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Today. LR industry supply Constant cost Increasing cost Implications of LR equilibrium. Industry Supply in the Long Run. The Key to understanding the long run is firm entry and exit. Case 1: Constant Cost Industry. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Today LR industry supply
– Constant cost– Increasing cost
Implications of LR equilibrium
Industry Supply in the Long Run
The Key to understanding the long run is firm entry and exit.
Case 1: Constant Cost Industry
Assumes that firms’ costs are independent of the size of the market. Expanding or contracting demand yields the same price in the long run.– Firms’ cost curves do not shift as industry
output changes.
Leads to a horizontal long-run industry supply curve.
Initial LR Equilibrium
q Q
D
PP Typical Firm Industry or Market
Thought experiment: What happens to the industry LR equilibrium as market demand expands?
MC
ATC
SRS
P
LRATC
SR Response to Increase in Demand
q Q
D
PP Typical Firm Industry or Market
SR: price rises. Firms earn profits. Why isn’t this a new LR equilibrium?
MC
ATC
SRS
P
LRATC
D’
Q’q’
LR Response to Increase in Demand
q Q
D
PP Typical Firm Industry or Market
LR: Firms enter until no more profits can be made. Given our assumption, that is when price falls to its original level. Second LR equilibrium.
MC
ATC
SRS
P
Q”q”
LRATC
D’
SRS’
Q
0
1
20
1
2
q’
LR Industry Response to an Increase in Demand Assuming that firms’ costs do not depend
on the size of the industry, and Beginning in LR equilibrium and increasing
demand:– in the SR, price rises, firms’ profits and outputs
rise.– In the LR, price returns to original level, firms
earn zero profits, each firm makes same q as before, but market output is higher.
LR Response to Increase in Demand
q Q
D
PP Typical Firm Industry or Market
Case 1: Horizontal Long-Run Supply Curve
MC
ATC
P
Q”q
LRATC
D’
Q
LRS
Significance of Result For these industries, growing demand
(ceteris paribus) will not result in higher (or lower) prices. – Remember LRS is not predicting how prices
change over time.
For these industries, there is a constant opportunity cost of producing this good.
Case 2: Increasing Cost Industry
Assumes rising opportunity cost as an industry (or market) expands, causing firms’ costs to rise.– Ex: market for milk & price of dairy land
Results in an upward-sloping long-run industry supply curve
Case 2 & LR Industry Supply
q Q
D
PP Typical Firm Industry or Market
Case 2: Upward-sloping Long-Run Supply Curve
P
Q1
LRATC(Q0)
D’
Q0
LRSLRATC (Q1)SRSSRS’
Significance of Case 2 Growing demand for milk forces up the
price of milk. Less productive land is converted to dairy
farming. Opportunity cost of producing milk rises. Price of milk rises in the long run, even
though there are more milk farms. ***Result comes from the underlying
scarcity of dairy land.***
Profits for New Dairy Farms
Consider the dairy farms that have opened because of higher milk prices.
Do they make profits, losses, or break even in the long run? How do you know?
Profits for Old Dairy Farms.
Consider the dairy farms that were in business prior to the increase in demand.
Will they make profits, losses, or break even in the new long run equilibrium? – What about dairy farmers who rent their land?– What about dairy farmers who buy land that
has always been used for dairy farming?– What about dairy farmers who already owned
dairy farms?
Coming Up: Prepare for second midterm exam.
Group Work
Profits for Coal Mines
Coal Mining
Assume the coal mining industry is perfectly competitive.
Consider two mines:– Alpha mine has rich, easily accessible deposits.– Beta mine has less desirable deposits. Its
marginal cost of producing coal is everywhere twice as high as for Alpha.
Profits for Alpha & Beta Mines
Assume the price of coal is high enough that Beta mine is actively mining coal.
Will Beta mine make economic profits, economic losses or break even in the long run?
Suppose the total coal deposits in the two mines are equal. What can you say about the likely price of Alpha mine compared to Beta mine?
Profits for Alpha & Beta Mines, Cont’d. Will the two mines have the same fixed
costs? Will Alpha mine make economic profits,
economic losses or break even in the long run? How do you know?