TN Board History VIII Book.docx

7/23/2019 TN Board History VIII Book.docx

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1. THE GREAT MUGHALS

Babur received invitations from Alam Khan, the uncle of Ibrahim Lodiand Daulat Khan Lodi, the Governor of Punjab, to invade India.

Rana Sanga, the head of the Rajputs was not only powerful but also

ambitious to capture the throne of elhi.

In South India, there were two major independent !ingdoms namely the

i!a"ana#ar Em$ire and the %ahmini Kin#dom. But they mutually"uarrelled with each other.

%A%UR &A.D1'()*A.D1'+,- ahir*ud*Din Muhammad/ %aburwas born in A.D.10+at #arghana in

$entral %sia. &e was the eldest son of Umar Shai2h Mir3a. Babur was adescendant from his father45 5ide of Timur/ the Tur2, and mother455ide of 6hen#i32han/ the Mon#ol. %fter the death of his father inA.D.1070, Babur became the !ing of #arghana at the early age of''years.

8IRST %ATTLE 98 :A;I:AT &A.D. 1'()- Between Ibrahim (odi ) Babur on *'st %pril '+*

&is artillery wor!ed wonders- inspite of the superior numerical strength,

Ibrahim (odi was defeated and !illed in the battleeld. It brought the ruleof elhi Sultanate to an end. Babur laid the foundation for the /ughal0mpire in India.

Rana San#awas defeated in the battle of KanTu3u2*i*%abri>/ populary !nown as >Memoir5 of %abur> in Tur2i5hlanguage. Babur was the mo5t brilliant A5ian :rince of hi5 a#e.

HUMA?U; &A.D.1'+,*A.D.1'0, and A.D 1'''*A.D 1'')- &umayun, the eldest son of Babur, succeeded to the throne in A.D 1'+,

after the death of his father. &e was born in Kabul in A.D.1',. &e hadthree brothers namely Kamran/ A52ariand Hindal. %t the age of (,, hewas appointed %s the Go@ernor of %ada25han.

7he throne inherited by &umayun was not a bed of roses. &e had facedmany di8culties. Babur had no time to consolidate his empire. %s therewas no law of $rimo#eniture, 9elder son succeeding the throne: war ofSuccession arose after the death of Babur. &umayun;s brothers wereambitious to occupy the throne of elhi. 7he Ra!$ut5wanted to drive the

/ughals out of India. %ahadur Shah of Gu!arat al5o threatened


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Huma"un. Sher2han of %en#al and %iharwas a great challenge to&umayun. 7hus &umayun was surrounded by enemies on all sides.

Sher!han defeated &umayun in the battle of 6hau5a in A.D 1'+7andagain in the battle of Kanau! in A.D.1'0,. &umayun managed to

escape and became a homeless wanderer for '+ years. &e marriedHamida %anu %e#umand A2bar


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7he land revenue system of Shershah occupies an important place. (and wasmeasured and theta 5"5tem &or- >brandin# the hor5e5>to a@oid fal5e mu5ter5. &e also maintained a descriptive roll for the soldiers.

Budicial Admini5trationShershah was a fountain*head of !u5tice. &e had a strong sense of justice. %ll

were treated as eFual before the la


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7he throne inherited by %!bar was not a bed of roses. 7he immediate problemfacing %!bar was to deal with the rising $o


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RAB:UT :9LI6?%!bar followed cordial relations towards the Rajputs who were honest and brave.&e married Aodhbai, the princess of Aaipur. 7he ruler5 of %i2aner andBai5almar al5o #a@e their dau#hter5in marriage to %!bar. A2bar a$$ointed

the Ra!$ut5 in hi#her $o5ition5. Ra!a Man5in#h/ Ra!a %ha#a


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4:il#rima#e tae54which were collected from non*Mu5lim5.

DE66A; :9LI6?7o e1tend his !ingdom and to chec! the ri5in# $o


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%fter the death of %!bar, his eldest son ;Salim; assumed the title Bahan#ir &or->conFueror of the orld>and became the emperor of India in A.D 1),'.%ftera few months of his accession, his eldest son, :rince Khu5ru re@oltedagainsthim. Khu5ru recei@ed the ble55in#5 of Guru Ar!un De@ the 'th Si2h Guru.But =husrau was defeated/ arre5ted and blinded. (ater on he 6hain of Bu5tice> between Shah %ur!i $alace in the fort of A#ra and a5tone $illar ed on the ban25 of the ri@er ?amuna for enabling thea##rie@ed $er5on5 to $ull the chain and a52 for !u5tice.

R9LE 98 ;URBAHA;7he story of @ur Aahan occupies an important place in the history of the /ughals.She was the dau#hter of Mir3a Ghia5 %e#.&er original name was Mehr*un*;i5a. She was e1tremely beautiful. She was married to Sher Af#han


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ruler5 of %i!a$ur and Gol2onda. &e made Auran#3eb, the Go@ernor ofDeccan.

Golden A#e of the Mu#hal57he reign of Shah Aahan has been considered as the .7he power and prestige of the /ughal empire reached its height

during his time. 7here was both prosperity and poverty during his period. &isarchitectural


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7he /ughal>Si!h relations became strained after Aahangir. Guru Te#h %ahadur/the ninth Si2h Guru $rote5ted the anti*Hindu $olic" of %urang?eb.%urang?eb was annoyed and the Guru was summoned to elhi and com$elledto embrace I5lam. %s the Guru refu5edto do so, he was torturedand beheaded. 7his infuriated the Si!hs. Guru Gobind Sin#h


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MUGHAL ADMI;ISTRATI9;6entral Admini5tration

7he /ughal administrative System was in the nature of a militar" rule and


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:ro@incial Admini5tration#or the administrative convenience the empire was divided into a number$ro@ince 2noSuba5>. Each Suba


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2. RISE OF THE MARATHAS/arathas were people who lived in the hill" re#ion of Deccan in and aroundMahara5htra. 7he physical features of the /aratha region developed certain

special "ualities among the people. 7hey


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0mpire came into e1istence. 7he coronation ceremon" co5t the Ro"altrea5ur" dearl". ue to the nancial crisis, he was compelled to invade the6arnatic re#ion. &e $aptured Bin!i/ ellore and man" other im$ortantfort5. &is !ingdom included a large part of M"5ore/ Kon2an andMahara5htra. Cnfortunately, he did not live long. &is reign lasted only for si1years. He died in A.D.1), at Rai#arh.Admini5tration of Shi@a!iShivaji was a great administrator. &e always had the welfare of his people in hismind. &e had a council of eight ministers called to assist his%dministration.

0ach minister was in charge of a department. 7he !ingdom was divided into5e@eral $ro@ince5. 7hey were further divided into :ar#ana5 and @illa#e5. 7heterritory under Shivaji was !nown as >S


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the /ughals who were scared of his diplomatic moves. Shivaji too! the glory ofthe /aratha !ingdom to its ?enith with rm determination.Succe55or5 of Shi@a!i%fter the death of Shivaji, his eldest son Sambha!iascended the throne. &e wasnot as e8cient as his father. Auran#3eb arre5ted Sambha!i and hi5 5onSahu after ca$turin# %i!a$ur and Golconda. Sambha!i


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Panipat, the /aratha empire continued to be ruled by ine8cient peshwas. 7hisled to the disintegration of the /aratha empire and paved the way for theirdownfall in the history of India.In@a5ion of ;adir Shah &A.D.1=+7-@adir Shah was one of the #reate5t


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3. %0@7 D# 7&00CRDP0%@S

India had commercial contact with 0uropean countries from time immemorial.2ith the arrival of %le1ander the Great these relations became still moreintimate. 7here was a great demand for Indian goods li!e sil!, spices, muslin andhandloom fabrics in 0urope. India e1ported pepper, cloves, chillies, cinnamon,ginger, coconut, cane sugar, indigo etc to western

$ountries through three main trade routes.The three im$ortant trade route5


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But in 10'+ A.D.the 9ttoman Tur25captured $onstantinople and troubled the0uropean merchants. 7hey bloc!ed the land route through %fghanistan. 7heother two routes were also closed as a result of the %rab con"uest in the Lthcentury %.. So the 0uropeans were forced to discover a new sea route to India.

The :ortu#ue5e

7he :ortu#ue5e Gama crossed the $ape ofGood &ope and reached 6alicutin India. &e was given a warm reception by theHindu ruler 2in# amorinof $alicut. In 1',1 he came to India for the secondtime and set up a factory at 6annanore.7hus the Portuguese established theirfactories at 6alicut/ 6ochin and 6annanore/ on the e5t 6oa5t of India.

8ranci5co*de*Almeida &1','*1',7A.D.-#rancisco>e>%lmeida was the rst viceroy of the Portuguese possessions inIndia. uring his period the :ortu#ue5e defeated the Arab trader5. &is policywas to increase the :ortu#ue5e na@al $o


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The Dutch%fter the decline of the Portuguese power, the utch arrived India. 7he utchpeople of &olland founded the Dutch Ea5t India 6om$an" in 1),( andbegan to trade S$ice I5land5>.7he utch company established its tradin# centre5at

6hin5ura/ ;a#a$attinam/ Surat and Ma5uli$atnam. 7hey founded :ulicatnear Madra5 in 1)1, and built a fort there. The" al5o e5tabli5hedtradin# centre5 at Surat/ %roach/ 6amba"/ Ahmedabad/ :atna andKa3imba3aar. /eanwhile the 0nglish also sent their merchants to do the spicetradebut the utch did not li!e the British interference over there. 7hey madeaplan against the 0nglish merchants and 2illed man" of the En#li5hmerchant5 at Ambo"na in 1)(+A.D. which came to be !nown as %mboyna/assacre. 7his incident created enmity between the 0nglish and the utch. 7henthe En#li5h left the S$ice I5land5 and concentrated their trade in India .In India the 0nglish had grown very powerful and the utch were no match forthem. In 1='7 the En#li5h ca$tured 6hin5urafrom the Dutch and a littlelater the" al5o ca$tured ;a#a$attinam.7hus the utch power in India came

to an end.The %riti5hIn 1'/ the En#li5h defeated the S$ani5h Armadaand conse"uently theybecame the most im$ortant na@al $o


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iu, aman, Goa, $alicut Portuguese$ochin, pulicat, sadras, @agapattinam, Patna, $alcutta>utchSurat, Bombay, madras>0nglish

7ran"uebar anish=arai!al, Pondicherry>#rench


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5. %@G(D > #R0@$& S7RCGG(0 9$%R@%7I$ 2%RS:7he 0nglish and the #rench 0ast India companies were established with themotive of trading with India. In course of time their competition turned intorivalry and both the powers tried to remove the other from the Indian scene.

7heir trade interest was also diverted towards politics. /a!ing use of thesituation and the rivalry among the native rulers, the 0nglish and the #renchtried to capture power in India and to establish their supremacy. Between 1=0,*1=)+ the rivalry between the 0nglish and #rench led to three


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General %u55", the #rench Governor made Salabat Bun# the ;i3am ofH"derabad. In return for the #rench help, he handed over the ;orthern6ircar5to the #rench. 7he condition of the 0nglish became very critical. Robert6li@ea cler2 in the En#li5h Ea5t India 6om$an" chan#ed the cour5e ofthe . Du$lei daulah

marched with his army and captured $alcutta. 9ne hundred and fort" 5i%riti5h 5oldier5


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@er" 5mall room. /ost of them died due to suJocation. Dnly tud>aulahwas as!ed to pay a


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Robert 6li@eRobert $live became the Go@ernor of %en#al in 1=)'. uring his r5t tenureas a governor he was !nown for hi5 conFue5t5and during his 5econd tenure

for hi5 admini5trati@e reform5.Admini5trati@e Reform5

7he servants of the company were forbidden to receive any gift from Indians.7hey were forbidden to indulge in private trade. &e increased the salaries of thecompany;s servants. Robert $live gave double Bhatta 9eld allowances: to theo8cers in times of peace .&e set up a #und !nown as Lord 6li@e45 8und


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RULE 98 THE E;GLISH EAST I;DIA 69M:A;?8R9M A.D.1==+*A.D.1'=

L9RD ARRE; HASTI;GS &A.D1==(*AD 1='-2arren &astings became the Governor of Bengal in '66*.(ater he was raised tothe position of Go@ernor General of %en#al. %s soon as he assumed o8ce, hehad to face many di8culties. In '66* a terrible famine aected %en#al. 7heual Government had ruined the economy of Bengal. 7he farmer5 andarti5an5 led a mi5erable life. 7he o8cials of the 0nglish 0ast India $ompanywere mi5u5in# their $ri@ile#e5 and ama55in# #reat


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(. L9RD 69R;ALLIS &A.D. 1=) *A.D. 1=7+-(ord $ornwallis became the Governor General of India in '6L.&e tried to follow

the policy of non intervention. In 1=7+, $ornwallis introduced the :ermanentSettlement of %en#al. 7he Famindars were re"uired to pay a 1ed amount incash on a 1ed date as land revenue to the treasury, irrespective of what theycould collect. Slowly the Famindars brought more areas under cultivation andmade more money while they paid the same 1ed amount to the company. /anyFamindars beneted more than either the company or the peasants.

Merit57his system was benecial to the Famindars. 7hey were the owners of the landsand they became very loyal to the company. 7his system secured a 1ed andstable income for the company. 7his settlement avoided the evils of periodical

settlements.

Demerit5': Famindars became the masters of the land and were beneted.*: 7he worst aJected people were the cultivators who were left at the mercy ofthe ?amindars.3: 7o meet the increasing e1penses the government had to increase the ta1 inother provinces.

5: 7he government had no direct contact with the people.Admini5trati@e Reform56orn


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Ti$u Sultan7ipu Sultan was born in 1='+ near M"5ore. &e was an industrious ruler li!e hisfather. &e was


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7he fourth %nglo>/ysore war was fought in '6KK between the British and 7ipuSultan. 7ipu Sultan wanted to recover his territories which he lost in the 7hird/ysore 2ar and he did not accept the Subsidiary %lliance. &e wanted to ta!erevenge on the 0nglish. 7ipu Sultan sent emi55arie5 to Kabul/6on5tantino$le/ Arabia and 8rance to #et their 5u$$ort a#ain5t %riti5h .So war became inevitable between 7ipu and the British. Ti$u


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Gurkha lea&er A+ars$"gh. TheGurkhas were !o+pelle& o s$g" herea% of Sagaul$ $" (( w$hE"gl$sh. Thus he war !a+e o a"

e"&.The-$"&ar$ar/A0 ((1A0(()The -$"&ar$s were he ga"g ofroers $" 3e"ral I"&$a. The

$+pora" lea&ers of he -$"&ar$swereA+$rkha", as$l Muha++a&,4ar$+ 4ha" a"& 3heu. Has$"gsse" a huge ar+% o su&ue he-$"&ar$s. Thus Has$"gs

e5er+$"ae& he -$"&ar$s a"&rel$e6e& he people of 3e"ral I"&$aFro+he$r suffer$"g.The Fourh A"glo1Maraha ar

/A0 ((71A0 (()

The Marahas were'ealous ofhe grow$"g power of he E"gl$sh.-eshwa #a'$ Rao II r$e& o for+ a!o"fe&era!% of all he Maraha

3h$efs aga$"s he E"gl$sh. I" ((7he -eshwa aa!ke& he #r$$shres$&e"!% a -u"e. I resule& $"Fourh A"glo1Maraha war. TheMarahas were !o+pleel% &efeae&

afer h$s war.ResulsThe off$!e of he -eshwa wasaol$she&. #a'$ Rao II was pa$& a"a""ual pe"s$o" of lakh rupees.The s+all k$"g&o+ of Saara was

!reae& a"& o"e of he &es!e"&a"sof 3harapah$ Sh$6a'$, -raa S$"ghwas pla!e& o" he hro"e. Thus he+$gh% Maraha power los $s power.The #r$$sh e!a+e he para+ou"

power $" I"&$a.Refor+sof 8or&Has$"gsHas$"gs passe& he #e"gal

Te"a"!% A! $" (22 o proe! he$"eress of he e"a"s. He ook

effors o pro+oee&u!a$o"a+o"g


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he people. I" ((7 a !ollege wasope"e& $" 3al!ua for he&e6elop+e" of he E"gl$sh8a"guage. He re+o6e& he

resr$!$o"s o" he press. The f$rs6er"a!ular /Reg$o"al) "ewspaper9Sa+a!har -ar$ka9 was pul$she&.He appo$"e& I"&$a"s o h$gher

poss $" a&+$"$sra$o". 0ur$"g h$sper$o& he R%owar$ s%se+ of

re6e"ue !olle!$o"was $"ro&u!e& $"he Ma&ras -res$&e"!%. I was asele+e" ewee" he r%os a"&he #r$$sh. Th$s s%se+ +a&e r%o

he ow"er of he la"& as lo"g ashe pa$&he re6e"uew$hou &efaul

(.8or& $ll$a+ #e"$"!k /A.0.(21A.0.(:;)8or& Has$"gswas su!!ee&e& %8or& A+hers. 0ur$"g h$s per$o&,he#ur+ese r$e& o !apure Assa+. So,$" (2, 8or& A+hers &e!lare& waro" #ur+a. Th$s war was !alle& heF$rs #ur+ese war. The E"gl$sh&efeae& he #ur+ese. The war!a+e o a" e"& % he Trea% of


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he !o+pa"%.=u&$!$al refor+sHe aol$she& he pro6$"!$al!ours of appeal a"& he se up aSa&ar 0$wa"$ A&ala >!$6$l !our? a"&a Sa&ar N$@a+a A&ala >!r$+$"al!our? $"Allahaa&.A&+$"$sra$6e refor+sHe !o+$"e& he off$!e of he

3olle!or w$h ha of he Mag$srae.

H e ook !harge of he!o++a"&er1$"1!h$ef of he ar+% a"&$"ro&u!e& se6eral refor+s. Heaol$she& -ers$a" as he !our

la"guage a"& $"ro&u!e& 6er"a!ularla"guages.A "ew pos of law+e+er $" he e5e!u$6e !ou"!$l ofhe Go6er"or1Ge"eral was !reae&% he 3harer A! of (::. 8or&Ma!aula% was +a&e he f$rs law+e+er.So!$al Refor+sAol$$o" of Sa$A+o"g all he e6$ls ha

pre6a$le& $" he I"&$a" so!$e%, he!ruel pra!$!e was sa$.As per sa$, aH$"&u w$&ow ur" herself al$6e o"he fu"eral p%re of her &e!ease&husa"&.A f$rs $ was a 6olu"ar%a! u as &a%s we" o", he w$&ow

was for!e& % he rela$6es o &$e. Iwas pre6ale" +osl% a+o"g heRa'pus.8or& #e"$"!k !oul& "o olerae

su!h a" $"hu+a" a!. So Sa$-roh$$$o" A! was passe& $" (2Bw$h he help of Ra'a Ra+ Moha"Ro%, a so!$al refor+er. 8or&

#e"$"!k &e!lare& sa$ as a !r$+$"ala"& $llegal offe"!e. As per heA!,e6er%o"e who for!e& a wo+a" operfor+ sa$ woul& e g$6e" !ap$alpu"$sh+e".Aol$$o" of fe+ale $"fa"$!$&e

A"oher e6$l pra!$!e ha e5$se&a+o"g he r$es of Ra'apua"a a"&


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4ah$awarwas fe+ale $"fa"$!$&e. Iwas he pra!$!e of k$ll$"g he fe+ale!h$l&re" a he $+e of he$r $rh,+a$"l% o a6o$& e!o"o+$! ur&e".So #e"$"!k aol$she& h$s e6$lpra!$!ea"& &e!lare& $ as a !r$+e.The w$l& r$es of O&esafollowe& he pra!$!e of hu+a"sa!r$f$!e, o please he$r Go&s.8or& #e"$"!k &e!lare& haa"% perso" who pra!$se& h$sararous a! woul& e reae& as a+ur&erer.Suppress$o" of ThugsThe Thugs were ga"g of roerswho l$6e& $" !e"ral I"&$a.The% use&o loo a"& plu"&er. The% roe& he$""o!e" ra6ellers a"& pu he+ o&eah. 8or& $ll$a+ #e"$"!k&e!$&e& o sop h$s e6$l pra!$!e.C"&er Ma'or Slee+a" a "ew&epar+e" was se up o suppresshe Thugs. The hugs were !augh $"large "u+ersD The% were e$her puo &eah or pu"$she& se6erel%.

E&u!a$o"alrefor+s

#e"$"!k &e!$&e& o use he+o"e% sa"!$o"e& % he 3harerA! of ((: o pro+oe weser"e&u!a$o" hrough he +e&$u+ ofE"gl$sh.As a resul E"gl$sh e!a+ea +e&$u+ of $"sru!$o" $" I"&$a. Heope"e& a +e&$!al !ollege a3al!ua a"& esal$she& Elph$"so"!ollege a #o+a%.

The 3harerA! of (::The 3harer A! of (:: waspasse& &ur$"g he $+e of 8or&$ll$a+ #e"$"!k. A!!or&$"gl%+o"opol% of he !o+pa"% wasaol$she&. Go6er"or Ge"eral $"#e"gal e!a+e he Go6er"orGe"eral of I"&$a. Th$sA! a&&e&law +e+ero he e5e!u$6e !ou"!$lof he Go6er"or Ge"eral. The

#$shops of #o+a%, Ma&ras a"&3al!ua were o e appo$"e& for


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he e"ef$ of he 3hr$s$a"s $" I"&$a.Es$+aeHe !arr$e& ou +a"% usefulrefor+s $" he so!$al, a&+$"$sra$6e,f$"a"!$al a"& 'u&$!$al f$el&s. For h$ss%+pahe$! a$u&e owar&s heI"&$a"s, he !a" e !o+pare&8or& R$po". He pro+oe& E"gl$she&u!a$o" $" I"&$a a"& &$& a lo forhe welfare of he people.

2. 8or& 0alhous$e /A.0.(1A.0.(;;)


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:. The Grea Re6ol of (;7


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Documents

TN Board History VIII Book.docx