenly = bçng nhiªn♦ for good = forever: vÜnh viÔn, m i· m i.·

Ng÷ ®éng tõ

167

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ kÕt hîp víi 1, 2 hoÆc ®«i khi 3 giíi tõ, khi kÕt hîp ë d¹ng nh vËy ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng thay ®æi h¼n so víi nghÜa ban ®Çu.♦ To break off: chÊm døt, c¾t ®øt, ®o¹n tuyÖt.♦ To bring up: nªu ra, ®a lªn mét vÊn ®Ò♦ To call on: yªu cÇu

®Õn th¨m♦ To care for: thÝch

tr«ng nom, s¨n sãc (look after)♦ To check out (of/from) a library: mîn s¸ch ë th viÖn vÒ♦ To check out: ®iÒu tra, xem xÐt.♦ To check out (of): lµm thñ tôc ®Ó ra (kh¸ch s¹n, s©n bay)

<> check in.♦ To check (up) on: ®iÒu tra, xem xÐt.♦ To close in (on): tiÕn l¹i gÇn, ch¹y l¹i gÇn♦ To come along with: ®i cïng víi♦ To count on = depend on = rely on♦ To come down with: m¾c ph¶i mét c¨n bÖnh♦ Do away with = get rid of: tèng khø, lo¹i bá, trõ khö♦ To daw up = to draft: so¹n th¶o (mét kÕ ho¹ch, mét hîp

®ång)♦ To drop out of = to withdraw from: bá (®Æc biÖt lµ bá häc

gi÷a chõng)♦ To figure out: H×nh dung ra ®îc, hiÓu ®îc.♦ To find out: kh¸m ph¸ ra, ph¸t hiÖn ra.♦ To get by: LÇn håi qua ngµy, sèng sãt qua ®îc♦ To get through with: kÕt thóc♦ To get through to: th«ng tin ®îc cho ai, gäi ®îc cho (®iÖn

tho¹i), t×m çch lµm cho hiÓu♦ To get up: dËy/ tæ chøc.♦ To give up: bá, tõ bá♦ To go along with: ®ång ý víi♦ To hold on to: vÉn gi÷ v÷ng, duy tr×♦ To hold up: cíp

vÉn gi÷ v÷ng, vÉn duy tr×, vÉn sèng b×nh thêng, vÉn dïng ®îc (bÊt chÊp søc Ðp bªn ngoµi hoÆc sö dông l©u)

♦ To keep on doing smt: vÉn tiÕp tôc kh«ng ngõng lµm g×

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♦ To look after: tr«ng nom, s¨n sãc♦ To look into: ®iÒu tra, xem xÐt♦ To pass out = to faint: ngÊt (néi ®éng tõ, kh«ng dïng bÞ

®éng)♦ To pick out: chän ra, lùa ra, nhÆt ra♦ To point out: chØ ra, v¹ch ra♦ To put off: tr× ho n,· ®×nh ho n·♦ To run across: kh¸m ph¸, ph¸t hiÖn ra (t×nh cê)♦ To run into sb: gÆp ai bÊt ngê♦ To see about to: lo l¾ng, s¨n sãc, ch¹y v¹y♦ To take off: cÊt çnh <> to land♦ To take over for: thay thÕ cho♦ to talk over: bµn so¹n, th¶o luËn vÒ♦ to try out: thö nghiÖm, dïng thö (s¶n phÈm)♦ to try out for: thö vai, thö giäng (1 vë kÞch, buæi biÓu diÔn)♦ To turn in: giao nép, ®Ö tr×nh

®i ngñ♦ To watch out for: c¶nh gi¸c, ®Ó m¾t, tr«ng chõng (c¶

nghÜa ®en lÉn nghÜa bãng)

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Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÖn bµi ®äc

Kh«ng bao giê ®îc ®äc vµo bµi ®äc ngay, cÇn ®äc vµ hiÓu c©u hái cÆn kÏ.

§äc vµ t×m chñ ®Ò (chñ ®Ò cña çc bµi ®äc trong TOEFL 90% n»m ë c©u ®Çu, 5% n»m ë c©u cuèi, 5% cßn l¹i rót ra tõ toµn bµi)

T×m çch ph©n ®o¹n (nÕu cã) vµ t×m néi dung cña tõng ®o¹n Tr¶ lêi c©u hái, c©u hái trong TOEFL ®îc ph©n thµnh mét

sè lo¹i nh sau: C©u hái x¸c ®Þnh l¹i (Restatement question) -> lo¹i c©u

hái dÔ. C©u hái phñ ®Þnh (Negative question) -> dïng biÖn ph¸p

lo¹i trõ C©u hái suy luËn (inference question) -> khã nhÊt C©u hái ®Ò cËp (reference question) C©u hái tõ vùng (Vocabulary question) C©u hái suy ®o¸n chñ ®Ò kh¶ dÜ cña ®o¹n ®äc (tríc hoÆc

sau ®o¹n ®äc ®· cho) -> dùa vµo c©u ®Çu hoÆc c©u cuèi cña bµi ®äc (Previous/ Following Topic question).

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