Todays Training Goals: You should understand Assessing Airborne
Toxicity Hazards! Mechanics and Interferences to Respiration!
Medical Review processes (Employees)! Respirator Styles, Classes
and Selection! Program Requirements! Fit Testing! Voluntary Uses
and Mandatory Use!
Slide 4
Historical Perspective: Occupational Identification of concerns
for present lead exposure with reductions in Permissible Lead
Exposure Limits 2013 50 BC
Slide 5
Routes of Exposure Injection! Inhalation! Ingestion! Absorption
(skin)!
Slide 6
Mechanics of Respiration Oxygen rich air taken in by nose and
mouth, down the windpipe into lungs. Tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Alveoli transfer oxygen into bloodstream. Carbon dioxide
transferred from your body to alveoli. Exhalation rids body of
gaseous wastes.
Slide 7
Respiration Mechanics of Respiration Primary Trigger High CO 2
Secondary Trigger Low O 2 Inhalation Intercostal muscles contract
and diaphragm moves down, chest volume increases and atmosphere
goes into lungs to fill the extra space. Exhalation Everything
releases, chest volume decreases, and excess gasses are released
through the mouth and nose.
Slide 8
Interferences to Respiration Lack of Oxygen Heat Chemicals or
toxic materials Blockages/Particulates Irritants If Present, an
assessment is needed
Slide 9
Employee Exposure Exposure to a concentration of an airborne
contaminant that would occur if the employee were not using
respiratory protection. Triggers Medical Actions and recordkeeping.
Triggers Permissible Protective Practices.
Slide 10
Permissible Practices Engineering and administrative controls
that are feasible before using respirators Engineering:
Substitution of less toxic materials Minimization or enclosures
Isolation, confinement of operations Ventilation controls
Administrative: Scheduling Rotation of work
Slide 11
Sampling Equipment
Slide 12
Slide 13
Exposure Assessment OEL: Occupational Exposure Limit: Action
Level Ceiling Level (C) IDLH Level OSHA: PEL NIOSH: REL ACGIH: TLV
CalOSHA Non PEL *Hand out #1 (OSHA Statement on use of PEL)
Slide 14
Look at all the kinds of masks Yes, Tell me about them. So, You
need a respirator!
Slide 15
Coverings OK, to start you have to look at the job you are
doing, and what is required. I see you have full facepiece and half
mask, Loose Fitting and Tight Fitting, how do we know what to use
and if we are using it correctly?
Slide 16
Tight -Fitting Coverings (Fit Test Required!) Half Mask Full
Facepiece Loose-Fitting Coverings (No Fit Test Required!) Helmet
Hood
Slide 17
Classes of Respirators Positive Pressure When inhaling, the
pressure inside the respirator is kept higher than outside the
regulator. Negative Pressure When inhaling, the pressure inside the
respirator is less than outside the respirator.
Slide 18
Classes of Respirators Examples of Negative Pressure
Respirators
Slide 19
Classes of Respirators Examples of Positive Pressure
Respirators
Slide 20
Air-Purifying Respirator (APR) A respirator with an
air-purifying filter, cartridge, or canister that removes specific
air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying
element.
Slide 21
How APR Respirators Work When used properly, respirators
prevent the inhalation of chemicals and dust in the air and protect
the lungs. When you inhale, air is pulled through the cartridge,
where air contaminants are trapped.
Slide 22
Air inhaled in Air exhaled out How APR Respirators Work
Slide 23
Air movement is controlled by rubber inhalation and exhalation
valves. The adjustable straps are used to keep the respirator snug
on the face. exhalation valve inhalation valves straps valve cover
Facepiece cartridge
Slide 24
Respirator Cartridges Dust cartridges filter out dust only.
Chemical cartridges trap different types of chemicals, but not
dust. Cartridges are color-coded for the type of chemical or
dust.
Slide 25
Filter A component used in respirators to remove solid or
liquid aerosols from the inspired air. Also called air purifying
element.
Slide 26
High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter (HEPA) Filter that is at
least 99.97% efficient in removing monodisperse particles of 0.3
micrometers in diameter or greater. Equivalent NIOSH 42 CFR 84
particulate filters are the N100, R100, and P100 filters.
Slide 27
Air-purifying respirators 3 categories of resistance to filter
efficiency degradation: N (Not resistant to oil) R (Resistant to
oil) P (oil Proof) If a particulate, select appropriate filter
95%(called 95) 99%(called 99) 99.97%(called 100)
Slide 28
Respirator Cartridges The wrong cartridge wont protect you from
dust or chemicals in the air. A chemical cartridge doesnt filter
out dust. Works by Adsorption, Absorption or Chemisorption. There
are several kinds of chemical cartridges. Combination dust/chemical
cartridges are available.
Slide 29
Respirator Filters All filters, cartridges and canisters must
be labeled and color coded with the NIOSH approval label. Marked
with NIOSH, manufacturers name and part number, and an abbreviation
to indicate cartridge or filter type (e.g., N95, P100, etc.).
Slide 30
Respiratory Protection Cartridge respirators dont work where
there is a lack of oxygen. Confined spaces like tanks or manholes
can have an oxygen deficiency or high levels of toxic
chemicals.
Slide 31
Chemical cartridges can absorb only so much chemical. When
their capacity is reached, breakthrough will occur. APRs should not
be used with chemicals without a distinct odor (to detect
breakthrough) unless the filter has an ESLI. Service Life The
period of time that a respirator, filter or sorbent, or other
respiratory equipment provides adequate protection to the
wearer.
Slide 32
Respirator Cartridges Chemical Cartridges are changed on a
pre-determined schedule. The employer must implement a change
schedule for canisters and cartridges. Usually one shift or one day
of use. Sensory perception (breakthrough) is a frequently used
change criteria. Dust cartridges are changed when they become
difficult to breathe through, are damaged, or get wet.
Slide 33
Air-purifying Respirators Replace cartridges: Some canisters
may have end of service life indicators (ESLI). The sorbent is
approaching saturation or is no longer effective.
Slide 34
Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) An air-purifying
respirator that uses a blower to force the ambient air through
air-purifying elements to the inlet covering.
Slide 35
Atmosphere Supplying Respirators Self-Contained Breathing
Apparatus (SCBA) Air-line respirators Combination SCBA and SAR Must
be supplied with Grade D breathing air, usually from bottles or
compressors
Slide 36
Classes of Atmosphere- Supplying Respirators Continuous Flow.
Provides a continuous flow of breathing air to the respiratory
inlet covering. Demand. Admits breathing air to the facepiece only
when a negative pressure is created inside the facepiece by
inhalation. Pressure Demand. Admits breathing air to the facepiece
when the positive pressure inside the facepiece is reduced by
inhalation.
Slide 37
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) An atmosphere-supplying
respirator for which the source of breathing air is not designed to
be carried by the user. Also called airline respirator.
Slide 38
Supplied Air Respirators Airline respirators called Type C or
Type CE hose can be up to 300 feet 4 cfm required for tight-fitting
mask, 6 cfm for hoods and helmets available in demand, pressure
demand, and continuous flow arrangements
Slide 39
SCBA is a supplied air (atmosphere) respirator which includes
cylinder, harness, regulator and face piece. Pressure Demand admits
breathing air to the face piece when the positive pressure inside
the face piece is reduced by inhalation. Air source is designed to
be carried by the user in positive pressure mode. Self Contained
Breathing Apparatus
Slide 40
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus Quarter Service Life Alarm
Bell, Whistle, Vibration or combination 45 cubic feet or 2,216
psi550 psi 45 cubic feet or 3,000 psi750 psi 45 cubic feet or 4,500
psi1100 psi 90 cubic feet or 4,500 psi1100 psi Supply air at a flow
rate of 40 liters per minute.
Slide 41
Air Consumption ACTIVITYRATE (L/m)TIME (min.) Sleep6212
Rest9.3137 Light Activity19.764 Medium Activity4043 Heavy
Activity58.521 Maximum Act.1329.6 (30 min cylinder = 45 cubic feet
of volume 1,274 liters)
Slide 42
Escape-only type available in 5, 7, 10 or 15 minute
duration
Slide 43
PROTECTION FACTOR Face Respirator10 : 1 Full face respirator50
: 1 Supplied Air Respirator10,000 : 1 The higher the value, the
more protection from the respirator.
Slide 44
Respiratory Protection Half-face cartridge respirators only
provide protection to levels 10 times above the chemical or dust
permissible limit. Asbestos Permissible Limit 0.1 f/cc Maximum Use
Concentration for Asbestos 1f/cc f/cc = fibers per cm 3
Example
Slide 45
OSHA Requirements 5 pre-use requirements Written program
Medical evaluation Selection of an appropriate respirator Training
Fit Testing Inspection and maintenance Usage requirements
Slide 46
Respirator Program Develop written program with worksite-
specific procedures when respirators are necessary or required by
the employer Update program as necessary to reflect changes that
affect respirator use. Requires a respirator administrator. This
person is responsible for overseeing the respirator program. This
person must have training on respirators.
Slide 47
Respirators & Physical Fitness Medical evaluations are
required for anyone wearing respirators. Breathing through a
respirator is work for the body. Respirators can be hazardous to
people with heart or lung problems. Required prior to fit
test.
Slide 48
Respirators and Physical Fitness The first step is a
confidential medical questionnaire. A healthcare provider decides
if you need a medical exam. Results are only used to determine if
you are fit to wear a respirator.
Slide 49
Medical Evaluation Additional medical evaluation required:
employee report of breathing concerns. PLHCP, supervisor or program
administrator specifies. observations during fit testing or program
observation. change occurs in workplace. Written report provided to
employer and employee.
Slide 50
Selection of Respirators Employer must select and provide an
appropriate respirator based on the respiratory hazards to which
the worker is exposed and workplace and user factors that affect
respirator performance and reliability.
Slide 51
Requires use of NIOSH approved respirators The substituting of
or mixing respirator components from another manufacturer voids
NIOSH certification. Must select respirators from a sufficient
number of models and sizes so it fits correctly. Selection of
Respirators
Slide 52
Respirator Training Employees must receive training prior to
respirator use and at least annually thereafter (and if there is a
change in workplace conditions/requirements) Why the respirator is
necessary? Limitations and capabilities of the respirator.
Effective use of the respirator, include how to handle emergencies
and malfunctions. Inspection, maintenance, and storage.
Slide 53
Respirator Fit Respirators must fit properly to prevent leaks
around the edges. Fit-testing must be done before first wearing a
respirator. Beards are not allowed when wearing a respirator.
Slide 54
Types of Fit Testing Employees using tight-fitting face piece
respirators must pass an appropriate fit test: Qualitative fit test
(QLFT) Quantitative fit test (QNFT): Employee must be fit tested
with the same make, model, style, and size of respirator that will
be used.
Slide 55
Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT) A pass/fail fit test to assess the
adequacy of respirator fit that relies on the individuals response
to the test agent.
Slide 56
Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT) Qualitative fit testing (QLFTs)
isoamyl acetate (IAA) irritant smoke (usually titanium and stannic
chloride) saccharin aerosol (taste test) denatonium benzoate
(Bitrex) Must verify wearer can respond. Wearer must be
truthful.
Slide 57
Quantitative fit testing (QNFTs) An assessment of the adequacy
of respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage
into the respirator.
Slide 58
Always inspect respirator before donning. Check integrity of
seals and cartridges before putting on respirator. Inspection
Slide 59
User Seal Check An action conducted by the respirator user to
determine if the respirator is properly seated to the face.
Positive Pressure Check Negative Pressure Check
Slide 60
Respirator Maintenance Respirators must be cleaned, inspected
and maintained regularly. Cleaning is especially important in dusty
areas. Clean in warm soapy water. Allow to dry thoroughly before
storing or using. Do not use alcohol wipes on respirators.
Slide 61
Proper rinsing cannot be overemphasized. Cleansing and
disinfecting agents are skin irritants and must be completely
removed. Recharge cylinders when pressure below 90% of recommended
pressure level. During cleaning is a good time to inspect
respirators. Maintenance and Care
Slide 62
Respirator Storage Once dry, place in protective bag so
respirators can be stored in a clean dry place. Dont store them
unprotected in your work area. Dont store them like this!
Slide 63
Use of Respirators Facepiece seal protection Prohibits facial
hair at the sealing surface of the facepiece or that interferes
with valve function. One day of growth Corrective glasses or
goggles or other PPE must be worn in a manner that does not
interfere with the face-to-facepiece seal.
Slide 64
Review 1. Written Program 2. Medical Evaluation 3. Respirator
Selection 4.Training 5.Fit Testing 6. Inspection, Care, Use,
Cleaning and Storage. 7. Program evaluation
