TMO54093 - eUTRAN LA5.0 Radio Network Planning Fundamentals

7/18/2019 TMO54093 - eUTRAN LA5.0 Radio Network Planning Fundamentals

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All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2013

9400

eUTRAN LA5.0 Radio Network PlanningFundamentalsSTUDENT GUIDETMO54093_V1.0-SG Edition 01


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3COPYRIGHT ALCATEL-LUCENT 2013. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

9400 eUTRAN LA5.0 Radio Network Planning Fundamentals

Course objectives

By the end of the course, participants will be able to:

Describe briefly the structure of an RNP tool and the stepsof the RNP process;

Describe the LTE RNP inputs in regard to frequency spectrum,traffic parameters, equipment parameters and RNP requirements;

Calculate the cell range for a given service by doing a manual link budget

in Uplink; have the theoretical background to create an initial networkdesign using a RNP tool (the RNP tool is only used by the trainer fordemonstration);

Define basic radio network parameters (neighborhood and PR/codeplanning);

Discuss briefly optimization possibilities in terms of capacity and coverage;Describe briefly the interference mechanisms due to LTE/UMTS/GSM co-location and the solutions for antenna systems.


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1 LTE Introduction


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1 LTE Introduction

1.1 Basics and principles

Objective: to get the necessary background information in regards of LTE basics and RNP principles for a

good start in LTE Radio Network Planning.

Prerequisites: GSM Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals

Introduction to UMTS/LTE


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1 LTE Introduction

1.2 Wireless Technology Feature Comparison

This study provides an evaluation of the key technical features of the main

cellular systems and considers the relative merits of each in relation to thenetwork performances and thus in the context of the Network Designprocess.

The Wireless Technologies included in this analysis can be broadlycategorised into their associated standards bodies ie:

3GPP2 3GPP

IEEE

GSM-GPRS

EDGE

UMTS-FDD

UMTS-FDD HSDPA

UMTS-FDD HSUPA

WiMAXWiFi

CDMA2000

CDMA2000 EV-DO

802.20

3GPP

3GPP2

IEEE

LTE (Rel.8)


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The following table provides a summary of the major wireless cellular

technologies and their associated categories. This analysis will focus onwhat can be considered the 3rdand 4thgeneration systems

System Release / Generation Standards Body

CDMA IS95 2G 3GPP2

CDMA 3G1X 2.5G 3GPP2

3G1X EVDO 3G 3GPP2GSM 2G 3GPP

W-CDMA 3G 3GPP

LTE (ADV) 3/4G 3GPP802.16d 3G IEEE

802.16e 4G IEEE

802.16m, n, ac 4G IEEE

Non ALU System

ALU Planned Convergence

1 LTE Introduction

1.2 Wireless Technology Feature Comparison


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1 LTE Introduction

1.3 3GPP: the LTE standardization

Members:ETSI (Europe) ARIB/TTC (Japan) CCSA (China)

ATIS (USA,Canada) TTA (South Korea)

LTE system specifications: Access Network

LTE (eUTRAN + OFDMA + SC-FDMA) Core Network

All-IP

Note: 3GPP has also taken over the GSM recommendations (previously written by ETSI)


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1 LTE Introduction

1.4 LTE specification

Interesting specifications forLTE Radio Network Planning:

3GPP TS 36.101: UE radio transmission and reception 3GPP TS 36.104: E-UTRA (BS) radio transmission and reception

3GPP TS 36.133: Requirements for support of radio resource management

3GPP TS 36.141: Base Station (BS) conformance testing

3GPP TS 36.213: Physical layer procedures

3GPP TS 36.214: Physical layer - measurements

3GPP TS 36.942: RF system scenarios

3GPP specifications:

http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/36_series/

Specifications:

UMTS: series 21 - 35

LTE: series 36

Multiple radio access technology: series 37

Specification numbering andoverview of all UMTS/LTE series:

http://www.3gpp.org/specification-numbering

and 3GPP 21.101
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/36_series/http://www.3gpp.org/specification-numberinghttp://www.3gpp.org/specification-numberinghttp://www.3gpp.org/specification-numberinghttp://www.3gpp.org/specification-numberinghttp://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/36_series/


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1 LTE Introduction

1.4 LTE specification [cont.]

LTE frequency bands (3GPP TS 36.101 ) The first frequency bands usable by the operators are the DD bands and the

2.6 GHz bands. It will also possible to reuse 2G, 3G or CDMA bands for LTE (refarming)

700 MHzUS DD

FDD

800 MHzEDD(European Didital Dividend)

FDD

1GHz 2GHz

2.6 GHzNew band for LTE only

FDD and TDD

2.3 GHzTDD

AWS

1900MhzPCS

DCS1800 Mhz


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1 LTE Introduction

1.5 Mobile evolution and 3GPP releases

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

2G 2.5G 4G3G 3.5G

Media Streaming Real-timeVoice, SMS Web Browsing VoIP Mutlimedia

Services

TDM ATM, FR, HDLC IP/Ethernet

RANTransport

GSM GPRS EDGE W-CDMA HSPA HSPA+ LTE (adv.)R99 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 (R10)


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1 LTE Introduction

1.6 On the road to LTE with W-CDMAW-CDMA HSPA HSPA+ LTE

TransportATM/Mixed ATM &IP

ATM/Mixed ATM& IP

Possibly All IP All IP

Bandwidth 5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHzScaleable from 1.4,3, 5, 10 to 20MHz

Modulation UL BPSK QPSK QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM

Modulation DL QPSK QPSK/16QAMQPSK/16QAM64QAM

QPSK/16QAM/64QAM

Antenna Systems Rx Diversity Rx Diversity 2x2 MIMO 2x2-4X4-2x4 arraycross pol.MIMO

IMS/VoIP IMS/VoCS IMS/VoCS IMS/VoIP IMS/VoIP

NetworkStructure

Node B + RNC Node B + RNCNode B + RNC

Or eHSPA NodeB

eNode B

Services Circuit & PacketSwitched

Circuit & PacketSwitched

PS butCompatible toCS

PS Only

Radio Access CDMA CDMA CDMAOFDMA DLSC-FDMA UL

Preparing network and services to 4G4G Compliant

3G Compliant


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1 LTE Introduction

1.7 LTE vs UMTS/HSPA

LTE

HSPA+

HSPA


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1 LTE Introduction

1.8 LTE Performances Evaluation

Uplink Downlink

HSPA: 1Tx, 2Rx: 0.3 bps/Hz

LTE:

No MIMO(1Tx, 2Rx): 0.7 bps/Hz

No MIMO(1Tx, 4Rx): 1.1 bps/Hz

HSPA

1Tx, 2Rx: 0.5 bps/Hz LTE:

No MIMO (1Tx, 2Rx): 1.3 bps/Hz

MIMO 2x2: 1.7 bps/Hz




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1 LTE Introduction

1.9 LTE network architecture

Entities and interfaces

Network simplification

User Plane: 3 functional entities : eNode B, Serving Gateway and PDN Gateway

(the gateways can be combined into a single physical entity)

GGSN S/P-GW

Control plane:

SGSN MME (Mobility Management Entity)

RNC eNode B

eNode B

3GLTE S/P GW

IP transport

backbone

Multi-standard

User Database

Application

servers

Service IP

backbone

MD

S

S1

X2

eNode B MME

UE

Uu


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1 LTE Introduction

1.9 LTE network architecture [cont.]

GERAN

UTRAN

S11

S3

S5

SGi

eUTRAN

HSS

S4

S1-U

S1-MME

MME

Gx

S6a

PCRF

SGSN

S12

OtherNon-Trusted Access

User-plane centric networkelement(s)

Anchor point for bearers

Support IP address management

Policy & QoS enforcement point

Signaling-plane element

User mobility management

Access & attachment control

Paging, handovers & roaming

Serving

Gateway

OtherTrusted Access

IP Network

S2a

S2b

PDN

Gateway

X2

X2X2

UE

Uu


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1 LTE Introduction

1.9 LTE network architecture [cont.]


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2 RNP process


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2 RNP process

2.1 Goal of radio network design

What is radio network planning?

Site selection and configuration

Efficient deployment ofnetwork

Minimizing cost

Why radio network planning?

Network performance tomeet market targets

Lower cost for network operator: Initial deployment Network upgrades

and optimization

Limitations

Approximation: propagation modelEstimation: traffic predictionConstraints: site availability in real world


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2 RNP process

2.2 Overview of radio network design process

InputRadio network

planning phases Output

LTEtechnology

Market and

engineeringrequirements

Environmentparameters

Selected sites

Site parameters

Predicted

coverage map

Designed capacity

eNode B

configuration

Performance

analysis

Next Steps: RNP study to confirm site count and locationsNetwork optimization

Radio network

dimensioningcell

dimensions

Radio cell

planningcell

locations

RNP

optimization


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2.2.1 InputLTE technology

Multipleantennatechniques

Air interface Flexible bandwidth Flexible spectrum

Duplex mode

Radio accesstechnology

Transmit diversity SU-MIMO / SM

MU-MIMO / SDMA

DL: OFDMA

UL: SC-FDMA

2 2 O i f di k d i


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2.2.2 Input - market and engineering requirements

Quality of Service:

Reliability

Coverage probability

Targeted service at cell edge

Indoor penetration level

Coverage:

Area

Type of mobilityTraffic:

Number of subscribers

Traffic profiles

Offered services

Network:

LTE frequency

LTE maximum bandwidth

2 2 O i f di t k d i


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2010TODAY

UMTS2100 MHz GSM

900MHz

UMTS2100 MHz

Smooth LTE introduction inexisting band, pre-empting a

narrow BW in GSM, 5 MHzcarrier in UMTS

GSM900 MHz

UMTS2100 MHz

LTE2600 MHz

Capacity drivenNew spectrum

application, Hot spots ,20MHz possible

GSM900 MHz

UMTS2100MHz

GSM1800 MHz

1800 MHz900MHz

UMTSGSMLTE

2100 MHz

Free 900 MHz needs for 1800MHz contiguous coverage, butwill provide favourable range

Free 1800 MHz more adapted tohot spots capacity driven

scenario

GSM900 MHz

GSM900 MHz

UMTS2100 MHz


2.2.3 LTE Spectrum

Reuse spectrum or new spectrum deployment

2 2 O i f di t k d i


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2.2.4 Input - environment parameters

Site co-ordinates

Traffic Maps

2 RNP p ocess


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29 COPYRIGHT ALCATEL-LUCENT 2013. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.9400 eUTRAN LA5.0 Radio Network Planning Fundamentals

2 RNP process

2.3 Exercise

1. With radio network planning site locations and configurations are

selected.

2. The goal of radio network planning is an efficient deployment of thenetwork while minimizing the costs.

3. Radio network planning is only necessary for greenfield deployment.

4. Good network design makes sure that the network is deployed with amaximum number of sites.

5. Approximations have to be used to build a propagation model that

represents the characteristics for the radio propagation in certain radiofrequencies and environment.

6. The expected traffic in terms of number of users and volume is fix andknown at the beginning of radio network planning.

Select all correct statements


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3 Air Interface LTE

3 Air Interface LTE


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3 Air Interface LTE

3.1 OFDM Basics

ConventionalFDM

Frequency

Carrier

saved bandwidthOFDM

Frequency

Subcarrier

3 Air Interface LTE


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3 Air Interface LTE

3.1 OFDM Basics [cont.]

Time

OFDM symbol 2OFDM symbol 1 (via path 1)

OFDM symbol 1 * (via path 2)OFDM symbol 1 ** (via path 3)

OFDM symbol 2

Time

OFDM symbol 1 (via path 1)

OFDM symbol 1 * (via path 2)

OFDM symbol 1 ** (via path 3)

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

ISI

Copy

CP

Guard time

3 Air Interface LTE


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3 Air Interface LTE

3.2 OFDM The full transmission chain

OFDM transmitterNsamples ofOFDM symbol

ksubcarrier

addCP

Parallelto serial

Serialto

parallel

datastream .

.

....

N-pointIDFT

(IFFT)

OFDM receiverksubcarrierNsamples ofOFDM symbol

N-pointDFT(FFT)

Parallelto

serial

.

.

.

.

.

.

Serialto

parallel

removeCP

Fast FourierTransform (FFT)

algorithm

3 Air Interface LTE


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3 Air Interface LTE

3.2 OFDM The full transmission chain [cont.]

Frequency

1 Subcarrier

Bandwidth

Time

1 OFDMsymbol

FrequencyBandwidth

TimeUser 1

User 2

User 3

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

3 Air Interface LTE


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3 Air Interface LTE

3.3 Scalable OFDMA

Different UEsassigned differentsets of subcarriers

Scalable OFDMAused for downlink

Fixed symboltime: 66.7 s

Total number ofsubcarriers varieswith bandwidth

Different FFT sizes:5 MHz 512-point FFT,20 MHz 2048-point FFTetc.

3 Air Interface LTE


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3 Air Interface LTE

3.4 Exercise

1. In OFDMA the subcarriers overlap.

2. Orthogonal subcarriers interfere with each other.3. In OFDMA different users get different subcarriers.

4. The cyclic prefix is inserted to combat inter-symbol interference and inter-carrierinterference caused by multi-path delay spread.

5. OFDM modulation and demodulation can be efficiently implemented using the Fast FourierTransform (FFT) algorithm.

6. Central part of an OFDM receiver is an N-point Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT)which is implemented by an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT).

7. 512-point FFT means that 512 samples are taken within the OFDM symbol time.

8. For all bandwidths the same FFT size is used.

9. The subcarrier spacing depends on the bandwidth.

Select all correct statements

3 Air Interface LTE


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Subframe (1 ms)

Frequency

Time

3 Air Interface LTE

3.5 Frame structure

Slot(0.5 ms)

Slot(0.5 ms)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Bandwidth

OFDMsymbol

Resourceelement

Physical Resource Block

12subcarrier

180 kHz

Subframe0

Subframe1

Subframe2

Subframe3

Subframe4

Subframe5

Subframe6

Subframe7

Subframe8

Subframe9

Frame (10 ms)

3.5 Frame structure


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3.5 Frame structure

3.5.1 Frame structure detailsOFDM symbol

OFDM symbol

Useful OFDM symbol time66.7 s

Normal

CP4.7 s

7 symbols per slot

14 symbols per subframe


CP


Extended

CP16.7 s

6 symbols per slot

12 symbols per subframe

3.5 Frame structure


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3 5 a e s uc u e

3.5.2 Frame structure details - PRB

Bandwidth 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Number of occupiedsubcarriers

72 180 300 600 900 1200

Number of PRBs 6 15 25 50 75 100

3 Air Interface LTE


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3.6 Answer the questions

How long is the duration of one frame (in milliseconds)

10 ms

3 Air Interface LTE


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3.6 Answer the questions [cont.]

How long is the duration of one subframe (in milliseconds)

1 ms

3 Air Interface LTE


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What is the bandwidth of one subcarrier (in kilo Hertz)

15 kHz

3 Air Interface LTE


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Select all correct statements.

A physical resource block spans 12 subcarriers over 1 slot.

The minimum unit that can be allocated to a user is

a physical resource block.

One slot contains always 7 OFDM symbols.

The number of physical resource blocks depends on the

total bandwidth available.

3 Air Interface LTE


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Assign the bandwidth in the left column to the number of physical resource

blocks in the right column.

1,4 MHz 6

3 MHz 15

5 MHz 25

20 MHz 100

3 Air Interface LTE

d d l d d


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3.7 Adaptive modulation and coding

Radio link quality

Modulation64QAM 16QAM QPSK

UL schedulinggrant, MCS

Data

Coding3/5 1/3 3/5 1/6 1/121/211/12

Data

CQI

3 Air Interface LTE

3 8 A h i


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A UE near the cell edge encounters very poor radio conditions.

Select the modulation and coding scheme that will be used bythe eNode B.

64 QAM

16 QAM3/5

QPSK - 3/5

QPSK1/12

3 Air Interface LTE

3 9 D li k Ph i l h l (1)


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3.9 Downlink: Physical channels (1)

3 Air Interface LTE

3 10 D li k PRB t t


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3.10 Downlink: PRB structure

Frequency

Time

1 physicalresource block

Reference signal overhead:

1 antenna: 4.8%2 antennas: 9.5%

4 antennas: 14.3%

1 subframe

Reference signalantenna 1

Reference signalantenna 2

PCFICHPDCCHPHICH

3 Air Interface LTE

3 11 A th ti


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Calculate the control information and reference signal overhead (in %) for:

- 1 OFDM symbol used for control information (PCFICH, PDCCH,PHICH)

- 2 transmit antennas

Assumption: normal cyclic prefix is used.

Pay attention to the short explanation how to calculate it!

Select the correct result.

10.7

14.3

25.0

28.6

3 Air Interface LTE

3 11 A th ti [ t ]


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Calculate the control information and reference signals overhead (in %) for:

- 3 OFDM symbols used for control information (PCFICH, PDCCH, PHICH)- 2 transmit antennas




10.7

14.3

25.0

28.6

3 Air Interface LTE

3 12 D li k Ph i l h l (2)


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3 Air Interface LTE

3 13 Downlink: Synchronization channels & PBCH


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3.13 Downlink: Synchronization channels & PBCH

Subframe 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Slot 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20MHz

10MHz

5MHz

3MHz

1.4MHz6 PRB1.08 MHz

Secondary Synch. Channel Primary Synch. Channel

PBCH

504 Physical cell identities

Cell group number: 0 .. 167 Cell number in cell group: 0, 1, 2

3 Air Interface LTE

3 14 Answer the questions


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Calculate the PBCH overhead (in %) for:

- 20 MHz bandwidth- 2 transmit antennas




0.16

0.6

2.6

5.0

3 Air Interface LTE

3 14 Answer the questions [cont ]


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Calculate the Synchronization Channel overhead (in %) for:

- 20 MHz bandwidth- 2 transmit antennas




0.17

0.7

2.9

6.2

3 Air Interface LTE

3 15 Downlink: Physical channels (3)


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3 Air Interface LTE



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Select for each task descriptionthe appropriate physicaldownlink channel.

1. Carries downlink traffic and transmits tracking area codeandcell usage restrictions.

2. Transmits downlink resource allocation, uplink schedulinggrant and uplinkpowercontrolcommands.

3. Contains number of OFDM symbols that are used for PDCCH.

4. Carries important basic systeminformation for all UEs ina cell likethesystembandwidth.

5. Allows UE to get timing and frequency synchronization with the cell and carriesphysicalcell identity.

6. Used to acknowledge uplink transmission.

a. PHICH

b. Synchronization Channels

c. PBCHd. PCFICH

e. PDCCH

f. PDSCH

3 Air Interface LTE

3 17 Uplink: SC FDMA


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3.17 Uplink: SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA transmitter:

SC-FDMAreceiver:

IFFT Parallel to

serial

DFTSerial

to parallel

.

.

....

.

.

.

Serialtoparallel

FFTIDFTParalleltoserial

.

.

....

.

.

.

High PAPR in OFDMA

3 Air Interface LTE

3 18 Uplink: Physical channels


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3.18 Uplink: Physical channels

3 Air Interface LTE

3 19 Uplink: PUCCH


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PUSCH

PUCCH

PUCCH

3.19 Uplink: PUCCH

Frequency

Time

1 subframe

Bandwidth

Carries: CQI ACK/NACK

Scheduling request

Physical resource blocks: At extreme ends of

bandwidth Number based on required

amount of control

Never transmitted with PUSCH

3 Air Interface LTE

3 20 Uplink: Sounding & demodulation reference signals


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UE 1

UE 2

3.20 Uplink: Sounding & demodulation reference signals

Frequency

Time

1 subframe

Bandwidth

PUSCH

PUCCH

PUCCH

Soundingreferencesignal

Demodulationreferencesignal

3 Air Interface LTE



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Calculate the PUCCH overhead (in %) for:

- 5 MHz bandwidth- 8 physical resource blocks reserved for PUCCH



2 %

8 %

32 %

33.3 %

3 Air Interface LTE

3 22 Uplink: Random access


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3.22 Uplink: Random access

PUSCH: Data

Response (timing alignment, uplink allocation)

PRACH: random access preamble

PRACH: random access preamble

No response

Initial access

Handoff

Uplink synchronization

3 Air Interface LTE

3 23 Uplink: PRACH


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3.23 Uplink: PRACH

Time

PRACH cycle

Frequency

6 PRB(1.08 MHz)

PRACHopportunities

CP PreambleGuardperiod

1ms, 2ms or 3ms

3 Air Interface LTE



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Select for each task description the appropriate physical uplink channel.

1. Carries scheduling request for uplink transmission, hybrid ARQfeedback for downlink transmission and Channel Quality Indicator(CQI).

2. Used for initial access and uplink timing alignment.

3. Carries traffic, hybrid ARQ feedback for downlink transmission andChannel Quality Indicator (CQI).

a. PRACH

b. PUSCH

c. PUCCH

3 Air Interface LTE

3 25 Uplink: Power control


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Classical open loop power control

All users achieve same target SINR

Poor spectral efficiency

3.25 Uplink: Power control

Fractional power control

Flexible trade-offbetween spectralefficiency and celledge rates

TargetSINR

Others

Fractional power control basedon path loss difference

3GPP general definition

Downlink reference signal

Broadcast:target SINR, uplink interference

UE specific power factors

,

3 Air Interface LTE

3 26 Uplink: Inter-cell power control


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3.26 Uplink: Inter cell power control

Interference

Overload indicator (X2 interface)

MeasureInterference

Adapt powercontrolparameters

3 Air Interface LTE



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3.27 Answer the questions1. Open loop power control allows the UE to autonomously adjust thetransmit power level to compensate for path loss and shadowing.

Is this statement true or false?

true

2. For open loop power control the UE measures the downlink referencesignal and computes the path loss at downlink. The UE sets its transmitpower to achieve the SINR target, broadcasted by the eNode B.

Is this statement true or false?true

3. Fractional Power Control tries to achieve the same SINR valueeverywhere in the cell.

Is this statement true or false?false

3 Air Interface LTE



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1. Interference within a cell is the dominant source of interference in LTE.


false

2. Inter-cell power control is based on overload indicators exchanged

directly between neighboring eNode Bs via the X2 interface.


true


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4 Summary

4 Summary

4.1 You are now able to:


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4.1 You are now able to:

Find information about relevant specifications

Describe main requirements and targets of LTEIdentify basic components and interfaces of LTE

network

Explain goal of radio network planning

Explain process and major steps of radio network planning

Identify input parameters for radio network planning

Explain aspects of LTE air interface relevant for radio network planning:

OFDMA and Frame structure

SC-FDMA concepts

Physical channels

in uplink and Uplink power control

downlink

4 Summary

4.2 Crossword


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4.2 Crossword

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1314

15

16

17

4 Summary

4.3 Crossword questions


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q

1 Antenna characteristic

2 Component of an LTE network that performs radio resource management functions andallocates the radio resources in uplink and downlink

3 Component of an LTE network which is the mobility anchor point and routes and forwards

packets4 Part of the physical cell identity in the secondary synchronization channel.

5 Central part of a OFDM transmitter

6 Component of an LTE network that manages user mobility, selects the gateways andkeeps location information

7 Used by UEs to make an initial request

8 Modulation scheme

9 Input to radio network planning

10 Inter-cell power control is based on it

11 Radio access technology used in downlink

12 Means to reduce inter-symbol interference and inter-carrier interference

13 Technique to increase the cell capacity even in challenging radio conditions at the celledge14 Radio network planning phase

15 In the 5 MHz bandwidth we have 300 . . . . .

16 Minimum resource unit that can be allocated to a user

17 Component of an LTE network that allocates the UE IP address


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5 Antennas in LTE

5 Antennas in LTE

5.1 Basic antenna data for radio network planning


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p g

Basic antennas(isotropic / dipole)

Antenna gain

Effective isotropicradiated power(EIRP)

Antenna downtilt

Radiation patterns:

Half power beamwidth Front-to-back ratio

Main lobe, side lobes,null directions

Standard antenna

5 Antennas in LTE

5.2 Basic antennas


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single transmit point sphere pattern

Isotropic antenna

wavelength conductor doughnut shaped pattern

Dipole antenna

Antenna gaindipole:0 dBd

isotropic:0 dBi

real antenna:5.15 dBi = 3 dBd + 2.15 dB

= 2.15 dBi

5 Antennas in LTE

5.3 Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP)


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p p ( )

Power = 45 dBm

Gain = 11 dBi

EIRP = Power + Gain= 45 dBm + 11 dBi= 56 dBm

IsotropicradiatedPower

Radiatedpower

5 Antennas in LTE

5.4 Radiation patterns


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p

Backlobe

Sidelobes

Nulls

Mainlobe

Nullfill

Front-to-backratio

-3 dB level

Halfpowerbeam-width

Horizontal or azimuth pattern Vertical or elevation pattern

5 Antennas in LTE

5.5 Antenna downtilt


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Electrical downtilt

Backlobepeak

Horizontalpattern (disc)

Axis ofrotation

Mainlobepeak

Vertical pattern Horizontal pattern

Tilt:

Horizontal patternVertical pattern

Mechanical downtilt

Horizontalpattern (cone)

Backlobepeak Main

lobepeak

5 Antennas in LTE

5.6 Standard antennas


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80COPYRIGHT ALCATEL-LUCENT 2013. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.9400 eUTRAN LA5.0 Radio Network Planning Fundamentals

Horizontal beam width:

65or 90

Azimuth:0, 120 and 240

(3 sectored site)

Gain:17 dBi - 18 dBi

Height (above ground):20 m - 25 m (urban)30 m - 35 m (suburban)

Electrical downtilt:0 - 10 adjustable

5 Antennas in LTE



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What is the EIRP for the following antenna:

Power: 45 dBmGain: 18 dBi

0 dBm

27 dBm

63 dBm

65.15 dBm

What is the gain expressed in dBi of a real antenna with a gain of 3.85 dBd?

0 dBm

1.7 dBm3.65 dBm

6.0 dBm

5 Antennas in LTE

5.8 Multiple antenna techniques


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Diversity

Press the buttonsto get moreinformation!

M x N

transmit antennasX

receive antennas

SU-MIMO /Spatial Multiplexing MU-MIMO /

Spatial DivisionMultiple Access

5 Antennas in LTE

5.9 Diversity


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Receive diversity:Same data stream to multiple receiveantennas

Improved reliability

Better coverage

Space Frequency Block Coding (SFBC)

Transmit diversity:Same data stream from multiple transmitantennas to same user

Improved reliabilityBetter coverageLess power or higher throughput

f1 -S2*

f2 S1*

f1 S1

f2 S2

S2 S1

5 Antennas in LTE

5.10 SU-MIMO / Spatial Multiplexing (SM)


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S2 S1

S1

S2

W11

W21

W1

2

W22

Pre-coding matrix: W= [ W11 W12 ]W21 W22

Multiple data streams sent to same user

Used in good radio conditions (high SINR) Single-user throughput gains

a, b, c,d

a, b c,d

5 Antennas in LTE

5.11 Closed-loop and open-loop


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Open-loop Closed-loop

CQI

RIPMI

Modulation & coding Rank (number of datastreams) to be used in SM

Preferred pre-coding matrixto be used in SM

Adaptive MIMO Switching (AMS)

SpatialMultiplexing

TransmitDiversity

Fall back

SpatialMultiplexing

Rank-1Pre-coding

Fall back

Uses RI & PMI Suitable for low speed scenarios Received SNR/throughput maximized

Uses RI Suitable for high mobility scenarios

5 Antennas in LTE

5.12 Rank-1 pre-coding


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S1

S1

S2

W11

W21

W12

W22

Pre-coding matrix: W= [ W11 W12 ]W21 W22

S2

S1

W= [ W1 ]W2Pre-coding vector:

W1

Spatial MultiplexingRank-1 Pre-coding

W2

5 Antennas in LTE

5.13 MU-MIMO / Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)


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Different data streams transmitted simultaneously on the same frequencies

Used in low SINR conditions Capacity in terms of number of connected users improved Cell throughput improved

5 Antennas in LTE

5.14 Multiple antenna techniques summary


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Link level simulation: 5 MHz, downlink, 30 km/h, 16QAM:

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

20

1816

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

SINR [dB]

Thro

ughput[Mbit/s]

Coding = 2/3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

20

1816

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

SINR [dB]

Thro

ughput[Mbit/s]

Coding = 1/3 no MIMOSU-MIMO 2x2

Coverage Capacity Peak throughput

SU-MIMO / SM + + ++

Rank-1 pre-coding ++ ++ +

MU-MIMO (uplink) + ++

Transmit diversity ++ + +

5 Antennas in LTE



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Select for every description thecorresponding multiple antenna technique.

1. Copies of thesame data streamare sent from multiple antennas to sameuser.

2. Independent data streams are sent from multiple antennas to the same user.

3. Different data streams are transmitted simultaneously on the samefrequencies.

a. MU-MIMO

b. SU-MIMO

c. Transmit diversity

5 Antennas in LTE



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Transmit diversity is used to increase the reliability of a single data stream in goodradio conditions.

Is this statement true or false? false

Transmit diversity mainly improves the coverage.


SU-MIMO is used in good radio conditions to increase the throughput for one user.


SU-MIMO is used in good radio conditions to increase the throughput for one user.

Is this statement true or false? true

5 Antennas in LTE



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Open-loop spatial multiplexing uses RI and PMI reported from the UE to

select the rank and the pre-coding matrix.

Is this statement correct? False

MU-MIMO in uplink is used in good radio conditions to improve the capacity

in terms of number of connected users.

Is this statement true or false? False

MU-MIMO in uplink is used in challenging radio conditions, e.g. at the edge

of the cell to improve the capacity in terms of number of connected users.



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6 Radio network planning process


6.1 Overview of radio network planning process


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InputRadio networkplanning phases Output

LTEtechnology

Market andengineeringrequirements

Environmentparameters

Selected sites

Site parameters

Predictedcoverage map

Designed capacity

eNode Bconfiguration

Performanceanalysis

Radio networkdimensioningcelldimensions

Radio cellplanningcelllocations

RNP

optimization


6.2 Radio network plannning phases


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Radio networkdimensioning

LTE link budgetPropagation model

Radio cell planning

Capacity planning

Network simulations

RF design

Site placement & configurationCoverage prediction

RF configuration parametersCell neighbor planningPhysical cell id. planningFrequency planning

Site candidate selection& acceptance




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Select the appropriate task for each radio network planning step:

Radio networkdimensioning

RF design

RF configuration parameters

Capacity planning

Site candidate selection &acceptance

-Use network simulations to modelimpact of traffic distribution andserviceusageprofiles.

-Select real site locations

-Plan physicalcell identities andfrequency reuse

-Use coverage predictions to improve

site locations and configurations

-Calculate Maximum Allowable PathLoss between transmitterandreceiver


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7 Link Budget

7 Link Budget

7.1 What is a link budget


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MaximumUE transmitpower

MaximumAllowable PathLoss (MAPL)

Cell radius

Maximum distance between transmitter and receiver?Signal must be received with defined quality levelCalculate Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL)

Requiredreceived signal

7 Link Budget

7.2 Uplink MAPL calculation


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Max. UEtransmitpower

Losses andmargins- Gains+

eNode Breceiversensitivity- MAPL=-Interference

Cable,

connector,feeder losses

Shadowing

Penetration loss

Body loss

eNode Bantenna gain

UE antennagain

Handoff gain

Cellradius

Propagationmodel

7 Link Budget

7.3 eNode B receiver sensitivity

P bl k


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Examples of typical values considered in uplink link budget (at 2.6 GHz):

Minimum required signal level to reach given quality when

facing only thermal noise

At eNode B within requiredbandwidth

Packet services

UL data rate [kbps] 64 256 2000

Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK

Coding rate 0.379 0.679 0.664Nbr. of resource blocks 2 5 40

SINR target

[dB]

EVehA3 -3.6 -2.4 -3.3

EVehA50 -2.1 -0.5 -1.7

UL Sensitivity[dBm]

EVehA3 -119.6 -114.4 -106.2

EVehA50 -118.0 -112.5 -104.6

Per resource block To reach given data rate and quality Depends on service Derived from link level simulations /

equipment measurements

Sensitivity [dBm] = SINR_Target + ThermalNoise

NoiseFigure_eNB + 10log10(ThermalNoiseDensity NbrRB BandwidthRB)

Depends on supplier;typical value: 2.5 dB

Depends on service;BandwidthRB = 180kHz

10log10(ThermalNoiseDenisty)= -174 [dBm/Hz]

UE speed: 3km/h: dense urban,

urban, suburban indoor 50km/h: rural

7 Link Budget

7.4 Interference margin (IoT)


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Received power at eNode B: CS[dBm] Sensitivity + IoT

Typical interference margin: 3 dB

Interference rise overthermal noise Inter-cell

interference

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1Cell edge SINR target (dB)

Averag

e

IoT

(dB)

7 Link Budget

7.5 Shadowing margin


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Examples:

Shadowing = slow fading due to obstacles

Shadowing margin: signal received well with given probability

Probability(CS[dBm] Sensitivity + IoT) CoverageProbability

Modeled (in dB) as Gaussian variable: Mean: 0 dB Standard deviation:

depends on the environment; typically 510 dB

Shadowing standarddeviation

Cell area coverageprobability

Cell edge coverageprobability

Shadowingmargin

8 dB 95% 86.2% 8.7 dB

7 dB 90% 73.3% 4.3 dB

Typical coverage probabilities: Dense urban, urban and suburban

environments: 95% Rural environments: 90%

Typical dense urban, urbanand suburban deploymentconditions with 3 km/h UEspeed.

Typical rural conditionswith 50 km/h UE speed.

7 Link Budget

7.6 Penetration losses


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Typical penetration margins:

Rural

incar

Suburban

indoor

Urban

indoor

Dense urban

deep indoor

700 MHz 5 dB 11 dB 14 dB 17 dB

900 MHz 6 dB 12 dB 15 dB 18 dB

2.6 GHz 9 dB 15 dB 18 dB 21 dB

Penetration losses due to in-building and in-car usage:

Characterize level of indoor coverage(deep indoor, in-car, outdoor, etc.)

Depend on wall materials, numberof walls/windows and frequency

Specified as "worst case" penetration margin.

7 Link Budget

7.7 Body loss


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Body loss = losses induced by user

Derived from statistical measurements.

Typical values:

Voice services:3 dB

Data services:0 dB

7 Link Budget

7.8 Handoff gain


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Examples:

highshadowing

lowershadowing

Hard handoff

Shadowing standarddeviation

Cell area coverageprobability

Shadowingmargin UE speed Handoff gain

8 dB 95% 8.7 dB 3 km/h 3.6 dB

7 dB 90% 4.3 dB 50 km/h 2.6 dB

Models exist to derive hard handoff gain.

7 Link Budget



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1. The minimum required signal level to reach the given quality when facing onlythermal noise.

2. Takes into account the interference rise over thermal noise due to inter-cell

interference.3. Ensures that the signal is received with enough quality with a given coverage

probability.

4. Characterizes the level of indoor coverage that is required.

5. Takes into account the presence of a user that reduces the power transmittedor received by a UE.

6. Takes into account that a UE can use a neighbor cell with more favorableshadowing.

a. Shadowing margin

b. eNode B receiver sensitivity

c. Handoff gaind. Body loss

e. Interference margin

f. Penetration margin

7 Link Budget

7.10 Example for urban environment (VehA 3km/h)

Max UE eNode B


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= 131.6(3+3+8.7+18) + (0+18+3.6) (-122.7) 3

MAPL for indoor coverage [dB] 131.6

23

Data RateVoIP (12.2 kbps uplink

data rate)

Number of resource blocks 1

eNode B noise figure [dB] 2.5

Required SINR [dB] -3.7Maximum UE transmit power [dBm] 23

UE antenna gain [dB] 0

Body loss [dB] 3

eNode B antenna gain [dB] 18

Cable loss [dB] 3

Required sensitivity [dBm] -122.7

Interference margin [dB] 3Shadowing margin [dB] 8.7

Handoff gain [dB] 3.6

Penetration losses [dB] 18

Max. UEtransmitpower

Losses andmargins- Gains+

eNode Breceiversensitivity

- MAPL=-Interference

7 Link Budget


Wh t i th MAPL f i d f th f ll i k t i


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What is the MAPL for indoor coverage for the following packet service:

- UE maximum transmit power: 23 dBm

- UE antenna gain: 0 dB- Body loss: 0 dB

- eNode B antenna gain: 18 dB

- Cable loss: 3 dB

- Required sensitivity: -113.0 dBm

- Interference margin: 3 dB- Shadowing margin: 8.7 dB

- Handoff gain: 3.6 dB

-Penetration loss: 18 dB

-81.7 dB

-124.9 dB

-142.9 dB

-128.6 dB

7 Link Budget

7.12 Propagation model


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eNode Bantennaheight

Clutter

UE antennaheight

Frequency

Distance

Path loss

Propagation Models Okumura-Hata COST-231 Hata Modified COST-231 Hata etc.

Cell radius

MAPL

Tune model

7 Link Budget

7.13 Okumura-Hata and Cost-Hata propagation models


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COST-231 Hata

A1 = 46.30A2 = 33.90A3 = -13.82B1 = 44.90B2 = -6.55

modified COST-231 Hata

PathLoss = + 33.9log10(2000) + 20log10(F/2000

Okumura-HataA1 = 69.55

A2 = 26.16A3 = -13.82B1 = 44.90B2 = -6.55

PathLoss = A1 + A2log10(F) + A3log10(HeNodeB)

+ (B1 B2log10(HeNodeB))log10(Distance) a(HUE)+ Kclutter

F Frequency [MHz]HeNodeB eNode B antenna heightabove ground [m]

Distance eNode B - UE [km]HUE UE antenna height above

ground [m]a(HUE) Correction function if

HUE is not1.5 mKclutter Correction function for

different clutter

7 Link Budget

7.14 Cell range


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MAPL = K1 + K2 log(CellRange)

eNodeBantennaheight

Morphologycorrection

factor

UE antennaheight

Operatingfrequency

Example:

Propagationmodel

Modified COST-231 Hata for2.6GHz

Denseurban

Urban Suburban Rural

K1 140,9 136,8 127,8 118,1

K2 35,7 35,2 35,2 34,4

eNodeB antenna height [m] 25 30 30 40

Correction factor [db] 0 -3 -12 -20

7 Link Budget



105/173



Calculate the cell range for the following services in urban environment

(VehA 3km/h).Use the modified COST-231 Hata propagation model for 2.6GHz :

Service

VoIP AMR12.2

with TTI bundling

Packet service

256 kbps

MAPL for Indoor Coverage [db] 131,1 126,2

Cell range [km] 0,69 0,5

7 Link Budget



106/173



Which statement about propagation models is correct?

1. Apropagationmodel can be used optionally to define the maximumcellradius.

2. Apropagationmodel is a fixedmathematical formula that can be usedfor allsituationswithoutanyadjustment.

3. Apropagationmodel predicts radio wave propagation and combinedwiththeMaximumAllowablePathLossit defines the cell radius.

4. Apropagationmodel only takesinto account the clutter or type of landuse.

7 Link Budget

7.17 Impact of RRH and TMA

Remote Radio Head Tower Mounted Amplifier


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Remote Radio Head(RRH)

Enhance uplink coverage of eNode Bs with

high feeder losses between eNode B andantenna

Reduce global noise figure ofeNode B

Compensate feeder losses

Tower Mounted Amplifier(TMA)

Separate RF part of eNode B

Locate RF part physically close to antenna

More effective radiated power

on downlink Lower losses on uplink

7 Link Budget



108/173



Select all correct statements:

1. Sites with RRH have higher losses on the uplink.

2. Sites with RRH have a more effective radiated power on downlink.

3. With Tower Mounted Amplifiers wehave a typical gain of around 2.7dBon theMAPL.

4. Tower MountedAmplifiers do not affect the link budget.


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8 Planning tool

8 Planning tool

8.1 Input data


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9955 Radio

Network PlanningTool

Traffic data

ServicesUser profiles

UE characteristics

Traffic data

ServicesUser profiles

UE characteristics

Propagation model

Radio data

LTE frame configuration

Modulation and coding schemesReception characteristics

eNode B characteristics

Radio channel characteristics

Radio data

LTE frame configuration

Modulation and coding schemesReception characteristics

eNode B characteristics

Radio channel characteristics

Geographic data

Topographic map (terrain heights)

Morphographic map (clutter)

Clutter classes

Geographic data

Topographic map (terrain heights)

Morphographic map (clutter)

Clutter classes

8 Planning tool

8.2 Geographic data - Clutter Class


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Name

Standard

Deviation(dB)

Indoor

Loss(dB)

SU-MIMO

Gain Factor(dB)

Additional

Transmit

Diversity Gain(dB)

Additional

Receive

Diversity Gain(dB)

open 6 0 0.2 3 3

inlandwater 8 0 0.2 3 3

residential 8 6 0.7 3 3

meanurban 8.5 9 0.9 3 3

denseurban 9 12 1 3 3

buildings 10 9 1 3 3

village 9 3 0.2 3 3

industrial 9 6 0.5 3 3

openurban 9 0 0.7 3 3

forest 8 3 0.8 3 3

parks 8 3 0.8 3 3

8 Planning tool

8.3 Radio data - LTE Frame


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Cyclic prefix: normal orextended

Number of symbols for

PDCCH, PCFICH,PHICH

Number of physicalresource blocks forPUCCH

(Network settings properties)

8 Planning tool

8.4 Radio data - LTE Bearer


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Useful bits persymbol

Exact coding

rate

8 Planning tool

8.5 Radio data - LTE Equipment

Properties


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NameProperties

LTE Bearer Selection Quality MIMO

Default Cell Equipment

Default UE Equipment

Mobility Type(speed)

SINR (dB)

Through

put(bits/s/Hz)

QPSK 1/8

QPSK 1/2

16QAM 1/2

64QAM 4/5

8 Planning tool

8.5 Radio data - LTE Equipment [cont.]

Properties


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Namep




8 Planning tool

8.5 Radio data - LTE Equipment [cont.]

Properties


116/173



Namep




Transmitdiversity gain

SU-MIMO gain

8 Planning tool

8.6 Radio data - Transmitter


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Losses, noise figure,additional equipment

MIMO setting

Antennaconfiguration

8 Planning tool

8.7 Radio data - Cell


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Frequency,bandwidth,

duplex mode

Reference signal

quality threshold

UL/DL trafficloads

LTE equipment

MIMO support

8 Planning tool

8.8 Traffic data - Service


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Name TypeBodyLoss

(dB)

Best BearerPrio

Max.Throughput

Demand (kbps)

Min.Throughput

Demand (kbps)

RequestedAverage

Rate (kbps)

ActivityFactor

DL UL DL UL DL UL DL UL DL UL

FTP Download Data 0 15 15 0 1000 100 0 0 10 10 1 1

Video Conferencing Voice 0 15 15 2 64 64 64 64 64 64 0.5 0.5

VoIP Voice 3 15 15 3 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 0.6 0.6

Web Browsing Data 0 15 15 1 128 64 64 32 64 32 1 1

LTE Bearer

Capacity demand0: lowest priority

8 Planning tool

8.9 Traffic data - Terminal (UE)


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Name Min.power

Max.power

NoiseFigure

(dB)

Losses(dB)

AntennaGain(dBi)

LTEEquipment

DiversitySupport

Number of

Antenna Ports

Transmission Reception

MIMO Terminal -40 23 8 0 0Default UEEquipment

MIMO 2 2

Mobile Terminal -40 23 8 0 0Default UEEquipment

none 1 1

MIMO configurationTechnical data

LTE equipment

8 Planning tool

8.10 Traffic data - User profile


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Traffic density

8 Planning tool

8.11 Output


122/173



Link budget

calculation

Traffic simulation

Cell neighbors

Physical cell id. planning

Frequency allocation

Coverage

prediction

8 Planning tool



123/173



Which information can be foundin the Clutter Class?

1. Standard deviation to calculate shadowinglosses

2. Available modulation and coding schemes

3. Capacity demand of a certain type of traffic

4. Technical data of a UE

8 Planning tool8.12 Answer the questions [cont.]


124/173



Drag and dropeach informationabout radio data to the data structurewhereitcan befound:

1. LTE Frame

2. LTE Bearer

3. LTE Equipment

4. Transmitter5. Cell

a. SINR threshold to select a modulation andcoding scheme

b. Available modulation and coding schemes

c. Number of symbols for PDCCH, PCFICH, PHICHd. Losses and noise figure of eNodeB

e. Frequency

8 Planning tool8.12 Answer the questions [cont.]


125/173



Drag and dropeach informationabout traffic data to the datastructurewhereitcanbefound:

1. Service

2. Terminal

3. User profile

a. Technical data of a UE

b. Capacity demand of a certain type of traffic

c. Services and traffic density of a type ofuser


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9 RF design

9 RF design9.1 Steps

Initial site placement


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p& configuration

Final site placement& configuration

Prediction

Identifyproblems

Adjustconfiguration

Coverage holes Over-coverage / interference

Clutter information Propagation model Coverage requirements

Antenna height, beamwidth Downtilt, azimuth Site location, additional site

Coverage predictions

9 RF design9.2 Coverage prediction


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Signal quality

Effective signal level

Site placement &configuration

Path loss

Cell

Loadconditions:

Non-interfering user: service mobility type

terminaldefined by operator

RS, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, PUSCH

SINR: RS, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH,PUSCH

Best bearer: UL & DL

Throughput: UL & DL

Quality indicator: UL & DL

9 RF design9.3 Coverage prediction - examples

Coverage by DL SINR


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MIMO with 2x2antenna

>= 30>= 25>= 20>= 15>= 10

>= 5>= 0>= -5

SINR (dB)

withoutMIMO

Isotropic receiver antenna Directional receiver antenna

Coverage by PUSCH SINRSINR improved forlow values

9 RF design9.4 Answer the questions


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Which statements about RF designare correct?

1. The goal of RF design is to findpossiblelocations for the real sites.

2. RF design is a cyclic process where site locations and configurationsarefinetuned.

3. RF design is a linear process where site locations and configurationsaredefined.

4. The main steps are "Create coverage prediction", "Identify problems"and "Adjustconfiguration".

9 RF design9.4 Answer the questions [cont.]


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A coverage prediction takes a realistic user distribution into account.

Is this statement true or false? False

A coverage prediction is created to find problems like coverage holes orareas of interference.

Is this statement true or false? True

With coverage predictions the effective signal levels and the signal qualitycan be analyzed.


9 RF design9.4 Answer the questions [cont.]


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Select all possible actions tosolve coverage problems.

1. Correct clutter information for the area

2. Tune propagation model

3. Change antenna heights and beamwidths

4. Change antenna downtilt and azimuth

5. Change site location6. Add new site


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10 configuration parameters

10 configuration parameters10.1 Cell neighbors


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AutomaticRNP tool

Manual

RNP tool

10 configuration parameters10.2 Cell neighbors

Cell BParameters:


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AutomaticRNP tool

Manual

CellNbr. of

NeighborsNeighbor

Distance

(m)

Site0_1 5 Site0_2 0

Site0_1 5 Site0_3 0

Site0_1 5 Site35_1 447

Site0_1 5 Site64_2 2567Site0_1 5 Site64_3 2567

Site0_2 6 Site0_1 0

Site0_2 6 Site0_3 0

Cell A

Best serverarea

Cell BBest server

area

Parameters: Maximum number of neighbors Maximum inter-site distance Coverage conditions:

Overlapping Shadowing Indoor coverage

Overlapping

Handover start(dB)

Handover end(dB)

Reference signalthreshold (dB)

Cell


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Physical cell identitiesSubframe 0 5

Slot 0 10


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Primary Synch. Channel

3 x cell group + cell number

504 physical cell identities

Slot 0 10

Bandwidth

6 PRB1.08 MHz

Cell number: 0, 1, 2

Goal: Easy recognition of cells by UEs

Different physical cell identities in nearby cells

Secondary Synch. Channel Zadoff-ChusequencesCell group: 0 .. 167

Answer the questions


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With the Automatic Neighbor Relation function the eNode Bs use thereports from the UEs to setup the list of cell neighbors.


To allow easy recognition of cells by UEs it is important to intelligentlyallocate physical cell identities to the cells.


In nearby cells the same physical cell identities should be used.

Is this statement true or false? false

Inter-cell interference coordination techniques

Frequency reuse of 1:Load Information Message


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improve cell coverage

increase throughput at cell edge

Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)=assign users to portions of bandwidth

assignment depending on user's location in celllimit transmit power

X2 interface

complete bandwidth

Virtual Frequency ReuseFractional Frequency ReuseSoft Fractional Frequency Reuse

Virtual & Fractional Frequency ReuseExample - Virtual 1/3 Frequency Reuse Example - Fractional 1/3 Frequency Reuse


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complete bandwidth

1/3 bandwidth 1/3 bandwidth1/3 bandwidth

F1 F2 F3

1/3 bandwidth

F1 F2 F3

Interior UEs

Edge UEs in

Edge UEs in

Edge UEs in

complete bandwidth

1/3 bandwidth 1/3 bandwidth

Soft Fractional Frequency ReuseExample - Soft Fractional 1/3 Frequency Reuse:

is strongestneighbor,t h h f i


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F1 F2 F3

Interior UEs

Trash heap of

Trash heap of

Trash heap of

complete bandwidth

Edge UE:

If outside trash heap ofstrongest neighborreduced transmit PSD

Not possible to assign resources insidetrash heap and outside trash heap tosame UE in parallel

is strongest

neighbor,trash heap of isused for edge UEs

is strongest

neighbor,trash heap of isused for edge UEs

trash heap of isused for edge UEs

l

Interference coordination simulation


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Simulation ICIC parameters:

Soft Fractional 1/9 Frequency Reuse

50% of UEs classified as cell edge UEs

Transmit power spectral density is reduced by 3 dB if UE atcell edge is outside of trash heap of strongest neighbor cell

Frequency Selective Scheduling (FSS)

Frequency-selective fading: UEs experience different channel conditions indifferent portions of the spectrum

Channel conditions derived by eNode B from Sounding Reference Signals

and Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) transmitted by UE UE allocated to its individual best part of the spectrum

Higher system throughputs

160

Interference coordination simulation results

Negligible gains;ICIC can actually


143/173



1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

14

0

120

100

80

60

40

20Cell throughput (kbps)

5%

CDF

userthroughput(kb

ps)

without ICIC / without FSSwith ICIC / without FSS

Large gain when trying toachieve high cell edge rate(40% improvement in highestachievable cell edge rate)

Negligible gains whentrying to achieve highaverage cell throughput

C C ca actua yhurt performance

without ICIC / with FSSwith ICIC / with FSS

Frequency allocation examplesManual allocation with 1/3 reuse


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Automatic allocation with 1/3 reuse

>= 30>= 25>= 20>= 10

DL Reference Signal SINR (dB)

>= 0>= -5>= -10>= -20



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What is the meaning of ICIC?

1. Inter-CarrierInterference Cancellation

2. Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

3. In-Cell Interference Coordination

4. Identity Control Indicator Channel

Coordination of the interferencebetween cells concentrates interferenceintoknownportions ofthesystem bandwidth in each cell.




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Select for each description the corresponding frequency reusetechnique.

1. The complete bandwidth is divided into 3 portions. In each cell only1/3 ofthesubcarrierscanbe used.

2. UEs in the interior of the cell can use the entire bandwidth. UEs attheedgeofthecellcan use only 1/3 of the bandwidth.

3. UEs in the interior of the cell can use the entire bandwidth.UEs at the

edgeofthecellpreferably use resources in the trash heap of the UE'sstrongest neighbor cell. If this is not possible the UE's transmit powerspectral density is reduced.

a. Soft Fractional 1/3 Frequency Reuse

b. Virtual 1/3 Frequency Reusec. Fractio

Documents

TMO54093 - eUTRAN LA5.0 Radio Network Planning Fundamentals