History of TobaccoBy Dr. Anson Elliott

Seeds one of smallest of all plants!

History of Tobaccoc. 6000 BCE: Tobacco plant, as we know it today, begins growing in the Americas not in the rest of the world. C.1 BC: Found throughout the Americas

Incas and Mayas smoked rolled leaves for celebrations. Smoked until they were they were in a stupor! Reported to kill apatite and provide energy to warriors. Modern Research of the effects of nicotine on the brain confirm these observations. Delivers signals to the muscles, energy level, beating of the heart and breatheImproves reaction timeReward pathways of the brain - Endorphins

470-630: Mayas took it to the Mississippi Valley1492:Columbus noted Native Americans taking snuff and smoking a Y-shaped tube that was filled with tobacco and the two ends placed into nostrils for inhaling smoke.Smoking was spiritual event, through the mingling of the smoke with the spirits of others and with the gods.1499: American Vespucci noted American Indians chewing tobacco.1500s Tobacco carried to China, Africa, and Europe

Peace pipes" of the Sioux and other Plains tribes, which were made by attaching a wooden stem to a bowl carved from catlinite or "pipestone." (Pipestone is native to Minnesota, but due to intertribal trade was available throughout NativeNorth America.) Pipe often buried with the owner.

Pipe a tool of communication with the devine, food substitute, but became an indulgence and an addiction.

1518: SPAIN: Fernando Cortez brings tobacco to SpainSpain being Catholic viewed the smoking practice as being from the devil because of it being a savage practice. 1556 to 65 Tobacco is introduced to France and England1571: SPAIN: MEDICINE: Monardes, a doctor in Seville, reports on the latest craze lists 36 maladies tobacco cures (snake bite, colds, etc.)1573: ENGLAND: Sir Francis Drake returns from the Americas with 'Nicotina tobacum'. (milder)

1600: ENGLAND: Sir Walter Raleigh persuades Queen Elizabeth to try smoking 1603: ENGLAND: Physicians, upset that tobacco is being used by common people without a physician's prescription1606: SPAIN: King Philip Ill decrees that tobacco may only be grown in specific locations--including Cuba, Santo Domingo, Venezuela and Puerto Rico. Sale of tobacco to foreigners is punishable by death.

1610: ENGLAND: Sir Francis Bacon writes that tobacco use is increasing and that it is a custom hard to quit. 1610: ENGLAND: Edmond Gardiner publishes William Barclay's The Trial of Tobacco and provides a text of recipies and medicinal preparations. Barclay defends tobacco as a medicine but condemns casual use

First and Second group to Jamestown in 1607,1609 failed1612: JAMESTOWN: John Rolfe raises Virginia's first commercial crop of "tall tobacco." Brand Name Orinoco milder and sweet smelling.

1613-06: ENGLAND: First shipment of Rolfe's tobacco arrives. 1618-48: ENGLAND: SIR WALTER RALEIGH, popularized tobacco in England

1619: JAMESTOWN: First Africans brought into Virginia. John Rolfe writes in his diary, "About the last of August came in a dutch man of warre that sold us twenty negars." They were needed for the booming tobacco crop, but had been baptized, so--as Christians--they could not be enslaved for life, but only indentured, just like many of the English colonists, for 5-7 years

1619: ECONOMY: Tobacco is being used as currency. It will continue to be so used for 200 years in Virginia, for 150 years in Maryland1619: JAMESTOWN: First shipment of women--meant to become wives for the settlers--arrives. A prospective husband must pay for his chosen mate's passage with 120 lbs. of tobacco.

Grapes, wine and Silk failed as was dictated by the Virgina CompanyJohn Rolfe married Pocahontas (the spirited one) a teenager who had gotten Rolfes attention by doing cartwheels naked through Jamestowns streets.Exported to England1618 20,000 lbs.1622 60,0001627 500,000The discovery that tobacco could be successfully grown and profitably sold was the most momentous single fact in the first century of settlement on the Chesapeake Bay Tobacco had guaranteed that the Jamestown experiment would not fail.

1620: ENGLAND: King James (despises tobacco) proclaims rules of tobacco growing and import: limits tobacco sales to 100 weight of tobacco per man; restricts imports to Virginia colony, and establishes stamps or seals. James suggested colonists concentrate more on corn, livestock and potash.

North opposed to Tobacco family valuesSouth favored indentured slaves1650: REGULATION: Colony of Connecticut General Court orders -- no smoking by person under age of 21, no smoking except with physicians order.1665-66: HEALTH: EUROPE: THE GREAT PLAGUE Smoking tobacco is thought to have a protective effect. Smoking is made compulsory to ward off infection. 1676: TAXES: Heavy taxes levied in tobacco by Virginia Governor BERKELEY lead to BACON'S REBELLION, a foretaste of American Revolution. 1683: Massachusetts passes the nation's first no-smoking law.

1701: HEALTH: MEDICINE: Nicholas Andryde Boisregard warns that young people taking too much tobacco have trembling, unsteady hands, staggering feet and suffer a withering of "their noble parts." 1705: VIRGINIA Assembly passes a law legalizing lifelong slavery. . . . all servants imported and brought into this country, by sea or land, who were not Christians in their native country . . . shall be . . . slaves, and as such be here bought and sold notwithstanding a conversion to Christianity afterwards."

1759: GEORGE WASHINGTON, having gained 17,000 acres of farmland and 286 slaves from his new wife, MARTHA (these added to his own 30 slaves), harvests his first tobacco crop.

1761: SCIENCE: ENGLAND: Physician John Hill publishes "Cautions against the Immoderate Use of Snuff" -- perhaps the first clinical study of tobacco effects. Hill warns snuff users they are vulnerable to cancers of the nose.

1624: REGULATION: POPE URBAN VIII threatens excommunication for snuff users; sneezing is thought too close to sexual ecstasy 1624: ENGLAND establishes a royal tobacco monopoly. 1624: NEW YORK CITY is born. The town of New Amsterdam was established on lower Manhattan At this time, the western area of what is now Greenwich Village, NY, is known to Native Americans as (var.) Sapponckanican-- "tobacco fields," or "land where the tobacco grows." China banned (decapitation) then legalized with the pipes becoming art forms.

Impact On the Revolutionary War1776: AMERICAN REVOLUTION War was variously known as "The Tobacco War." Growers had found themselves perpetually in debt to British merchants; by 1776, growers owed the mercantile houses millions of pounds. British tobacco taxes are a further grievance. Tobacco helps finance the Revolution by serving as collateral for the loan Benjamin Franklin won from France--the security was 5 million pounds of Virginia tobacco. George Washington once appealed to his countrymen for aid to the army: "If you can't send money, send tobacco." During the war, it was tobacco exports that the fledgling government used to build up credits abroad. When the war was over, Americans turned to tobacco taxes to help repay the revolutionary war debt.

1781: Thomas Jefferson suggests tobacco cultivation in the "western country on the Mississippi."1794: TAXES: The U.S Congress passes the first federal excise tax on tobacco products. The tax of 8 cents applies only to snuff, not chewing or smoking tobacco. The tax is 60% of snuff's usual selling price. James Madison opposed the tax, saying it deprive poorer people of innocent gratification 1795: SCIENCE: Sammuel Thomas von Soemmering of Maine reports on cancers of the lip in pipe smokers

1804-06: LEWIS AND CLARK explore Northwest, using gifts of tobacco as "life insurance." 1806-03-07: LEWIS AND CLARK. Patrick Gass, holed up with the expedition in Fort Clatsup, OR, writes, "Among our other difficulties, we now experience the want of tobacco. We use crabtree bark as a substitute."

1828: SPAIN:The cigarette becomes popular as a new way of smoking.They are sold individually, and in "rolls." 1830s: TOBACCO CONTROL: First organized anti-tobacco movement in US begins as adjunct to the temperance movement. Tobacco use is considered to dry out the mouth, "creating a morbid or diseased thirst" which only liquor could quench..

1839: AGRICULTURE: NORTH CAROLINA: SLADE "yallercure. Charcoal used in flue-curing results in the classic American "Bright leaf" variety, which is so mild it virtually invites a smoker to inhale it. 1846-1848: MEXICAN WAR US soldiers bring back from the Southwest a taste for the darker, richer tobacco favored in Latin countries--cigarros and cigareillos--leading to an explosive increase in the use of the cigar.

1849: CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH: One commentator writes of this period: "I have seen purer liquors, better seegars, finer tobacco, truer guns and pistols, larger dirks and bowie knives, and prettier cortezans, here in San Francisco than in any place I have ever visited, and it is my unbiased opinion that California can and does furnish the best bad things that are obtainable in America."

1855: "Annual Report of the New York Anti-Tobacco Society for 1855" calls tobacco a "fashionable poison," warns against addiction and claims half of all deaths of smokers between 35 and 50 were caused by smoking. 1859: Reverend George Trask publishes tract "Thoughts and stories for American Lads: Uncle Toby's anti-tobacco advice to his nephew Billy Bruce". He writes, "Physicians tell us that twenty thousand or more in our own land are killed by [tobacco] every year

Little Dixie 1/3 Pop were slavesFrom Hurt

Little DixieSlaves who came from the interior of Africa had worked on the Plantations of coastal peoples before being sold to Europeans and may have grown tobacco, rice, and cotton (Littlefield)A Slave Could Produce 4 Acres of Tobacco also hemp and cornAn Acre of tobacco could clear $350, enough to purchase 160 acres with $90 left.A slave Could be purchased for $300 to $800Excess (or trouble makers) were sold down the river to Louisiana were conditions were considered worse in the production of cotton.!Cotton Gin raised demand for cotton and slaves; hemp to tie cotton bales.

Shortage of Money/State Controls and Inspections!People bought land, the money was sent back east for investment, leaving cash short in the local economy resulted in bartering and the use of tobacco as currency.Quality of tobacco was controlled by the State in order to command higher prices from Louisiana

Soil Preparation very finely worked soil.

Modern World has used fumigation under plastic to kill weed seeds in soil before seeding.

Early times seeded in burned forest areas.

Stomping to firm seed in soil

Plants Developed Ready for transplanting.

Transplanting into Larger Field

Flowers UndesirableUtilizes Plants Energy

Topping remove flower

Tobacco horn worm

Setting Poles for Harvest

Six Plants to a Pole

Harvesting Plants

Cutting and Spiking Plants

Spiking plants onto the tobacco sticks

Tobacco is dirty!

Loading wagon

Hauling spiked plants to the barn

One Tobacco in USTwo Types Based upon Drying ProcessMany Flavors based upon processing and blendingBurley dried very slowly in Barns with no heatTherefore cool burning but less flavor.

Virginia - dried quickly in barns with heat (hickory, etc.)Therefore high sugar (turns to acid when burned with bite and flavor.

In the Drying Barn

Balance is needed!

Poles having six plants spiked is handed up for hanging to dry.

Six dried plants taken down.

Adding Moisture so leaves will be flexible.

Ready for Stripping leaves from stalk.

Various GradesTop to Bottom LeavesV. High in Nicotine in top goes to cigarettes

Sorting and Stacking

Bigger stacks!

A Bale Tied and Ready for Sale!

Hand of Tobaccofor storage before baling.

Pressing.

ProductsSmokedRolled leavesPipesCigarettesSnuff: finely ground smokeless tobacco product. Dry Dust is sniffed up the noseDipped is placed between cheek and gumChewedPlug: made by pressing together cured tobacco leaves in a sweet (often molasses-based) syrup.Twist: Leaves twisted for chewing

Rolled and twisted tobaccofor pipe or chewingsoaked in olive oil, molasses, etc.

Tobacco Knife slightly curvedCongress Knife weak backbonePlug Tobaccofor chewing

Greene CountyFayetteville Arkansas Sept 1859GentPlease send us, by first opportunity-one bx No 1 Tobacco and one box or your best Natural Leaf.We are almost out of tobacco of any kind and sure would like to have it soon as possible.Please let us know if you our able to send it. So that we can make other arrangements.

Yours very RespectfullyWm. MC Hoy??Per I.H.Van House

Greene County: Offer to Sell or question of the need to ship to other markets.

Greene County - Received of T.N. Caynor, one box No2 Tobacco weighing 134 lbs at 221/2 cts pr lb to be sold or returned when called for, this Sept 5, 1860Wm BishopBy R.A. Calwell

Urgent MessageGents: Please send us by Mr. Phillips one box of tobacco as soon as ---we are entirely out of tobacco---and it would be an accomodation to us if you would sent it.Very respectfully.

From: History of Greene County, Missouri 1883Greene County Archives Bulletin - Number 42 p 256J.H. Caynor and Co. had a tobacco manufactory which employed thirty hands, and invested $15,000. It had consumed 175,000 pounds of tobacco, and turned out 800 boxes of the manufactured article. Mr. Fagg was also engaged in tobacco manufacauring.In 1858 No of slaves, 1580 value $749,550Lunatic Asylum, tax from property $664.40

1862: THE CIVIL WAR: First federal USA tax on tobacco; instituted to help pay for the Civil War, yields about three million dollars.(TSW) 1871: TAXES: The federal income tax, instituted in 1862, is repealed, replaced by liquor and tobacco taxes to finance the federal budget.

1899: HEALTH: First edition of the Merck Manual is published; it recommends smoking tobacco to treat bronchitis and asthma. 1912: HEALTH: Dr. Isaac Adler is the first to strongly suggest that lung cancer is related to smoking.

1939: STATISTICS: Fortune magazine finds 53% of adult American males smoke; 66% of males under 40 smoke. 1939-1945: WORLD WAR II As part of the war effort, Roosevelt makes tobacco a protected crop. Cigarettes are included in GI's C-Rations. Tobacco companies send millions of free cigs to GI's, mostly the popular brands; the home front had to make do with off-brands like Rameses or Pacayunes. Tobacco consumption is so fierce a shortage develops. By the end of the war, cigarette sales are at an all-time high.

1942: BUSINESS: "Lucky Strike Green Has Gone to War." Lucky Strike's green/gold pack turns all-white, with a red bull's eye. The war effort needed titanium, contained in Lucky's green ink, and bronze, contained in the gold.ATC took this opportunity to change the color of the pack--hated by women because it clashed with their dresses--to white. Ad campaign coincides with US invasion of North Africa. Sales increase 38%.

1949: CONSUMPTION: 44-47% of all adult Americans smoke; over 50% of men, and about 33% of women. 1957-07-12: First Surgeon General declares link between smoking and lung cancer. 1971-01-02: REGULATION: TV: Cigarette ads are taken off TV and radio as Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969 takes effect. Broadcast industry loses c. $220 Million in ads (Ad Age, "History of TV Advertising"). The last commercial on US TV is a Virginia Slims ad, aired at 11:59 PM on the Johnny Carson Tonight show, Jan. 1, 1971.

Tobacco Production/Consumption http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2003/26919-en.html

Collections Out of Control!

ReferencesTobacco A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant seduced Civilization By Iain Gately, 2001Agricllture and Slavery in Missouris Little DixieBy R. Douglas Hurt, 1992Slavery and Missosuri River Counties 1820-1865By Robert W. Duffner, 1974Insiders War- The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the American Civil WarBy Michael Fellman, 1989Rice and Slaves Ethnicity and the Slave Trade In Colonial South Carolina By Daniel C. Littlefield, 1981A History of Missouri: Volume III 1860-1875 By William E. Parrish, 1973 Greene county ArchivesHistory of Greene County, Missouri 1883 Greene County Archives Bulletin - Number 42 p 256

Referenceshttp://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/http://www.native-languages.org/pipes.htmhttp://www.rocksandminerals.com/specimens/pipestone.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/gew/gowden&history.htmhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/nicotine4.htmhttp://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2003/26919-en.html

Acknowledgement: Archivist and Author

Thank you