B Cng ThngTrng i Hc Cng Nghip H NiTiu lun mn: HA MI TRNG ti: H
Sinh Thi BinGio vin hng dn: Phm Thanh YnSinh vin: Nguyn Th Kim Thu
( 0641120297) Nguyn H Trang ( 0641120289)
I. LI M U H sinh thi l g ? l mt cu hi d tr li nhng liu chng ta c
hiu ht v n c khng? H sinh thi mi trng l mt h thng bao gm cc vi sinh
vt v con ngi cng cc iu kin mi trng bao quanh n vi s tng tc ln nhau,
lin tc khng ngng m kt qu ca s tc ng quyt nh chiu hng pht trin ca
qun x v sinh cnh ca ton h. Bt c mt h sinh thi mi trng no cng c mt
khng gian bao quanh, hay mt phm vi lnh th nht nh, trong gm cc thnh
phn v sinh nh nc, khng kh, t, kh hu (nhit , m, gi, ma, nh sng), cc
cht khong, , cc thnh phn hu sinh nh cc qun x sinh vt gm thc vt, ng
vt, con ngi v ngun cung cp nng lng, ch yu l nh sng mt tri. C nhiu h
sinh thi mi trng nh h sinh thi mi trng nhn to hay sinh thi mi trng
t nhin, v bin chnh l mt trong nhng h sinh thi t nhin v cng phong ph
v phc tp m chng ta cn hiu r t c nhng suy ngh ng n v tm quan trng v
bin php bo v n nh th no cho hp l .Chng ta ang nhn thc c s hy hoi dn
ca bin bi nhiu yu t m quan trng nht l thc con ngi nn nhm chng em
xin c chn ti h sinh thi bin ng phn no gp ting ni nh b ca mnh trong
vic bo v mi trng sng ca hnh tinh xanh ny.
y l mt ti kh rng v kh, ng thi s hiu bit ca chng em cha c su sc
nn bi tiu lun ny chc chn cn rt nhiu im thiu st v vy chng em mong
nhn c s gp v gip ca thy chng em c thm nhng hiu bit ng n v mi trng
bin ca chng ta.MC CH
H sinh thi bin mang mt ngha c bit quan trng vi s sng ca mi sinh
vt, c bit l sinh vt bin. Vic nghin cu h sinh thi bin gip chng ta
hiu r v s hnh thnh cng nh tm quan trng ca n. Qua c nhng hiu bit
chnh xc v mi e da m h sinh thi bin phi i mt. ng thi c nhng hnh ng
thit thc gp phn vo vic bo v h sinh thi bin, gip h sinh thi bin ngy
cng pht trin, a dng v phong ph hn.II. Ni dung
1.H sinh thi bina. H sinh thi l g? H sinh thi l mt h thng bao gm
cc sinh vt v mi trng ca chng vi cc mi quan h tng tc, ti thng xuyn
din ra cc chu trnh tun hon vt cht, dng nng lng v dng thng tin.b. H
sinh thi bin
H sinh thi bin l t hp cc qun x sinh vt bin, mi trng bin, cc sinh
vt bin chng tng tc vi mi trng bin to nn chu trnh vt cht (chu trnh
sinh, a, ha v s chuyn ha ca nng lng bin).
2. Cc thnh phn ca h sinh thi bin
S phn chia cc vng bin v i dng
Theo chiu ngang i dng c th phn chia thnh 2 vng ln: vng ven b ng
vi vng triu v di triu ng vi su 500m v vng khi gm nhng vng cn li ng
vi cc su ca i dng.
Theo chiu su: tng mt c su 400m, tng trung gian c su n 1500m v
tng y.
a. Mi trng
p sut nc tng dn theo su (c xung su 10m th tng 1atm). Cng chiu
sng gim dn theo su. Ch yu gm 2 tng: Tng sng su ti 50m (20-120m) m
bo s quang hp, tng ti c chiu su t 500m tr xung.
C s phn tng v nhit theo chiu su: tng mt c nhit thay i theo ngy v
theo ma. Tng trung gian c nhit gim t 1-3o C. Tng su c nhit n nh. Hm
lng mui ha tan, kh oxi v kh cacbonic thay i. y l nhng nhn tsinh thi
rt quan trng i vi sinh vt bin.
b. Sinh vt
Sinh vt i dng kh a dng v thnh phn loi, gm vi khun, to n bo, cc
loi gip xc, thn mm, rut khoang, c, b st, th bin sng trong cc tng nc
v y thm lc a.
ng vt v thc vt ph du
Khi ta vt 1 m sinh vt ph du ln v nhn k s thy chng l 1 khi hn hp
gia cc ng vt nh v thc vt n gin.
Sinh vt ph du (Plankton) l nhng sinh vt nh sng tri ni hoc c kh
nng bi mt cch yu t trong tng nc ngt, bin, i dng v l nhng sinh vt kh
nhy cm vi nhng thay i v cc tnh cht l ha ca nc. Trong khi mt vi loi
trong nhm plankton c th di chuyn theo chiu thng ng ti vi trm mt
trong mt ngy ( mt tp tnh c gi l di c theo chiu thng ng) th v tr
theo chiu ngang ca chng c xc nh bi s di chuyn ca dng nc cha
chng.
+ Thc vt ph du (Phytoplankton) bao gm cc nhm to sng gn mt nc ni
c y nh sng cho qu trnh quang hp, trc ht l to silic (Bacillariophyta
vi 3000 loi), to gip (Pyrophyta vi 1500 loi) l nhng thnh phn quan
trng nht to nn nng sut s cp cho bin v i dng . Thc vt ln (rng ngp
mn, c bin ) ch c gi tr vng ven b, ca sng.
Thnh phn loi c: 210 loi, 67 chi, 29 h, 9 b, 4 lp. Trong , lp to
Silic c 130 loi, 45 chi, 17 h, 2 b, chim 62% tng s loi; lp to Gip c
76 loi, 20 chi, 10 h, 5 b (36,2%); lp to Kim c 2 loi, 1 chi, 1 h, 1
b (0,9%); lp to Lam c 2 loi, 1 chi, 1 h, 1 b (0.9%). Nhn chung,
thnh phn thc vt ph du vng bin Bi T Long kh phong ph v a dng, s phn
b s lng loi trong.
+ ng vt ph du (Zooplankton) bao gm cc ng vt nguyn sinh, gip xc v
rt nhiu cc ng vt nh khc m chng s dng cc sinh vt ph du khc lm thc n.
ng vt ph du cng bao gm trng v u trng ca mt s loi ng vt ln nh c, gip
xc, giun t...Thnh phn ng vt ph du ch yu l i din ca ng vt gip xc
(Crustacea) (1200 loi) trc ht l gip xc chn cho (Copepoda vi 750
loi), tm ln (Euphausidae- 80), Mysidae, gip xc bi nghing
(Amphipoda-300 loi).
Thn mm vi nhng i din ch yu l Chn cnh ( Pteropoda ) vi 180 loi, u
trng cc loi gip xc, thn mm, da gai, c
Thnh phn loi ng vt ph du (VPD) vng bin Bi T Long gm 90 loi thuc
52 ging 43 h v 10 b, 5 ngnh (ph lc 5, hnh 9). Trong :o Ngnh Giun t
(Annelida) gm 1 loi chim 1%.
o Ngnh Chn t (Arthropoda) gm 76 loi chim 85%.
o Ngnh Thn mm (Mollusca) gm 3 loi chim 3%.
o Ngnh Hm t (Chaetognatha) gm 3 loi chim 3%.
o Ngnh C bao (Tunicata) gm 2 loi chim 2%. So snh vi cc vng khc
thy rng thnh phn loi VPD vng bin Bi T Long bng 86,4 % vng bin Ct B
- H Long, chim 74,3% s loi thu c trn ton vng bin Qung Ninh - Hi
Phng. Nh vy c th thy qun x VPD vng bin Bi T Long kh phong ph.
ng vt bi (nekton) ch yu l c vi khong 8000 loi sng vng nc m thm
lc a v khong 1130 loi sng cc vng bin lnh, chim gn 60 % tng cc loi c
th gii, cng vi cc loi chn u (Cephalopoda), ra bin, rn bin
(Reptilia) v cc loi th bin thuc 3 b chn mng (Pennipedia), b bin
(Sirenial) v c voi (Cetacea).
ng vt y (Zoopenthos) tp trung thm lc a v kh a dng v thnhphn loi,
bao gm thn l (Porifera), giun t (Polychaeta), da gai
(Echinodermata), thn mm (Gastropoda,bivalvia)Trong san h
(Cnidaria:anthrozoa) ng vai tr rt quan trng, to nn h sinh thi giu c
nht trong i dng. Mt s loi c tng y ch yu thuc h c mi, loi c phn, c
trc (trao tro), c hanh vng, c , c lit, c bnh ng, c ng. C tng y thng
phn b tp trung su di 50m trong cc thng t thng 12 n thng 5 nm sau,
ngoi thi gian ny c sng phn tn v chuyn dn ra su ln hn. Nhiu loi c sn
bin c gi tr kinh t nh tm hm, cua hunh , cc loi c bin... sinh sng
quanh o L Sn l nhng ngun li thy sn qu him cn phi c quy hoch bo v v
khai thc hp l.
Mt s hnh nh ca sinh vt ph du
Con sao bin( tri) v mt con chm bim ang mang trng ( phi).
K quan vi m: u trng Zoea ca cua( tri) v u trng chn ngng Bin(
phi) Loi su mi cho Tomopteris: Cy thng Noel. Mt nhm thc vt ni hnh
cu: Cc vt trang tr lung linh.Hnh thy sinh vt bin:
III. Dng vt cht v nng nng trong h sinh thi bin
1. Dng vt cht trong h sinh thi bin
Li thc n
C mpVi sinh vt ng vt ph du
C ng Tm
Thc vt ph du* Chu trnh vt cht di binChu trnh nc
Nng lng tc ng b mt nhit Nc bc Mymt tri thy vc hi ngng t
Ri Kh quyn thm qua mch t Ma L R cy
Nc ngmChu trnh cacbon
Kh quyn
Quang hp
H hp H hp
Chy rngSinh vt Sinh vt con ngi khai TVTS sn sut tiu th thc v s
dng( thc vt) ( ng vt) Vi sinh vt
phn hyVTS Thm mc rng
Than Du, Kh t viChu trnh pht pho
Khai khong Chim phn chimthc vt
ng vtng vt Gc photphat Gc photphatxc b, cht thi Thc vt
S phong ha Sinh vt phn hy Trm tch
NCb. Dng nng lng trong h sinh thi bin
Nng lng
thc vt tong vt mt tri thy sinh thy sinh
toto
Cto Vi khun, VSV bin v i dng s sng phn b theo chiu thng ng su
hn, d nhin tng quang hp (tng to sinh) ch nm lp nc c chiu sng, tp
trung su nh hn 100m, thng 50-60m, ty thuc vo trong ca khi nc. Nc gn
b c trong thp, nhng giu mi dinh dng do dng nc lc a mang ra, cn nc
khi c trong cao, nhng ngho mui. V th, nng sut s cp trong vng nc nng
vng thm lc a tr nn giu hn. Nng sut s cp ca cc vc nc thuc v trung
bnh cao hn nhiu so vi vng nc thuc v thp, v cc v thp, khi nc quanh
nm b phn tng, ngn cn s lun chuyn mui dinh dng t y ln b mt, tr nhng
khu vc nc tri (Upwelling). Ngc li v n i, khi nc trong nm c th c xo
trn t 1-2 ln, to iu kin phn b li ngun mui dinh dng trong ton khi
nc.
IV. Thc trng v cc bin php bo v mi trng bin1.Thc trng cc h sinh
thi ven bin Cc h sinh thi ven bin b suy thoi nghim trng. a dng sinh
hc b e da. Din tch rt ln rng ngp mn b trit ph nui tm, cc bi san h b
khai thc, hy dit, a nc ta vo danh sch nhng vng c e da cao nht th
gii.
Nhiu nhm ng vt qu him, thm thc vt bin b thu hp dn. a dng loi v
ngun gen c hu b tn tht suy thoi, c ni n mc nghim trng.2.Cc bin php
bo v mi trng bin
a. S dng hp l ngun ti nguyn sinh hc bin v bo v cc h sinh thi ven
b
- Cc quc gia cn xc nh mc khai thc hi sn ph hp, trnh khai thc
qu
mc cho php lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn.
- La chn hnh thc khai thc ph hp vi tng vng, tng quc gia. Trn th
gii hin c cc hnh thc khai thc quy m nh v quy m ln.
- Thit lp cc vng bo v ti nguyn sinh vt bin, l nhng vng sinh sng
tp trung hoc ni sinh sn ca cc loi sinh vt bin, nhm bo v cc loi
ny.
- Bo v cc ngun gen qu ca bin, l cc loi sinh vt bin c gi tr kinh
t cao l i tng ang b khai thc trit cc loi c nguy c b tuyt dit.
- Bo v cc h sinh thi ven b l bo v ni sng, ni sinh sn v cung cp
thc n cho sinh vt bin. Cc h sinh thi l nhng dy rng ngp mn ven cc b
bin nhit i v cn nhit i.b. Chng bi lp bin do khai thc ti nguyn khong
sn
Hot ng khai thc khong sn ven bin thng gy ra cc qu trnh xm thc ca
t lin ra bin. Trong qu trnh khai thc khng nn t ra b bin.
c. Chng nhim mi trng bin
- Hn ch mc thp nht cc hot ng gy nhim do xy dng cc khu cng
nghip th, bn cng ven bin. Khng ba bi cc cht thi cng nghip, k
c cht thi rn v lng t cc nh my, khu cng nghip ra bin.
- Hn ch nhim gy ra do s dng thuc tr su, dit c, phn bn ha hc dng
trong nng nghip. Nhng cht khi khng c phn gii ht, mt phn chuyn theo
nc vo cc sng v ra bin gy tc hi n sinh vt bin.- Khng nn ph cc rng
ngp mn v quai ly t trng cy nng nghip khi
khng cc iu kin cn thit nh khng c vnh ai rng ngp mn bn ngoi kh
nng chng gi bo.
4. Xy dng h thng chnh sch php lut v gio dc bo v h sinh thi
bin
Xy dng cc chnh sch ph hp nh bt hi sn c k hoch, nh bt kt hp vi bo
v. gio dc v ph bin kin thc v s dng hp l ti nguyn bin, thng qua cc
hot ng t chc tuyn truyn, vn ng.V. Kt lun Tm li chng ta c th nhn ra
c mt iu hin nhin l h sinh thi bin bin v cng phong ph v a dng. Bin
cung cp ngun ti nguyn to ln c v ng- thc vt v ngun khong sn di do.
Tuy nhin trong nhng nm gn y, h sinh thi ny phi chu nhng tc ng rt ln
do con ngi gy ra. Tc ng trc ht l do hot ng cng nghip, do s vt b cc
cht thi v qu trnh th ha ngy cng tng. Nhng dng chy t t lin ra bin,
trc ht l nhng dng sng mang n cho vng ven bin khng ch nhng phn t sng
m cn rt nhiu cht nhim khc nhau (ha cht dng trong nng nghip, cht thi
cng nghip, cht thi sinh hot,...). ng thi con ngi cng ngy cng chim
ng thm nhiu hi o. Nhng ni xa kia chim chc, ra vt... thng lm t mt
cch t do th nay khng cn na. Chng nhng con ngi chim t ca vt, con ngi
li cn tn st cc sinh vt khc khng tic tay. Trn Bin s lng sinh vt ang
suy gim nhiu, c bit l nhng loi ra bin, nh vt, i mi, nh c voi, c
heo... Vi tnh trng , tt c chng ta cn phi c kin thc c th bo v tt h
sinh thi bin cng nh mi trng sng ca chng ta, nu khng c bo tn, chng c
th b tuyt chng.V vy vic bo v h sinh thi bin rt cp thit. V bin l mt
h sinh thi khng l chim din tch b mt Tri t, cc loi sinh vt trong h
sinh thi bin rt phong ph v l ngun thc n giu m ch yu ca con ngi,
nhng ti nguyn sinh vt bin khng phi l v tn. Hin nay do mc nh bt hi
sn tng qu nhanh nn nhiu loi sinh vt bin c nguy c b cn kit do chng
ta phi bit cch khai thc, s dng v bo v chng mt cch hp l.
