Timberleaf Soil Testing · Enclosed is your completed soil test report. The report begins with a summary documenting the lab results and recommendations, along with instructions

Timberleaf Soil Testing39648 Old Spring Road

Murrieta, CA 92563Ph/Fax (951) [email protected]

www.timberleafsoiltesting.com

April 18, 2013

Sara Lieber2317 Vine Hill RoadSanta Cruz, CA 95065

Dear Sara,

Enclosed is your completed soil test report. The report begins with a summarydocumenting the lab results and recommendations, along with instructions.This is followed by a separate recommendation schedule for nitrogen andphosphorus amendments. Following this is a detailed report explaining soilbiological and mineral relationships and their importance in managing yoursoil. Each section of this report is referenced to recommendations appearing inthe summary report.

Patience is the key to reaching the level of soil fertility you desire. In manyinstances it will take nature more than a season to reflect improvements inyour soil tilth and mineral balance. We have noted the time you shouldanticipate for these changes to occur in your summary report. We have alsonoted the date you should re-test your soil for best results. By following therecommendations and re-testing as indicated, you can avoid the over-application of amendments that we often see in many soils. Ultimately this iswhere the cost of soil testing pays a dividend.

We are at your disposal to answer questions, provide additionalrecommendations and follow your progress. We invite you to take advantage ofthis service and keep us posted on your results. We look forward to hearingfrom you and wish you an enjoyable gardening season.

Best regards,

Valerie Russo

Timberleaf Soil Testing ~ 39648 Old Spring Road, Murrieta, CA 92563 ~ 951-677-7510

Dear Sara:

Enclosed is the completed soil test report for the sample you submitted. Thank

you for choosing Timberleaf for your soil testing needs.

There are a few extra comments listed below.

Your soil is potentially quite fertile and should provide you with good yields

once any mineral nutrient deficiencies are addressed.

We advise applying compost in split applications of 5 tons per acre each pre-

plant 4 to 6 months apart. The compost should be thoroughly broken down

prior to application. A maximum of 2 tons per acre of well-rotted or composted

cow manure may also be incorporated into your soil to encourage a healthy

microbial population and the development of soil humus.

Mulch consisting of compost, shredded leaves, or straw may also be applied as

needed throughout the growing season.

Keep an eye on the nitrogen needs of your plants. If deficiency symptoms

appear, then a liquid nitrogen fertilizer can be applied per label instructions.

Low sulfur is a limiting factor to plant growth. Supplementing with potassium

sulfate should help supply plant-available sulfate sulfur while elemental sulfur

is used for building soil sulfur and meeting the long term sulfur needs of crops.

It will be important to apply boron this year.

Retesting is advised in April 2014. This will enable us to carefully monitor your

progress and make further recommendations as conditions warrant.

We hope you have an enjoyable gardening season! And, please feel free to contact

us if you have any questions.

Sincerely,

Bob Russo

April 18, 2013

Timberleaf Soil Testing

Report Number: 27997 Sample Number: 1

Sara Lieber

2317 Vine Hill RoadSanta Cruz, CA 95065

39648 Old Spring Road ~ Murrieta, CA 92563 ~ Ph/Fax (951) 677-7510 ~ [email protected]

TIMBERLEAF SOIL TESTING

Customer: Sara Lieber

Grower: Lieber

Crops: Vegetables,

Region: Sierra Nevada

Parcel: Mini Farm

Report Number: 27997

Sample ID: 1

Date: 18-Apr-2013

SUMMARY REPORT

LAB REPORT

REPORT

LEVEL

DESIRED

LEVEL

RECOMMENDATIONS

(LBS. or TONS / ACRE) INSTRUCTIONS AND REMARKS

Client ID: 3786

INDEXES

BASE SATURATION %

CATIONS (ppm)

ANIONS (ppm)

TRACE MINERALS (ppm)

OPTIONAL TEST

Organic Matter%: 4.7 5-6% 10 TONS OF COMPOST.

C.E.C.: 13.0

SOIL pH: 6.4 6.8

BUFFER pH: 6.8

CALCIUM SAT: 68.5 70%

MAGNESIUM SAT: 18.8

POTASSIUM SAT: 3.0 3-6%

SODIUM SAT: 0.5 1-2%

HYDROGEN SAT: 8.9

12-17%

CALCIUM: 1780 1820

MAGNESIUM: 293

POTASSIUM: 152 180 135 LBS. OF POTASSIUM SULFATE.

SODIUM: 15

HYDROGEN meg/100g: 1.2

NITROGEN (ppa): 125

PHOSPHORUS 1: 60 30

PHOSPHORUS 2: 105 60 .

SULFUR: 1 30 80 LBS. OF 90 95% SULFUR.

ZINC: 6.7 6-8

MANGANESE: 50 30-50

IRON: 39 20-50

COPPER: 2.7 2-3

BORON: 0.4 1.5-2.5 21.5 LBS. OF 14.9% BORON.

SOLUBLE SALTS: 0.1 <.4

NITRATE:

% SAND: 48.4

% SILT: 37.6

% CLAY: 14.0

TEXTURE: LOAM

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS:

234

SEE CHART NEXT PAGE.

SEE CHART NEXT PAGE.

WE ESTIMATE THAT 1 - 2 YEARS WILL BE REQUIRED TO REACH BALANCED FERTILITY.

YOUR NEXT SCHEDULED BASIC TEST FOR THIS SAMPLE IS: 4 / 2014REPEAT TRACE MINERAL TEST IN 1 YEAR.

APPLY COMPOST PRE-PLANT AND SEE THE DETAILED REPORT FOR DEPTH OF APPLICATION.

NOTE: ALL AMENDMENTS ARE ON A BROADCAST BASIS. WORK AMENDMENTS 4-6 INCHES INTO THE SOIL UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE. PRE-MIX WELL ALL SMALL QUANTITY AMENDMENTS INTO OTHERS WEIGHING AT LEAST 1 POUND TO INSURE AN EVENLY APPLIED APPLICATION. YOU MAY USE DRY SOIL AS A BULKING MATERIAL.

WE RECOMMEND IMC BRAND.

(ppm) = PARTS PER MILLION (ppa) = POUNDS PER ACRE

ALL RECOMMENDATIONS ARE FOR THE CURRENT YEAR ONLY UNLESS NOTED.

10%

-

-

-

CAN BE TOXIC IN LARGER AMOUNTS. APPLY EVENLY AND IN SPLIT APPLICATIONS SEVERAL MONTHS APART.

Note: Soil audit recommendations are offered as an informational tool for your use and consideration. Due to the multitude of conditions beyond our control (application, weather, viability of seeds, etc.) we can not guarantee specific results. No responsibility is in any way expressed or implied for crop yields, other than guarantees of lab test accuracy.

TIMBERLEAF SOIL TESTING NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS RECOMMENDATIONS

Customer: Sara Lieber

Grower: Lieber

Crops: Vegetables,

Region: Sierra Nevada

Parcel: Mini Farm

Report Number: 27997

Sample ID: 1

Date: 18-Apr-2013

Client ID: 3786

The following recommendations for nitrogen and phosphorus are based on several factors; the requirement of each crop you intend to grow, the nutrient levels reported by our lab, your soil type, and the environmental factors you reported to us on the Soil Sample Information Form. The recommendations supplied are based on alfalfa meal as a nitrogen source and bone meal for phosphorus. If you would prefer to use another source of nitrogen you may use the conversions at the bottom of this page.

REPORTED NITROGEN LEVEL: 125 REPORTED PHOSPHORUS (P1) LEVEL: 60

INTENDED CROP LBS. ALFALFA MEAL TO APPLY

(PER ACRE)

LBS. BONE MEAL TO APPLY

(PER ACRE)

TOMATOES 0.00.0

EGGPLANT 0.00.0

PEPPERS 0.00.0

SQUASH 0.00.0

HERBS 0.00.0

To convert to another nitrogen amendment, divide the number of pounds recommended above by the factor given below:

BLOOD MEALCOTTONSEED MEAL

FISH MEAL

24.33

Nitrogen recommendations are the most challenging of all the soil minerals due to the high degree of variability in soil types, climate, time of year, soil moisture, biological activity, type of organic matter applied, and plant varieties. We highly recommend that you keep good records of the amount and type of nitrogen applied, the crop you plant, weather conditions, and the time of year applied. Compare your results using the above rates as a beginning reference. In a few growing seasons you will be the best judge of your yearly nitrogen requirements.

HOOF & HORN MEALSOYBEAN MEAL

4.61.6

COMPILED BY TIMBERLEAF SOIL TESTING NO REPRODUCTION WITHOUT PERMISSION 39648 Old Spring Rd. ~ Murrieta, CA 92563 ~ Phone/Fax (951) 677-7510 ~ [email protected]


Supplemental Guide to

Soil Management

COMPILED BY TIMBERLEAF SOIL TESTING NO REPRODUCTION WITHOUT PERMISSION 39648 Old Spring Rd. ~ Murrieta, CA 92563 ~ Phone/Fax (951) 677-7510 ~ [email protected]

CONTENTS

Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .

Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Cation Exchange Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Soil pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Buffer pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Basic Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Anions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Sulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Trace Minerals (Micronutrients) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Boron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Sodium and Soluble Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Frequently Requested Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Tillage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Soil Nutrients for Fruit Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Suggested Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

COMPILED BY TIMBERLEAF SOIL TESTING NO REPRODUCTION WITHOUT PERMISSION

39648 Old Spring Rd. ~ Murrieta, CA 92563 ~ Phone/Fax (951) 677-7510 ~ [email protected]


Supplemental Guide to Soil Management This guide was prepared as a companion document to your Soil Test Summary Report. It provides supplemental information about soil components and was designed to help you better understand the laboratory numbers in your personalized summary report. We have provided details on organic matter, cation exchange capacity, soil pH, and soil nutrients. We have also created a section covering the three topics that generate the most questions from our clients - tillage, soil drainage, and soil nutrients for fruit trees. Finally, for those interested in learning more about soil management, we have also added a suggested reading list. We hope you find this guide helpful and are able to put it to good use. If you have questions or need additional information, feel free to contact us. INDEXES Organic Matter Organic matter is a critical component of soil. It is described in your Soil Test Summary Report as a percent of the total soil weight. The organic matter test measures plant and animal residues in soil that are in various stages of decomposition. Humus is the end product resulting from decomposition of organic material and is primarily the decayed remains of soil organisms. Organic matter and humus play a critical role in the health of the soil. They bind soil particles in a granular structure creating soil pore space. Pore space increases the movement of air and water through the soil. Roots cannot grow without sufficient oxygen while water carries a majority of the nutrients plants need to the root surface for uptake. Carbon dioxide is also freely released from the soil in its exchange with air, thus stimulating photosynthesis and the production of energy for plant metabolism. Organic matter also supplies many compounds to the plant not available in the soil water. Most important is the carbon content of organic matter. This is the energy source for soil microbes and it is consumed in the decomposition process to produce plant-available nutrients. The limiting element for the growth and reproduction of soil organisms is carbon. Interestingly, carbon is ultimately the limiting factor for plant growth.


Supplemental Guide to Soil Management Page 2



Organic Matter (Continued) Of significant importance is the nitrogen contained in organic matter. Although microorganisms require it in smaller quantities than carbon, nitrogen is needed to form proteins essential for their reproduction and growth. Increasing organic matter to within the 5 to 6% range will contribute to an abundance of healthy soil organisms and promote good soil structure. It will also help to increase the nutrient-holding capacity of the soil, provide a slow and steady source of plant-available nutrients, weatherproof the soil against conditions of drought and heat stress, and buffer the soil against nutrient excesses. Maintaining a good supply of organic matter is Number 1 in importance for supporting a flourishing soil ecosystem. It is well worth the effort to build your existing level of organic matter if it is below 5% or maintain it if it is above 5%. Climatic conditions of temperature and moisture directly affect this process. Generally, fresh organic materials applied to the soil decompose at a comparatively rapid rate in warm climates as opposed to a moderate and slow rate in mild and cool climates. The length of time they take to stabilize also depends upon the above factors of temperature and moisture. Although fresh residues, such as green manure cover crops, that are turned into the soil may be beneficial for building or maintaining the organic content of the soil, they will not significantly maintain or increase its humus level. Nevertheless, we recommend that you incorporate their use into your rotation plan for the purpose of increasing plant-available nutrients and the diversity of soil organisms. We recommend you do this once or twice a year. Adding compost to your soil is the most effective means of increasing or maintaining organic matter in your soil. Choose “aerobically” processed compost that has a pleasant “earthy” smell and has decomposed sufficiently enough so that the original material from which it was made is no longer identifiable. Applying compost that is not “finished” can temporarily tie up nitrogen thus restricting plant growth and development. To reach or maintain the desired level of organic matter in your soil, we recommend that you apply compost at the rate recommended in your Soil Test Summary Report, working it 2 to 4 inches into the soil for best results. It can be applied prior to planting and applying mulch. In addition, rotted animal manure may be applied at the rate of 5 lbs. per 100 sq. ft. only if the soluble salts level is 0.7 or less. Otherwise, it is best to wait until the soluble salts level returns to normal before applying manure. The combination of green manure and compost, along with animal manures, if the salts level permits, will provide the best opportunity for increasing or maintaining your level of organic matter.





Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Cations are positively charged, or basic minerals. They are further discussed in the “Soil pH” Section. They include calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) is an index of significant importance. It tells us the quantity of cation nutrients the soil can hold. Each soil type has a certain amount of clay and organic particles. These soil particles have many negatively charged sites on their surfaces. These sites attract the positively charged mineral cations, holding them loosely near the surface of these soil particles. As plants take up these minerals for their nutrition, the roots exchange hydrogen ions in return for the cation minerals. The CEC tells us the sum total of all negatively charged sites, or exchange sites, the soil particles contain expressed as an index number. Therefore, an 18 CEC soil can hold twice the nutrients of a 9 CEC soil. The CEC is also related to the base saturation percentage given in your Soil Test Summary Report. This percentage tells how much of each cation is filling, or occupying, the exchange sites on your soil particles. From the information, we can calculate the amount of additional calcium, or other cation minerals, your soil might need for good balance. The CEC index, or the total number of negatively charged sites in your soil, is determined to a large extent by the type and amount of clay particles and organic matter in the soil. Since it is not practical to change the amount or type of clay in our soils, the only way to increase the CEC index is by increasing the organic matter. The relationship of the CEC to pH, and the quality of the pH, is understood when we realize that the exchange sites should be filled with each mineral cation in the proper amount or balanced percentage. When we recall that the roots exchange hydrogen ions (the acid element) for mineral cations at the soil particle surface (exchange sites), we begin to understand how this affects the pH of the soil water. The more hydrogen ions that occupy space at the exchange sites, the more acidic the soil, and therefore the lower the pH. We can also see that calcium and magnesium have the highest desired level of saturation, and thus have a greater effect on pH than either potassium or sodium. Soil pH The pH symbol stands for potential hydrogen and represents a measure of the acidity of a liquid. The measurement is the concentration of hydrogen ions (H). Hydrogen is an acid element and is a non-nutrient. Offsetting hydrogen is the hydroxide ion (OH), which is basic or alkaline, and likewise a non-nutrient. Soil pH measures the pH of the soil water and not the actual soil particles.





Soil pH (Continued) For those interested in the technical aspects, the pH scale is the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration. So as a solution goes from pH 7 down to a pH of 6, the concentration of the hydrogen ion increases 10 times, while the concentration of the hydroxide ion decreases 10 times. The pH scale goes from 1 to 14, with pH 7 being neutral. Any reading below pH 7 is “acidic” and any reading above it is “basic” or alkaline. Acidic soils are generally formed from acid-leaching processes resulting from climatic conditions such as high annual rainfall and cool to moderate temperatures. Alkaline soils predominately occur under climatic conditions such as low annual rainfall and cool to hot temperatures. These physical characteristics initiate chemical reactions in the parent rock material from which a particular soil originates, and after thousands of years the soil has chemically weathered to its current status. The chemical reactions in soil are affected by the pH. The plant availability (solubility) of most soil minerals, the soil’s biological activity, and the diversity of soil organisms, such as earthworms and bacteria, is pH dependent. These functions are generally optimized in the slightly acidic range of pH 6.2 to 6.8. When the pH becomes either too alkaline or acidic, many beneficial plant nutrients can become chemically immobilized (insoluble) in the soil and unavailable to plants, thus limiting plant growth. The plant minerals most affected by pH are the availability of phosphorus; some forms of nitrogen, and most trace minerals. Again, the importance of organic matter is underscored since it minimizes the extremes of pH (buffering). The pH level is not as critical when the organic matter content of soil is at the desired level. One of the evaluations we conduct during testing is to determine the balance of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and their effect on your pH. All of these minerals are cations (see “Cation Exchange Capacity” section above) and offset the acid element hydrogen. Simply stated, one could conceivably apply any one of these minerals to the soil and drive the pH up significantly, provided one added enough material. Therefore, we are interested in determining the quality of your pH, or how well it is balanced. Elemental sulfur is often used to correct alkaline soil conditions and increase the availability of certain plant nutrients.





Buffer pH Buffer pH is a measure of the soil’s capacity to resist pH changes after lime has been added. Two soils with the same soil pH may have different buffer pH readings, with one needing considerably more limestone to reach optimum pH than the other. The lower the buffer pH reading, the more limestone will be required to raise the soil pH.

The analytical method we use does not require us to pay close attention to buffer pH. Our concern is with the “quality” of the soil pH, or how well balanced each soil nutrient is in respect to others present versus just adding lime to raise the pH. We take this point into careful consideration when making fertilizer recommendations for calcium, magnesium, and potassium.

Please refer to your Soil Test Summary Report for specific recommendations. BASIC MINERALS Calcium Calcium is one the most important nutrients in the soil and in the plant. In the soil, it binds both inorganic and organic substances and thereby plays a major role in the development of good soil structure. In the plant, calcium is involved with regulating the transport of nutrients across plant cell membranes. Calcium also protects the plant from the harmful waste products of plant metabolism. Gypsum is often recommended to supply calcium to the soil while reducing high levels of sodium, potassium, and magnesium. It is also known for increasing soil permeability. Cultivate thoroughly after applying, then water well. Magnesium The importance of magnesium is understood when we realize that, without it, photosynthesis could not take place, and thus life on earth as we know it could not exist. Magnesium is the only metallic component of chlorophyll. Magnesium is essential in virtually every plant process requiring phosphorus, which functions as the energy currency for plant cell growth and development. Like all other mineral nutrients, balance is the key. Consequently, an overabundance of magnesium can complicate the availability of other plant nutrients and “tighten” a soil, reducing soil aeration and permeability, and contributing to poor soil structure.





Magnesium (Continued) The proper ratio of magnesium to calcium will affect your soil pH and balance. When we recommend limestone (calcium), it is extremely important for purposes of soil balance to apply the proper type of limestone. All limestones contain varying levels of magnesium, from 0% to over 28%. Applying the wrong type of limestone could adversely affect magnesium balance. Magnesium sulfate is recommended when magnesium is deficient and both calcium and potassium are available in sufficient supply. The recommendation to foliar apply magnesium sulfate is based on a mixture or dilution of 12 lbs. of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) per 100 gallons of water. It is applied as a foliar spray 4 times during the course of the growing season. Then, we suggest retesting the soil before continuing with additional foliar applications. It is difficult to determine the area that 12 lbs. of magnesium sulfate per 100 gallons of water will cover. A lot depends on the density of the crops it is applied to. If you don't need 100 gallons, then it can be reduced but the key is maintaining the above ratio. Potassium Potassium plays a vital role in plants. It is involved with nearly every aspect of plant growth. It causes reactions in plant cells without becoming an integral component of the plant protoplasm or cell structure. The ratio of potassium to magnesium is important since an excess of potassium can initiate a deficiency of magnesium. This again emphasizes the importance of nutrient balance. If your soil is high in potassium, all potassium fertilizers should be avoided including wood ash. Compost may still be used. Sodium The discussion on sodium is included below in the “Sodium and Soluble Salts” section. Your base saturation percentage of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium is listed in your Soil Test Summary Report.





ANIONS Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a key element in plant growth and development. Without it, plants cannot carry on their various life processes. It is needed to form new cells and, ultimately, plant protein. Without enough nitrogen, plants may remain stunted, underdeveloped, and incapable of reproducing. As with all plant nutrients, the right amount of plant-available nitrogen is essential. An excess of nitrogen can be as harmful as a deficiency and cause the formation of weak and overly succulent plants, prone to disease and harmful insects. Unlike many other soil minerals, plant-available nitrogen is usually very limited in the soil. However, nitrogen in the atmosphere above the ground is plentiful. It comprises approximately 78% of our atmosphere as a gas. Generally plants cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen until it is combined with other elements, such as oxygen and hydrogen. This process is known as “nitrogen fixation” and is primarily accomplished in the soil by an array of soil organisms. Most of this nitrogen fixation is accomplished in the soil’s organic matter, which typically is between 1 and 6% in most soil. As the process unfolds, nitrogen from the atmosphere is steadily cycled from our air and converted into forms, such as ammonium and nitrate that plants can use. Therefore, a primary goal in soil management is maintaining sufficient organic matter, which can serve as a consistent source of plant-available nitrogen. Nitrogen in plant-available form can also be purchased and applied to the soil as a fertilizer, but much of that material can be lost to leaching or as a gas to the atmosphere. The most reliable method for conserving nitrogen, while steadily supplying it to plants throughout the growing season, is the use of organic matter such as compost.

Your Soil Test Summary Report estimates the amount of nitrogen your soil will release within the period of a year. This estimate is made from the present level of organic matter and the recommended amount of compost. Since we cannot measure the precise nature of the organic matter that has been applied, or that you plan to apply, we can only estimate the nitrogen release based on all the information available to us.





Nitrogen (Continued) In most instances, this estimate is valid. However, due to the variation in age of the organic materials, the degree of oxidation, specific moisture level, and other factors, we cannot be certain of the exact amount of nitrogen that will be released during the growing season. Therefore, we have provided crop-by-crop recommendations, and have indicated supplementation of nitrogen amendments accordingly. Please refer to the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recommendations attached to your Soil Test Summary Report. Phosphorus There are two separate tests for phosphorus. The P1 test indicates the amount of phosphorus immediately available to plants. The combination of the P1 and P2 test indicates your level of reserve phosphorus. Optimally, P1 test results should be approximately 50% of P2 test results for a good reserve level and balance. As previously stated, phosphorus is the energy currency of plant cells. It is responsible for distributing all the energy gained by photosynthesis. A deficiency of phosphorus can limit the number and size of seeds produced and can lead to stunted plant growth. Phosphorus is vitally important to the early growth and development of plants, particularly to the growth of roots. Nitrogen and Phosphorus complement each other in several ways. For example, nitrogen is a required component of plant proteins, yet phosphorus determines if the proteins are actually formed. Unlike nitrogen, which is highly mobile in the soil, phosphorus is very immobile because it can react with most of the other soil minerals and clay. This is particularly true of calcium, iron, and aluminum. These reactions tend to fix phosphorus in unavailable forms. Again, organic matter, and its associated biological activity, is the predominant source of plant-available phosphorus. Nevertheless, it is important to maintain a reserve level of soil phosphorus beyond that portion that is immediately available. To ensure an adequate level of phosphorus for maximum yields, we have provided separate phosphorus recommendations along with the nitrogen recommendations mentioned above. Sometimes crops can suffer phosphorus deficiencies even when the P1 and P2 levels are normal. Phosphorous deficiencies are relatively easy to spot and can be identified by a purple hue either on the undersides of plant leaves, or in the stems of plants during the early-growth stage.





Phosphorus (Continued) A phosphorus deficiency should be treated by increasing the application of immediately available phosphorus through the application of 1 to 2 pounds of bone meal per 100 sq. ft. If the organic matter level is high and the soil is cool, this condition can correct itself as the soil warms and phosphorus becomes more available through increased biological activity. High phosphorus bat guano (4-10-0) can be used as an alternative to bone meal. Since it contains 4% available nitrogen, the alfalfa meal recommendation can be reduced by the amount of bat guano applied. Just multiply the bone meal recommendations by 1.1 to convert to bat guano. If high phosphorus bat guano with less than 3% nitrogen is used, go ahead and apply the alfalfa meal as specified in your Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recommendations. High macronutrient levels can be naturally occurring or the result of an overapplication of fertilizers. We recommend that you monitor these levels by repeating the basic test at the scheduled time suggested in your Soil Test Summary Report. For commercial growers, we suggest that this be done on an annual basis.

The reported and desired levels for calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, nitrogen, and phosphorus (1&2) are listed in your Soil Test Summary Report along with all fertilizer recommendations.

Sulfur Sulfur is the quality element in crops and too often is not considered a major plant nutrient. Sulfur is of major importance in the defense mechanism of the plant. Low sulfur will invite the invasion of insects and disease. In all crops, sulfur is necessary for the formation of chlorophyll and the rate of photosynthesis. Maintaining optimum sulfur levels should be a priority, along with establishing a balance between other soil minerals, in order to get maximum yields and quality crops. Sulfur is becoming deficient in many soils especially those in high rainfall areas where acid leaching soil conditions are the general rule. A biological source of sulfur, preferably from animal manures, is the most reliable source of this mineral. Nevertheless, supplemental sulfur may be needed.





TRACE MINERALS (MICRONUTRIENTS) Micronutrients, or trace minerals, are so-called because plant processes require them in small amounts and excesses generally lead to toxic conditions. Trace minerals have a powerful influence on the growth and development of plants in spite of their only being required by plants in minute quantities. Many of the functions of trace minerals are still unknown, yet it has been generally determined that deficiencies may prevent plants from obtaining full benefit of major nutrients, even when those nutrients are otherwise available. Those using certified organic methods and fertilizers may find it difficult locating appropriate amendments for building deficient micronutrient soil levels. We have determined, from testing soils in various stages of fertility over wide geographic areas and soil types, that most all plant micronutrient requirements can be supplied, in time, by biological soil processes. This is a direct result of the decomposition of fresh residues and the application of compost. We do give recommendations for supplementing low micronutrient soil levels to assist growers in raising good crops until soil levels are in balance. Most of these recommendations call for the application of soil-applied sulfate minerals or optional foliar-applied chelated minerals. We have found these acceptable to most certifying organizations. If you have special needs, or a unique situation, please contact us for suitable alternatives.

The reported and desired levels for zinc, manganese, iron, copper, and boron are listed in the Soil Test Summary Report along with amendment recommendations for trace mineral deficiencies.

In addition, we suggest that you follow the recommendations given in the “Organic Matter” section of this document to encourage the availability of trace minerals through nutrient cycling. High micronutrient levels can be naturally occurring or the result of an overapplication of soil amendments. We recommend that you monitor these levels by repeating the trace mineral test every five years. For commercial growers, we suggest that this be done on an annual basis. Zinc Zinc is essential from early plant growth through maturity. Corn and other vegetables especially require it for proper enzyme function. There is a relationship between zinc, phosphorus, and nitrogen that seems to function in the early part of the season supporting the development of strong root growth. It appears that all three of these minerals function best when a balanced supply of each exists in the soil. For this reason, we recommend a soil-applied amendment when deficiencies are present.





Manganese This micronutrient is necessary to the process of photosynthesis and the formation of chlorophyll. It is likely to be unavailable in soils with a pH above 6.8. It is required in sufficient quantity by most all vegetable crops and grains. Manganese deficiencies are primarily noted in the spring under cool soil temperatures when plant availability is greatly reduced. A high soil pH can also create or compound deficiency symptoms. If your soil pH is high, we recommend foliar applying manganese chelate to your transplants in the spring, particularly if your soil temperatures are relatively cool. Iron Iron is important in building the chlorophyll molecule, and it is therefore important to photosynthesis. Crops such as the cabbage family, spinach, beets, tomatoes, and beans demand a good supply of iron. Like manganese, iron deficiencies are most likely to occur in cool, moist springtime conditions. Deficiencies will also occur in soils with a pH of 7.5 or higher. It is not unusual to see high levels of iron and manganese in waterlogged soils lacking sufficient oxygen. Once the soil drains sufficiently and air is reintroduced into the soil environment, the levels generally decrease. Copper Copper is very important to the reproductive process of plants. It improves yield and prolongs storage life most noticeably in root and leaf crops. In many parts of the country, copper levels are decreasing to the point of deficiency. Boron Boron levels are low in many parts of the U.S. due to leaching from the soil. Attempts to correct low levels may often be difficult in soils low in organic matter. Many crops are very sensitive to a boron deficiency, including apples, beets, turnips, muskmelons, broad beans, onions, cabbage, lettuce, carrots, other fruit trees, and some legumes. Boron plays a major role in photosynthesis, seed setting, and the viability of pollen. Boron can be very toxic and should be applied evenly and in the proper amount. Split applications of boron are generally the best method for building the desired soil level. We recommend that you monitor this important element to insure against future deficiencies.





SODIUM AND SOLUBLE SALTS Sodium is an important consideration in the growth of plants. In potassium-deficient soils, sodium may act as a substitute for many plant functions that are normally satisfied by potassium. It has been observed that, when the base saturation of sodium is more than one third the base saturation of potassium, a deficiency of potassium likely exists. This is due to the substitution of sodium for potassium in the plant. On the plus side, sodium will improve the growth of table beets and sugar beets when there is a good supply of potassium available. Your base saturation percentage of potassium and sodium is listed in your Soil Test Summary Report. Sodium can also play a major role in soil soluble salts level. Typically, sodium can become part of the cation exchange complex discussed earlier or, it can exist as a free salt floating around in the soil water (See Cation Exchange Capacity). As a free salt, sodium can be flushed out of the soil with sufficient water. If it is part of the exchange complex, it can be replaced by another cation, such as calcium. When our testing determines an excessive level of soluble salts in the soil, we attempt to identify the source of the salts. This can be a complex process and takes into consideration the balance of other minerals, such as calcium. In the majority of cases, our analysis identifies the source of excess salts as either potassium or sodium. After we carefully examine each cation, we recommend either flushing the soil with water, or applying gypsum or sulfur to correct the imbalance. See the “Soluble Salts” section of your Soil Test Summary Report for any flushing recommendations. If flushing is recommended, it can be done in conjunction with deep irrigation throughout the growing season. The irrigation water should be clean and free of sodium. The soil should be aerated as deeply as possible so that the water can drain down through the soil profile and flush the salts beneath the root zone. Adequate drainage is the key. Deep irrigation should also be done fairly frequently to prevent or at least minimize the upward movement of the soil water.





FREQUENTLY REQUESTED INFORMATION Tillage The primary purpose of tilling the soil is to create a well aggregated or “granular” soil structure; one which encourages good water retention, gas exchange (oxygen in and carbon dioxide out), soil drainage, and good root development. This loose or crumb-like structure helps plant roots to fully develop by minimizing the effort they need to move through the soil. This, in turn, allows them to explore a larger soil area for plant nutrients and water with greater efficiency. Once deep tillage is complete on a new garden plot and good soil structure is established, all that is generally necessary is very shallow surface cultivation between crops and throughout the growing season to control soil crusting (mulching should also help). While excessive tillage can adversely affect soil structure, minimizing it as described conserves organic matter, soil nitrates, and other minerals. We suggest tilling the soil when it is slightly wet. If the soil sticks to your spade or fork, it is still too wet to work. Poor soil drainage can limit plant growth by restricting plant nutrient uptake and reducing soil biological activity. This is often seen in compacted soil or those containing a hardpan. Hardpans not only hinder soil drainage, but also restrict the movement of plant roots into the subsoil, denying them access to plant nutrients. Common remedies include the use of raised and/or double-dug beds and the U-bar for small gardens, and the chisel plow for larger areas. Too much drainage can also be problematic by leaching valuable nutrients through the soil. In this case, the generous use of finished compost can significantly bolster the water-holding capacity of the soil. Mulching is also highly recommended. There is a simple perc test that can be performed that will reveal a drainage problem. Dig a hole about a foot deep and 6 inches across. Fill it with water and let it drain completely. Once it has drained, fill it up again and see how long it takes to drain. If it takes over 8 hours, a drainage problem probably exists.





Soil Nutrients for Fruit Trees It is preferable to build soil nutrient levels first prior to planting fruit trees. See your Soil Test Summary Report for specific fertilizer and soil amendment recommendations. However, if the trees are established, holes can be poked around the drip line and filled with a mix of compost and fertilizer. Water these articles in well. Be very careful not to disturb the existing roots. Once completed, compost or some other mulching material, such as shredded leaves, can be evenly spread out to the drip line of each tree. Keep the mulch 6 to 12 inches away from the tree trunks to prevent rot. Trees that are heavy nitrogen feeders, such as citrus, may benefit from periodic foliar applications of fish emulsion. Apply per label instructions and after the trees have established themselves for a year or two. Generally, nitrogen can be considered at an optimum level when tip growth is sufficient, the foliage is rich green, yield is good, and fruit color satisfactory. Over time, you’ll be the best judge of the nitrogen needs of your trees. Certain fruit trees, such as citrus and avocados, and to a lesser degree, apple, pear, cherries, etc., are also quite sensitive to micronutrient or trace mineral deficiencies, especially iron. Deficiencies are very common in high pH soils, where trace mineral availability is typically quite low. Most fruit trees would benefit from the periodic foliar-application of trace mineral chelates or kelp extract in soils with a pH of 7.0 or above. Apply them per label instructions. High soil pH may be problematic for growing blueberries and raspberries although the generous use of sphagnum peat moss should help. SUGGESTED READING How to Grow More Vegetables by John Jeavons Start with the Soil by Grace Gershuny Soil Science Simplified by Helmut Kohnke and D.P. Franzmeier

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Timberleaf Soil Testing · Enclosed is your completed soil test report. The report begins with a summary documenting the lab results and recommendations, along with instructions