To Jesus the Good Shepherd:

Open my eyes, that I might see your glorious

light. Open my mind, that I may

know Your Truth. Open my heart, that I

might receive your healing touch.

Open my ears, that I might hear you say,

“I Love You”. Amen.

Announcements• Term Papers: Due Tues. • Chapter 6 and 7 Exam :Tues. Dec

1st • HW: Read Pp 276-282

(The Great Schism)

MLA• Single Author: (Bennet 9)• Author in Paragraph: (9)• Two Authors: (Duke and Howard 8)• Organization: (Food and Drug 12)• No Author: (“St. Justin” 5)• Secondary Source quote: (qtd. in

Billings 5)• Website: (Hatfield 1)

(Catholic Encyclopedia 2)

Chapter 7

Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism

PART IByzantium

Byzantium• Center of

religious, political, economic activity

• Maritime power • Key trading

center• Founded by

Constantine the Great

Constantinople • Surrounded by

formidable walls• Christian • Dedicated under

Christian and pagan rites

• Mortal enemy – Islam

The Byzantines• Roman in

their Laws• Greek in

their culture• Oriental in

their habits

Byzantine Christianity

• Missionary activity = National Churches

• More Christians than in Rome • Patriarch/Emperor relationship

overshadowed papacy

Caesaropapism• Temporal ruler extends authority

over ecclesiastical and theological matters

Justinian I • Viewed self as head of Church and State

• Last great ruler in Roman tradition

• Advanced architecture, fine arts, and law

Hagia Sophia

Codex Justinianus • Systemization of all Roman

Laws• Highest achievement in

classical legal scholarship• Foundation of Canon Law

Codex Justinianus Protection of Freewomen Married to Servile Husbands, c. 530 [Vll.24.i.]

“Since in our times, in which we take great pains for the liberty of our subjects, we consider it ungodly that certain women are cheated of their liberty and, because slavery was introduced against natural liberty by the ferocity of the enemy, and this has been brought about by the depravity of the worst of men, we desire to suspend from henceforth…”

Code of Canon LawTITLE VI.

DELICTS AGAINST HUMAN LIFE AND FREEDOM (Cann. 1397 - 1398)

Can. 1397 A person who commits a homicide or who kidnaps, detains, mutilates, or gravely wounds a person by force or fraud is to be punished with the privations and prohibitions mentioned in can. 1336Can. 1398 A person who procures a completed abortion incurs a latae sententiae excommunication.

Theodora: The Heretic

Monophysitim andJustinian

• Justinian’s wife was sympathetic to heresy

• Led Justinian to want to reconcile heresy with the Church

Emperor Heraclius

• Asked Church to fund war (Persians)

• Promised repayment

• Promised to liberate Jerusalem

PART IIThe Iconoclast Controversy

Icons• Flat/two-

dimensional picture of Christ, the Virgin Mother, or saint

• Christian Acts of Piety

• Invitation to prayer

Abuse of Icons• Common belief: icons

had special powers• Idolatry

Iconoclasts• Sought to destroy icons/

purge the practice of icons within the Christian faith

First IconoclasmEmperor Leo III

• Conversion of Muslims and Jews sought (unity)

• Icons destroyed to reach goal

Emperor Leo III’s Edict • Icons =

idolatry • Condemned by

pope and patriarch of Constantinople

• Persecuted non-adherents

St. John of Damascus• Defended use

of icons (Iconophile)

• Fount of Wisdom

• Jesus becoming man gave permission for use of icons

St. John of DamascusWhy it’s good to have images:

“We proclaim [God] also by our senses on all sides, and we sanctify the noblest sense, which is that of sight. The image is a memorial, just what words are to a listening ear. What a book is to those who can read, that an image is to those who cannot read. The image speaks to the sight as words to the ear; it brings us understanding.”

Constantine V• Iconoclast• Tried to gain

support of Greek Church

• Council of Hiereia (against icons)

Empress Irene

Seventh Ecumenical CouncilSecond Council of Nicaea (787)

• Veneration of icons accepted

• Adoration defined = God

PART IIIThe Rise of the Carolingians and the Independent Papacy

Carolingian Line• Pepin the

Short • Granted

Frankish rule by Pope St. Zachary

• Supported by St. Boniface

Establishment of Papal States

• Pope Stephen: Supported Pepin the Short for Carolingian supportCondemned anyone who disobeyed Pepin

Charlemagne (R. 769-814)• Christian public

policy • Synods/Council

decrees lawfully binding

• Reformed Clergy, raised money for the Church

• Missi dominici

Charlemagne’s Relationship to the Papacy

• Defeated the Lombards• “Patrician of Rome” • Restored Pope Leo III to

power

Charlemagne Crowned Emperor

• Crowned by Pope Leo III

• Germans included in Roman civilization

• Upset Byzantine Emperors

Carolingian Renaissance• Combated

cultural decay• Emphasized

education/art• Every

parish/monastery req. to have a school

Alcuin the Carolingian Scholar

• Biblical/theological texts

• Latin Grammar • Mathematical

tracts• Tours Bible• Revised Roman

Lectionary/Gregorian Sacramentary

PART IVThe Great Schism

The Great Schism • The final shattering

communion between the Eastern and Western Church

The great schism

• Did not happen overnight

• Began with the founding of Constantinople

Timeline : the Great Schism

• 4th c. – Constantinople founded

• 9th c. – Iconoclasm/Charlemagne

• 11th c. – Final split/ attempted excommunication of the pope

The Great Schism • Not just a

theological dispute

• Distance between East and West

• Differing views on Church hierarchy

Hierarchy • Western

Christians accepting of pope

• Eastern Christians minimized papal power

Filioque Controversy

• “and the Son” added to the Creed (Third Council of Toledo)

• Patriarch of Constantinople refused to accept change

Why was it rejected? • Council of Chalcedon

declared that the Creed could not be changed

• Patriarch upheld this ruling

The Photian Schism • Patriarch

Ignatius refused govt. official Holy Communion

• Emperor removed Patriarch from position

The Photian Schism

• Legates sent sided with emperor (against instructions)

• Pope excommunicated legates/demanded Ignatius be reinstated

Michael Cerularius• Appointed as

Patriarch (supported Photius)

• Hated the Catholic Church

• Opposed Western Church practices

• Closed Latin Churches

• Excommunicated the pope

Cardinal Humbert• Sent to speak

with Patriarchs• “Either be in

communion with Peter or become a synagogue of Satan.”

• Lacked Diplomatic skills

The Actual Schism • Cardinal Humbert

excommunicates the Patriarch of Constaninople

• July 1054: Eastern Church declares the Latin Church strayed away from the Faith

Today: • The Eastern and

Western Churches are still working together to end the Schism

• Pope Benedict XVI has deep desire to end the Schism/ unify both Churches