To Form the

8/13/2019 To Form the

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To form the plural of an English noun, in most cases, we only have to add an -s (house --> houses). In Russian, however, there are different possible endings to mark the plural.You can see below all possible endings of Russian nouns arranged in pairs: ending insingular + ending in plural.

Gender of the noun

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

How the ending changesfrom singular --> to plural

- consonant --> cons. + ы - й --> и - ь --> и - тель --> и - а --> ы - я -->и - ия -->и - ь -->и - ость -->и - о --> а - е --> я - ие --> я - мя --> ена

Examplessingular

стол (table)музей (muse

словарь (dic

житель (inha

лампа (lamp)

неделя (wee

история (sto

ночь (night)новость (ne

лицо (face)

море (sea)

здание (buil

имя (name)

As we can see, nouns ending with consonant or "а" require "ы" to form the plural.However, there are exceptions:

After г, к, х, ж, ч, ш, щ you CANNOTwrite "ы". You have to use "и" instead.

Look at theexamples: книга (book) --> книги

мальчик (boy) --> мальчики карандаш (pencil) --> карандаши мяч (ball) --> мячи

There are nouns in Russian that are always plural. Below weshow you the most common:

деньги (money) брюки (trousers) часы (watch, clock) ножницы (scissors) духи (perfume) каникулы (holidays) шахматы (chess) очки (glasses)



There are nouns that are always singular. You can see belowthe most common:

молоко (milk), вода (water), масло (oil) and other uncountable substances любовь (love), счастье (happiness), ненависть (hatred) and other

abstract notions теннис (tennis), баскетбол (basketball), футбол (football) and other

kinds of sportмебель (furniture), обувь (shoes), посуда (plates and dishes) and other

collective nouns Exceptions

All the exceptions can be divided into 6 groups according to their irregularendings:

ец (nationalities) --> цы китаец (Chinese) - китайцы японец (Japanese) - японцы испанец (Spaniard) - испанцы кореец (Korean) - корейцы итальянец (Italian) - итальянцы немец (German) - немцы

американец - американцы(American) нин --> не

англичанин (englishman)- англичане гражданин (citizen) - граждане крестьянин (peasant) - крестьяне мусульманин(muslim) -мусульмане

христианин (christian) - христиане

consonant --> cons.+ -а / -я доктор (doctor) - доктора адрес (address) - адреса вечер (evening) - вечера глаз (eye) - глаза город (city) - города паспорт (passport) - паспорта

поезд (train) - поезда учитель (teacher) - учителя totally irregular мать (mother) - матери дочь (daughter) - дочери ребѐнок (child) - дети цветок (flower) - цветы яблоко (apple) - яблоки



The Genitive Case (Gen.) tells, among other uses, "absence of anobject". Example: Нет стола = There isn't any table.The Russian word "table" was transformed from the Nominative (Nom.) "стол" into theGenitive (Gen.). "стола"In the table below you can see different changes from Nominative into Genitive (Nom. --> Gen.) and examples.

*** At the end of this lesson you can find more uses of the Genitive Case *** Genitive Case singular:

Gender of the noun

Masculinesingular

Feminine

singular

Neutersingular

Nom. sing. --> Gen. sing. consonant --> cons. + а

й --> я ь --> я

а --> ы я --> и ь --> и

о --> а е --> я

мя --> мени

Examples

брат --> брата стол --> стола герой --> героя учитель --> учителя вода --> воды неделя --> недели дверь --> двери лицо --> лица море --> моря время --> времени

Remember! Masculine animate nouns in singular share the sameendings for Accusate and Genitive. For example: брат (Nom. singular) --> Явижу брата (Acc. singular) -- Нет брата (Gen. singular)

Remember! In Russian we never

write ы after г, к, х, ж, ч, ш or щ.That is why feminine nouns ending in а will get и at the end in genitive:книга --> книги.

Remember! Мать and дочь are irregular. Their genitive singular forms

are матери and дочери. Genitive Case plural: Gender of the noun Nom. sing. --> Gen. pl. Examples



Masculineplural

Feminineplural

Neuterplural

consonant --> cons. + ов й --> ев ь --> ей

а --> - я --> ь

ия --> ий ь --> ей

о --> - е --> ей

ие --> ий

актѐр --> актѐров стол --> столов герой --> героев царь --> царей актриса --> актрис _ няня --> нянь

Мария --> Марий мышь --> мышей лицо --> лиц _ море --> морей здание --> зданий

Remember!Animate nouns in plural share the same endings for Accusative and Genitive.

Pay attention to masculine singular nouns that endin ж, ч, ш or щ.In genitive plural they get the ending ей instead of ов.

For example: врач (Nom. singular) - врачей (Gen. plural)

Pay attention to feminine singular nouns that end in а inNominative.First, remove this final а to create the Genitive plural. If you have a group ofconsonants at the end of the noun, you need to insert thevowels о or е between the consonants.

For example: девушка (Nom. singular) --> Нет девушек (Gen. plural) Remember these nouns with an IRREGULAR Genitive in plural:

братья (brothers) --> братьев (Gen. plural)

дочери (матери (

дети (chil

люди (pe



друзья (friends) --> друзей (Gen. plural) сыновья (sons) --> сыновей (Gen. plural)

англичанин (Englishmen) --> англичан (Gen. plural) When do we have to use Genitive?

The Genitive is often use in Russian. Below you can find some situations where we

require Genitive Case: - to express ownership: Это стол моего брата - This is my brother's table.- in many cases where we use "of" in English: Это стакан воды - This is glass of water.- to express ownership with the construction у + genitive + есть: У моего дргуга естьстол - My friend has a table.- to express absence of an object/person: Здесь моего брата нет - My brother is nothere.- Много (a lot of), Мало (a little of), без (without) require genitive: Здесьмного воды - Here there's a lot of water.

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To Form the