Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10 [ 1

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CHAP

TER

: 1 C

hemica

l Re

actions

& E

qua

tions

Chem

ica

l R

ea

ctions

& E

qua

tions

Reac

tion

schan

ge in

Colo

ur

stat

e

tem

pera

ture

Sim

ples

t w

ay t

o w

rite

wor

d eq

uati

on

e.g.

Mag

nesi

um +

Oxy

gen

Mag

nesi

umox

ide

→

e.g.

2M

g +

O2M

gO2

→

unba

lanc

ed e

quat

ion

(Ske

leto

n eq

uati

on)

Bala

nced

Equ

atio

nFo

llow

s la

w o

f con

serv

atio

n of

mas

s

No.

of a

tom

s re

mai

ns s

ame

Elem

ents

wit

h m

axim

um a

tom

s ba

lanc

ed fi

rst

Reac

tant

s &

prod

ucts

bot

h ba

lanc

ed

Phys

ical

sta

te o

f ele

men

ts w

ritt

en

as g

as (

g), l

iqui

d (l

) an

d so

lid (

s)

Ener

gy a

bsor

bed:

end

othe

rmic

Ener

gy r

elea

sed:

exo

ther

mic

Corr

osio

n

Ranc

idit

yw

hen

fats

or

oil i

n sl

owly

oxi

dise

d

Prev

ent

•by

add

ing

anti

oxid

ants

•us

e ai

r ti

ght

cont

aine

rs

Typ

es o

f c

hem

ica

lrea

ctions

Exot

herm

ic

CH(g

) +

O(g

)CO

(g)

+ 2

HO(

l)+

Heat

42

22

� Heat

rel

ease

d

Com

bina

tion

C(s)

+O

(g)

CO(g

)2

2�

Addi

tion

of t

wo

elem

ents

or

com

poun

ds

to s

ynth

esis

new

com

poun

d

Disp

lace

men

t

Fe(s

) +

CuS

O(a

q)Fe

SO(a

q) +

Cu(

s)4

4�

Disp

lace

s a

less

act

ive

met

al fr

om it

s sa

lt s

olut

ion

Doub

le d

ispl

acem

ent

Na

SO(a

q) +

BaC

l(a

q)Ba

SO(s

) +

2N

aCl(

aq)

24

24

�Ex

chan

ge o

f ion

s or

rea

ctan

ts

form

-equ

atio

n

Oxid

atio

n Re

duct

ion

•Ad

diti

on o

f HRe

mov

al o

f O2

2

•Ad

diti

on o

f ORe

mov

al o

f H2

2

Ther

moc

hem

ical

chan

ges

Endo

ther

mic

2AgB

r(s)

2

Ag(s

)+Br

(g)

2

Heat

abs

orbe

d�Su

nlig

ht

Deco

mpo

siti

on

CaCO

(s)

C

aO(s

) +

CO(g

)3

2

Deco

mpo

ses

to fo

rm t

wo

or m

ore

com

poun

ds.

heat

It is

mai

nly

hydr

ated

iran

(III

) ox

ide,

FeO

HO.

It w

eake

ns t

he2

32

.x

stru

ctur

e of

the

bod

y

Rust

Whe

n re

acti

ve m

etal

sur

face

is a

ttac

ked

by a

ir, w

ater

, etc

. the

n un

der

redo

x

reac

tion

, met

al g

ets

oxid

ized

to

met

al

oxid

e an

d ox

ygen

get

s re

duce

d to

oxi

de io

n.

Oxid

atio

n

2Cu

+ O

2CuO

2�he

at

Redu

ctio

n

CuO

+ H

Cu+

HO

22

�heat

�

2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10

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CHAP

TER

: 2 a

cids

, ba

ses

and

sal

ts

Acid

s, B

ases

and

Sa

lts

Phys

ical

Pro

pert

ies

of B

ases

Bitt

er in

tas

te

Turn

s re

d lit

mus

blu

e

Give

OH

ions

in a

queo

us s

olut

ion

–

Does

not

con

duct

ele

ctri

city

Chem

ical

Pro

pert

ies

of B

ases

Alka

li re

acts

wit

h m

etal

to

liber

ate

hydr

ogen

2NaO

H +

Zn

Na

ZnO

+H

�2

22↑

Base

s re

acts

wit

h ac

idic

oxi

des

to fo

rm s

alts

.

2NaO

H +

CO

Na

CO+

HO

22

32

�

Phys

ical

Pro

pert

ies

of A

cids

Sour

in t

aste

Turn

s bl

ue li

tmus

red

Give

Hio

ns in

aqu

eous

sol

utio

n+

Aque

ous

solu

tion

con

duct

ele

ctri

city

Chem

ical

Pro

pert

ies

of A

cids

Reac

ts w

ith

met

als

to li

bera

te h

ydro

gen.

Acid

+M

etal

Salt

+Hy

drog

en G

as�

2HCl

+Zn

ZnCl

+ H

�2

2↑

Type

s of

sal

ts

Com

mon

sal

t: N

aOH+

HCl

NaC

lH

O→

+2

Blea

chin

g Po

wde

r: Ca

(OH)

+ C

lCa

OCl

HO

22

22

→+

Baki

ng S

oda:

NaC

l+H

O+CO

+N

HN

HCl

+ N

aHCO

22

34

3→

Was

hing

Sod

a: N

aCO

+ 1

0HO

Na

CO•

10H

O2

32

23

2→

Plas

ter

of P

aris

: CaS

O. 2

HO

CaSO

•H

O +

1

HO

42

42

2→

Reac

ts w

ith

met

al c

arbo

nate

s/m

etal

hydr

ogen

car

bona

te t

o lib

erat

e CO

2

23

22

2HCl

+ N

aCO

2NaC

l + C

O+

HO

�HC

l + N

aHCO

NaC

l+ C

O+

HO

32

2�

1 2–1 2–

Gyps

um: C

aSO

. H

O +

1

HO

CaSO

.2H

O4

22

42

�1 2–

1 2–

Salt

s

Whe

n ac

id a

nd b

ase

are

com

bine

d

unde

r th

e gi

ven

cond

itio

n,

Salt

is o

btai

ned

Clas

sific

atio

n of

Aci

d, B

ase

and

Neu

tral

solu

tion

s ba

red

on p

H sc

ale

pH s

cale

: It

is t

he H

iron

Con

cent

rati

on+

of t

he s

olut

ions

, den

cted

by

pH

Aci

dic

nat

ure

in

crea

sin

gB

asic

nat

ure

in

crea

sin

gN

eutr

al7

014

H+

OH

–

Incr

ease

ion

co

nce

ntr

atio

nH

+D

ecre

ase

ion

co

nce

ntr

atio

nH

+

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10 [ 3

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CHAP

TER

: 3 m

etal

s a

nd n

on-

meta

ls

Meta

lsa

nd

Non-m

eta

ls

Non

-met

als

Phys

ical

Pro

pert

ies

Can

be s

olid

s, li

quid

s or

gas

es

Low

M.P

and

B.P

Brit

tle

Non

-mal

leab

le a

nd n

on-d

ucti

le

Poor

con

duct

or o

f hea

t an

d el

ectr

icit

y

Non

-met

al+

ON

onm

etal

Oxid

e2

→-

C(s)

+O

(g)

CO(g

)2

2→

Non

-met

al+

ste

amH

+ n

on-m

etal

oxi

de→

2

C(s)

+ 2

HO(

g)CO

(g)

+ 2

H2

22

→

Non

met

al +

aci

dN

ore

acti

on→

-

Non

-met

al +

Cl

Non

met

alCh

lori

de2

→-

Acti

vity

ser

ies

of m

etal

s or

Rea

ctiv

ity

The

seri

es o

f met

als

in

decr

easi

ng o

rder

of r

eact

ivit

y.

K>N

a>Ca

>M

g>Al

>Zn

>Fe

>Sn

>

Pb>

H>Cu

>Hg

>Ag

>Au

>Pt

.

Corr

osio

n

A pr

oces

s in

whi

ch m

etal

reac

ts w

ith

subs

tanc

e pr

esen

t in

the

atm

osph

ere

to fo

rm s

urfa

ce

com

poun

ds.

Prop

erti

es

They

are

sol

ids

High

M. P

. and

B.P

.

High

den

sity

Mal

leab

le a

nd d

ucti

le

Good

con

duct

or o

f hea

t an

d el

ectr

icit

y

Chem

ical

Pro

pert

ies

Met

al +

OM

etal

Oxid

e2

→

2Mg

+ O

2MgO

2→

Met

al +

Wat

erM

etal

oxi

deHy

drog

en→

+

2Na+

HO

Na

O+H

22

2→

Met

al +

dilu

te a

cid

Salt

H→

+2

22

Mg+

2HCl

MgC

l+

H→

Met

al +

Cl

Met

alCh

lori

de2

→

Met

al +

HM

etal

Hydr

ide

2→

Chem

ical

Pro

pert

ies

Met

als

Car

bo

nat

e

Cal

cin

atio

n

Extr

acti

on

of m

etal

s

Form

atio

n of

ioni

c co

mpo

und

Whe

n a

met

al a

nd a

non

-met

al e

lem

ents

are

cont

inue

d by

the

tra

nsfe

rrin

g of

the

ir

elec

tion

s to

form

an

ioni

c co

mpo

und.

eg.F

orm

atio

n of

Sod

ium

Chl

orid

e

Na

Na

+ e

→+

–

Cl +

eCl

––

→2,

8, 7

2, 8

, 8

2, 8

, 12,

8 (Sod

ium

cat

ion)

(Chl

orid

e an

ion)

Na

lC+

(Na

)+

–

Cl×

××

×

××

× ××

×

××

× ×

4 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10

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CHAP

TER

: 4 c

arbo

n an

d its c

omp

oun

ds

Ca

rb

on a

nd

Its C

om

pound

s

Prop

erti

es o

f Car

bon

Elec

tron

egat

ive

Cate

nati

on

Tetr

aval

ency

Sapo

nific

atio

n

Sapo

nific

atio

n

It is

a r

eact

ion

whe

n es

ter

reac

ts w

ith

an

inor

gani

c ba

se t

o pr

oduc

e al

coho

l and

soa

p

Este

r+Ba

seAl

coho

l + S

oap

�Tr

igly

ceri

de +

KOH

Glyc

erol

+ S

oap

�

Este

rific

atio

n

Func

tion

al G

roup

s: IU

PAC

(Int

erna

tion

al U

nion

of P

ure

and

Appl

ied

Chem

istr

y )

nam

es

Halo

gen

(–X)

Hal

oalk

ane

Alco

hol (

–OH

) Al

kano

l

Alde

hyde

(–

CHO)

, Alk

anal

Carb

oxyl

ic A

cid

(–CO

OH)

Alka

noic

aci

d

Keto

ne (

>C=

O) A

lkan

one

Este

r (–

COOR

) Al

kyl a

lkan

oate

Type

s of

Org

anic

Com

poun

ds

Acyc

lic o

r Op

en

Satu

rate

d Hy

droc

arbo

n

Pres

ence

of s

ingl

e bo

nd

Alka

nes

CH n

2n+

2

Cycl

ic o

r cl

osed

•Ar

omat

ic C

ompo

unds

eg. B

enze

ne C

H 66

•Cy

clic

Hyd

roca

rbon

s (C

yclo

alka

ne)

eg.C

yclo

prop

ane

(CH

)3

6

Type

s of

Rea

ctio

nsSu

bsti

tuti

on

CH+

ClCH

Cl+

HCl

42

3

Oxid

atio

n

Com

bust

ion

CH+

2OCO

+2H

O +

Heat

/ li

ght

42

22

�

Hom

olog

ous

seri

es

of a

lkan

es

Alk+

ane

Unsa

tura

ted

Hydr

ocar

bon

Alky

nes

CH n

2n–

2(T

ripl

e Bo

nds)

•Et

hyne

CH 2

2

•Pr

opyn

e C

H 34

•Bu

tyne

CH 4

6

•Pe

ntyn

e C

H 58

•He

xyne

CH 6

10

•He

ptyn

e C

H 712

•Oc

tyne

CH 8

14

•N

onyn

e C

H 916

•De

cyne

CH

1018

Alke

nes

(Pre

senc

e of

Dou

ble

bond

s)

CH n

2n

Hom

olog

ous

seri

es

of A

lken

es

Alk+

ene

•Et

hene

CH 2

4

•Pr

open

e C

H 36

•Bu

tene

CH 4

8

•Pe

nten

e C

H 510

•He

xene

CH 6

12

•He

pten

e C

H 714

•Oc

tene

CH 8

16

•N

onen

e C

H 918

•De

cene

CH

1020

Type

s of

rea

ctio

n

Addi

tion

Oxid

atio

n

Com

bust

ion

Hom

olog

ous

seri

es

of A

lkyn

es

Alk+

yne

∇

Este

rific

atio

n

Whe

n an

org

anic

aci

d re

acts

wit

h

alco

hol i

n th

e pr

esen

ce a

cid

cata

lyst

,

prod

uces

frui

ty s

mel

l, is

cal

led

Este

r,

Reac

tion

is c

alle

d Es

teri

ficat

ion

CHCO

OH+

CH

OH

CH

COOC

H+

Ho

32

53

25

2�H

SO 24

Cata

lyst

Isomeri

sm

The

com

poun

d w

hich

pos

sess

sam

e m

olec

ular

form

ula

but

has

diff

eren

t st

ruct

ural

form

ula

wit

h

diff

eren

t ch

emic

al p

rope

rtie

s ar

e ca

lled

isom

ers

and

phen

omen

on is

cal

led

isom

eris

m.

eg:-

CH 4

10

CH–

CH–

CH–

CH(n

-but

ane)

32

23

CH–

CH–

CH(i

so-b

utom

e)3

3

–

CH3

�Sunl

ight

Met

hane

CH 4

Etha

ne C

H 26

Prop

ane

CH 3

8

Buta

ne C

H 410

Pent

ane

CH 5

12

Hexa

ne C

H 614

Hept

ane

CH 7

16

Octa

ne C

H 818

Non

ane

CH 9

20

Deca

ne C

H10

22

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10 [ 5

To know about more useful books for class-10 click here

CHAP

TER

: 5 p

eriodic

clas

sificat

ion

of

elem

ents

Perio

dic

Cla

ssif

ica

tion o

f E

lem

ents

Old

theo

ries

Mod

ern

Peri

odic

Law

It s

tate

s th

at t

he p

rope

rtie

s of

the

elem

ents

are

the

per

iodi

c fu

ncti

on

of t

heir

ato

mic

num

ber.

18 V

erti

cal c

olum

nsGr

oups

→7

Hori

zont

al r

ows

Peri

ods

→

•Al

kali

met

als,

1Gr

oup

st

•Al

kalin

e ea

rth

met

als,

2Gr

oup

nd

•Bo

ron

fam

ily, 1

3Gr

oup

th

•Ca

rbon

fam

ily, 1

4Gr

oup

th

•N

itro

gen

fam

ily, 1

5Gr

oup

th

•Ox

ygen

fam

ily, 1

6Gr

oup

th

•Ha

loge

ns, 1

7Gr

oup

th

•In

ert

Gase

s, 1

8Gr

oup

th

Atom

ic R

adiu

sDe

crea

ses

acro

ss a

per

iod

Incr

ease

s do

wn

in a

gro

up

Met

allic

Cha

ract

erDe

crea

ses

acro

ss p

erio

d

Incr

ease

s do

wn

a gr

oup

Non

-met

allic

cha

ract

erIn

crea

ses

acro

ss a

per

iod

Decr

ease

s do

wn

a gr

oup

Chem

ical

rea

ctiv

ity

Firs

t de

crea

ses

and

then

incr

ease

s ac

ross

a p

erio

d

Dow

n a

grou

p: m

etal

s in

crea

ses

and

non-

met

als

decr

ease

s

Ioni

sati

on p

oten

tial

Decr

ease

s do

wn

a gr

oup

Incr

ease

s ac

ross

a p

erio

d

Elec

tron

aff

init

yDe

crea

ses

dow

n a

grou

p

Incr

ease

s ac

ross

a p

erio

d

Elec

tron

egat

ivit

yDe

crea

ses

dow

n a

grou

p

Incr

ease

s ac

ross

a p

erio

d

Nam

es o

f the

Gro

ups

Peri

odic

Pro

pert

ies

Dobe

rene

ir t

riad

Law

New

land

law

of O

ctav

eIt

sta

tes

that

whe

n el

emen

ts

are

arra

nged

in in

crea

sing

ord

er

of a

tom

ic m

ass,

the

pro

pert

ies

of t

he e

ight

h el

emen

t ar

e a

kind

of r

epet

itio

n of

the

firs

t,

just

like

not

es o

f mus

ic

(Sa,

Re,

Ga,

Ma,

Pa,

Dha

, Ne,

Sa)

Men

deel

ev’s

Per

iodi

c la

wIt

sta

tes

that

the

pro

pert

ies

of e

lem

ents

are

the

per

iodi

c

func

tion

of t

heir

ato

mic

mas

ses

Whe

n el

emen

ts w

ere

arra

nged

in t

he o

rder

of

incr

easi

ng a

tom

ic m

asse

s, g

roup

s of

thr

ee

elem

ents

(tr

iads

) w

ere

form

ed. T

he a

tom

ic

mas

s of

the

mid

dle

elem

ent

was

rou

ghly

the

aver

age

of t

he a

tom

ic m

asse

s of

the

othe

r tw

o el

emen

ts.

eg:-

Li(

7), N

a(2

3), K

(39)

So, K

==

=23

=N

a7+

3946

——

22

6 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10

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CHAP

TER

: 6 l

ife

proce

sses

Life P

roce

sses

•Al

veol

i

•Lu

ngs

•Br

onch

iole

s

•Br

onch

i

•Tr

ache

a

•N

ostr

ils

Nut

riti

on

•In

gest

ion

•Di

gest

ion

•Ab

sorp

tion

•As

sim

ilati

on

•Eg

esti

on

•M

outh

(sa

liva)

•Ph

aryn

x

•Oe

soph

agus

•St

omac

h (H

Cl, G

astr

ic Ju

ice)

•Sm

all I

ntes

tine

•La

rge

Inte

stin

e

•Re

ctum

•Bo

wm

an’s

Cap

sule

•Gl

omer

ulus

•Pr

oxim

al C

onvo

lute

d Tu

bule

•Lo

op o

f Hen

le

•Di

stal

Com

volu

ted

Tubu

le

•Co

llect

ing

duct

Doub

le C

ircu

lati

onin

hum

ans

Tran

spor

tati

on in

pla

nts

•Ph

loem

•Xy

lem

•Bl

ood

•He

art

•Bl

ood

Vess

els

Excr

etio

n

Resp

irat

ion

in A

nim

als

(Hum

an B

eing

s)

Auto

trop

hic

nutr

itio

n in

pla

nts.

Proc

ess

invo

lved

is P

hoto

synt

hesi

s. Step

s in

clud

ed

in n

utri

tion

in a

nim

als:

Part

s of

Alim

enta

ry c

anal

In p

lant

s : P

roce

ss in

volv

ed is

tra

nspi

rati

on

Basi

c un

it o

f kid

ney-

Nep

hron

Part

s of

Nep

hron

:

In h

uman

s, k

idne

y

help

s in

form

atio

n of

uri

ne

Circ

ulat

ory

syst

emin

hum

ans:

Lu

ng

cap

illa

ries

Pu

lmo

nar

yar

tery

to

lu

ng

s

Pu

lmo

nar

yv

ein

to

lu

ng

s

Ven

a ca

va

fro

m b

od

yA

ort

a to

bo

dy

Cap

illa

ries

of

bo

dy

org

ans

apar

t fr

om

th

e lu

ng

s

Thre

e st

eps

of b

reat

hing

:

•In

spir

atio

n

•Ga

seou

s ex

chan

ge

•Ex

pira

tion

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10 [ 7

To know about more useful books for class-10 click here

CHAP

TER

: 7 c

ont

rol

and

co-o

rdinat

ion

Cent

ral N

ervo

us s

yste

m

Contr

ol a

nd

Co-

ord

ina

tion

Horm

ones

•Ce

ll bo

dy

•De

ndri

tes

•Ax

on

•Sy

mpa

thet

ic

•Pa

rasy

mpa

thet

ic

Cran

ial N

erve

s(ar

ises

from

bra

in)

12 p

airs

Spin

al N

erve

s (a

rise

s fr

om s

pina

l cor

d)31

pai

rs

Refle

x ar

c

Rece

ptor

sSe

nsor

yN

euro

nSp

inal

Cord

Mot

orN

euro

nEf

fect

ors

→→

→→

Refle

x ac

tion

•In

volu

ntar

y

•Su

dden

act

ions

Brai

n

Fore

bra

in (

Thin

king

par

t of

bra

in)

•Ce

rebr

um

•Th

alam

us

•Hy

poth

alam

us

Mid

bra

in(C

ontr

ols

invo

lunt

ary

acti

ons,

Cha

nge

in

pupi

l siz

e, R

efle

x ac

tion

s)

Hind

bra

in•

Cere

bellu

m: C

ontr

ols

post

ure

and

bala

nce

•Po

ns: C

ontr

ols

invo

lunt

ary

acti

ons

•M

edul

la O

blon

gata

: Con

trol

invo

lunt

ary

acti

ons

Spin

al c

ord

Plan

t M

ovem

ents

(Tr

opic

mov

emen

ts)

Plan

ts H

orm

ones

•Au

xin

•Gi

bber

ellin

•Cy

toki

nin

•Ab

scis

ic a

cid

•Et

hyle

ne

Grow

th

Horm

ones

{

Peri

pher

al N

ervo

us

Syst

em

Exoc

rine

(Gla

nds

wit

h Du

ct)

Pitu

itar

y Gl

and

Grow

th H

orm

one,

Tro

pic

Horm

one,

Pro

lact

in, V

asop

ress

in,

Oxyt

ocin

Thyr

oid

Glan

d

Thyr

oxin

e Ho

rmon

e

Para

thyr

oid

Para

thyr

oid

Horm

one

Thym

us

Thym

osin

Adre

nal

Adre

nalin

, cor

tiso

l

Panc

reas

Insu

lin, G

luca

gon

Endo

crin

e Gl

ands

(Du

ctle

ss)

Glan

ds in

Hum

ans

Grow

th o

f Pol

len

tube

tow

ards

a c

hem

ical

prod

uced

by

Ovul

e

Resp

onse

to

wat

er

Geot

ropi

sm (

Resp

onse

to

grav

ity)

Root

s sh

ow p

osit

ive

geot

ropi

sm

Phot

otro

pism

(Re

spon

se t

o lig

ht)

Shoo

ts s

how

pos

itiv

e

phot

otro

pism

Gona

ds

•Ov

arie

s–

Oest

roge

n, P

roge

ster

one

•Te

stes

–Te

stos

tero

ne

Chem

otro

pism

(Re

spon

se t

o ch

emic

als)

Hydr

otro

pism

Ner

vous

sys

tem

in

Hum

ans

Auto

nom

ic n

ervo

us s

yste

m

Unit

of N

ervo

us s

yste

m: N

euro

n

8 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10

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CHAP

TER

: 8 h

ow d

o o

rgan

isms

rep

rodu

ce ?

How

do O

rga

nis

ms

Rep

rod

uce

?

Mal

e Re

prod

ucti

ve S

yste

m

Sper

m d

uct

•

Test

is•

Peni

s•

•He

ad

•M

iddl

e pi

ece

•Ta

il

•Ov

arie

s

•Ov

iduc

t

•Ov

a (e

gg)

•Ut

erus

•Fe

rtili

zati

on :

Ova

(fro

m o

vari

es)

fuse

s w

ith

sper

m (

from

tes

tis)

to fo

rm z

ygot

e

•Im

plan

tati

on o

f em

bryo

in u

teru

s

•De

velo

ps in

to b

aby

Asex

ual r

epro

duct

ion

Budd

ing

•Bu

lb li

ke p

roje

ctio

n co

mes

out

of t

he c

ells

•Re

prod

ucti

on t

hrou

gh b

uds

•eg

. Yea

st, H

ydra

Frag

men

tati

on

•Br

eaki

ng in

to t

wo

or m

ore

frag

men

ts

•Eg

. Spi

rogy

ra

Thro

ugh

Flow

ers

Cros

s

Polli

nati

on

Tran

sfer

of P

olle

n gr

ains

on

stig

ma

of a

noth

er fl

ower

Fusi

on o

f mal

e an

d

fem

ale

gam

etes

- de

velo

ps

into

em

bryo

Self

Polli

nati

on

Tran

sfer

of P

olle

n gr

ains

on

stig

ma

of s

ame

flow

er

Seed

dis

pers

al

•By

win

d

•By

wat

er

•By

ani

mal

s

Seed

s

•Co

ntai

nsem

bryo

•Af

ter

fert

iliza

tion

,ovu

les

form

seed

san

dov

ary

form

sfr

uit

•Th

roug

h Le

aves

- Br

yoph

yllu

m

•Th

roug

h Ey

es-P

otat

o

•Th

roug

h st

em-R

ose

•Th

roug

h Ro

ots

-Dah

lia

Repr

oduc

tion

thr

ough

vege

tati

ve p

arts

of P

lant

s

Spor

e fo

rmat

ion

•Sp

ores

cov

ered

by

hard

pro

tect

ive

coat

to

wit

hsta

nd h

arsh

cond

itio

n

•E.

g.Fu

ngus

•Un

der

favo

urab

le c

ondi

tion

s, s

pore

ger

min

ates

Sexu

al r

epro

duct

ion

in p

lant

s

Sexu

al r

epro

duct

ion

in h

uman

bei

ngs

Stru

ctur

e of

a fl

ower

Fem

ale

Repr

oduc

tive

syst

em

Test

is p

rodu

ces

Sper

m

Fert

iliza

tion

Polli

nati

on

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10 [ 9

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CHAP

TER

: 9 h

ered

ity

and

evolu

tion

Hered

ity

and

Evolu

tion

•So

mat

ic v

aria

tion

•Ga

met

e Va

riat

ion

•As

exua

l var

iati

on

•Se

xual

Var

iati

on

Vest

igia

lOr

gans

pre

sent

but

no

func

tion

Pala

eont

olog

ical

•M

icro

-evo

luti

on

•St

udy

of F

ossi

ls

Mor

phol

ogic

al a

nd

anat

omic

alAn

alog

ous

Orga

ns &

hom

olog

ous

orga

ns

Fact

ors

Affe

ctin

g:

•Ge

neti

c dr

ift

•Re

prod

ucti

ve is

olat

ion

•Ge

ogra

phic

al is

olat

ion

•N

atur

al S

elec

tion

Fem

ale:

22+

XX22

aut

osom

es

XX s

ex c

hrom

osom

e

Mal

e: 2

2+XY

22 a

utos

omes

XY s

ex c

hrom

osom

e

Law

of S

egre

gati

onF

gene

rati

on2

Law

of I

ndep

ende

nt A

ssor

tmen

tF

gene

rati

on1

Fge

nera

tion

2

•Ph

enot

ype

1. R

ound

Yel

low

2. W

rink

led

Yello

w

3. R

ound

Gre

en

4. W

rink

led

Gree

n

•Ge

noty

pe

9:3:

3:1

Vari

atio

ns

Darw

in’s

the

ory

of

Evid

ence

Sex

dete

rmin

atio

n in

hum

ans

Greg

or Jo

hn M

ende

l

(Her

edit

y)

•Ph

enot

ype

: All

red

Geno

type

: Rr

•

•Ph

enot

ype

: 3 R

ed :

1 W

hite

•Ge

noty

pe :

1 RR

: 2

Rr :

1 rr

Dihy

brid

cro

ss

•Ph

enot

ype

: All

roun

d ye

llow

•Ge

noty

pe :

Hybr

id (

RrYy

)

•Ch

ild w

ho in

heri

ts a

X c

hrom

osom

e fr

om h

is fa

ther

: Gi

rl (

XX)

•Ch

ild w

ho in

heri

ts a

Y c

hrom

osom

e fr

om t

he fa

ther

wou

ld b

e a

boy

(XY)

.

Spec

iati

on (

Form

atio

n of

new

spe

cies

)

Fge

nera

tion

1

Mon

ohyb

rid

Cros

s

Law

of D

omin

ance

•It

sta

tes

that

rec

essi

ve a

llele

s

will

alw

ays

be m

aske

d by

dom

inan

t al

lele

s.

In F

gene

rati

on, p

heno

type

of a

ll1

•

plan

ts a

re r

ed.

Mon

ohyb

rid

Cros

s

10 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10

To know about more useful books for class-10 click here

CHAP

TER

: 10 l

ight

: Ref

lect

ion

and

refr

action

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10 [ 11

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CHAP

TER

: 11 hu

man

eye

and

colo

urfu

l worl

d

Hum

an E

ye

and

Colo

urful W

orld

Far

Sigh

tedn

ess

(Hyp

erm

etro

pia)

Caus

es

(i)

Foca

l len

gth

of t

he e

ye

lens

bec

omes

too

long

(ii)

Eye

bal

l bec

omes

too

sm

all

Corr

ecti

on

Use

of C

onve

x le

ns o

f app

ropr

iate

pow

er

Nea

r

Sigh

tedn

ess

Corr

ecti

onUs

e of

Con

cave

lens

of

appr

opri

ate

pow

er

Caus

es(i

) Ex

cess

ive

Curv

atur

e of

eye

lens

(ii)

Elo

ngat

ion

of e

yeba

ll

Caus

es(i

) Ca

uses

Gra

dual

wea

keni

ng o

f cili

ary

mus

cles

(ii)

Dim

inis

hing

flex

ibili

ty o

f eye

lens

Corr

ecti

onUs

e of

bifo

cal l

ens

Refr

acti

on o

f lig

ht b

y th

e ea

rth‘

s at

mos

pher

e•

Twin

klin

g of

sta

rs

•Pl

anet

do

not

twin

kle

•Ad

vanc

ed S

unri

se a

nd d

elay

ed s

unse

t

•Re

ddis

hnes

s of

the

sun

at

sunr

ise

and

suns

et

Blue

col

our

of t

he s

ky•

Show

s Ty

ndal

l Eff

ect

Form

atio

n of

Rai

nbow

Phen

omen

on a

ssoc

iate

d ar

e di

sper

sion

,

refr

acti

on a

nd t

otal

inte

rnal

ref

lect

ion.

Reti

naDe

licat

e m

embr

ane

havi

ng e

norm

ous

num

ber

of

light

sen

siti

ve c

ells

Lens

Prov

ide

the

focu

sed

real

and

inve

rted

imag

e of

the

obje

ct o

n th

e re

tina

Iris

Cont

rol t

he s

ize

of t

he p

upil

Pupi

lIt

reg

ulat

es a

nd c

ontr

ols

the

amou

nt

of li

ght

ente

ring

the

eye

Eye

Defe

cts

Atm

osph

eric

Ref

ract

ion

Refr

acti

on

of L

ight

thr

ough

Pri

smSc

atte

ring

of L

ight

Disp

ersi

on o

f Lig

ht

Stru

ctur

e of

Eye

Pres

byop

ia

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ffer

ent

colo

urs

trav

el t

hrou

gh a

glas

s pr

ism

at

diff

eren

t sp

eeds

.

•Th

e an

gle

betw

een

the

exte

nded

inci

dent

ray

and

the

em

erge

nt r

ay

is c

alle

d th

e an

gle

of d

evia

tion

.

•Sp

litti

ng o

f lig

ht in

to it

s co

mpo

nent

col

ours

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d co

lour

dev

iate

s th

e le

ast

and

viol

et

devi

ates

the

mos

t.

Corn

ea

Cont

rols

and

focu

ses

the

entr

y of

light

into

the

eye

.

Myo

pia

A

BC

DN

N'

M'

M

P

QR

S

Fi

i

Ang

le o

f dev

iatio

nG

ie

r 1r 2

Wh

ite

lig

ht

fro

mth

esu

n

Ref

ract

ion D

isp

ersi

on

CTo

tal

inte

rnal

refl

ecti

on

of

spec

tru

m

D Ref

ract

ion

Red Vio

let

Rai

nb

owR

ain

dro

p

BS

un

12 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10

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CHAP

TER

: 12

elec

tricity

Ele

ctr

icity

Wor

k do

ne t

o m

ove

a un

it c

harg

e fr

om o

ne

poin

t to

ano

ther

Fact

ors

on w

hich

the

Resi

stan

ce o

f a C

ondu

ctor

dep

ends

•El

ectr

ocut

ion

•El

ectr

ical

Sho

ck•

Bom

b•

Fire

�=

RA L

H =

IRt2

= V

It

1 cal

=4.

18J

Sym

bols

of C

ompo

nent

s of

circ

uit

diag

ram

P =

VI=

V/R

=I

R2

2

Rate

whi

ch e

lect

rical

ene

rgy

is d

issi

pate

d

Elec

tric

Circ

uit

Elec

tric

Cur

rent

Elec

tric

Pot

entia

l or

Pote

ntia

l diff

eren

ce

Resi

stiv

ity

Joul

e‘s

Law

Hea

ting

eff

ect

Pow

er

Ohm

‘s L

awRe

sist

ance

IV

�If

phys

ical

con

ditio

ns o

f

rem

ain

sam

eco

nduc

tor

R =

V/I

Resi

stan

ce in

Par

alle

l Com

bina

tion

=1 R

1 R1

+1 R2

+1 R3

Resi

stan

ce in

Ser

ies

Com

bina

tion

R =

R+

R+

R1

23

Unit

(W

att)

Varia

ble

Resi

stan

ce

Resi

stor

Wir

e cr

ossi

ng

Wir

e jo

int

Cell

+_

Dry

cell

Wir

eSw

itch

Bulb

Nat

ure

of th

e m

ater

ial

Tem

pera

ture

RT

∝

Area

of c

ross

sec

tion

R∝1 A

Leng

th R

l∝

The

clos

ed p

ath

alon

g wh

ich

anel

ectr

ic c

urre

nt fl

ows.

Char

geQ

or I

=Ti

me

t

Dang

er o

f mis

hand

ling

elec

tric

al a

pplia

nces

Com

mer

cial

uni

t of e

lect

rical

ene

rgy

kWh

(kilo

wat

t hou

r)1k

Wh=

3.6

×10

J=1 u

nit

6

SI u

nit=

Ohm

-met

er(

m)

��

It d

epen

d up

on th

e na

ture

of m

ater

ial

Elec

tric

cur

rent

=

It's

SI u

nit i

s am

pere

, den

eted

by

'A'

A+ –

+–

K

Fuse

-wire

It s

aves

to th

e ap

plia

nces

use

d in

hous

ehol

d co

nnec

tion.

It h

as lo

wm

.p a

nd m

ade

by a

lloy

of A

l,Cu,

Fe a

nd P

b

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10 [ 13

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CHAP

TER

: 13

magne

tic

effe

cts o

f el

ectr

ic c

urre

nt

Ma

gnetic E

ffects

of E

lectr

ic C

urrent

Eart

h W

ire

(wit

h gr

een

insu

lati

on c

over

)

Safe

ty m

easu

re t

o ta

ke c

are

of le

akag

e

Neu

tral

Wir

e

Supp

ly e

lect

rici

ty

to c

ircu

its

wit

hin

hom

e

Fiel

d Li

nes

Nor

th t

o So

uth

Pole

Fiel

d lin

es d

ue t

o

curr

ent

in a

sol

enoi

d

Conv

erts

mec

hani

cal

ener

gy in

to e

lect

rica

l

ener

gy

Dom

esti

c El

ectr

ic C

ircu

it

Mag

neti

c Fi

eld

Line

s

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14 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10

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CHAP

TER

: 14

sour

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Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10 [ 15

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CHAP

TER

: 15

our

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16 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, science, Class – 10

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Ma

na

gem

ent

of N

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CHAP

TER

: 16

mana

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