TIM TEACHING LAB. KESMAVET FKH UB 2016

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The term ‘eggs’ applies to the entire eggs of hens, which are suitable for consumption

and for industrial production of food products intended for human consumption

SNI 06.3926-1995 :“Telur ayam segar adalah telur ayam yang tidak mengalami proses pendinginandan tidak mengalami penanganan pengawetan serta tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda pertumbuhan embrio yang jelas, kuning telur belum tercampur denganputih telur”

SNI 3926-2008 (Rev. SNI 3926-1995) :“Telur yang belum mengalami proses fortifikasi, pendinginan, pengawetandan proses pengeraman”

DEFINISI TELUR

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Sebelum telur dikeluarkan dari tubuh

disebabkan karena pecahnya pembuluh darah (vena dan arteri) di saluran telur sehingga darah yang mengandung mikroorganisme dapat masuk ke telur

Setelah telur dikeluarkan dari tubuh (ovipositiori)

berasal dari dubur (kloaka) ayam dan dari sarang telur dalam keadaan basah sehingga melalui cairan yang menyelaputi telur tadi, mikroorganisme terserap ke dalam telur

KONTAMINASI TELUR

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1. Kontaminasi masuk melalui cangkang/kerabang telur :

Induk ayam Sarang

Air pencuci Penanganan/pengepakan, dll

Jumlah total mikroba dari cangkang 102-107 sel/ml (rata-rata 105 sel/ml)

SUMBER KONTAMINASI

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SUMBER KONTAMINASI

2. penetrasi pori menembus membran cangkang

3. tumbuh melalui membran yolk dan albumin

4. tumbuh dalam albumin mencapai yolk

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Jenis Mikroorganisme yang Dijumpai di Kerabang & Isi Telur Ayam

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KEBUSUKAN TELUR AKIBAT KONTAMINASI MIKROORGANISME

Kontaminasi mikroorganisme menyebabkan kebusukan pada telur

Paling banyak menyebabkan kebusukan pada telur :

Dapat tumbuh karena faktor nutrisi tercukupi & sifat bakteri dapat tumbuh pada suhu rendah, misalnya :

Alcaligenes

Achromobacter

Psedomonas

Serratia

Proteus

Aeromonas

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Bentuk Kebusukan pada Telur :

Busuk Hijau (Green Rots) : albumin menjadi

encer, berserabut hijau, yolk diselimuti bintik

pink/putih mengeras, membran vitelin menebal,

berwarna putih/hitam

Busuk Hitam (Black Rots) : kantung udara

membesar, albumen jadi coklat kehijauan dan

encer, yolk berwarna hitam, jika dibuka bau

busuk, yolk menjadi liat

Busuk Merah (Red Rots) : yolk menjadi

kemerahan, albumin menjadi encer, keabuan,

diselimuti warna kemerahan

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PERSYARATAN MUTU MIKROBIOLOGIS TELUR

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PERTAHANAN TELUR TERHADAP KONTAMINASI MIKROORGANISME

Selaput kulit telur pertanahan pertama telur terhadap mikroorganisme

Albumen pertahanan utama telur terhadap mikroorganisme

Enzim Lysozyme dapat melisiskan dinding sel bakteri

Ovomucin menghambat hemaglutinasi virus

Ovoinhibitor menghambat protease bakterial & fungal

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KEAMANAN TELUR

Lebih dari 2.300 tipe Salmonella sudah diketahui sebagai pencemar

Salmonella enteritidis, adalah salah satu jenis yang ditemukan terutamapada produk unggas termasuk telur segar dan telur yang tidakdipasteurisasi

Salmonella enteritidis dari feses dapat mengkontaminasi kerabang telur

Induk ayam dengan infeksi Salmonella sistemik akan mengeluarkan teluryang terkontaminasi

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BMP (Biosecurity Management Practices)

Biosecurity Management Practises

Untuk pekerja

Untuk peralatan

Untuk hewan ternak (unggas)

CCP #1 sanitasi dan disinfeksi antar flok

CCP #2 kontrol rodensia

CCP #3 pullet bebas Salmonella

Monitoring lingkungan

Monitoring telur

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Biosecurity Management Practice

Biosecurity involves using all measures possible to control the spread of disease-causing organisms such as Salmonella enteritidis (SE)

These measures include controlling human traffic, isolating poultry fromcontaminated equipment and animals,controlling insects and rodents, vaccination, disinfection, and good housekeeping

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for People

1. Make sure employees and family members wear freshly laundered clothing daily

2. Have all visitors report to a central location and sign a log book before entering any building

3. Do not allow anyone, including maintenance personnel and pest control people, to enter your poultry house or egg room unless they are wearing clean and sanitized coveralls, boots, and hat

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… for people

4. Clean and disinfect boots before entering and leaving each poultry house. Manure is a major factor responsible for the spread of disease from one poultry house to another. If you have more than one poultry house on your farm, you may want to consider having a separate pair of boots for each house. By storing the boots in a rubber garbage can, you can keep them in wearable condition. This practice would be especially helpful if you have poultry of different ages on the farm

5. Change water in foot baths and add disinfectant at least daily, or more often if baths collect a lot of dirt and manure

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…for people

6. Always shower and change into clean clothes before leaving your farm and after returning home. This practice will help prevent the spread of any disease from one farm to another. You can pick up disease organisms by visiting other farms, auctions, meetings, or restaurants where other farmers, service people, or backyard flock owners visit. By showering and changing into clean clothes when you return home, you are taking a big step toward reducing the spread of disease organisms9/30/2016 TIM TEACHING LAB. KESMAVET FKH UB 2016 16

…for people

7. If possible, try to limit each person’s work schedule to one poultry house

8. Do not visit younger birds after visiting older birds except when younger birds are positive for SE or other diseases. If you must visit older birds first, be sure to shower and/or change clothes before visiting younger birds. Keep all buildings locked at all times to ensure that your biosecurity plan is followed by all visitors and nonfarm employees

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for Equipment

1. Borrow equipment from another farm only if it is thoroughly cleaned and disinfected

2. Restrict movement of all vehicles entering and leaving your farm. Have vehicles park outside the premises whenever possible

3. Bring onto the farm only clean and disinfected crates, egg cartons, etc. Reject anything that is not clean and notify the supplier of the problem

4. Do business only with companies that have high biosecurity standards9/30/2016 TIM TEACHING LAB. KESMAVET FKH UB 2016 18

for Animals

1. Avoid contact with wild birds and waterfowl

2. Always place new birds in a clean and disinfected house

3. Control rodents and insects inside and around poultry houses

4. Properly dispose of dead birds in a timely fashion

5. Make sure poultry houses are properly ventilated. Large amounts of fresh air dilute microbe populations and reduce disease buildup

6. Keep manure as dry as possible9/30/2016 TIM TEACHING LAB. KESMAVET FKH UB 2016 19

CCP #1 Clean and Disinfect Between Flocks

Organic material can harbor bacteria such as Salmonella enteritidis (SE)

The goal of cleaning and disinfection is to reduce the organic material and bacteria in the environment, thereby reducing the risk of SE contamination

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Clean and Disinfect Between Flocks

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CCP #2 Control Rodents

Rodents are a significant source of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) exposure for chickens

A single mouse produces 100 droppings a day and each can contain up to 230,000 SE bacteria

By defecating in feed troughs, on egg belts, and in other areas, rodents can spread infection throughout the chicken house and contaminate eggs

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CCP 3# Place Salmonella enteritidis Clean Pullet Chicks

Salmonella enteritidis (SE) contaminated pullet chicks are a significant hazard for the introduction of SE into laying flocks and potentially their eggs

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Monitor the Environment

Monitoring the environment (manure) is necessary for all pullet and hen houses regardless of previous culture results following cleaning and disinfection

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Monitor Eggs

Egg monitoring is required for hen flocks in environments that test positive for SE

Initiation of egg testing eliminates the need for any further environmental testing

The results of egg testing determine whether eggs must be diverted for pasteurization or hard cooking rather than offered to the consumer as table eggs

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9/30/2016

A true friend is someone who thinks that you are a good egg

even though he knows that you are slightly cracked.

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