TIAGO SANTOS ELISABETE BRIGADEIRO … Experiences of Racism.pdf · EXPERIENCES OF RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION IN PORTUGAL ... people express more discrimination at group level than

1#

TIAGO SANTOS

CATARINA REIS OLIVEIRA

EDITE ROSÁRIO

RAHUL KUMAR

ELISABETE BRIGADEIRO

RESEARCH SURVEY ON MIGRANTS’EXPERIENCES OF RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION IN PORTUGAL

SCHOLA

RSHIP W

ITH COM

MITM

EN

T SER

IES

RESEARCH SURVEY ON MIGRANTS’EXPERIENCES OF RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION IN PORTUGAL

TIAGO SANTOS

CATARINA REIS OLIVEIRA

EDITE ROSÁRIO

RAHUL KUMAR

ELISABETE BRIGADEIRO

1

SC

HO

LA

RS

HI

P

WI

TH

C

OM

MI

TM

EN

T

SE

RI

ES

TECHNICAL DATA

CIP CATALOGATION

Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal – Catalogação na Publicação

Research survey on migrants’ experiences of racismand xenophobia in Portugal / Tiago Santos… [et al.].(Scholarship with commitment series ; 1)ISBN 989-95244-0-9

I – SANTOS, Tiago, 1973 -

CDU 314316

PROPERTY

Númena - Centro de Investigação em Ciências Sociais e HumanasTaguspark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Núcleo Central, 3792740-122 Porto Salvowww.numena.org.pt

DESIGN/ ARTWORK/ PRINT

Golpe de Estado/ Inês Costa/ SIG - Sociedade Industrial Gráfica, Lda.

SPONSORS

3

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1. INTRODUCTION: IMMIGRATION TO PORTUGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.1. IMMIGRANT MINORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.1.1. THE CAPE VERDEAN IMMIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.1.2. THE GUINEA-BISSAUAN IMMIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.1.3. THE BRAZILIAN IMMIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.1.4. THE UKRAINIAN IMMIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.2. THE ROMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.3. POTENTIAL AREAS OF CONFLICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.1. SAMPLE DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.1.1. THE FOUR MIGRANT GROUPS: DEVELOPING A MEANINGFUL SAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.1.2. THE ROMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.2. SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.2.1. LISBOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.2.2. NORTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.2.3. CENTRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.2.4. ALENTEJO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.2.5. ALGARVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.2.6. AÇORES AND MADEIRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.2.7. THE ROMA: A SPECIAL CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.3. TEAM RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.4. QUESTIONNAIRE ADAPTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.5. FIELDWORK REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.6. DATA CLEANING, CODING AND RECORDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.1. DEMOGRAPHICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.1.1. GENDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.1.2. REGION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.1.3. AGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.1.4. LENGTH OF STAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.1.5. RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.1.6. HIGHEST COMPLETED EDUCATION FROM NATIVE COUNTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.1.7. COMPLETION OF FURTHER EDUCATION IN PORTUGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.1.8. HIGHEST COMPLETED EDUCATION IN PORTUGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.1.9. HIGHEST OVERALL EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.1.10. HAS A JOB/EMPLOYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.1.11. OCCUPATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5

3.2. EMPLOYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.2.1. NOT BEEN OFFERED A JOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.2.2. MISSED PROMOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443.2.3. HARASSMENT AT WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.3. PRIVATE LIFE AND PUBLIC ARENAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3.3.1. HARASSMENT BY NEIGHBOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3.3.2. THREATS, INSULTS OR OTHER FORMS OF HARASSMENT ON THE STREETS . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.3.3. SUBJECTED TO VIOLENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3.3.4. BADLY TREATED AT SCHOOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.4. SHOPS AND RESTAURANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.4.1. REFUSED ENTRY INTO A SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.4.2. REFUSED ENTRY TO A RESTAURANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

3.4.3. BAD TREATMENT WHEN VISITING A RESTAURANT OR BUYING SOMETHING . . . . . . . . . 53

3.5. COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3.5.1. DENIED THE OPPORTUNITY TO BUY OR RENT AN APARTMENT OR HOUSE . . . . . . . . . . 54

3.5.2. DENIED THE POSSIBILITY TO HIRE SOMETHING OR BUY SOMETHING ON CREDIT . . . . . 55

3.6. INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3.6.1. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE EMPLOYMENT AGENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3.6.2. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE SOCIAL INSURANCE OFFICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3.6.3. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE HEALTHCARE SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3.6.4. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE SOCIAL SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.6.5. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE POLICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

3.6.6. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE BORDERS AND FOREIGNERS SERVICE . . . . . . 63

3.7. SUBJECTIVE INTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.7.1. MAKE PORTUGUESE FRIENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.7.2. SENSE OF BELONGING TO PORTUGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.7.3. FEELING OF BELONGING TO HOMELAND/CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3.7.4. SOCIALISE WITH PEOPLE FROM YOUR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN/ETHNIC MINORITY . . . . . . 66

3.7.5. SOCIALISE WITH OTHER IMMIGRANT / PEOPLE FROM OTHER ETHNIC MINORITIES . . . . . 67

3.7.6. SOCIALISE WITH PORTUGUESE / MEMBERS OF THE ETHNIC MAJORITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.7.7. PERCEPTION OF THE EVOLUTION OF XENOPHOBIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.7.8. KNOWLEDGE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR IMMIGRATION

AND ETHNIC MINORITIES (ACIME) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

4. COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS SURVEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.1. THE METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.2. THE RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.2.1. EMPLOYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.2.1.1. NOT BEEN OFFERED A JOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.2.1.2. MISSED PROMOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

4.2.1.3. HARASSMENT AT WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

4.2.2. PRIVATE LIFE AND PUBLIC ARENAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

4.2.2.1. HARASSMENT BY NEIGHBOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

4.2.2.2. THREATS, INSULTS OR OTHER FORMS OF HARASSMENT ON THE STREETS . . . . . . . 76

4.2.2.3. SUBJECTED TO VIOLENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.2.2.4. BADLY TREATED AT SCHOOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

6

4.2.3. SHOPS AND RESTAURANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.2.3.1. REFUSED ENTRY INTO A SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.2.3.2. REFUSED ENTRY TO A RESTAURANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.2.3.3. BAD TREATMENT WHEN VISITING A RESTAURANT OR BUYING SOMETHING . . . . . 77

4.2.4. COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4.2.4.1. DENIED THE OPPORTUNITY TO BUY OR RENT AN APARTMENT OR HOUSE . . . . . . 77

4.2.4.2. DENIED THE POSSIBILITY TO HIRE SOMETHING OR BUY SOMETHING ON CREDIT . . . 77

4.2.5. INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4.2.5.1. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE EMPLOYMENT AGENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4.2.5.2. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE SOCIAL INSURANCE OFFICE . . . . . . . . . 78

4.2.5.3. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE HEALTHCARE SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

4.2.5.4. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE SOCIAL SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

4.2.5.5. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE POLICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

4.2.6. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

5. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

5.1. RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

5.1.1. DEMOGRAPHICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

5.1.2. THE FIVE DOMAINS OF DISCRIMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

5.1.2.1. EMPLOYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

5.1.2.2. PRIVATE LIFE AND PUBLIC ARENAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

5.1.2.3. RESTAURANTS AND SHOPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

5.1.2.4. COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

5.1.2.5. INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

5.1.3. SUBJECTIVE INTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

6. RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

ANNEXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

CENSUS DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

INTENDED SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

INTERVIEWS AND REFUSALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

RESULTING SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

ABSOLUTE VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

QUESTIONNAIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

BRAZILIANS, CAPE VERDEANS AND GUINEA-BISSAUANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

UKRAINIANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

ROMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

7

8

PREFACE

PREFACE

This research, carried out by Tiago Santos, Catarina Reis Oliveira, Edite Rosário, Rahul Kumar andElisabete Brigadeiro, analyses the perceptions of racism and discrimination by minorities living inPortugal. It fills an important gap in the literature on relations between minorities, the majorityand institutions.Portugal is now not only a country of emigrants, but also a country of immigrants. Indeed, official statistics show that 5% of people living in Portugal are legal immigrants. The transformationof Portugal into a country of immigration started at the beginning of the 1970s, but it was onlyin the late 1990s that significant inward migration flows occurred, as well as significant changesin the composition of immigrants by country of origin. The first main contribution of this reportto the body of knowledge on immigration in Portugal is exactly a detailed analysis of the originsand of the socio-demographic characteristics of immigrants living in Portugal. The analysis under-taken shows a great diversity between groups of immigrants concerning their socio-demographicprofiles, an issue with implications for the design of social policies and for understanding strategiesof integration.One of the difficulties that this study has positively resolved relates to the construction of samples. Due to the impossibility of the construction of a probabilistic sample, the authors useda set of procedures that allowed them to propose four accurate samples of immigrants(Brazilians, Cape Verdeans, Guineans and Ukrainians) and a sample of Portuguese Roma. Despitethe fact that the authors’ choice of groups of immigrants could be seen as a matter for debate,the report offers a very complete panorama on the perceived discrimination by immigrantsfrom different continents (South America, Eastern Europe and Africa), with various religious affi-liations, various relationships with the Portuguese language and, more importantly, with differentskin colours.In this research, discrimination is studied in relation to five dimensions of everyday life: employment, private and public arenas, restaurants and shops, commercial transactions and institutional discrimination. A sixth analytical dimension examined the subjective integration ofimmigrants into Portuguese society. Based on diverse fields of social life, the study offers a detailedanalysis of perceived discrimination and shows when and in what contexts people are more likely to admit that they are the objects of unfair treatment. However, the report may give theimpression that Portuguese people and Portuguese institutions - perhaps the former more so than the latter - are relatively tolerant. The panorama is probably more complex and sometheoretical contextualisation of this kind of research may help to understand the meaning of theresults obtained.

9

In the questionnaire used in the research, respondents were asked about their perception ofpersonal discrimination in different domains of social life. None of the questions evaluated discrimination at the group level.1 However, some years ago Faye Crosby,2 a researcher of genderdiscrimination, discovered different patterns for judgements about groups and for judgementsabout the self related to discrimination and relative deprivation. Crosby showed that people aremore resistant to recognising themselves as victims of an injustice than to recognising that thegroup as a whole is the object of discrimination. In this line, some studies have verified that fewwomen were able to recall a situation of personal discrimination, but that the great majorityeasily recalled an example of group discrimination. Studies carried out in Portugal also verifiedthat young Black people express more discrimination when they are questioned about the in-group than when the questions refer to their personal experiences.3 Since the presentresearch only examined perceived discrimination at a personal level, it can be inferred that theexperience of discrimination is higher than the one people accepted to describe. In order to understand the meaning of the answers given it is also important to examine whypeople express more discrimination at group level than at individual level. Two main categoriesof explanatory factors have been explored in the theoretical and empirical investigation: cognitive factors and motivational factors. Cognitive factors refer, for instance, to the fact thatpeople explain specific individual cases of negative outcomes in reference to multiple factors,discrimination and prejudice being one of the possible explanations, whereas negative outcomesfor groups facilitate the association between facts, discrimination and prejudice. Moreover, groupdiscrimination calls for in-group vs. out-group comparisons and, consequently, the probability ofpaying attention to the negative situation of a minoritarian in-group is higher.Motivational factors that explain the discrepancy between personal vs. group discrimination arealso very diverse. For instance, Faye Crosby suggests that negating personal discrimination allowsindividuals to maintain a perception of control over the external world, to maintain their beliefin a just world,4 and to avoid the need to react to the perpetrator of the discriminatory behaviour, protecting individuals from the potential negative consequences of declaring that theywere object of discrimination.The present report is also important because it stimulates the analysis of the psychological consequences of being discriminated. To be discriminated implies to objectively lose somethingand to be deprived of a right, but it also implies psychological consequences. Research into thisdomain showed that the perception of discrimination or of relative deprivation at the grouplevel facilitates personal involvement in collective action and social protest. However, at the individual level the possible psychological consequences of being discriminated against are morecomplex. Some research has shown that, at least in certain social contexts, the experience ofpersonal discrimination does not affect self-esteem and well-being.5 These results were integratedinto the so-called “discounting hypothesis”, a hypothesis proposing that people who are the object of discrimination can evoke that the negative treatment they receive is not due to apersonal feature or behaviour, but rather to prejudice or to the injustice of the social system asa whole. However, other studies present a negative correlation between the personal experienceof discrimination and the perception of well-being. In a complementary perspective, a third line of research shows that in most situations personal discrimination fosters positive in-groupidentification, and in-group identification in turn fosters a positive self-esteem.6 This latter pers-pective may indicate that when discrimination leads to in-group identification and the in-groupis positively evaluated, then in-group identification facilitates a reactive positive self-esteem.Nevertheless, when it is not possible to enjoy the protection of the group, discrimination leadsto negative self-esteem.In summary, this report makes a significant contribution to knowledge on the perceived reaction of Portuguese people to immigration and immigrants, and constitutes a stimulus toopening up theoretical perspectives that can contribute to a better understanding of the opacity of discrimination and of its consequences.

Jorge Vala

10 1 This research is an international comparative research. Consequently, it

was not possible for the authors tochange the questionnaire used and it was

really difficult to ask the same questiontwice (once relating to the individual

level and once to the group level).

2 Crosby, F. (1982). Relative deprivationand working women. New York: Oxford

University Press.

3 Lopes, D. (2003). Percepção de discriminação e imagens da sociedadeportuguesa. In J. Vala (Org.), Simetrias eIdentidades: Jovens Negros em Portugal.

Oeiras: Celta.

4 Correia, I. (2003), Concertos e desconcertos na procura de um mundo

concertado: crença num mundo justo,inocência da vítima e vitimização

secundária, Lisboa: FCG/FCT

5 Major, B., McCoy, S., Kaiser, C. & Quinton,W. (2003). Prejudice and self-esteem.European Journal of Social Psychology,

14, 77-104.

6 Branscombe, N., Schmitt, M., & Harvey, R. (1999). Perceiving pervasive

discrimination among African Americans:Implications for group identification and

well-being. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 77, 153-149.

11

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The team which conducted the study and wrote the present report would like to acknowled-ge its debt to the following institutions and private persons: the Employment and VocationalTraining Institute, for its contribution to Mr. Kumar's training fellowship; the Ministry for Science,Technology and Higher Education and the National Statistical Institute, for the statistical dataused to stratify the samples of foreigners; the researchers Mário Lages and Verónica Policarpo,Centre for Opinion Polls of the Catholic University of Portugal, for kindly sharing unpublisheddata, which helped in our choice of migrant groups; Professor Maria Ioannis Baganha, Centre forSocial Studies of the University of Coimbra, for allowing Mrs. Reis Oliveira to get involved in thisproject; Heliana Bibas and Maria João Taborda, Casa do Brasil de Lisboa; José Brasil, Sueli andCarlos, Associação Mais Brasil; Ricardo Amaral Pessôa, Associação Brasileira de Portugal; Edisonde Angelo, Brasup; Alcestina Tolentino, Associação Cabo-Verdiana de Lisboa; Avelino Varela,Associação Cabo-Verdiana do Algarve; Midana Nandigna, Associação de Juventude LusoBrasileira Pontos nos Is; Ana Correia and Fernando Ka, Aguinenso - Associação de SolidariedadeSocial; Francisco Fonseca, Associação Unida dos Imigrantes da Guiné-Bissau em Portugal; SheikhMunir, Mesquita Central de Lisboa; Padre Iosapath, Igreja de Arroios; Padre Arsénio, Conventodos Cardeais; Padre Ilan, Faro; Padre Alexandre Bonito, paróquia de SS. Nectário e Gregório V;Roman Curbanov, Drujba; Natasha Lemos, CAPELA.; supermercados IEVE; Marlene Fernandes,Olho Vivo; Cristina Marques, Sunrise - C.T. Calçado; Anabela Martins, Ana Luísa Domingos andSílvia Vicente, MAPS; Magda Vieira, OIM; Rosário Farmhouse, Susana Figueirinhas and RitaRaimundo, Serviço Jesuíta aos Refugiados; Alberto Matos, Solidariedade Imigrante; LeoterSoares, Associação dos Imigrantes nos Açores; Joaquim Abreu de Sá, Pastor Ludger, Pastor Niso,Pastor Candinho, Meninho and José Pinto Sousa, Igreja Evangélica de Filadélfia; Vitor Marques,União Romani; Bruno Gonçalves; Joaquim Cardoso, Associação Cigana de Coimbra; MariaAugusta Rocha, Anthropology Department of the University of Coimbra; Francisco Monteiro,Obra Nacional da Pastoral dos Ciganos; Cristina Padez, Centro de Investigação emAntropologia; Anabela Abreu, Associação Raízes Calé; Obra Católica Portuguesa das Migrações;Adérito Montes, APODEC; the embassy of Brazil; M'Bala Fernandes at the embassy of Guinea-Bissau; Mrs Nina e Svetlana at the embassy of Ukraine; Rui Marques, Bernardo Soares, Euclidesdos Santos, Nuno Guimarães and Francisca Teixeira, High Commission for Immigration andEthnic Minorities; and, finally, Bruno Dias and Tiago Ralha, Númena. Our most sincere apologiesto all we may have unwittingly forgotten to mention; As goes without saying, while the studywouldn't have been possible without the support of all these people, the signing team remainssolely responsible for its failings.

13

INTRODUCTION: IMMIGRATION TO PORTUGAL1#

1. INTRODUCTION: IMMIGRATION TO PORTUGAL

Númena [núminα] is a non-profit organisation committed to research and development in thedomain of the Social Sciences and Humanities. Our research interests span through severalfields, among which racial and ethnic discrimination. Working in this field, we are well aware that Portugal chronically lacks indicators of such phenomena. It was thus with unmitigated enthusiasm that we answered the EUMC's call for tender regarding a research project in thisvery area.

1.1. IMMIGRANT MINORITIES

Immigration to Portugal is a recent phenomenon. Portugal continues to be a sending countryand it is estimated that almost 5,500,000 Portuguese (which is more than a half of the totalPortuguese resident population) reside abroad.1 Mass immigration to Portugal, as to otherSouthern European countries,2 only dates back to the mid-1970s. The comparison of the datacollected in the Census of 1960 and 1981 reveals the demographic change through whichPortugal became also a host nation. Between those two decades, the native population grew 12per cent, while foreigners with legal residence grew 313 per cent.

The end of the dictatorial regime in 1974 and the consequent change of political, economic andsocial structures were responsible for the modification in Portuguese migration patterns.3

Emigration retracted during that decade, and the independence of the African former coloniesdetermined the arrival of repatriates, asylum seekers and return migrants. Between 1974 and1975 arrived a half a million people who were generally categorized as retornados4 (repatriates)in everyday speech.

New labour migrant flows from Africa also enlarged the influxes of people in those years. Thisimmigration was in fact a prolongation of previous flows which had started in the 1960s, main-ly caused by migrant labour recruitment promulgated by Government in answer to a strongdemand in the construction and public works sector. The shortage of labour was caused by thePortuguese emigration and the military draft to the colonial wars.5

At that time immigrants came mainly from specific African countries that were Portuguese colonies until the 1970s (e.g., Cape Verde, Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea Bissau). In otherwords, the historical links between Portugal and the former colonies shaped the earlier immigration flows. It is difficult to estimate the exact number of immigrants that arrived duringthe 1960s since those who came from former colonies had, until 1975, a Portuguese passport.Even so, they created the first strong rise of the total number of foreigners in Portugal.Moreover, whereas in the 1970s immigration was mainly composed of asylum seekers andreturn migrants, in the following decades the inflows were mainly composed of labour migration.6

By 1980 the number of foreigners with legal residence in Portugal represented 0.5 per cent ofthe total Portuguese population. But between 1980 and 1999, the foreign population with legalresidence grew from 58,000 to 191,000. Africans constituted the major foreign group, followedby EU Europeans and Americans, up until the end of the 1990s. Taking single nationalities, CapeVerdeans (the larger group), Brazilians, Angolans, and citizens from Guinea-Bissau and UnitedKingdom were the major groups. As Peixoto7 highlights, these figures reflect the three majorcomponents of foreign immigration during these two decades: African labour migrants, mainlycoming from former colonies; European professionals and retired citizens from EU; and, finally, acounter-current flow of former Portuguese emigration coming from America. Until the 1980sthe immigration to Portugal was particularly associated with the demand of certain economicsectors (e.g., construction and public works). It was only by the mid-1980s that a diversification

15

1 Lopes, P. (1999) Portugal: Holograma da Mobilidade Humana, Lisboa: EditoraRei dos Livros.

2 King, R. (2000) "Southern Europe in the Changing Global Map of Migration",in King, R. et al., Eldorado or Fortress?Migration in Southern Europe, London:MacMillan Press, pp. 3 - 26.

3 Esteves, M. et al. (1991) Portugal, País de Imigração, Lisboa: IED.

4 Pires, R. et al. (1984) Os retornados - um estudo sociográfico, Lisboa: IED.

5 Saint-Maurice, A. et al. (1989)"Descolonização e migrações. Os imigrantes dos PALOP em Portugal", inRevista Internacional de Estudos Africanos,nº 10 e 11, pp. 203-226.

6 Machado, F. (1997) "Contornos e especificidades da imigração em Portugal", in Sociologia - Problemas e Práticas, 24, pp. 9-44.

7 See Peixoto, J. (2002) "Strong market,weak state: the case of recent foreignimmigration in Portugal", in Journal ofEthnic and Migration Studies, volume 28,Number 3, July, pp. 483 - 497.

of immigrants' professional profiles occurs, mainly with the growth of Europeans from EU andAmericans (including Brazilians), in high qualified professions; and the arrival of Asians, as salesworkers and vendors.8

As Portugal entered the European Economic Community in 1986 a new incentive to immigration was created. Furthermore, EEC funds contributed to the development of someeconomic sectors, such as construction and public works, and hence led to an increased demandfor migrants to blue-collar occupations (occupation codes 7/8/9) between 1983 and 1990. The former Portuguese colonies in Africa were the traditional supply sources to this sector, andto other blue-collar occupations until the end of the 1990s.

Table 1 - Active Immigrants by Occupations in 1983, 1990 and 1998

Strong pressures for irregular migration also emerged in that period. As a consequence, twoextraordinary regularization processes took place in Portugal as an attempt to integratemigrants who were living illegally in the country since the mid-1980s. The first, in 1992/93, aimedto legalize almost 39,000 foreigners, while the second taking place in 1996 reached 35,000 individuals. Consequently, a large number of immigrants that were submerged in theunderground economy came to light.10

By the end of the 1990s, a significant new immigration flow coming from Eastern Europeancountries occurred. Those inflows were brought about by the collapse of the USSR and theemergence of the independent post-Soviet states. The majority of those immigrants arrived illegally. As a consequence, a third process of legalization was launched in January 2001. By theend of that year 45,233 Ukrainians, 8,984 Moldavians, 7,461 Romanians and 5,022 Russians regularised their legal status in Portugal.11 Furthermore, since 2000 a significant and illegal inflowfrom Brazil altered the characteristics of the Brazilian population that was living in the countrysince the 1980s.

This major shift increased the complexity of contemporary migration flows to Portugal andcreated new challenges in the control of frontiers. In this context, the Portuguese immigrationpolicies have been critically discussed and in the past years important changes took place.12 Asa result, the employment of illegal immigrants is now severely punished.13

These new influxes have significantly changed the structure of the immigrant population.The Brazilians, with 77,000 individuals, became the largest foreign group; the Ukrainians,counting 66,048 individuals, became the second largest population with legal residenceand the Cape Verdeans, with 63,887 individuals,14 became the third foreign population.Additionally, if before 1990 immigrants were essentially concentrated in the metropolitanareas of Lisboa, Faro and Porto, the new flows dispersed along the country, actually reachingrural areas.

16

8 Malheiros, J. (1996) Imigrantes na região de Lisboa: os anos da mudança,

Lisboa: Edições Colibri.

9 Occupational codes: 0/1 Professional,scientific and technical occupations;

2 Executive and managerial occupations;3 Clerical workers; 4 Sales workers and

vendors; 5 Safety, protection, personal anddomestic workers; 6 Farmers, fishermen,

hunters and similar ; 7/8/9 Miners, industrial workers, workers in transport

occupations and similar (includes workers in building and construction).

10 Baganha, M. et al. (2000), Is an Ethclassemerging in Europe? The Portuguese Case,

Lisboa: Luso-American Foundation.

11 Valente Rosa, M. J. et al. (2004)Contributos dos imigrantes na demografia

portuguesa, Lisboa: ACIME, p. 46.

12 The first Law regulating the entry, residence and expulsion of foreigners

was published in 1981 - Portugal / Law37/81, (03.10.1981). But the Portuguese

legal framework on immigration hasgone through several reforms in the past

decade. That process started with thereplacement of the 1981' Law in 1993,

in 1998, in 2001, in 2003 and in 2004.Those successive changes were the con-sequence of Portugal's adherence to theEuropean Community in 1986, and lateron, its participation in the Schengen zone.Finally, since 2000, the increase of illegalimmigrants in the country, mainly from

Eastern Europe and more recently fromBrazil required different legal provisions.

13 Peixoto, J. (2002) "Strong market, weak state: the case of recent foreignimmigration in Portugal", in: Journal of

Ethnic and Migration Studies volume 28,Number 3, July, pp. 483 - 497.

14 http://www.acime.gov.pt/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=863,

(23.08.2005)

Occupation codes9 1983 1990 1998Rate of change (%)

1983-90 1990-980/1 4,082 12,743 21,656 212 702 1,483 3,465 5,163 134 493 1,508 2,592 3,473 72 344 2,743 4,100 7,421 50 815 1,363 1,824 7,555 34 3146 895 910 1,096 2 207/8/9 10,916 26,147 42,241 140 62Active Immigrants 22,990 51,781 88,603 130 68Total 50,750 104,608 167,060 106 60

Source: Oliveira, C. (2004) Estratégias empresariais de imigrantes em Portugal, Lisboa: ACIME, p. 79.

Following these figures, presently the immigrant population represents approximately 4.5 percent (465,454 persons) of the total population living in Portugal. Although the rise of the foreignpopulation in Portugal has not reached yet the proportions observed in other European coun-tries, the settlement of immigrants has been raising new challenges and awareness of discrimi-nation in the country.

1.1.1. THE CAPE VERDEAN IMMIGRATION

The Cape Verdeans are one of the longer established immigrant groups in Portugal and were,for a long time, the most numerous group of foreigners legally residing in the country (see Table2). The first significant inflow from Cape Verde dates from the mid-1960s, answering to a rise inthe demand of labour force to manual activities situated mainly in the metropolitan area ofLisboa. This inflow was actually the result of a deliberately planned Portuguese policy. ThePortuguese emigration to several European countries and the draft for the colonial wars created a severe shortage of unqualified labour force that the inflow of Cape Verdeans helpedto compensate.15

Table 2 - Foreigners with legal residence in Portugal by selected nationalities, 1986-2003*

There are hardly any data from this earlier flow from Cape Verde, since it is only after the inde-pendence of the former colonies in 1975 that Cape Verdeans became foreigners. It was afterthe decolonization process and the end of the dictatorial regime that the inflow from CapeVerde increased massively. The creation of informal networks between Portugal and Cape Verdepromoted the arrival of entire generations.

Since the beginning the Cape Verdeans started to be economically integrated in the constructionand public works and manufacturing sectors and (the women) in domestic work and cleaningactivities. This mode of economic integration left them vulnerable to these sectors' inconstantdemand and, consequently, more dependent on social benefits (see Table 3 and Table 4). On theother hand, Cape Verdeans start to reveal a lower unemployment rate than the other foreignpopulations.16 Baganha et al. argue that these figures reflect the strength of the Cape Verdean"ethnic" network and their privileged position in the construction and public works sector, sinceco-ethnics dominate the intermediary level of recruitment.17

17

15 Saint-Maurice, A. (1997) IdentidadesReconstruídas - Cabo-verdianos emPortugal, Oeiras: Celta, p. 49.

16 The Unemployment Rate correspondsto the percentage of registered unemployed to the respective activegroup.

17 Baganha, M. et al. (2000), Is an Ethclassemerging in Europe? The Portuguese Case,Lisboa: Luso-American Foundation, p. 30.

* Authors’ note, 2007: Regretfully, at thetime of writing the Ukrainian populationwas not the object of an autonomouscategory in this or any other equivalentsource.

Brazilians Cape Verdeans Guinea-Bissauans

1986 7,470 26,301 2,4941987 7,830 26,565 2,6881988 9,333 26,953 3,0211989 10,520 27,972 3,4471990 11,413 28,796 3,9861991 12,678 29,743 4,7701992 14,048 31,127 5,8081993 14,158 31,217 5,6961994 18,612 36,560 10,8281995 19,901 38,746 12,2911996 20,082 39,546 12,6391997 19,990 39,789 12,7851998 19,860 40,093 12,8941999 20,851 43,951 14,2172000 22,222 47,092 15,9362001 23,439 49,830 17,7832002 24,864 52,357 19,1132003 26,661 53,858 20,209

Source: www.ine.pt (05.10.2005)

Table 3 - Unemployment of foreigners in mainland Portugal

1.1.2. THE GUINEA-BISSAUAN IMMIGRATION

In the earlier 1980s the immigration from Guinea Bissau was, when compared with other inflowsfrom African former colonies, relatively small. Nevertheless, this population has experienced oneof the highest growth rates between 1986 and 2003 (see Table 2). On the other hand, although,this flow was not the first migratory experience of Guineans, it reached higher values than anyother streams from Guinea Bissau to Europe.18 There are two different groups of Guinea--Bissauans residing in Portugal: one constituted of persons with Portuguese citizenship, acquiredin the context of the recent colonial history of Portugal and Guinea-Bissau, and a second, defined mainly by foreigners that arrived later on.

The first group arrived in the 1980s, shortly after the independence of Guinea-Bissau, and hashigher formal education than their most recently arrived countrymen, or even than mostAfricans.19 Accordingly, this earlier inflow is characterized by a distinct share of individuals integrated in professional groups where a higher qualification is required, namely in technical,executive and managerial occupations. The most recent stream of Guinea-Bissauans is more intone with the generality of migratory flows from Africa.

18

18 Machado, F. (2002) "Guineenses noMercado de trabalho: entre a

homogeneidade e a diferenciação", in Cadernos Sociedade e Trabalho, 2,

pp. 13-24.

19 Saint-Maurice, A. (1997) IdentidadesReconstruídas - Cabo-verdianos em

Portugal, Oeiras: Celta, p. 60.

Nationality 2001 2002 2003 2004

Africa 3.363 5.034 8.320 9.019Eastern Europeans 21 765 3.068 3.897America 513 1.305 2.513 3.199Cape Verde 1.084 1.533 2.466 2.938Brazil 423 1.116 2.280 2.931Angola 1.020 1.555 2.745 2.790Ukraine 1 458 1.882 2.395Guinea Bissau 766 1.124 1.771 1.895Sao Tome and Principe 294 491 867 940Russia 8 162 402 494Moldova 0 11 399 488Romania 4 80 253 329Mozambique 141 219 292 284Total 5.300 9.055 16.389 18.735

Source: Employment and Vocational Training Institute

Table 4 - Foreign recipients of the Social Integration Income in 2004

1.1.3. THE BRAZILIAN IMMIGRATION

Until the 1980s the Brazilian immigration into Portugal had little expression when comparedwith inflows such as the Cape Verdean (see Table 2). It has since grown. Economic crises andspecific policies transformed the two countries' migratory relationship. Brazil has always been afavoured destiny for Portuguese emigration. Now, it is a sending country as well. This gives wayto intricate patterns of migration and family reunion. Of late, Brazilians became one of the largest foreigner population legally residing in Portugal with almost 77,000 people.20 In 2004 themajority of work visas conceded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs went to Brazilians (10,770),through the special agreement established between Portugal and Brazil.

The attractive of Portugal to Brazilians can be explained by several specific conditions, amongwhich are linguistic identity, cultural affinity, bilateral agreements and the preferential treatmentgiven to the Portuguese speaking peoples in the acquisition of Portuguese nationality:21 only sixyears of legal residence in the country are demanded from citizens of Portuguese speakingcountries, while others have to reside legally in the country for ten years before being able to apply for Portuguese nationality. Note that this privilege also applies to Cape Verde andGuinea-Bissau nationals. On the other hand, some researchers argue that immigrating toPortugal may not be an end in itself but a means to an end, a door through which to enter theEuropean Union.

19

20 http://www.acime.gov.pt/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=863,(23.08.2005)

21 Lages, M. et al. (2003) Atitudes eValores perante a Imigração, Lisboa:Observatório da Imigração, p. 74.

Nationality N %

Africa 6602 63,5Angola 2239 21,5Cape Verde 2264 21,8Guiné-Bissau 831 8,0S. Tomé e Príncipe 615 5,9Mozambique 492 4,7Others 161 1,5

America 642 6,2Brazil 398 3,8Others 244 2,3

Asia 167 1,6Europe 1172 11,3

Spain 280 2,7France 345 3,3Romania 45 0,4Russia 13 0,1Moldova 10 0,1Ukraine 38 0,4Others 441 4,2

Total Foreigners 10397 100

Source: Ministry of Labour and Solidarity

Table 5 - Permanence permits by sector of activity in the end of 2001

There is also the question of favourable treatment under the Friendship, Cooperation andConsultation Treaty,23 which allows Brazilians with more than two years of legal residence inPortugal to vote in local elections. Brazilians with more than three years of legal residence canalso apply for equal political rights. Moreover, as soon as these immigrants acquire a residencepermit they can also get equality in civic rights, gaining a special identity card that only Brazilianscan obtain in this facilitated way.

1.1.4. THE UKRAINIAN IMMIGRATION

A massive inflow of Ukrainians to Portugal occurred in the beginning of the XXIst century, after the collapse of the USSR and the emergence of the independent post-Soviet states. It iswidely acknowledged that this flow was integrated in a wide ranging emigration process, fromEastern Europe to the West, which started in the last years of the Soviet era.24 The easy circu-lation within the Schengen space and the activity of human smuggling organizations facilitatedthis abrupt inflow from Eastern Europe in general and Ukraine in particular.25

However, in Portugal this represented a significant change of the immigration patterns. For the first time Portugal received a massive human inflow from a country with which it had noparticular economic, historical or cultural links. The composition of immigrant populations settled in the country was radically transformed. Until the end of the 1990s the Africans (fromformer Portuguese colonies) and the Brazilians constituted nearly 60 per cent of the totalforeign population. The total number of legal Eastern Europeans established in Portugal in 1999only reached 2,373 individuals. Suddenly, in 2002, the Ukrainians became the largest foreignpopulation residing in the country with 62,041 persons, corresponding to 26 per cent of thetotal. This abrupt movement occurred in 2001, when a regularization took place and 'perma-nence permits' became widely accessible.

The demand in construction and public works from the early 2000s guaranteed a swift integrationof these immigrants in the Portuguese labour market (see Table 5). Although in those years therewere plenty of job opportunities in the unskilled segments of the labour market, the results ofa survey carried out by Baganha et al.26 show that more than a quarter of the respondents fromUkraine declared to have paid to intermediaries to find a job.

20

22 Legend: A - Agriculture,fishing and similar ; B - Manufacturing;

C - Construction; D - Retail trade; E - Restaurants and hotels; F - Services.

23 http://www.grci.pt/acordos/ acor-do_brasil.pdf, (06.10.2005)

24 Malynovska, O. (2004) "InternationalLabour Migration from Ukraine: the last

ten years", in Baganha et al. (eds) NewWaves: Migration from Eastern to Southern

Europe, Lisboa: Luso-AmericanFoundation, p. 11.

25 Baganha, M. et al. (2004) "TheUnforeseen Wave: Migration from

Eastern Europe in Portugal", in Baganhaet al. (eds) New Waves: Migration from

Eastern to Southern Europe, Lisboa: Luso-American Foundation, p. 28.

26 Baganha, M. et al. (2004) "TheUnforeseen Wave: Migration from

Eastern Europe in Portugal", in Baganhaet al. (eds) New Waves: Migration from

Eastern to Southern Europe, Lisboa: Luso-American Foundation, p. 35.

Total Sector of Activity22

Nationality N % A B C D E FEastern EuropeansUkraine 50,898 100 6.9 24.3 41.3 7.1 6 14.5Moldova 9,607 100 5.6 13.3 54.1 5.8 6 15.2Romania 8,432 100 6.5 8.9 53.4 5.5 6.6 19.1Russia 5,473 100 4.9 28.2 32.3 7.3 9.6 17.6PALOPCape Verde 6,635 100 1.6 4.3 43.4 6 9.2 35.5Angola 6,454 100 1.1 4.7 33.7 8.1 14.1 38.3Guinea-Bissau 4,125 100 0.6 3.2 56.7 3.2 5.7 30.6OthersBrazil 25,940 100 1.8 7.8 25.5 12.2 22.1 30.6China 3,315 100 2.2 4.5 3.5 27.3 57.5 5.1Pakistan 2,862 100 3.3 5.1 58.0 7.3 3.8 22.4India 3,096 100 1.8 1.4 57.0 7.5 7.7 24.7Total 141,636 100 4.5 14.6 39.6 8.3 11.1 21.9

Source: Pires, R. P. (2002) "Mudanças na Imigração. Uma análise das estatísticas sobre a população estrangeira em Portugal,1998-2001", in Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas, nº 39, p. 158.

The economic recession being felt in recent years has dictated a decrease of this inflow.Furthermore, the available data highlight that these immigrants have become, along withAfricans, much more susceptible to unemployment and dependent on social benefits (see Table3 and Table 4). The number of Eastern Europeans unemployed in Portugal increased drasticallybetween 2001 and 2004. In 2001 they were 0.4 per cent of the total number of registeredforeigners (21 people out of 5,300), while in 2004 they had become 20.8 per cent (3,897 peopleout of 18,735).

The Eastern European migrants had created new challenges to the Portuguese integration policiesand changed remarkably the Portuguese migratory experience. Until the end of the 1990s therewas little pressure from the immigrant communities for skills recognition, a process that mayopen them hitherto untapped sectors of the Portuguese labour market. Given that highly qualified people constitute most of the inflows from Eastern European countries, their integra-tion in low qualified segments of the Portuguese labour market causes some frustration. This hasresulted in an increased demand for skills recognition (see Table 6).

Table 6 - Skills recognition (graduate level) applications of foreigners, between 2001 and 2002

Furthermore, as they became established in Portuguese regions the Eastern European migrantsdefined a new geographical pattern of settlement. Until the beginning of this century, the largestforeign populations were resident mainly in the metropolitan area of Lisboa and in Setúbal.However, the Eastern European migrants, answering to the job opportunities, scattered throughout the country. In other words, for the first time in the recent migratory history ofPortugal the patterns of settlement followed the demand of the labour force with respect toregional employment markets.

1.2. THE ROMA

The Roma constitute the only domestic ethnic minority. A recent study about the social representations of the Roma in Portugal concludes that this population is usually identified byphysical elements, specific behaviour, informal commercial activities, manner of speech andaccent. The ethnic majority perceives these characteristics as negative and allocates mistrust onthis basis.27

This negative image dates back to several centuries ago. The first inflows arrived from Spain between the XIVth and the XVIth centuries and experienced discrimination early on, namelythrough the juridical order, in which were coded specific conditions of punishment and expulsion, interdictions of residence and death penalties. In 1592, for example, a Law was passed that decreed the expulsion of the Roma from the country. Those who stayed were executed without a trial.28 Unfortunately, this discrimination still exists nowadays. For example,police regulations encourage officers to pay special attention to nomads (or Roma) because oftheir 'propensity to certain activities'. Furthermore, as recently as 1996, the report on InternalSecurity categorised suspects of criminal activities as 'Blacks, Roma or Whites'.29

21

27 Duarte, I. et al. (2005) CoexistênciaInter-Étnica, Espaços e RepresentaçõesSociais, Lisboa: ACIME.

28 Machado, P. (2001) "A etnia cigana em Portugal", in JANUS Anuário deRelações Exteriores, Lisboa: Público eUniversidade de Lisboa.

29 Machado, P. (2001) "A etnia cigana em Portugal", in JANUS Anuário deRelações Exteriores, Lisboa: Público eUniversidade de Lisboa, p.186.

2000 2001 2002Nationality N % N % N %Moldova 1 0,8 2 1,7 16 20,5Romania 10 8,3 15 12,6 6 7,7Russia 40 33,3 45 37,8 21 26,9Ukraine 24 20,0 30 25,2 18 23,1Other 45 37,5 27 22,7 17 21,8Total 120 100 119 100 78 100

Source: Directorate-General for Higher Education, Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education

Recognizing the difficulties felt by the Roma, the Portuguese Government created in 199630 awork group to promote the integration and equality of this minority. The Portuguese HighCommissioner for Immigration and Ethnic Minorities (ACIME) embraced this project. Moreover,to know better the difficulties and social problems of this community, ACIME has published, inthe last year, several studies and promoted workshops and research projects.31

1.3. POTENTIAL AREAS OF CONFLICT

It was only in 1999 that the Portuguese law started to punish acts of discrimination based onracial or ethnic motives.32 Accordingly, this series of data on discrimination in Portugal is veryshort. The Commission for Equality and Against Racial Discrimination only registered forty fivecases of complaints for alleged ethnic discrimination between 2000 and 2004.33 Ten of thesecases pertained to the functioning of the labour market, while six of them involved incorrecttreatment issuing form public security forces, namely the police. As for the plaintiffs' nationalities,ten were African, five were Brazilians and other five Eastern Europeans.

There is also recent record, the source this time being the mass media, of cases of intoleranceof local communities towards the Roma. Mayors of several villages in the North of Portugal havebeen pressured to demolish Roma dwellings. A case in particular got a lot of coverage: the 1997outburst of intolerance towards the Roma from the part of the ethnic majority population ofFrancelos. Some inhabitants of Francelos accused Roma families which lived nearby the villageof being drug dealers. Alleging inefficiency on the part of the police, a vigilante militia declaredits own war on drugs and the Roma. Two sorts of actions ensued: attacks on alleged drug usersand an appeal to the local population to drive out the Roma families from the area. This groupmade several demonstrations against their Roma neighbours. The case was brought beforecourt and several members of the militias were incriminated. The Court charged them with terrorist association and aggression, but only achieved convictions for aggression and kidnapping.Those convicted were punished with imprisonment up to five years. Nevertheless, no charge wasmade on the grounds of the anti-discrimination law, even if the population had publicly insultedthe Roma families that lived nearby. On the other hand, some members of the Roma family didget convicted for drug dealing, with sentences ranging from six to almost ten years. The Courtdecision dates from 1999. It is important to point out the geography of these events: all happenedin the Norte region and targeted the Roma, thus defining a pattern of intolerance.

Also documented in the media is the fact that pure market competition can also bring aboutthe leitmotif of xenophobia. In the early 1980s a wave of Brazilian dentists entered thePortuguese market and met a reaction of nationalistic, protectionist overtones.

Moreover, it is possible to identify conflicts between immigrant communities. In 2003, Portugaland Brazil signed a special agreement that, among other things, approved a special regularizationprocess for illegal Brazilians residing in Portugal. This agreement originated negative reactionsfrom other immigrant communities residing in Portugal (e.g., the Cape Verdean Association),which felt relatively deprived.

Cases of violence and conflict within minority groups are also on record. The smuggling of immigrants to Portugal started to be a visible problem and a new challenge to the Portuguesepolicy with the arrival of Eastern Europeans34 and, more recently, of Brazilians. In a recent study,Peixoto35 concludes that some Eastern Europeans have been victims of smuggling to arrive intothe country and presently suffer violence and extortion from co-ethnics. In a different way, certain Brazilian women had also been mainly smuggled for prostitution.

In a recent study about the attitudes and values of the Portuguese native population to immigrants36 (mainly Africans, Brazilians and Eastern Europeans), one of the strong conclusions

22

30 Council of Ministers Resolution 157/96(October 19,1996)

31 More information available in the sitehttp://www.acime.gov.pt,

area "Etnia cigana".

32 Portugal / Law 134/99 (28.08.1999)

33 These are the cases where the victimsdirectly contacted the Commission.Other individuals will have pressed

charges directly to the courts and thesewill not be easily identified as cases of

discrimination.

34 Baganha et al. (2004) "The UnforeseenWave: Migration from Eastern Europe in

Portugal", in Baganha et al. (eds), NewWaves: Migration from Eastern to Southern

Europe, Lisboa: Luso-AmericanFoundation, pp. 23-39.

35 Peixoto, J. (ed.) (2005) O Tráfico deMigrantes em Portugal, Lisboa: ACIME.

36 Lages, M. et al. (2003) Atitudes eValores perante a Imigração, Lisboa:

Observatório da Imigração.

was that more than 70 per cent of the Portuguese were against the arrival of immigrants independently of their origins. Nevertheless, in the same study, 91.8 per cent of the Portugueseinquired said that are in favour that the foreigners have the same rights as Portuguese have outside Portugal, and 85.9 per cent defend that the immigrants should have the right to bringin their families.

23

DESCRIPTIONOF THE SAMPLES2#

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLES

2.1. SAMPLE DESIGN

Our choice of migrant and/or minority groups resulted from the confluence of two concerns:group size and vulnerability to racial discrimination. Regarding the first, the Borders andForeigners Service37 reports that in 200338 the four main groups of legal foreign residents heldcitizenship of Angola (25,681); Brazil (26,561); Cape Verde (53,858) and Guinea-Bissau(20,209).39 Still, an unaccountable stock of illegal migrants remains invisible from this point ofview.

Unfortunately, the 2001 census can't help us much here, in view of the fact that it accounts forless people of some foreign groups than the Borders and Foreigners Service report for thesame year does. Citizens of Cape Verde, for instance, vary from 33,145 in the census to 49,930in the said report.40This problem of relative invisibility affects mostly Eastern Europeans – a large,albeit recent, migrant group. By adding permanence permits for the last two years, we can estimate Ukrainian migrants to be, at least, 64,695.41

Since the Roma have Portuguese citizenship, they are neither accounted for in the 2001 censusnor in the Borders and Foreigners Service annual reports. In 2001 a questionnaire survey ofmunicipalities accounted for 21,831 persons belonging to this minority,42 while the Pastoral dosCiganos, a catholic evangelisation organization that targets Roma, estimates them to be about40,00043 and some researchers take an educated guess at a figure of 50,000.44

If we were to keep all of these groups, we would be making six samples, which would prove unmanageable. We decided to keep two African groups, the Cape Verdeans and theGuinea-Bissauans, in order to both maintain a good contingent of persons from the region ofprovenance most prone to being discriminated45 and try to understand if religious differences –according to the census about one fourth of the Guinea-Bissauans are Islamic – also interferein experienced discrimination. The five chosen groups are thus: citizens of Brazil; Cape Verde;Guinea-Bissau; Ukraine; and the Portuguese Roma. We tried to guarantee a sample of 400 actualinterviews per migrant or minority group, thus assuring that, if the samples were random, sampling error for a 95 per cent confidence interval would be inferior to 5 per cent for all thegroups.

2.1.1. THE FOUR MIGRANT GROUPS: DEVELOPING A MEANINGFUL SAMPLE

Having failed to obtain a sample frame from either the National Statistical Institute, which claimed legal impediments to share such information, or the Borders and Foreigners Service,which didn't answer to our contact, we were forced to opt for quota sampling. The followingstep was to approach the National Statistical Institute and the Portugal/Ministry for Science,Technology and Superior Education in order to benefit from the protocol between these entities regarding the cost free sharing of census data for scientific purposes. Through them wewere able to obtain the data necessary to stratify our four samples of migrant groups by: gender, age group, length of permanence in Portugal46 and residential region.47

Table 60 through Table 63, incorporated in a separate annex, present the distribution ofBrazilians, Cape Verdeans, Guinea-Bissauans and Ukrainians. Once having determined the structure of these populations, we calculated the proportions of the universe that falls into eachof the cells of the respective cross-tabulation. The next step was to multiply the desired samplesize – 400 respondents – for these proportions, rounding the result down to the nearest integerand setting the fractional part aside for further calculation. We then summed the integers (∑n)and subtracted the result from the desired 400 interviews, thus obtaining the number of

25

37 The Borders and Foreigners Service is a governmental agency committed toimplement the Portuguese immigrationand asylum policies in accordance to the Constitution, the Law and theGovernment orientation.

38 These were the most recently published data at the time when thesample was designed, they have sincebecome outdated. Other sections of thisreport make use of the most recentdata available.

39 Portugal / Borders and ForeignersService (2003).

40 Valente Rosa, M. J. et al. (2004)Contributos dos imigrantes na demografiaportuguesa, Lisboa: ACIME.

41 SEF (2003) Relatório Estatístico 2003 at:http://www.sef.pt/data/relatorios/2003/relatorio_estatistico_2003.pdf,(01.07.2005)

42 SOS Racismo (2001) Ciganos: números, abordagens e realidades, Lisboa:SOS Racismo.

43 http://www.ecclesia.pt/pnciganos/apresentacao.htm, (01.07.2005)

44 Bastos, J. G. P. et al. (2000) Ciganos em Portugal, hoje, Lisboa: FCSH/UNL.

45 Lages, M. et al. (2003) Atitudes e Valoresperante a Imigração, Lisboa: ACIME.

46 Estimated from the place of residenceat 31/12/1995 being Portugal [PT] orelsewhere [OUT].

47 Açores, Alentejo, Algarve, Centro,Lisboa, Madeira or Norte.

interviews not yet attributed to a specific quota (400 minus ∑n). Finally, we ranked the fractionalparts we had set aside before and attributed the remaining interviews to the largest 400 minus∑n of them. The ensuing intended samples for Brazilians, Cape Verdeans, Guinea-Bissauans andUkrainians can be found in Table 64 through Table 67, also incorporated in a separate annex.

It should be kept in mind that the criterion for allocation of individuals to the four foreign groupswas nationality. This allows for the inclusion of a number of persons who, being born in Portugal,aren't actual immigrants.

2.1.2. THE ROMA

Regarding the Roma, the sampling design followed a similar logic. The most notable difference isthe absence of the 'length of permanence in Portugal' variable in the sample design and, giventhe above stated problems, the more sketchy nature of the other variables. As a matter of fact,we had to pool data from a few different sources. The previously mentioned Pastoral dosCiganos'48 study supplied us with the age and gender structure, while the regional distributionwas based on the Ministry of Education's account of the enrolment of this cultural group in theschool year of 1999/200049. The Ministry's data, however, does not cover the autonomous insularregions of Açores and Madeira and neither does SOS Racismo's national survey of municipalities.50

As a consequence, our intended sample, featured in Table 68, also presented in the annexes,does not contemplate these regions.

2.2. SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION

We sought to reach the persons who cumulatively showed the four (three in the case of the Roma) desired characteristics through the network of migrant associations and other organisations, such as churches and NGOs. Whenever these organisations had a list and allowedus to use it as a sampling frame, the final selection of interviewees was randomised.

Knowing from experience that in Portugal it is extremely implausible to get a fair responserate from a postal survey, a methodology based on personal interviews presented itself asthe most sensible way to achieve reliable results. This involved a coordinated effort so as toachieve a representative sample of all the groups for the 7 Portuguese regions: Açores,Alentejo, Algarve, Centro, Lisboa, Madeira and Norte. For each one of these regions, we targeted the largest cities (e.g., Porto for the North, Coimbra for the Centre, and Faro forthe Algarve). Following from this first selection of major cities we sought to take into accountparticularities both of the sampled groups and the regions. Thus, this led us to include othercities, such as Santa Maria da Feira for the North, and Lagos and Portimão for the Algarve.In the particular case of Lisboa, interviews were also held in the main towns which form itsmetropolitan area.

Regarding the sampling of respondents we prioritised embassies and local Borders andForeigners Service offices as the main points, as these are spots where migrants must gothrough, regardless of their social class. The other main criterion was to approach people at places they often went to or used, such as churches, public transportation, and supermarkets.As a last resource, prospective respondents were also approached by professional category,taking into account the data available on the occupation profile for the different groups.

As a rule, the selection of respondents at places like the embassies, Borders and ForeignersService offices and NGOs was either random or systematic, i.e. interviewers had to follow apurely numerical system in approaching prospective respondents and then check whether theyfitted the quota. This was done to avoid natural biases in selection of respondents by the interviewers.

26

48 http://www.ecclesia.pt/pnciganos/ apresentacao.htm, (01.07.2005)

49 http://www.giase.min-edu.pt/stats01.asp?auxID=stats, (05.10.2005)

50 SOS Racismo (2001) Ciganos: números, abordagens e realidades,

Lisboa: SOS Racismo.

Thus, one of the first tasks for the undertaking of this survey was the construction of a list ofembassies, national services for attendance of migrants, and cultural or religious associations rela-ted to the targeted groups. In the initial contact established with such centres an agreement wassought which would allow our group of interviewers to approach potential respondents withintheir space of attendance. This was authorised by the embassies of Guinea-Bissau, Brazil andUkraine (for the latter we were only allowed outside the main premises). The embassy of CapeVerde proved to be more problematic, telling us that they did not wish to create 'diplomaticincidents' with the Portuguese government, on account of a study on discrimination and racism.Nonetheless, on the whole this strategy proved to be a valuable one and about a third of thefour samples of immigrants was interviewed at an embassy or consulate.

A brief summary of the other sampling strategies – such as those involving associations andchurches – for each region follows:

2.2.1. LISBOA

Given the high number of cultural associations related to migrant groups in Lisboa, a quota of20 per cent was attributed to them. A representative of such associations is Casa do Brasil deLisboa which offers legal help to Brazilian migrants and has a programme of regular cultural acti-vities. For Cape Verdeans, the Associação Cabo-Verdiana de Lisboa was used, an associationwhich has been developing an important work of cultural promotion, and political activism toprotect Cape Verdeans in Portugal. Regarding the Ukrainians, we benefited from the ServiçoJesuíta aos Refugiados in which premises is also established a Local Immigrant Support Centre.51

They provide social services, a job centre, as well as language courses and some other educational programmes. The Borders and Foreigners Services and the National ImmigrantSupport Centre52 were also privileged places of access to respondents.

A quota was also attributed to other places where the groups of migrants socially gathered orshopped, such as supermarkets, shopping centres, hairdressers or the Banco do Brasil (for theBrazilian group). Churches were also used, particularly for Ukrainians, whose population is largelyChristian Orthodox, and Guineans, many of which are Muslims.

Figure 1 - Map of the NUT II regions

27

51 The Local Immigrant Support Centresoperate in the premises of Town Halls,Parish Councils or NGOs, with a smalloffice run by a mediator of the hostinstitution.

52 The National Immigrant SupportCentres are public structures dedicatedto immigrant reception and information,with counters of the High Commissionfor Immigration and Ethnic Minorities,Borders and Foreigners Service, SocialSecurity, Labour, Education, Health andwhichever NGO's choose to join. TheNational Immigrant Support Centresoperate in Lisboa and in Porto.

NORTE

CENTRO

ALENTEJO

ALGARVE

R. A. DA MADEIRA

R. A. DOS AÇORES

LISBOA

0 138.775m

N

2.2.2. NORTE

The general strategy followed for the other regions tried to emulate as closely as possible the sampling procedure undertaken for Lisboa. In the case of Porto, the largest northern city, this wasmostly achieved through cultural associations, the Local Immigrant Support Centres, the NationalImmigrant Support Centre and churches. A satellite, heavily industrialised town, where an associa-tion of migrants from Eastern Europe is implanted, Santa Maria da Feira, was also chosen.

2.2.3. CENTRO

In the centre region, Coimbra is the major city and the one we selected. Unlike Lisboa and Porto,the official services that attend to migrants are few and their clientele scarce. We thus had to relyon more diverse sampling strategies, including the use of supermarkets and public transports. Wealso targeted some professional groups, including construction and restaurant workers, which aresome of the major occupations for Ukrainian and Brazilian migrants in this region.

2.2.4. ALENTEJO

Beja is the largest city in this southern region and the one we targeted. Here we benefited inparticular from Solidariedade Imigrante, a centre which offers help to migrants, along with thelocal centre of foreigners and frontiers. We also contacted some migrants who worked in theagricultural sector, which is one of the main sources of employment in this region.

2.2.5. ALGARVE

In the southernmost region of Portugal, respondents came from the cities of Portimão, Faro andAlbufeira. Some cultural associations, including one which gives support to Eastern Europeanmigrants, were particularly helpful by granting us access to their members. Other spots usedincluded Orthodox churches, and a shop of African products.

2.2.6. AÇORES AND MADEIRA

In these Portuguese Islands, where there is a very low number of migrants, we gathered respon-dents through a local association of migrants, Associação dos Imigrantes nos Açores,53 andthrough a Portuguese course for foreigners.

2.2.7. THE ROMA: A SPECIAL CASE

Because of its particularity, the sampling technique for the Roma was different from that of theother groups. First of all, they are Portuguese citizens. Secondly, we are often faced with closecommunities which are difficult to approach. Nevertheless, our sampling strategy was quite simple and efficient. Since about 90 per cent of this group is comprised of vendors who goaround the country to work in the markets and fairs, we targeted the major, small and local markets and fairs. We sent our interviewers through most of the country. In the North andCentre, they went to markets and fairs at Custóias, Cantanhede, Lousã, Ferreiras and Coimbra.In Lisboa, they went to Relógio, Carcavelos, Almada and Seixal. In the Alentejo and Algarve theywere at Moura, Beja, Portimão and Lagos. Finally, we also got respondents from particular neighbourhoods where there is a large concentration of Roma and from the Igreja Evangélicade Filadélfia, a church to which many members of this group belong to.

2.3. TEAM RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING

Númena recruited and trained a team of interviewers, preferably belonging to the same minority as the interviewees, and deployed them all over the country, in order to cover theregional diversity contemplated in the sample design. The typical profile we sought was someonewith a degree in the social and human sciences that may have had some work experience with

28

53 http://www.aipa-azores.com/,(29.06.2005)

migrants, or in the area of racism and discrimination. From a total of 126 applications we selected forty interviewers. We also privileged candidates who were members of one of themigrant groups, for this would allow them to communicate more easily with the targeted group.

For Lisboa we had a group of twenty interviewers, including five Cape Verdeans, three Brazilians,and two Roma. Many of the remaining interviewers for Lisboa had been doing research workwith a particular migrant group. For the centre region we had six interviewers, for the Alentejothere were five, and for the Algarve we sent a team of interviewers from Lisboa. For the Azoresand Madeira we had two contacts, one of which was a sociologist and the other a Cape Verdean.

Each interviewer participated in a collective session of training conducted by members ofNúmena, and had a guide with detailed instructions where the aims of the survey, criteria ofsampling, selection method, and rules for filling in the questionnaires were described.

The interviewers involved in this project were: Adriano Cardoso, Anabela Abreu, André PachecoLopes, Anne-kristin Borszik, Bruno Gonçalves, Carla Marques, Carla Oliveira, Catarina Silva,Cipriana Ramos, Cristina Andrade, Cristina Pinto, Cristina Valentim, Dina Mendes, EdalinaSanches, Edison Sanches, Eduardo Fernandes, Elsa Rodrigues, Inês Sacchetti, José Machado,Leoter Soares, Luciana Mendonça, Luísa Castro e Brito, Magda Vieira, Márcia Gonçalves Barbosa,Maria João Andrade, Maria João Mascarenhas, Maria Paula Paes, Marlene Fernades, Marta Lima,Midana Nandigna, Natasha Lemos, Nisa Mendonça, Noémia Nunes, Octávio Raposo, PedroCardoso, Pedro Gomes, Rita Guimarães, Roman Curbanov, Romano Fernandes, Silvano Sanches,Teresa Brito, Tiago Bibas and Vitor Barros.

2.4. QUESTIONNAIRE ADAPTATION

After consulting with the EUMC, it was decided to have a shorter questionnaire than the oneoriginally used in Sweden. The set of seventeen core questions was included along with thegeneral socio-demographic data. We also added a few items in line with the Portuguese socialreality. The need to have a briefer questionnaire had to do with the sampling technique, whichconsisted of direct interviews rather than mailing prospective respondents. This procedure callsfor a briefer instrument, as people are often being interviewed whilst in a public space wherethe time available is scarce.

The Roma, having Portuguese nationality, required a specially adapted questionnaire, namely inwhat concerned questions about a foreign background that they don't share, namely QuestionsF.3, F.5, P.2a and P.2b were altogether abolished and several other required adaptation (e.g., changing 'foreign background' to 'Roma background'). The final codebook reflects the existenceof alternative formulations for the four migrant groups and the Roma.

Finally, the questionnaire was applied in Portuguese which is the official speaking language of all groups in this study except the Ukrainians. For this group, a translation was prepared by aprofessional translator and interviewers carried both a Portuguese and a Russian version wheninterviewing people from this group.

2.5. FIELDWORK REPORT

Some of the details concerning this section have already been described in the previous sections. However, it is important to highlight the difficulties the interviewers faced during thefieldwork. These difficulties consist mostly of refusals to participate in the study. We had few refusals in spaces like embassies, consulates and centres dedicated to helping migrants, but theratio of refusals to contacts was quite more expressive in other spaces, such as shopping

29

centres, churches or mosques. On the other hand, our insight to recruit interviewers from thesame backgroung as the targeted group proved to be a valuable one. The refusal to participatewas much lower then than when the interviewer had majority background.

Table 69 (see annexes) shows that the Brazilian and Roma groups had the lowest refusal rate,while the other three groups showed similar results. This is probably due to the higher rate ofinterviewers who belonged to the Brazilian and Roma groups, but other factors may have playeda role, such as a greater cultural proximity (feeling of belonging) to the Portuguese culture. Theanalysis of data will help us to shed some light on this matter.

2.6. DATA CLEANING, CODING AND RECORDING

When handed over by the interviewers, the questionnaires were immediately screened for missingresponses and disrespect for the existing skip patterns and filter questions. The supervisor turned down questionnaires with more than 3 missing answers and called for the recovery ofmissing information. The accepted questionnaires were then coded. Finally, a random sample of10 per cent of the questionnaires brought in by each interviewer was subjected to confirmationby his or her direct supervisor.

Occupation was measured through an open-ended question which was later coded accordingwith the major groups of the National Classification of Occupations54 (NCO-94). The NCO-94results from the adaptation of the ILO's International Standard Classification of Occupations tothe Portuguese case. The nine major groups are: executive civil servants, industrial directors andexecutives; professionals and scientists; middle management and technicians; administrative andrelated workers; service and sales workers; farmers and skilled agricultural and fisheries workers;skilled workers, craftsmen and similar ; machine operators and assembly workers; unskilled workers.

Since religions other than those we pre-coded did not amount to 5 per cent of the total sample,we opted for assigning to this group a single code. The remaining questions were closed-endedand required less care. Data was recorded in a standard format and made available to theEUMC along with the Interim Report.

Some remarks must be made before turning to the results:

• resulting samples (Table 70 through Table 74 in the annexes) are very close to intended samples;

• generally speaking, there are very few missing values and they do not differ significantly fromgroup to group or between categories of the control variables within each group includedin the survey;

• some questions only apply to interviewees who had a specific kind of interaction in theirrecent past, but since having or not having had these kinds of interaction is in itself somethingthat allows us to perceive different behaviour patterns between the minority groups involved, we thoroughly analysed them in each domain of the report.55

30

54 Employment and Vocational TrainingInstitute (2001) Classificação Nacional de

Profissões - Versão 1994 (2nd edition).Lisboa: Employment and Vocational

Training Institute.

55 If the EUMC proceeds to apply his methodology to further countries,we recommend that an autonomous

filter question be added prior to all the questions which now admit

answers such as "hasn't worked for the last five years".

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS3#

3. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

Most of the dependent variables are measured at the ordinal level.56 Only the sense of belongingto the host country and the sense of belonging to the country of origin are measured at thediscrete level (at interval level but not allowing for intermediate values). Our main independentvariable is minority group belonging, a categorical variable. For this reason, the statistical testmostly used for bivariate analysis will be Kruskal-Wallis H, a non-parametric test that allows forthe comparison of more than two groups and does not require the dependent variable to bemeasured at a level higher than the ordinal.

In the case of the other variables that we will also be taking into account, some of them – namely age, length of stay in the host country and highest overall educational level attained –are measured at the ordinal level. Given this fact, we will be able to use the statistical testKendall's tau-b to check for correlation with most of the dependents.

Whenever both the independent and the dependent variables are measured at the nominallevel, we will resort to the Chi-square statistical test for comparisons between groups. In someinstances the problem of the existence of more than 20 per cent of cells with expected valuesunder five will arise. These will be handled either by performing an exact test, which bypassesthis problem, or, if the computational resources do not allow for this solution, will give rise to amention in the text that the results are merely indicative.

3.1. DEMOGRAPHICS

Some of these variables, namely gender, age, length of stay in Portugal and region of residence,were used to stratify the sample. Therefore, the relation between them in our resulting samplemerely mirrors a relation existing in census data. For instance, the fact that 13 per cent of ourresulting sample of Brazilians correspond to men in the younger age group who have arrived inthe last five years and are now living in the Lisboa region is a direct consequence of that beingthe proportion allotted to individuals with these characteristics in the intended sample, whichin turn reflects their proportion according to the census.

3.1.1. GENDER

The groups under analysis differ in what concerns gender distribution. Unsurprisingly, the Romashow a more balanced gender distribution than other groups, patent in a 1.0 masculinity ratio.Immigration is known to be a gender selective process which, particularly in its early stages,favours men. Given that the Roma are not immigrants, their more balanced gender distributionis easily understood. The Ukrainians have the largest masculinity ratio (4.4), followed by theGuinea-Bissauans (2.0). Although the Brazilians and Cape Verdeans also have high masculinityratios (1.2 and 1.1, respectively) the over-representation of men is much smaller.

Table 7 - Gender (F.157) per minority group (F.3)

33

56 The answers to the seventeen corequestions could be coded as counts of occurrences and not, as now occurs, in previously defined intervals, a development which would permit thecalculation of arithmetic averages, thuspermitting to discriminate better thanmedians and still allowing, via aggregation,for retrospective comparison.

57 Unless otherwise stated, the numbering used here corresponds tothe questionnaire applied to Brazilians,Cape Verdeans and Guinea-Bissauans.

Brazilians Cape Verdeans Guinea-Bissauans Ukrainians Roma

Female 45% 47% 33% 18% 49%Male 55% 53% 67% 82% 51%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Mode Male Male Male Male Male

Source: this survey

The masculinity ratio of Guinea-Bissauans in the youngest age group is significantly lower thanthat of the older age groups. No relation between gender and length of stay or region was foundin any of the five groups.

3.1.2. REGION

The regional distribution of these populations follows two different patterns. On the one hand,the African groups (Cape Verdean and Guinea-Bissauan) are highly concentrated in the Lisboaarea. On the other, the Ukrainians are dispersed across the country. This new pattern of settle-ment reflects the needs of regional labour markets, particularly in areas that benefited frominvestment in great public works projects. This is quite new to the Portuguese experience. Upuntil now, immigrants tended to concentrate on great urban centres. The Brazilians, though concentrated in Lisboa, show important populations in the Norte region. The Roma differ fromthe other groups in their concentration in the Norte and Alentejo regions, even if the majorityof people in this group reside in the Lisboa area.

Table 8 - Region (F.2) per minority group (F.3)

We found no association between gender or age and region in any of the groups. Though therelation between length of stay and region is difficult to read on account of the high number ofcells with expected values inferior to five, the observation of the adjusted standardized residualsreveals that the new wave of Brazilian immigrants is quite more centred in Lisboa, while theirlonger established countrymen are more dispersed through the country, a good share of thembeing now living in the Norte region. The fact that so many Brazilian immigrants choose theNorte region to settle may actually be consequence of a return migration phenomenon.Historically, this has been the region from which throughout the centuries more Portuguesehave been departing to Brazil.58

3.1.3. AGE

Notwithstanding the coincidence of their medians, the four immigrant groups differ in age structure. The population of Brazilian immigrants is younger than the other groups, while theCape Verdean group is clearly older. This can be interpreted as resulting from the historicalsequence of the waves of immigrants from these countries, though this does not explain the differences between Brazilians and Ukrainians.

34


Açores 0% 1% 0% 1% 0%Alentejo 4% 3% 1% 10% 14%Algarve 6% 6% 5% 22% 7%Centro 15% 3% 4% 26% 16%Lisboa 54% 86% 85% 28% 38%Madeira 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%Norte 20% 3% 4% 12% 23%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Mode Lisboa Lisboa Lisboa Lisboa Lisboa

Source: this survey

58 Rocha-Trindade, Maria Beatriz et. al.(1987) Refluxos Culturais da EmigraçãoPortuguesa para o Brasil in Gianfausto

Rosoli (dir. de) Roma: EmigrazioniEurope e Popolo Brasiliano, pp. 335-354available at: http://www.ese-jdeus.edu.pt/

migra/institut/port/univab/summaries/cemri-sum-brt-diasp-pt.htm,

(27.08.2005)

Table 9 - Age (F.4) per immigrant group (F.3)

As was explained before, statistical data on the Roma population are scarce, of dubious qualityand scattered through a number of sources. This has led to the use of age groups that do notmatch those used for the four immigrant groups.

Table 9’ - Age (F.4) in the Roma (F.3)

Guinea-Bissauan men tend to be older than women of the same nationality. In all immigrantgroups but the Ukrainian, a longer stay in Portugal corresponds to a higher age. No relationshipbetween age and region of residence was found in any of the four immigrant groups.

3.1.4. LENGTH OF STAY

The main difference here is between the African groups, composed by persons who in theirmajority have been in Portugal for more than five years, and the Brazilians and Ukrainians, mostof whom have less than five years of stay in Portuguese territory. These results were to beexpected. The inflow of the African groups dates as early as the 1960s, while the Ukrainians andBrazilians have arrived mostly in the last few years.

Table 10 - Length of stay (F.5) per immigrant group (F.3)

Irrespective of the group, the length of stay is unaffected by gender.

Age correlates positively with length of stay in all immigrant groups but the Ukrainian, a fact thatis perhaps due of the extreme recentness of the inflow of people form this nationality.

Brazilian citizens staying in Portugal over more than five years tend to be living in the Norte

35

Brazilians Cape Verdeans Guinea-Bissauans Ukrainians

[18, 29] 44% 30% 34% 37%[30, 39] 34% 32% 41% 36%[40, 60] 22% 38% 25% 28%Total 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413Median [30-39] [30-39] [30-39] [30-39]

Source: this survey


< 5 years 65% 26% 32% 95%5 years 35% 74% 68% 5%Total 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413Median < 5 years ≥ 5 years ≥ 5 years < 5 years

Source: this survey

Roma

[15, 25] 41%[26, 45] 43%[+45] 16%Total 100%N 401Median [26-45]

Source: this survey

region, whereas those who have recently arrived prefer to settle themselves in the GrandeLisboa area.

3.1.5. RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION

Missing values in answers to this question are not only residual but also homogenously distributed, so that no differences of statistical significance were found, either between thegroups or, within each group, among the categories of the control variables.

There are clear differences between groups in terms of their religious affiliation. Cape Verdeans,Guinea-Bissauans and Brazilians are Catholic in their majority, although we find some Protestantsand Evangelic Christians in the Brazilian group. About one third of he Guinea-Bissauans areMuslim. Seventy seven per cent of the Ukrainians profess the Orthodox faith. Sixty per cent ofthe Roma are Evangelic, but about a fifth of them claims to have no religious faith.

Table 11 - What is your religious faith? (P.5) per minority group (F.3)

Gender and religion are bound together in the Guinea-Bissauan and Roma groups. Guinea-Bissauan women are more Catholic than men of the same nationality, who, in their turn, aremore likely to be Muslims. Or, perhaps, Muslim women were harder for our interviewers tocome by, either because of their role in their home culture, which may inhibit migration, orbecause of a process of cultural and religious change associated to migration itself. A recentstudy shows that the migratory project of Muslim women is often consciously or unconscious-ly linked to an intention to overcome subordinate status in the home culture, which in turn isstrongly associated to religion.59 Roma women are more Evangelical, while Roma men tend tohave comparatively higher levels of disbelief or religious indifference.

Applying a Chi-square test to the cross tabulation of age and religious faith for each groupsencounters the problem of a high number of cells with expected values below five.60 Still, reading from the adjusted standardized residuals we are able to point out that there is a lowerpercentage of Muslims among the young Guinea-Bissauans than on the rest of this group. TheRoma, in turn, tend to be more catholic if older and more without religious affiliation if younger.

Recent arrivals from Brazil tend to be more evangelic than longer established Brazilians. A similartrend can be found in the Ukrainians: there is a greater share of Orthodox amongst recent arrivals than among their longer established countrymen. This could be the effect of Catholicproselitism.

The analysis of the religious faith variable also faces the problem of a high number of cells with

36

59 Abranches, Maria (2004) PertençasFechadas em Espaços Abertos: Estratégiasde (re)Construção Identitária de Mulheres

Muçulmanas em Portugal, Lisboa:CIES/ISCTE.

60 Chi-square tests consist of a comparison between the observed

results, i.e., the way observations areactually distributed between the cells of

the cross-tabluation, and the expectedresults, i.e., the way the observations

would scatter if there was no relationship between the column and

the row variables. If there are more than20 per cent of the cells with expected

frequencies (counts) below five, the testis unreliable.


Animist 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Catholic 59% 84% 52% 14% 19%Ortodox 0% 0% 0% 77% 0%Protestant 8% 2% 2% 1% 0%Muslim 0% 0% 35% 0% 0%Evangelic 17% 0% 1% 0% 60%None 10% 9% 3% 4% 18%Other 6% 4% 5% 4% 2%Dk/Na 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Mode Catholic Catholic Catholic Ortodox Evangelic

Source: this survey

expected values inferior to five. Still, one can observe that Brazilians of Protestant or 'other'faiths have a higher presence in the Norte region than expected if there was no relationshipbetween faith and region of residence. Evangelic Brazilians, on the other hand appear to be particularly concentrated in the Lisboa region. Applying the same logic to the Ukrainians, wenotice that relatively few of Orthodox faith live in Madeira and more Protestants than wouldbe expected reside in the Alentejo. The dwelling of Orthodox Ukrainians in the Algarve andCatholic Ukrainians in Lisboa also exceed expectations formulated under the hypothesis of there being no relationship between faith and regional settling. Roma Catholics are overrepresented in the Alentejo region, while being underrepresented in the Norte and Centroregions. The Evangelic are overrepresented in Grande Lisboa and clearly underrepresented inNorte, where a surprising number of Roma without religious faith are to be found. The relationship between region and religion may issue from sociability networks, which tend to further the development of common practices of many kinds, among which the religious.

3.1.6. HIGHEST COMPLETED EDUCATION FROM NATIVE COUNTRY

Once again, we find that missing values are not only residual but also homogenously distributed,so that no statistically significant differences were found in their distribution, either between theminority groups themselves or between categories of the quota variables within each group. Adegree of association was found with overall education but given that this variable is createdfrom a combination of education in the native country and education in Portugal, this result ismerely tautological and has no reading.

The observed groups differ in the highest completed education from their native countries(Portugal, in the case of the Roma). The median for this variable shows that the Cape Verdeansand Roma have the lowest educational status: primary school for the Roma and second cyclefor the Cape Verdeans. Most remarkable is the fact that three tenths of the Roma have noformal education at all and none has a college degree. On the opposite end, the median forUkrainians and Brazilians on this variable is secondary school. Still, despite having the samemedian, these two groups differ sharply: about two fifths of Ukrainians have a universitydegree, while the corresponding proportion for Brazilians is less than half of this. The Guinea-Bissauans have a slightly higher average education than the Cape Verdeans (their median is thethird cycle).

Table 12 - Highest completed education from native country (P.1) per minority group (F.3)

Brazilian and Ukrainian women residing in Portugal have obtained more formal education intheir respective homelands than men of the same provenances. We found the opposite to betrue when testing the Roma for this association: Roma women are less formally educated thanRoma men. Published research suggests that the Roma culture ascribes to women a communityfocused role which demands them abandon school at an early stage.61

37

61 Helena C. Araújo et al. (2002) Embusca da Interculturalidade entre MulheresCiganas e Padjas na Educação. Porto:Universidade do Porto / Faculdade dePsicologia e de Ciências da Educação eCentro de Investigação e IntervençãoEducativas.


0 years 2% 16% 12% 0% 29%4 years 6% 26% 15% 1% 42%6 years 9% 18% 17% 1% 25%9 years 19% 16% 34% 10% 3%12 years 48% 23% 18% 48% 1%15 years 16% 1% 2% 40% 0%Dk/Na 0% 1% 1% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Median 12 years 6 years 9 years 12 years 4 years

Source: this survey

The relation between age and education in any given population tends to be composed of twoeffects which work to cancel each other out. On one side, there is the individual trajectory ofa person through life, acquiring higher formal education levels as the years go by. On the otherhand, there is the generational or historic effect, which is composed of the tendency for thelevels of formal education in the societies to rise from generation to generation, thus implyingthat older people will have less schooling. The latter effect seems to predominate in the CapeVerdean and Roma groups, in which a negative correlation between age and schooling wasfound. The former effect is visible in the Ukrainians, for which the correlation between age andeducation from the native country is positive. The reason for the difference between groups isprobably to be found on the history of the inflow of these immigrants to Portugal.

Longer established Cape Verdeans tend to have a lower educational level acquired in the homecountry than their more recently arrived compatriots.

Cape Verdeans in the Centro, Alentejo and Norte regions tend to have higher educational levelsthan on Grande Lisboa or Algarve. The more educated Ukrainians, in contrast, tend to settle inGrande Lisboa and the Norte region. As for the Roma, those living in the Norte region are theless formally educated in the group, in plain contrast with the population residing in the Centroand Grande Lisboa regions.

3.1.7. COMPLETION OF FURTHER EDUCATION IN PORTUGAL

There are no missing values in the answers to this filter question.

Table 13 - Completion of further education in Portugal (P.2a) per immigrant group (F.3)

In each of our samples the majority of respondents have not completed any further educationin Portugal. The African immigrants differ from the other two groups in that they have higherproportions of respondents completing further education in Portugal.

For all four of the immigrant groups, the completion of further education in Portugal has nodirect relationship with the respondents' gender.

Younger Cape Verdeans and Guinea-Bissauans have a higher probability of having completedfurther education in Portugal, a fact that probably arises from these being the longer establishedmigrant groups.

There is a tendency for immigrants established in Portugal for more than five years to have completed some further education in the host country. This trend, though manifest in all groups,only is actually statistically significant in the Cape Verdean and Brazilian groups.

Once again, though cells with predicted values inferior to five are more than 20 per cent, someobservations can be made: Brazilian immigrants living in the Norte have a higher probability ofhaving completed some kind of further education in Portugal than those settled in the GrandeLisboa region. Guinea-Bissauans living in the Centro region are also more likely to have comple-ted further education in Portugal than those living in other regions.

38 Brazilians Cape Verdeans Guinea-Bissauans Ukrainians

Yes 10% 24% 30% 3%No 90% 76% 70% 97%Total 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413Mode No No No No

Source: this survey

3.1.8. HIGHEST COMPLETED EDUCATION IN PORTUGAL

The missing values in this question are neither residual nor homogenously distributed. Braziliansand Cape Verdeans were more reluctant to answer what was the highest education they completed in Portugal than Guinea-Bissauans and Ukrainians. As before, with the highest completed education in the native country, a degree of association was found with overall education but given that this variable is created from a combination of education in the nativecountry and education in Portugal, this result is merely tautological and has no reading. No further statistically significant differences were found within the several groups.

Table 14 - Highest completed education in Portugal (P2b) per immigrant group (F.3)

The most significant findings in the details of education completed in Portugal are that fifty per cent of Brazilians and Ukrainians completed fifteen or more years, a result which differs significantly from the Cape Verdeans and Guinea-Bissauans.

Unlike the highest level of education completed in their respective homelands, the highest levelof education completed in Portugal does not differ according to gender. Still, if we take intoaccount that the N for the latter questions are much smaller, this could be just an effect of thislower basis.

We found, in all migrant groups but the Cape Verdeans, a positive correlation between age andthe level of further education completed in Portugal.

Longer established Cape Verdeans have completed comparatively lower educational levels inPortugal.

We have too few cases to be able to say anything about the relationship between region andthe completion of further education levels in Portugal in each of the immigrant groups.

3.1.9. HIGHEST OVERALL EDUCATION

A new variable, highest overall education, was computed retaining, for each individual, the bestscore out of highest completed education from native country and highest completed educationin Portugal. As in the original variables, the levels attained differ sharply across groups, which canbe placed in a continuum that ranges from the Roma to the Ukrainians.

39


4 years 0% 8% 7% 0%6 years 0% 13% 3% 0%9 years 14% 18% 16% 21%12 years 26% 21% 44% 29%15 years 50% 35% 31% 50%Dk/Na 10% 5% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100%N 42 97 120 14Median 15 years 12 years 12 years 15 years

Source: this survey

Table 15 - Overall education (best of P.1 and P.2b) per minority group (F.3)

The association between overall education and gender follows closely the results obtained forhighest education completed in the native country: Brazilian and Ukrainian women are moreeducated than men of the same nationalities, while Roma women are less educated than menof the same ethnic group.

As before, with the highest completed education from the home country, we find that in theCape Verdean, Guinea Bissauan and Roma groups the correlation between age and overall education is negative. For the Ukrainian group, though, the correlation of education and age ispositive. This is probably due to the fact that this influx is very recent and that migration typicallyinvolves persons in the active ages, thus not allowing for the generational effect to contradictthe individual trajectory effect.

Long established Cape Verdeans tend to be less educated than more recently arrived ones.

The overall education differs significantly within the regions for all minority groups but theBrazilians. Cape Verdeans living in the Algarve and Roma living in the Norte Region tend to beless educated than their co-ethnics in other regions. The relationship between region and overalleducation in the Guinea-Bissauans is particularly hard to interpret, given the fact that their greatconcentration in Lisboa leaves only a small number of cases to the other regions. Lisboa and theNorte region clearly attract the most educated Ukrainians. The fact that the more educatedimmigrants settle in the greater urban centres suggests that the relationship between educationand regional settlement may be a consequence of differentiated job offer.

3.1.10. HAS A JOB/EMPLOYMENT

There are no missing values in this question

We found some differences between groups regarding the respondents having ajob/employment. The activity rates of the groups range from the Ukrainians, of whom more 85per cent declared to have a job/employment, to the Guinea-Bissauans, of whom only 59 percent stated to have a job/employment. Following the Ukrainians we find the Brazilians with 76per cent of active respondents declaring themselves employed.

40


0 years 1% 10% 8% 0% 29%4 years 6% 25% 15% 1% 42%6 years 8% 19% 14% 1% 25%9 years 19% 18% 27% 10% 3%12 years 49% 20% 25% 48% 1%15 years 18% 9% 11% 40% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 400 393 401 412 401Median 12 years 6 years 9 years 12 years 4 years

Source: this survey

Table 16 - Do you have a job/employment (P.3) per minority group (F.3)

Brazilian and Guinea-Bissauan women have a lower employment rate than men of the samenationalities.

A tendency for younger people not to have jobs/employments is present in all minorities butonly actually gets to become statistically significant in the Cape Verdean, Guinea Bissauan andRoma groups.

Cape Verdeans who have been in Portugal for less than five years are more likely not to have ajob than their countrymen who have been in Portugal for a longer period. The longer establishedimmigrants have probably developed social capital (in the sense of belonging to informal networksof socialisation and solidarity) that makes it easier for them to find a job.

The Brazilians with the lowest probability of declaring that they have a job live in the Norteregion. As for the Roma, there is a high number of individuals that state not to have a job in theAlentejo region, whereas in the Norte and Centro regions the opposite occurs.

3.1.11. OCCUPATION

Occupation was measured through an open-ended question which was later coded accordingwith the major groups of the National Classification of Occupations62 (NCO-94). The NCO-94results from the adaptation of the ILO's International Standard Classification of Occupations tothe Portuguese case. Our coding follows the order of the categories in the NCO-94. The unabridged designations are: executive civil servants, industrial directors and executives; professionals and scientists; middle management and technicians; administrative and related workers; service and sales workers; farmers and skilled agricultural and fisheries workers; skilledworkers, craftsmen or similar ; machine operator and assembly workers; and, finally, unskilledworkers.

Missing values in this question have little expression and do not differ significantly from group togroup or between categories of the control variables within each group.

Differences between the groups are statistically significant. Some of the most evident findingsthat can be gleaned from this table are: these groups' economic insertion in low status occupa-tions; the occupation or even class bipolarization of the Brazilian immigration, having, on oneside, a high number of service and sales workers, working mostly as waiters or shopkeepers,and, on the other, a high percentage of executive civil servants, industrial directors and executives; and the massive concentration of Roma on the category of unskilled workers, whichcorresponds to this group's specialization in the market niche as merchants at fairs.

Women from all the migrant groups differ from men of the same origins in that they are moreconcentrated in the 'service and sales' and 'unskilled workers' categories and less representedin occupations classified under 'skilled workers'. The occupations of Roma women do not differsignificantly from those of men in the same ethnic group.

41

62 Employment and Vocational TrainingInstitute (2001) Classificação Nacional de Profissões - Versão 1994 (2nd edition).Lisboa: Employment and VocationalTraining Institute.


Yes 76% 69% 59% 85% 67%No 24% 31% 41% 15% 33%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Mode Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Source: this survey

Table 17 - Job/occupation (P.4) per minority group (F.3)

Though the cross tabulation of age and occupation resists to being analysed with a Chi-squaremeasure, given the fact that there are many cells with expected values inferior to five, we aregoing to take the liberty to interpret the adjusted standardized residuals: Brazilians and GuineaBissauans working as professionals and scientists tend to be in the older age group; CapeVerdeans, Guinea-Bissauans and Ukrainians working as service and sales workers are distinctlyyounger than would be expected if there was no relation between age and occupation; and soare Guinea-Bissauans working as administrative and related workers.

Longer established Brazilians enjoy a clearly higher occupational status than that of their mostrecently arrived compatriots. There is a clear correspondence between this fact and the lowerprofessional qualifications of the more recent waves of Brazilian immigrants.

Once again, the problem of numerous cells with low expected values poses itself. The probabilityof finding Brazilians with white collar jobs, namely executives and scientists, is highest in theNorte region. As for Cape Verdeans, white collar administrative workers are more likely to befound in the Centro. The Roma, although scarcely spread through the working categories, havean unusually high share of individuals in the Centro region working as services workers.

3.2. EMPLOYMENT

This section refers to three questions:

• P.8 - Have you ever not been offered a job you applied for and for which you were qualifiedduring the last five years because of your foreign background?

• P.9 - Have you missed a promotion when you wanted to advance in your job or been maderedundant because of your foreign background during the last five years?

• P.10 - Have you been subjected to insults or other forms of harassment at work because ofyour foreign background during the last five years?

3.2.1. NOT BEEN OFFERED A JOB

The missing values are both residual and homogenously distributed, so that no statistical differences were found either between the groups or, within groups, between categories ofthe control variables.

42


Executive 5% 1% 3% 0% 0%Professionals 5% 5% 5% 2% 1%Technicians 3% 3% 3% 0% 0%Administrative 5% 5% 3% 1% 0%Service 39% 20% 17% 12% 8%Farmers 2% 0% 0% 3% 0%Skilled wks 18% 32% 41% 40% 0%Machine opts 5% 3% 3% 14% 0%Unskilled wks 18% 30% 25% 27% 90%Dk/Na 1% 1% 0% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 307 274 238 353 267Mode Service Skilled workers Skilled workers Skilled workers Unsk. workers

Source: this survey

As for the number of individuals that have not applied for a job in the last five years, we foundthat it differs significantly among groups. The incidence of this situation amongst the Roma ismarkedly superior. Looking for differences within groups according to control variables, wefound that the Guinea-Bissauans in their thirties or who have been in Portugal for more thanfive years are more likely to have been looking for a job. It is also clear that Brazilians with collegedegrees and Cape Verdeans who are either elderly or have no formal education have been looking for a job less than the rest of their respective groups. Ukrainians in their late teens ortwenties are less likely than their countrymen in their forties and fifties to have been looking fora job in the last five years. Brazilians who live in the Grande Lisboa region are more likely tohave been looking for work than their fellow citizens who live in the Norte region. The Romawho live in the Norte region are much less likely to have applied for a job than people of thesame ethnic group living in other regions of the country.

Table 18 - P.8 pseudo filter question per minority group (F.3)

The alleged refusal of jobs on account of foreign or ethnic minority background differs significantly among the groups. Guinea-Bissauans clearly report more of these occurrences thanthe other groups, though not enough to produce a different median.

Table 19 - Not been offered a job (P.8) per minority group (F.3)

Some other results apropos of this variable:

• Brazilian men declare less having been the object of this discrimination than Brazilian women do.

• A weak negative correlation was found between age and a possible denial of a job on theaccount of the respondents foreign background in the Cape Verdean and Ukrainian groups.No significant correlation was found in any other group.

• No relationship was found between this variable and length of stay within any of the fourimmigrant groups.

• The alleged refusal of a job on the account of the respondents foreign background is distinctly higher amongst the Ukrainians living in the Norte and Algarve regions.

The adjustment of a loglinear model through backward elimination reveals that the relation

43


Has appl. 91% 80% 83% 97% 33%Hasn't appl. 9% 19% 17% 3% 67%Dk/Na 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey


No, never 64% 69% 54% 59% 59%1, 2 times 16% 18% 21% 26% 31%3, 4 times 10% 7% 14% 7% 5%5 or + times 10% 5% 11% 8% 5%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 366 321 333 401 132Median No, Never No, Never No, Never No, Never No, Never

Source: this survey

between minority group belonging and not being offered a job exists independently of theinfluence of the other quota variables. So does the relation between region and not being offereda job on account of foreign or ethnic minority background.

3.2.2. MISSED PROMOTION

Given that this variable was recoded and that this procedure affected the missing values, thereis no point in trying to analyse them.

The Roma clearly differ from the other groups in that a very large number of respondents claimnot to have worked in the last five years. In interpreting this finding one should bear in mind thatthe question clearly refers to wage labour, which simply is not this group's mode of economicintegration. In what regards differences within groups, the Brazilians, Cape Verdeans and Guinea-Bissauans show a statistically significant lower number of women who have worked in the lastfive years. Cape Verdeans and Guinea-Bissauans who arrived in the last five years are more likelynot to have worked in the last five years than their respective counterparts. Moreover, CapeVerdeans with education at the level of a secondary school diploma have a lower probability ofhaving worked in the last five years. Another statistically significant difference within groups isthat Cape Verdeans, Guinea-Bissauans, Ukrainians and Roma in their late teens or twenties areless likely to have worked in the last five years than the older members of their respectivegroups. Roma in the Norte region are less likely to have worked in the last five years than peopleof the same group living elsewhere.


The alleged refusal of promotion on a given professional situation varies significantly among thefive groups. The Ukrainians clearly have greater resentments about this kind of discrimination, a situation that is easy to understand in light of their legitimate expectations, via superior educational level, to higher status jobs.

Table 21 - Missed a promotion (P.9) per minority group (F.3)

As we analysed the groups for statistically significant differences between categories of the control variables we discovered some other results apropos of this variable:

• Guinea-Bissauan men feel less the weight of this kind of discrimination than women of the

44


Has wkd 93% 89% 87% 96% 32%Hasn't wkd 6% 11% 12% 2% 61%Dk/Na 1% 1% 1% 2% 7%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey


No, never 84% 91% 79% 70% 93%1, 2 times 13% 7% 14% 19% 5%3, 4 times 2% 1% 4% 6% 1%5 or + times 1% 1% 3% 5% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 376 354 350 398 130Median No, never No, never No, never No, never No, never

Source: this survey

45

same provenance do, while amongst the Cape Verdean the opposite is true: men feel morethis kind of discrimination.

• No correlation was found between age and the feeling of having missed a promotion onaccount of one's foreign/ethnic minority background.


• The Brazilians living in the Grande Lisboa have a higher probability of reporting this kind ofevent than their fellow countrymen in the Centro or Algarve regions. Ukrainians living inAlgarve, on the contrary of Brazilians living in the same region, have high complaints concerning promotions, a trace they share with their co-nationals living in the Norte region.As for the Roma, the regions with a higher number of complaints are Centro and Norte.

Controlling for the quota variables results in a strengthened perception of the existence of a relationship between minority group belonging and missing a promotion. The relationship between region and missing a promotion on account of foreign or ethnic minority belongingalso survives controlling for the other quota variables.

3.2.3. HARASSMENT AT WORK

As with the former variable, harassment at work had to be recoded in a way that affected themissing values. Consequently, any interpretation of these would be abusive.

Given that the recoding produced consistency between the two variables as to the set of respondents who claimed not to have worked in the last five years, to interpret the same phenomena on the basis of this question would be redundant with what was done for the previous question.


In all groups a majority of respondents has no occurrences of harassment at work to declare.Still, the Cape Verdeans report considerably less harassment at work than the other groups.

Table 23 - Insults at work (P.10) per minority group (F.3)


Has wkd 94% 89% 88% 98% 39%Hasn't wkd 6% 11% 12% 2% 61%Dk/Na 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey


No, never 59% 70% 59% 62% 59%1, 2 times 16% 14% 18% 22% 19%3, 4 times 7% 7% 7% 8% 10%5 or + times 18% 9% 16% 8% 11%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 381 356 353 405 157Median No, never No, never No, never No, never 1, 2 times

Source: this survey

• Ukrainian men are more likely than women of the same nationality to have experiencedinsults or other forms of harassment at work on account of their foreign/ethnic minoritybackground during the last five years.

• A weak negative correlation was found in the Ukrainian group between age and allegedoccurrences of harassment in the workplace due to the respondents' foreign origin.


• The Roma settled in the Centro region report more on experiences of harassment in theworkplace than their co-ethnics living in the Alentejo.

In light of the loglinear analysis, the relationship between being subjected to insults at work andminority group belonging is revealed to be dependent on the interaction of these two variableswith gender. Furthermore, age is also confirmed to have a relationship with being subjected toinsults at work. This is manifest in the tendency for older respondents to report less on beingsubjected to this kind of discrimination.

3.3. PRIVATE LIFE AND PUBLIC ARENAS

This section refers to four questions:

• P.13 - Have you been subjected to insults or harassment by your neighbours because of yourforeign background during the last year?

• P.14 - Have you been subjected to threats, insults or other forms of harassment in othercontexts, e.g. on the street, the underground or similar because of your foreign backgroundduring the last year?

• P.15 - Have you been subjected to violence, robbery, theft or any other serious crime duringthe last year which you believe was due to your foreign background?

• P.12 - Have you been badly treated in school (or another institution of education, e.g. a university or college of higher education) because of your foreign background during the last five years?

3.3.1. HARASSMENT BY NEIGHBOURS

The missing values are residual and homogenously distributed, so that no statistical differencesbetween the groups were found. The only relation found between missing values in answer tothis question and a control variable within a group is a propensity for missing values in the Romaliving in the Algarve region.

About four fifths of respondents from any group state to have never been harassed by neighbours. Ukrainians have a particularly privileged situation in this domain of discrimination,given that almost nine tenths of them had no occurrences of harassment to report.

46

Table 24 - Harassment by neighbours (P.13) per minority group (F.3)


• Ukrainian women state to have been harassed by their neighbours on account of foreign background more than Ukrainian men do.

• No correlation between age and harassment by neighbours was found.


• Roma settled in the Algarve have more complaints in this area than their co-ethnics livingelsewhere. Curiously enough, those in the Norte region report less on harassment by neighbours than Roma of other regions. The strangeness emerges from the fact that themedia often circulate stories of bad treatment of Roma in the Norte region.

Still, adjusting a log linear model makes a case against the existence of a relationship betweenbelonging to any specific minority group and being subjected to insults by neighbours onaccount of foreign or ethnic minority background. Another finding emerging from this analysis isthat the latter variable interacts with gender and region.

3.3.2. THREATS, INSULTS OR OTHER FORMS OF HARASSMENT ON THE STREETS

The missing values are residual and homogenously distributed: no statistical differences betweenthe groups were found.

Notwithstanding, an exact test for the association of overall education with this question's missing values shows it to be statistically significant that, within the Brazilian population, the onlymissing value of V17 corresponds to one of the three missing values in overall education.Practical or even sociological significance and statistical significance are two very different things,though, and we were unable to find any practical or sociological significance to this observation.

Again, Ukrainians show up in a position of relative ease regarding this domain of discrimination.The African groups are the ones who had more occurrences of threats, insults or other formsof harassment on the streets to report. These observations are coherent with the idea that thediscrimination of migrants is greater when phenotypical traces are more socially visible.

47


No, never 79% 81% 83% 88% 81%1, 2 times 13% 12% 10% 8% 10%3, 4 times 4% 4% 2% 1% 4%5 or + times 4% 3% 3% 1% 5%Dk/Na 0% 1% 1% 1% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Median No, never No, never No, never No, never No, never

Source: this survey

Table 25 - Threats on the street (P.14) per minority group (F.3)


• The two genders do not differ in their feeling of having been the object of this kind of dis-crimination in any of the five groups.

• Younger respondents in the Cape Verdean, Guinea-Bissauan and Ukrianian groups reportmore occurrences of this kind than their older countrymen do.


• Reported harassment in contexts such as streets or public transportations only differs between regions in the Roma sample. The highest figures are reported in the Alentejo andthe lowest in the Norte Region. A corroboration of these resuslts can be found in SOSRacismo's63 survey of discrimination against the Roma, which concluded that the majority ofoccurrences takes place in the Alentejo region.

Region, minority group belonging and age all emerge from the adjustment of a loglinear modelas having a relationship with the respondents being subjected to harassment in other contextson account of their foreign or ethnic minority belonging.

3.3.3. SUBJECTED TO VIOLENCE

There are hardly any missing values in answers to this question. No association between belonging to either of the groups and missing values in answers to this question was found. Thesame applies within the groups: the categories of the control variables do not differ significantly.

At least nine tenths of respondents in any group reported no occurrences of violence or seriouscrime committed against them due to their ethnic minority background. There were no significantdifferences between groups.

Table 26 - Subjected to violence (P.15) per minority group (F.3)

48

63 http://www.sosracismo.pt/,(31.10.2005)


No, never 75% 62% 62% 85% 76%1, 2 times 13% 20% 18% 9% 13%3, 4 times 5% 8% 7% 2% 6%5 or + times 6% 10% 12 %3% 4%Dk/Na 0% 1% 0% 1% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Median No, never No, never No, never No, never No, never

Source: this survey



Source: this survey

49


• Cape Verdean men testify to having been victims of hate crimes more than women of thesame nationality do.

• No correlation between age and being subjected to violence was found.


• The Roma living in the Lisboa region report suffering more of this kind of discrimination thanthose settled in the Norte region do.

The notion that there is no relationship between belonging to any specific minority group and being subjected to violence on account of foreign or ethnic minority belonging comesstrengthened out of the loglinear analysis. Another finding is that age interacts with gender in theproduction of the multivariate distribution of this kind of discrimination.

3.3.4. BADLY TREATED AT SCHOOL

No statistically significant differences were found between the five groups in our missing valueanalysis. Only one statistically significant difference was found within a group: Roma living in theAlgarve region are more likely to have a missing value answer to this question than people ofthe same group living elsewhere in the country.

This question can also be read as an indirect indicator of the recent schooling of these groups.Cape Verdeans and Guinea-Bissauans are the groups in which a larger portion of respondentsstudied in the last five years, while Brazilians and Ukrainians, the most recent arrivals, have smallershares of people recently engaged in formal education. The effect of the length of stay inPortugal makes itself felt in opposite directions in the groups of Brazilians and Cape Verdeans:for the Brazilians a longer stay is associated with having studied recently, while in the case of theCape Verdeans a longer the stay is associated with not having studied in the last five years. In all groups except the Ukrainians and Roma, the college graduates have a greater share of respondents who did study in the last five years. Still, if we disregard the fact that no Roma havea college degree, we will see that this tendency for higher educational levels to be associated toattendance of school in the last five years also applies for this group. Cape Verdeans, Guinea-Bissauans and Roma in the younger age group are much more likely to have attended school inthe last five years than their elder fellow citizens. The subgroups of Brazilians and Cape Verdeanswho live in the Grande Lisboa region have a lesser proportion of people having studied in thelast five years. The same is true of Roma who live in the Norte region.


No significant differences between groups were found in answers to this question. At least threefourths of all people from any group who attended some kind of school in the last five yearshave nothing to declare in this respect.


Has stud. 14% 30% 32% 13% 23%Hasn't stud. 86% 69% 67% 87% 76%Dk/Na 0% 1% 0% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey

Table 28 - Bad treatment at school (P.12) per minority group (F.3)


• The feeling of having been badly treated at school on the grounds of ethnic belonging onlydiffers between genders in the Brazilian group, where women seem to have much more tocomplain about than men.

• A negative correlation was found between these variables in the Roma ethnic minority, sothat older respondents reported lesser occurrences.

• A relationship was found between this variable and length of stay within the two Africangroups, albeit in opposite ways. Longer established Cape Verdeans tend to report harassment at school more than their newly arrived countrymen do. Longer establishedGuinea-Bissauans, on other way, tend to report harassment less than their more recentlyarrived countrymen do.

• No relationship between region and bad treatment at school was found in any of the fiveminority groups.

The loglinear analysis of the relationship between quota variables and being badly treated at school on account of foreign or ethnic minority group belonging also finds no relation between belonging to any particular minority and the latter variable. The role played by ageemerges from this analysis as significant, though.

3.4. SHOPS AND RESTAURANTS

This section refers to three questions:

• P.17 - Have you been refused entry into a shop when you wanted to buy something becauseof your foreign background during the last year?

• P.16 - Have you been refused entry to a restaurant, a pub, a nightclub, dance hall or similarbecause of your foreign background during the last year?

• P.19 - Have you been badly treated when you visited a restaurant or were buying somethingin a shop because of your foreign background during the last year?

3.4.1. REFUSED ENTRY INTO A SHOP

Though very low in all groups, missing values in answers to this question are higher for theUkrainians. No differences of statistical significance were found within groups between the categories of the control variables.

50



Source: this survey

The groups also differ in the treatment received when visiting a shop buying something. TheRoma are clearly the group most affected by this kind of discrimination.

Table 29 - Refused entry into a shop (P.17) per minority group (F.3)


• There are no differences in answers to these question between the two genders in any ofthe five groups.

• No correlation with age was found, either.

• No correlation of this variable with length of stay was found in any of the four immigrantgroups.

• The Roma settled in Alentejo report this kind of event more often than those living elsewhere in the country.

The effect of belonging to a specific ethnic minority on having being refused entry into a shopon account of foreign or ethnic minority belonging does not survive the control of the influenceof quota variables made through loglinear analysis. As a matter of fact, the model we arrived atsuggests that being refused entry into a shop on account of foreign or ethnic minority belongingis a phenomenon not related to any of the quota variables.

3.4.2. REFUSED ENTRY TO A RESTAURANT

There is only one missing value in the set of five samples. No statistical differences, eitherbetween the groups or within the groups, between categories of the control variables, werefound.

As for respondents who declare not to have gone out in the last year, their numbers vary significantly between groups. Guinea-Bissauans clearly tend not to go out as much as Braziliansor Ukrainians. Brazilian men tend to go out less than Brazilian women. In the Cape Verdean,Guinea-Bissauan and Roma groups this situation is reversed: It is the men who tend to go outmore than the women. Ukrainians achieve a virtual parity amongst genders in this respect. TheGuinea-Bissauans who have been in Portugal for a longer period tend to go out more than theirnewly arrived compatriots. Cape Verdeans who have little or no formal education or are in theirforties or fifties tend to get out less than their more educated and younger fellow citizens. Forsome reason, Ukrainians in the Centro region seem to go out more than people of the samegroup in other regions of the country. Older and uneducated Roma clearly go out less. So doRoma living in the Norte region.

51



Source: this survey


Despite having the same median, the five groups' scores on this indicator of discrimination differ markedly. Brazilians have very seldom any kind of trouble when going out. Roma, on theother hand, are much more likely to have had some kind of disagreeable experience when goingout during the last year.

Table 31 - Refused entry to a restaurant (P.16) per minority group (F.3)


• Men in all groups tend to feel discrimination upon going out more than women do. Thoughpresent, the difference doesn't quite make it to be statistically significant in the Guinea-Bissauan group.

• We found that in the Cape Verdean and Ukrainian groups, the younger the individual, thehigher the probability of being refused entry to a restaurant, pub, nightclub or similar.

• No correlation of experiencing this kind of trouble when going out and length of stay wasfound in any of the four immigrant groups.

• While the regional distribution of Cape Verdeans and Guinea-Bissauans seems to be relatedto different levels of perceived discrimination, it is hard to pinpoint a region or set of regionsas differing significantly from Lisboa, given the great concentration of these populations onthat area and the short base (N) for other regions that this implies. The Roma living in theAlentejo region tend to feel more discriminated than those dwelling in the Lisboa region.

Still, when controlling for the effect of the quota variables through loglinear analysis we foundout that the best model obtained through backward elimination does not include any interaction between belonging to any specific minority group and being refused entry into a restaurant on account of foreign or ethnic minority belonging. Gender, region and age all tendto play a role, though.

52


Has out 97% 91% 83% 95% 94%Hasn't out 3% 9% 17% 5% 6%Dk/Na 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey



Source: this survey

3.4.3. BAD TREATMENT WHEN VISITING A RESTAURANT OR BUYING SOMETHING

The Roma present a considerably higher extent of missing values to this question. The onlyBrazilian who didn't answer this question also has a missing value in overall education. The exacttest brings this out as statistically significant but we find no practical or sociological significanceto this observation.

Though the medians are identical, the groups differ in a way that is statistically significant.Ukrainians have less trouble in this kind of interaction than the other groups, while the Romaappear as the most discriminated group in this kind of situation.

Table 32 - Bad treatment when buying something in a shop (P.19) per minority group (F.3)


• Discrimination in this specific context does not differ from gender to gender in any of thefive immigrant groups.

• A weak negative correlation was found, in the Cape Verdean and Ukrainian groups, betweenbad treatment on account of foreign/ethnic minority belonging and age. The older the respondents, the less they are likely to experience this kind of situation.

• No correlation of this variable with length of stay was found in any of the four immigrant groups.

• Significant statistical differences between regions are only to be found amongst Roma. Thosesettled in the Centro Region tend to feel victims of this kind of discrimination more strongly,while those in the Norte complain less about this kind of occurrence.

The adjustment of a loglinear model to the cross tabulation of quota variables and being badlytreated when visiting a restaurant on account of foreign or ethnic minority background pointsto the latter variable being independent on any of the former.

3.5. COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS

This section refers to two questions:

• P.11 - Have you been denied the opportunity to buy/rent an apartment or house becauseof your foreign background during the last five years?

• P.18 - Have you been denied the possibility to hire something or buy something on credit(credit card or pay by instalments), e.g. a car, video recorder or similar, or loan money froma bank because of your foreign background during the last year?

53



Source: this survey

3.5.1. DENIED THE OPPORTUNITY TO BUY OR RENT AN APARTMENT OR HOUSE

There is a very small number of missing values, which distribute homogenously between thegroups. The tests for association of the missing values with control variables within the groupsalso came up negative.

The proportion of Roma who have tried to buy or rent an apartment or house is clearly inferiorto the other groups. The Brazilians and Guinea-Bissauans who have been in Portugal for less thanfive years or are in their late teens or twenties have a smaller proportion of respondents whohave tried to buy or rent an apartment or house than would be expected if length of stay andage played no role. Cape Verdeans in the Centro region have been more active in looking for ahouse or apartment than people of the same origin living in other regions of Portugal. Romawith in the [26, 45] age group or living in the Grande Lisboa region are more likely to have triedto buy or rent an apartment or house than would be expected if age and region played no role.


The Roma group, having a higher median for this variable, is clearly the one who feels more discriminated against in its attempted access to the housing market.64

Table 34 - Been denied the opportunity to buy/rent an apartment or house (P.11) per minority group (F.3)


• The feeling of having been denied access to the housing market on grounds of ethnicbelonging does only differs between the two genders in the Roma group. Roma men aremore likely than women of the same ethnic group to report this kind of experience.

• A negative correlation was found in the Brazilian and Cape Verdean minorities between age and alleging to have been denied access to the housing market on account of foreignbackground. Younger respondents report a higher number of such occurrences.

• No correlation of this variable with length of stay was found in any of the four immigrant groups.

• No relationship between region of residence and felt discrimination in the housing marketwas found for any of the groups.

54

64 In fact, some Roma have developed away of turning this kind of discrimination

into a resource. A Roma woman whodoes not evidence phenotypical traits

and appears dressed in a conventionalmainstream fashion makes a down

payment for an apartment. She takespossession of the apartment and later

reappears in Roma garb along with herfamily. The builders will then repurchase

the option on the apartment or face the depreciation of their yet unsold

apartments, http://www.gestaodocondominio.net/

article.php?sid=599, (31.10.2005)


Has appl. 73% 62% 65% 77% 46%Hasn't appl. 27% 38% 35% 22% 54%Dk/Na 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey



Source: this survey

55

The loglinear analysis of the relationship of the quota variables with being denied the opportunity to buy or rent an apartment or house on account of foreign or ethnic minoritybackground points to the latter's independence on all quota variables but age.

3.5.2. DENIED THE POSSIBILITY TO HIRE SOMETHING OR BUY SOMETHING ON CREDIT

The missing values for this question are not only residual but also homogenously distributed, so thatno statistical differences between the groups were found. The missing values also scatter randomlywithin the groups, for no differences were found between categories of the control variables.

Guinea-Bissauans have a lower propensity than other groups for using or trying to use credit.Within this very same group, women have resorted to credit less than men of the same nationality.In all groups, the longer respondents have been in Portugal, the more likely it is that they usedor tried to use credit. Ukrainians with an education at third cycle level have a clear propensity fornot having used or tried to use credit. Brazilian, Cape Verdean and Roma youths have tried touse credit markedly less than their more older fellow citizens. The Brazilians living in the Alentejoand Grande Lisboa regions are less likely to have tried to use credit in the last year than theircountrymen residing in the rest of Portugal. So are the Roma living in the Norte region.


The groups differ in a way that is statistically significant in their experience of denial of credit.Brazilians and Ukrainians report having been through this sort of situation more often than theother groups in the last year.

Table 36 - Been denied the possibility to hire something or buy something on credit (P.18)per minority group (F.3)


• Brazilian and Cape Verdean men feel the yoke of discrimination in the access to credit morestrongly than women of the same nationalities do.

• In the cape Verdean minority, denial of credit on the grounds of foreign/ethnic minoritybelonging is associated to age. The younger respondents seem more likely to find themselvesin this kind of situation that the older ones.


Has askd 44% 43% 35% 45% 54%Hasn't askd 56% 57% 64% 55% 46%Dk/Na 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey


No, never 46% 70% 54% 47% 61%1, 2 times 42% 23% 36% 38% 27%3, 4 times 5% 5% 6% 9% 8%5 or + times 7% 2% 4% 6% 4%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 177 172 143 184 218Median 1, 2 times No, never No, never 1, 2 times No, never

Source: this survey


• The Roma settled in Alentejo report this kind of event more often than those livingelsewhere in the country.

The adjustment of a loglinear model reveals the existence of an interaction between gender,minority group belonging and being denied the possibility to hire something or buy somethingon credit on account of foreign or ethnic minority background. Age also emerges from this analysis as having a significant relationship with the latter variable.

3.6. INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION

This section refers to six questions:

• P.20 - Have you ever been badly treated or received poor service in contacts with theemployment agency because of your foreign background during the last year?

• P.21 - Have you ever been badly treated or received poor service in contacts with the socialinsurance office because of your foreign background during the last year?

• P.23 - Have you ever been badly treated or received poor service in contacts with thehealthcare services because of your foreign background during the last year?

• P.24 - Have you ever been badly treated or received poor service in contacts with the socialservices because of your foreign background during the last year?

• P.22 - Have you ever been badly treated or received poor service in contacts with the policebecause of your foreign background during the last year?

• P.25 - Have you ever been badly treated or received poor service in contacts with theBorders and Foreigners Service because of your foreign background during the last year?

3.6.1. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE EMPLOYMENT AGENCY

No statistical differences were found in the distribution of missing values across groups. Thesame is true within each group: the categories of the control variables do not differ in terms ofmissing values.

As for the number of respondents that declare not having contacted with an employment agency,we found some statistically significant differences between groups. The incidence of this situationis highest, with very similar values, in the Roma, Brazilian and Cape Verdean groups, while theGuinea-Bissauans and Ukrainians present somewhat lower percentages. Brazilian and Guinea-Bissauan men and recent arrivals were found less likely to have resorted to the services of the employment agency than the women and longer established residents of the respective nationalities. Brazilians in the Norte region are more likely to have contacted with the employment agency than their countrymen who live elsewhere in Portugal. Guinea-Bissauansand Ukrainians living in the Algarve region are less likely than their co-nationals to have contacted with the employment agency in the last year. The Roma of the Norte region are lesslikely to have been in contact with the employment agency during the last year than people ofthe same group elsewhere in Portugal.

56


Cape Verdeans with an education at third cycle level are more likely than the rest of their compatriots to have resorted to the employment centre during the last year. In the Ukrainiangroup there is also a relation between overall education and having resorted to the employmentagency but the category that seems to use more of these services are college graduates.Guinea-Bissauans with first cycle education are the subgroup of this nationality more likely tohave been in contact with the employment agency. Finally, higher educated Roma are more likelyto have been in contact with the employment agency during the last year.

The groups do not differ significantly in their experiences of discrimination in contacts with theemployment agency. Whichever groups we consider, at least four fifths of the respondents statenot to have had any trouble in their dealings with this kind of organisation.

Table 38 - Been badly treated in contacts with the employment agency (P.20) per minority group (F.3)


• Guinea-Bissauan women assert to have been discriminated in contacts with the employmentagency more than men of the same provenance do.

• No correlation was found between age and discrimination in contacts with the employmentagency.


• No relationship between bad treatment at the employment agency and regional settingwere found for any of the five groups.

The adjustment of a loglinear model reveals an interesting interaction between being badly treated at the employment agency, gender and length of stay. The longer established malemigrants feel this discrimination less than women under the same circumstances do, while in themore recently arrived subgroup the two genders do not differ. This is probably explained as apositive – in the sense of less subjective discrimination being felt – effect of longer exposure to

57


Had cont. 33% 33% 43% 48% 32%No cont. 67% 67% 57% 52% 68%Dk/Na 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey



Source: this survey

this institution on men's perception of being discriminated. The question then is why does theperception of women not follow this positive tendency. This analysis does not produce evidenceof any relation between belonging to a specific minority group and this particular kind of discrimination.

3.6.2. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE SOCIAL INSURANCE OFFICE

There are hardly any missing values for this question and no statistical differences between thegroups were found. Inside the groups the outline is the same: there are no differences betweencategories of the control variables.

The groups clearly differ in their likeliness to have come in contact with the social insurance office in the last year. Only three fifths of Brazilians have done so, while four fifths is the corresponding proportion of Ukrainians. Female Roma are more likely to have been in contactwith the social insurance office than male Roma. Brazilians and Guinea-Bissauans who arrive inPortugal more recently have a lower probability of having been in contact with the social insurance office than their longer established compatriots. Brazilians with secondary educationare more likely to have been in contact with the social insurance office than their co-nationalswith education ranging from the second to the third cycle. In the Cape Verdean group the oppo-site is true: respondents with secondary school are less likely to have been in contact with thesocial insurance office than their compatriots with education ranging from the first to the secondcycle. Age also seems to play a role in determining if people contact with the social insuranceoffice: elderly Brazilians have a higher probability of having been in contact with the social insurance office than their younger fellow citizens. In the Cape Verdean group it is the propensityof the young not to have had contact with the social insurance office that is more strikingly different from the expected value under the hypothesis of no association between the twovariables. The Roma of the Alentejo are more likely than people of the same group living elsewhere in the country to have been in contact with the social insurance office in the last year.


Though the groups have equal medians, they differ in a way that is statistically significant. TheRoma are more likely than the other groups to have had trouble with the social insurance office during the last year.

Table 40 - Been badly treated in contacts with the social insurance office (P.21) per minority group (F.3)

58



Source: this survey



Source: this survey

59


• The Roma are the only group where gender appears associated to discrimination in thecontacts with social insurance. The women of this ethnic minority feel more of this kind ofdiscrimination than the men do.

• There is no relation between age and discrimination in contacts with the social insuranceoffice.


• Roma in Algarve have the highest rate of complaints of discrimination in contacts with thesocial insurance office, while the Roma living in the Norte region have the lowest.

The apparent relationship between group belonging and being badly treated in contacts withthe social insurance office on account of foreign or ethnic minority background does not holdin the loglinear analysis. The latter variable seem to have no relationship at all with the quotavariables.

3.6.3. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE HEALTHCARE SERVICES

No statistically significant differences in missing values were found, either within or betweenminority groups.

As for the number of individuals that reported not having had any contact with healthcare services during the previous year, some significant differences between groups were found.Brazilians and Ukrainians are the groups with more respondents declaring having not had anycontact with healthcare services in the last year, while Roma and Cape Verdeans have the highest number of individuals stating to have had contact with healthcare services. Brazilian,Cape Verdean and Guinea-Bissauan men are less likely to have had contact with the healthcareservices in the last year than the women of the same origins. Long established Brazilians aremore likely to have been in contact with the healthcare services in the last year than their morerecently arrived countrymen.

Brazilians who live in Lisboa have had less contact with the healthcare system than their countrymen living elsewhere in Portugal. The Roma of the Norte region come out as havinghad less contact with the healthcare services than people of the same ethnic group elsewherein the country.


There are no statistically significant differences between groups in what regards discriminationin contacts with the healthcare services. All the groups have more than eighty percent of respondents stating to have had no trouble in this context.



Source: this survey

Table 42 - Been badly treated in contacts with the healthcare services (P.23) per minority group (F.3)


• Brazilian women feel more discriminated in their contacts with the healthcare system thanmen of the same nationality do.

• No statistically significant correlation was found between age and bad treatment at thehealthcare services in any of the five groups.


• Though the Kruskal-Wallis H tells us that there is a relationship between regions and badtreatment of Cape Verdeans in contacts with the healthcare system, the low number of casesin regions other than Lisboa does not allow for a clear and trustworthy interpretation.

No evidence of a relationship between being badly treated in contacts with the healthcare services on account of foreign or ethnic minority background is produced through the adjustmentof a loglinear model. What is observed is quite the reverse, actually: parsimony clearly indicatesthere to be no relationship between the former and the latter variables.

3.6.4. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE SOCIAL SERVICES

Although the missing values in this question are few, the groups differ in a way that is statisticallysignificant, the Roma showing a clearly higher rate of non responses. No differences withingroups according to categories of the control variables were found significant.

The Brazilians are the group with the highest share of individuals who had no contact with thesocial services, whereas the Roma are clearly the group in which more individuals had somecontact with the social services during the last year. Cape Verdean, Guinea-Bissauan and Romawomen are more likely to have had contact with the social services during the last year thanthe men of their respective groups. Longer established Brazilians and Ukrainians are more likely to have had some kind of contact with the social services during the last year. Ukrainianswith a college degree are the educational stratum of the group more likely to have come intocontact with the social services during the last year. Brazilians, Cape Verdeans and Roma livingin the Grande Lisboa region are less likely to have had contact with the social services than theircountrymen living in the Norte region. As for the Ukrainians, the subgroup living in the Algarvehave had much less contact with the social services than the subgroup dwelling in the Lisboaregion.

60



Source: this survey


Though the medians are identical, the groups differ in regard to this variable, the Roma feelingclearly more discriminated in their contacts with the social services than the other groups.

Table 44 - Been badly treated in contacts with the social services (P.24) per minority group (F.3)


• The discrimination felt in contacts with the social services does not vary along the lines ofgender differences.

• No correlation between age and bad treatment or poor service in contacts with the socialservices on account of foreign/ethnic minority background was found in any of the groups.

• The longer established Brazilians and Cape Verdeans tend to have experienced more of thiskind of discrimination than their fellow countrymen who have arrived more recently toPortugal.

• Though for the Ukrainians the region of residence seems to be connected to feeling this kind of discrimination, the number of cases in other regions than Lisboa does not allow atrustworthy interpretation.

The loglinear analysis produces strong evidence of the independence of being badly treated incontacts with the social services on account of foreign or ethnic minority background regardingthe quota variables.

3.6.5. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE POLICE

The missing values for this question are not only residual but also homogenously distributed, sothat no statistical differences between the groups were found. No differences within the groupsaccording to the control variables were found, either.

As for the number of respondents that have not contacted with the police during the formeryear, statistically significant differences between groups can be found. The incidence of this

61



Source: this survey


Had contact 17% 34% 33% 38% 51%No contact 83% 66% 67% 62% 48%Dk/Na 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey

situation is superior, and quite similar, between Brazilians and Cape Verdeans, and lowest amongRoma. Cape Verdean and Roma men are more likely than the women of the same groups tocome into contact with the police. In all immigrant groups but the Cape Verdeans, the newlyarrived are less likely to have come into contact with the police in the last year. Cape Verdeanswith secondary school or higher education are more likely to come into contact with the police than their fellow citizens with a first cycle education. Ukrainians with an education at thirdcycle level come into contact with the police less than their compatriots of all other levels ofeducation. Brazilians of the Centro region have clearly had more interaction with the policeduring the last year than their countrymen living in Lisboa. The same can be said of CapeVerdeans living in Alentejo, when compared to those residing in Lisboa. The Roma of the Norteregion are less likely than people of the same ethnic group elsewhere in Portugal to have beenin contact with the police during the last year.


The median of bad treatment received in contacts with the police is higher for the Roma than for the other groups. In Portugal, complaints made by the Roma on account of being discriminated by the police have been growing of late. The ECRI report,65 for instance, manifestssome concern for the relationship between police forces and the Roma. The Africans comesecond in this hierarchy of trouble with the police, with about 25 per cent of complaints, whilethe Ukrainians and the Brazilians have only about 15 per cent of people who have some complaint issuing from their contacts with the police in the last year.

Table 46 - Been badly treated in contacts with the police (P.22) per minority group (F.3)


• Cape Verdean men are more prone to feel discriminated in contacts with the police thanwomen of the same minority group do.

• No correlation between age and reporting being discriminated by the police was found inany group.

• Longer established Brazilians tend to have experienced less bad treatment from the policethan more recently arrived ones. Still, it must be remembered that there is a clear class gapbetween these two groups of Brazilians.

62

65 ECRI (2002) Segundo relatório sobre Portugal, Strasbourg:

Council of Europe. p.21



Source: this survey



Source: this survey

• No significant relationship between region and perceptions of having been badly treated bythe police exists in any of the five minority groups.

The relationship between being badly treated in contacts with the police on account of foreignor ethnic minority background is the only that holds its own when we control for the effect ofother quota variables via the adjustment of a loglinear model.

3.6.6. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE BORDERS AND FOREIGNERS SERVICE

The missing values for this question are not only residual but also homogenously distributed, so that no statistical differences between the groups or within the groups, according to the categories of the control, variables, were found.

In what regards the respondents' contact with the Borders and Foreigners Service, it was foundthat the groups differ in a way that is statistically significant. The proportion of Brazilians that hadno contact with the Borders and Foreigners Service during the last year more than doubles thecorresponding figure for Ukrainians. Within the groups it was found that Guinea-Bissauanwomen are more likely to have had contacts with the Borders and Foreigners Service than menof the same origin. Longer established Brazilians have had more contact with the Borders andForeigners Service than their more recently arrived co-citizens. Ukrainians educated at the levelof the third cycle are less likely than their compatriots to have had recent contact with theBorders and Foreigners Service. Younger Brazilians have had less contact with the Borders andForeigners Service than their elder compatriots. The same is true for Brazilians and Ukrainiansliving in the Algarve region.

Table 47 - P.25 pseudo filter question per immigrant group (F.3)

The four minority groups do not differ in a way that is statistically significant in regard to thisvariable. The groups range from twenty to thirty percent of respondents declaring to have hadsome experience of discrimination in this context during the last year.

Table 48 - Been badly treated in contacts with the Borders and Foreigners Service (P.25)per immigrant group (F.3)

63Brazilians Cape Verdeans Guinea-Bissauans Ukrainians

Has cont 75% 83% 79% 89%Hasn't cont 25% 17% 21% 11%Dk/Na 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413

Source: this survey


No, never 71% 77% 72% 75%1, 2 times 16% 14% 19% 12%3, 4 times 6% 5% 6% 8%5 or + times 7% 5% 3% 5%Total 100% 100% 100% 100%N 302 331 318 367Median No, never No, never No, never No, never

Source: this survey


• The discrimination felt in contacts with the Borders and Foreigners Service does not differbetween the two genders in any of the four groups to which the question was posed.

• A negative correlation between age and bad treatment at the Foreigners and BordersService was found in the Brazilian group. The older the individuals, the less likely it is thatthey report having been badly treated in the last year.


• Though Cape Verdeans and Guinea-Bissauans seem to differ regionally in regard to thisvariable, the low number of cases in regions other than Lisboa makes it impossible to issuea clear statement about this relationship between variables. As for the Ukrainians, their regionaldispersion provides the security necessary to assert that: those in the Algarve have more tocomplain about their treatment by the Borders and Foreigners Service than their countrymennow living in the Centro region.

Only region was found to interact with having experienced bad treatment or received poor service in contacts with the Borders and Foreigners Service when controlling for the influenceof other quota variables through loglinear analysis.

Many two and three way interactions were found between the seventeen core questions onperceived discrimination and other control variables such as gender or age. This leaves room forfurther analysis of this information, beyond the scope of the present report. We recommendthat, as soon as the EUMC has made its own use of the information, the datasets produced inthe totality of these projects be made available to the scientific community by download fromthe EUMC web page.

3.7. SUBJECTIVE INTEGRATION

3.7.1. MAKE PORTUGUESE FRIENDS

There are very few cases with missing values in answer to this question. These are not only residual but also homogenously distributed, so that no statistical differences were found eitherbetween the groups or, within the groups, between categories of the control variables.

Roma are the group that consider it easier to make friends in the ethnic majority, probablybecause they have always lived side-by-side with them, while the immigrants' experience of dealing with ethnic majority Portuguese is, by definition, limited to a few years. Ukrainians followclosely. Cape Verdeans and Brazilians find it somehow more difficult, but still 'quite easy', to makePortuguese friends. Still, 30 per cent of Cape Verdeans and Brazilians speak of makingPortuguese friends as 'quite difficult' and 10 per cent of Brazilians even consider it to be 'verydifficult'. Common sense suggests that perhaps this is due to the fact that each people uses itsown openness as a baseline to judge the host society. The most dissonant group in this scenario isthe Guinea-Bissauans, whose median result is finding it 'quite difficult' to make Portuguesefriends.

64

Table 49 - Easy or difficult to make Portuguese / members of the ethnic majority friends (P.6)per minority group (F.3)


• Guinea-Bissauan and Ukrainian men find it harder to make Portuguese friends than womenof the same provenances do.

• Older cape Verdeans tend to find it easier to make Portuguese friends than do younger people of the same nationality.

• Longer established Guinea-Bissauans find it harder to make Portuguese friends than newlyarrived ones do.

3.7.2. SENSE OF BELONGING TO PORTUGAL

Though there are hardly any missing values in answer to this question, the difference betweengroups is found to have statistical significance. Cape Verdeans are the group that evades answering the most. Only one association was found between missing values and the controlvariables within the groups: elderly Cape Verdeans have a higher missing value rate than theiryounger fellow countrymen.

The average scores for this question are very similar and marginally positive in all migrant groups.The Roma have a much higher score, which shouldn't surprise us, given that they arePortuguese.

Table 50 - Sense of belonging, loyalty and identification with Portugal (P.7) per minority group (F.3)

65


Very easy 6% 5% 5% 15% 22%Quite easy 54% 60% 44% 63% 66%Quite diff. 30% 30% 33% 19% 8%Very diff. 10% 5% 18% 3% 2%Dk/Na 0% 0% 1% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Median Quite easy Quite easy Quite diff. Quite easy Quite easy

Source: this survey


1 - Min. 8% 8% 11% 5% 3%2 5% 7% 6% 7% 2%3 11% 16% 10% 10% 2%4 25% 24% 27% 40% 4%5 25% 23% 15% 19% 9%6 13% 12% 10% 11% 13%7 - Max. 13% 11% 20% 8% 67%Dk/Na 0% 1% 1% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Mean 4,5 4,2 4,4 4,3 6,2

Source: this survey


• Guinea-Bissauan men feel a stronger sense of belonging to Portugal than women of thesame provenance.

• Older people in all the foreign minorities feel a greater attachment to Portugal than do theiryounger countrymen.

• In all immigrant groups but the Ukrainians, of which very few have been in the country fora longer period, a longer stay in Portugal corresponds to an increased emotional attachmentto the country.

3.7.3. FEELING OF BELONGING TO HOMELAND/CULTURE

The missing values for this question are not only residual but also homogenously distributed, sothat no statistical differences between the groups were found. The same is true for differenceswithin groups along the lines of the control variables' categories.

The groups differ markedly in what regards their feeling of belonging to their respective homelands. The Roma have a very strong feeling of belonging to their culture, while the Ukrainiansfeel clearly more detached than the other immigrants towards their respective homelands.

Table 51 - Feeling of belonging in your homeland/culture (P.26) per minority group (F.3)


• The feeling of belonging to the homeland/culture is not affected by the respondent's gender in any of the five groups.

• Older Cape Verdeans report a lower attachment to their country of origin than their younger countrymen.

• Longer established Cape Verdeans feel a lighter attachment to their homeland than theirnewly arrived fellow countrymen do.

3.7.4. SOCIALISE WITH PEOPLE FROM YOUR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN/ETHNIC MINORITY

Although the missing values in this question are residual, the Roma show a greater, though alsosmall, propensity to avoid answering this question. No differences in the distribution of missingvalues within groups, along the categories of the control variables, were found.

66


1 - Min. 2% 1% 2% 4% 0%2 1% 1% 2% 3% 0%3 4% 2% 1% 5% 0%4 9% 3% 5% 22% 4%5 8% 4% 5% 13% 3%6 9% 8% 11% 13% 5%7 - Max. 67% 80% 73% 40% 86%Dk/Na 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Mean 6,1 6,5 6,3 5,3 6,7

Source: this survey

The Brazilians have a less frequent rate of socialisation with their countrymen than the othergroups. On the other hand, Cape Verdeans and Roma distinguish themselves from the othergroups by a greater proclivity to socialise with their own co-ethnics.

Table 52 - Socialise with people from your country of origin/ethnic minority (P.27a) per minority group (F.3)


• Men of the four immigrant groups have a higher rate of socialisation with co-ethnics thanwomen of the same groups do. The Roma do not evidence a gender distinction in this typeof behaviour.

• There is no relation between age and frequency of socialisation with fellow countrymen orco-ethnics.

• Longer established Guinea-Bissauans socialise less with people from their country of originthan newly arrived ones do.

3.7.5. SOCIALISE WITH OTHER IMMIGRANTS / PEOPLE FROM OTHER ETHNIC MINORITIES

The missing values in answer to this question are residual and homogenously distributed, so thatno differences were found in the comparisons between groups or, within each group, betweencategories of the control variables.

Brazilians and Roma socialise with other immigrants / ethnic minorities clearly less than, for instance, the Guinea-Bissauans.

Table 53 - Socialise with with other immigrants / people from other ethnic minorities (P.27b)per minority group (F.3)

67


Never 4% 1% 2% 2% 1%Seldom 18% 6% 14% 16% 4%Often 29% 21% 27% 31% 17%Always 48% 72% 57% 51% 76%Dk/Na 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Median Often Always Always Always Always

Source: this survey


Never 29% 13% 13% 12% 24%Seldom 34% 39% 32% 37% 37%Often 24% 33% 39% 34% 26%Always 13% 14% 16% 17% 12%Dk/Na 0% 1% 0% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Median Seldom Seldom Often Often Seldom

Source: this survey


• In the two African groups the rate of socialisation with people of other ethnic minorities wasfound to be significantly higher for men than for women.

• There is no association between age and the frequency with which respondents from thefive minority groups socialise with people from other minorities.

• In all groups but the Ukrainians, of whom very few have been in Portugal for a long extent,the prolonging of the respondents' permanence in this country leads to increased socialisationwith people from other minorities.

3.7.6. SOCIALISE WITH PORTUGUESE/MEMBERS OF THE ETHNIC MAJORITY

The missing values for this question are not only residual but also homogenously distributed, sothat no statistical differences between the groups were found. Within the groups, we found twostatistically significant differences: Roma women and Guinea-Bissauans living in the Alentejo aremore likely to present missing values in answers to this question than Roma men and Guinea-Bissauans living elsewhere in Portugal.

Guinea-Bissauans socialise with Portuguese far less than other minorities do, while the Roma, onthe other hand, have a very high degree of contacts with the ethnic majority. The latter fact isprobably a consequence of the Roma main mode of economic subsistence being working asmerchants at fairs.

Table 54 - Socialise with Portuguese (P.27c) per minority group (F.3)


• Brazilian and Ukrainian women socialise more with the Portuguese than men of the samenationalities do.

• Older Ukrainians report to get along with Portuguese on a more regular basis than youngerones do.

• For Brazilians and Cape Verdeans, the prolonging of the respondents' permanence in thiscountry leads to increased socialisation with Portuguese nationals.

3.7.7. PERCEPTION OF THE EVOLUTION OF XENOPHOBIA

There are some missing values for this question and they are not homogenously distributed. The Guinea Bissauan group presents a markedly greater percentage of individuals who did not answer this question. Amongst the other groups the percentage of missing values is residual. The

68Brazilians Cape Verdeans Guinea-Bissauans Ukrainians Roma

Never 7% 17% 24% 7% 2%Seldom 22% 32% 34% 31% 11%Often 31% 30% 27% 31% 38%Always 39% 20% 14% 31% 48%Dk/Na 0% 1% 0% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Median Often Often Seldom Often Often

Source: this survey

only statistically significant difference we found within the groups is that Ukrainian women areless likely than men of the same extraction to give a valid answer to the question.

Although the median response for all groups is that the evolution of racism and xenophobia in Portugal has remained unchanged, some significant differences between groups were found.The Guinea-Bissauans say in higher percentages than any other group that is has decreased ordecreased considerably. The Ukrainians also have a more positive outlook, though theirs is achieved by not answering that xenophobia has 'increased considerably'. Brazilians are the morecritical about the development of this trend in Portuguese society.

Table 55 - Evolution of xenophobia (P.28) per minority group (F.3)


• The perception of the evolution of xenophobia is independent from gender in all five of thesurveyed groups.

• Older Guinea-Bissauans tend to hold more positive views of the evolution of xenophobiain Portugal than do their younger countrymen. Having first-hand experienced a longerstretch of time is something that has probably contributed for this differential appreciation.

• No relation between length of permanence in Portugal and outlook on the evolution ofxenophobia was found in any of the four immigrant groups.

3.7.8. KNOWLEDGE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC MINORITIES (ACIME)66

The missing values for this question are not only residual but also homogenously distributed, sothat no statistical differences between the groups were found. This is also true for differenceswithin groups, according to the categories of the control variables.

There are some significant differences between groups: 82 per cent of Roma and 70 per centof Brazilians have never heard about this institution, while only 37 per cent of Ukrainians stateto know of ACIME and its functions.

69

66 http://www.acime.gov.pt/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=102,(30.10.2005)


Decr. cons. 9% 6% 10% 8% 6%Decreased 19% 22% 26% 19% 28%Unchanged 28% 31% 26% 32% 23%Increased 14% 19% 13% 18% 23%Incr. cons. 26% 19% 17% 7% 20%There is no 3% 2% 4% 15% 0%Dk/Na 1% 2% 4% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Median Unch. Unch. Unch. Unch. Unch.

Source: this survey

Table 56 - Knowledge of ACIME (P.27) per minority group (F.3)


• In all groups but the Ukrainians men are more knowledgeable about ACIME than women.

• Older Brazilians tend to know more about this institution than younger members of thesame immigrant group.

• Longer established Brazilians and Guinea-Bissauans tend to know more of ACIME thanrecently arrived ones do.

70


Yes, I do 17% 24% 27% 37% 7%Yes, but... 13% 17% 20% 16% 11%Nev. Heard 70% 59% 52% 47% 82%Dk/Na 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%N 404 399 403 413 401Mode Nev. Heard Nev. Heard Nev. Heard Nev. Heard Nev. heard

Source: this survey

71

COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS SURVEYS4#

4. COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS SURVEYS

4.1. THE METHOD

The present chapter results from an analysis of the seventeen core questions of the questionnairein all the samples that have been made available to us. We will be comparing thirty one groups:the twenty six groups whose results the EUMC has disclosed to Númena (corresponding tothe reports on Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden) plus the fivegroups for which we produced the information ourselves. For all of these group we computedmean ranks in each of the seventeen questions and then proceeded to rank the groupsthemselves in descending order of discrimination on the basis of the values we arrived at.*

An example may help to understand the procedure: forty five percent of the Africans in Swedenstate to have 'never' been denied a job on account of their foreign/ethnic minority background.First, we assign to this first category the rank of one, to the second category, 'one or two times',the rank of two and so forth. Then, we multiply the percent of answers falling into each categoryby its rank. For the first category we will have forty five per cent times one, for the second category we will have twenty four percent times two, and so on. Finally, we sum the results obtained in the previous step for all the categories, thus obtaining this group's mean rank.

Table 57 - Calculation of the mean ranks

4.2. THE RESULTS

4.2.1. EMPLOYMENT

4.2.1.1. NOT BEEN OFFERED A JOB

The minority that, in Portugal, suffers more self reported discrimination in its access to thelabour market (V11) are the Guinea-Bissauans, ranking eighth among the thirty one groupsbeing compared. Portuguese residing Brazilians and Ukrainians also rank above the middle of thetable (occupying the eleventh and thirteenth places, respectively). The Roma and the CapeVerdeans show up in relatively positive situations, somewhat below the sixteenth rank. TheChinese residing in Belgium come up at the top of this ranking, followed by immigrants from theformer USSR in Greece and Africans in Sweden. Three of the four groups studied in Greeceshow up amongst the top six with higher self reported discrimination scores in this indicator.The Italians living in Germany are the group least discriminated in its access to the labour market, occupying the thirty-first, and last, place of this ranking. Indonesians in Germany andFilipinos in Italy occupy the thirtieth and twenty-ninth places, respectively.

73

* Authors’ note, 2007: The logic of average ranks is standard procedure inthe comparison of ordinal variables. Not having been supplied with absolute values for all the national reports, we were unable of actually computing a Kruskal-wallis H test, for instance. Sowe settled for a procedure that, thoughmerely indicative, has high legibility inasmuch as the resulting values are analogous to the original responseoptions.

Label Rank % % * Rank

Never 1 45% 0,45One or two 2 24% 0,48Three or four 3 12% 0,35Five or more 4 20% 0,78Average rank of SE - Africans on V11 (∑ of % * Rank) = 2,06

Source: Swedish study; authors' calculations.

Table 58 - Mean ranks of the 31 groups on the 17 core questions (1/2)

4.2.1.2. MISSED PROMOTION

The Chinese residing in Belgium are the group that feels most discriminated in the professionalsituations where they believe they ought to be promoted (V12). Romanians, former USSR nationals and Albanese minorities in Greece show up in the second, third and fourth places, respectively. These placements are very similar to the ones found regarding discrimination inrecruitment. The Ukrainians are the minority residing in Portugal that feels most discriminatedin what regards the evolution of their careers. They turn up in seventh place. As we pointed outbefore, this feeling plausibly results from relative deprivation, given that despite their qualificationsbeing vastly superior to both those of the ethnic majority of the host country and those of theother minorities living in it, they are unable to obtain jobs of corresponding status.67 Of all fourimmigrant groups in our study, they are the one with a smaller share of members in the highestoccupational echelons, namely scientists and professionals. Cape Verdeans and Roma are at the bottom of this ranking. In the case of the latter, this probably occurs because of their veryspecial economic integration. We recall that some 90 per cent of the Portuguese Roma inquiredin this survey are merchants at fairs. The Italians in Germany and Filipinos in Italy are also thegroups which feel less discriminated against in this context, having virtually not felt any limitationto the development of their careers as based on their foreign background.

74

67 On this subject see, for instance,Professor Valente Rosa's working paper

'(Des)encontro entre as MigraçõesInternacionais Internacionais (laborais) eas Qualificações (escolares): O caso dosimigrantes de Leste em Portugal', available

at http://www.socinovamigration.org/,(30.09.2005)

Groups V11 V12 V13 V14 V15a V16 V17 V18 V19

BE - Chinese 2,8 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,1 2,1 1,8 1,3 1,2IT - Senegalese 1,6 1,4 2,1 2,8 1,1 1,8 2,6 1,5 1,4DE - black-Africans 1,8 1,5 2,1 1,7 1,8 1,6 2,1 1,2 1,5IT - Moroccans 2,0 1,5 1,9 2,7 1,3 1,5 1,8 1,3 1,3EL - Albanians 2,0 1,5 1,9 2,0 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,1 1,1EL - Romanians 1,9 1,5 1,9 2,1 1,4 1,3 1,4 1,1 1,1EL - USSR 2,2 1,5 2,1 2,5 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,0PT - Roma 1,6 1,1 1,7 2,1 1,5 1,3 1,4 1,1 1,4SE - Africans 2,1 1,4 1,7 1,2 1,4 1,3 1,9 1,2 1,8BE - Congolese 1,7 1,2 1,5 2,1 1,5 1,6 1,9 1,2 1,3NL - Turks 1,6 1,4 2,0 1,2 1,5 1,6 1,6 1,2 1,5IT - Albanians 1,7 1,3 1,7 2,7 1,2 1,4 1,5 1,1 1,2IT - Peruvians 1,5 1,2 1,7 1,8 1,3 1,5 1,5 1,2 1,1BE - Turks 1,6 1,2 1,5 1,4 1,5 1,3 1,4 1,2 1,7BE - Moroccans 1,6 1,3 1,5 1,6 1,5 1,3 1,5 1,1 1,7NL - Moroccans 1,4 1,3 1,9 1,3 1,4 1,3 1,6 1,2 1,6PT - Guinea-Bissauans 1,8 1,3 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,3 1,7 1,1 1,1PT - Brazilians 1,7 1,2 1,8 1,7 1,4 1,3 1,4 1,1 1,1EL - Arabians 1,4 1,2 1,3 1,7 1,5 1,5 1,4 1,1 1,2PT - Cape Verdeans 1,5 1,1 1,6 1,5 1,3 1,3 1,7 1,1 1,2NL - Surinamese 1,5 1,4 1,8 1,1 1,3 1,2 1,4 1,1 1,4PT - Ukrainians 1,6 1,5 1,6 1,5 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,1 1,2SE - Arabs 1,6 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,1 1,2SE - Asians 1,6 1,2 1,4 1,1 1,3 1,3 1,5 1,1 1,1IT - Philippino 1,2 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,0 1,4 1,6 1,5 1,1NL - Ex Yugoslavians 1,4 1,2 1,6 1,1 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,1 1,1DE - Turks 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,0 1,2SE - Yugoslavians 1,5 1,3 1,3 1,1 1,1 1,3 1,3 1,1 1,1DE - Yugoslavians 1,3 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,3 1,1 1,0 1,1NL - Indonesian 1,2 1,1 1,3 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,0 1,1DE - Italians 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,1

Source: this set of surveys commissioned by the EUMC; authors' calculations.

4.2.1.3. HARASSMENT AT WORK

The citizens of the former USSR living in Greece, the Senegalese in Italy and the black-Africansin Germany appear at the top of the rank of most discriminated groups in terms of insults atwork (V13). The Chinese living in Belgium show up in fourth place. Of the minorities coveredby the present study, the Brazilians, Guinea-Bissauans and Roma occupy very similar positions inthe general ranking, namely tenth, twelfth and thirteenth. The Ukrainians and Cape Verdeans, rankedeighteenth and nineteenth, enjoy a comparatively sheltered position. The less discriminatedgroups are, once again, the Italians in Germany and the Filipinos in Italy.

4.2.2. PRIVATE LIFE AND PUBLIC ARENAS

4.2.2.1. HARASSMENT BY NEIGHBOURS

The Chinese residing in Belgium come up at the top of the ranking of insults or other forms of harassment by neighbours (V16), immediately followed by the Senegalese in Italy, the black-Africans in Germany and the Turks in the Netherlands. All of the minorities surveyed inthe present study show up in the lower half of the ranking. The Brazilians and the Roma comeup in seventeenth and eighteenth place, respectively. The Cape Verdeans are the twenty-secondgroup and the Guinea-Bissauans the twenty-sixth. Ukrainians come penultimate, followed onlyby Italians living in Germany.

Table 59 - Mean ranks of the 31 groups on the 17 core questions (2/2)

75

Groups V20 V21 V23 V24 V25 V26 V27 V28 Av.

BE - Chinese 1,2 1,4 1,8 1,6 1,2 1,8 1,3 1,4 1,7IT - Senegalese 1,2 1,5 1,5 1,4 1,2 2,0 1,4 1,1 1,6DE - black-Africans 1,2 1,2 1,6 1,5 1,0 1,6 1,2 1,4 1,5IT - Moroccans 1,0 1,3 1,1 1,4 1,2 1,7 1,3 1,5 1,5EL - Albanians 1,0 1,7 1,1 1,5 1,4 1,7 1,4 1,3 1,5EL - Romanians 1,0 1,9 1,2 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,3 1,2 1,5EL - USSR 1,0 1,5 1,0 1,3 1,6 1,5 1,3 1,1 1,5PT - Roma 1,2 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,3 2,0 1,2 1,3 1,4SE - Africans 1,1 1,2 1,5 1,4 1,1 1,3 1,3 1,5 1,4BE - Congolese 1,2 1,3 1,3 1,1 1,1 1,5 1,3 1,4 1,4NL - Turks 1,0 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,4 1,6 1,2 1,4IT - Albanians 1,1 1,5 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,4 1,3 1,3 1,4IT - Peruvians 1,1 1,5 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,5 1,3 1,4 1,4BE - Turks 1,1 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,3 1,6 1,2 1,3 1,4BE - Moroccans 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,5 1,5 1,1 1,4NL - Moroccans 1,1 1,1 1,4 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,4PT - Guinea-Bissauans 1,0 1,6 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,1 1,1 1,3PT - Brazilians 1,0 1,7 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,1 1,3EL - Arabians 1,0 1,4 1,1 1,3 1,2 1,6 1,2 1,3 1,3PT - Cape Verdeans 1,0 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,3NL - Surinamese 1,0 1,1 1,4 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,1 1,1 1,3PT - Ukrainians 1,0 1,7 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,1 1,3SE - Arabs 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,3SE - Asians 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,3 1,2IT - Philippino 1,0 1,2 1,3 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2NL - Ex Yugoslavians 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,0 1,2DE - Turks 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2SE - Yugoslavians 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2DE - Yugoslavians 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,3 1,1NL - Indonesian 1,0 1,0 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1DE - Italians 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,1 1,1

Source: this set of surveys commissioned by the EUMC; authors' calculations.

4.2.2.2. THREATS, INSULTS OR OTHER FORMS OF HARASSMENT ON THE STREETS

As far as insults or other forms of harassment in the streets or transports (V17) are concerned,near all the groups that stand out as more discriminated against are of African origin. They are: theSenegalese in Italy, the black-Africans in Germany, the Africans in Sweden, the Congolese in Belgiumand the Moroccans in Italy. The sixth place is occupied by the Chinese immigrated in Belgium, whocome just before the Guinea-Bissauans and the Cape Verdeans surveyed in Portugal. According toa published survey on the Portuguese population's attitudes and values towards immigration, theAfricans are the group that musters greater rejection from the ethnic majority68 and our findingsseem to confirm this. The other groups residing in Portugal show up in comparably comfortablepositions: Brazilians occupy the twentieth place in the ranking, The Roma appear in twenty-thirdand the Ukrainians bring up the rear in twenty-seventh place. Italians in Germany and Yugoslaviansin Germany are the two groups that feel less discriminated in public spaces.

4.2.2.3. SUBJECTED TO VIOLENCE

The number of individuals who reported having been object of violence, robbery or any othercrime on the account of their foreign background (V18) is small in all surveyed groups. Still, somedifferences exist. Senegalese, Filipino and Moroccans residing in Italy are the groups which reporthigher numbers of such occurrences. Chinese and Congolese immigrants in Belgium follow, closing the top five places of the ranking. The groups surveyed in Portugal occupy positions located in the bottom half of the ranking: Guinea-Bissauans and Cape Verdeans show up in thesixteenth and seventeenth places, respectively; Ukrainians and Roma appear next to each otherin the twenty-first and twenty-second places, while Brazilians, occupying the twenty-fifth place,are the minority residing in Portugal that appears lowest on this ranking. All three groups presenting the lowest scores reside in Germany. They are the Turks, the Italians and the Yugoslavs.

4.2.2.4. BADLY TREATED AT SCHOOL

The minorities surveyed in Belgium stand out amongst the more discriminated at school (V15),the Chinese rank first, the Turks third, the Moroccans show up in fourth place and the Congolesein fifth. The second position in the ranking is occupied by the black-Africans in Germany. TheRoma, ranking sixth, come foremost among the Portuguese minorities. They are followed atsome distance by the Guinea-Bissauans, ranking eleventh, the Brazilians, who are thirteenth, theCape Verdeans, who show up already below the middle of the table at seventeenth, and finally,the Ukrainians, in a quite comfortable twenty-eight place. The Yugoslavians in Sweden and theFilipinos in Italy are the groups who feel less discriminated in the context of the school.

4.2.3. SHOPS AND RESTAURANTS

4.2.3.1. REFUSED ENTRY INTO A SHOP

Being refused entry into a shop (V20) is something that hardly ever happens in any of the thirtyone surveyed minorities. Still, there are differences: the Congolese and Chinese established inBelgium occupy the first two positions, Germany living black-Africans come third, Senegalese inItaly and Portuguese Roma come next. The other groups surveyed in Portugal are ranked in thefollowing order: Ukrainians in seventeenth place, Cape Verdeans in nineteenth place, Guinea-Bissauans are the twenty second group with higher number of complaints, and, finally theBrazilians in show up in twenty-sixth. In this variable, as in the one related to experiences of discrimination in access to shops, the Filipino in Italy and ex-USSR immigrants in Greece are theminorities which feel least discriminated against.

4.2.3.2. REFUSED ENTRY TO A RESTAURANT

The groups that feel more discriminated against, in what concerns access to restaurants, pubs,nightclubs or similar establishments (V19), are the Africans residing in Sweden, followed by

76

68 Lages, Mário F. et al. (2003) Atitudes e Valores perante a Imigração, Lisboa:

Observatório da Imigração.

Moroccans and Turks living either in Belgium (second and third places, respectively) or in theNetherlands (fourth and fifth in the rank). black-Africans in Germany and the Roma in Portugalfollow. The other minorities inquired in the Portuguese survey are scattered in the ranking:Ukrainians occupy the thirteenth place, Cape Verdeans come in sixteenth, the Guinea Bissauansin twentieth and, finally, the Brazilians in twenty-sixth. Filipinos in Italy and ex-USSR citizens livingin Greece close the ranking, that is to say, they are the groups who report less occurrences ofthis type of discrimination.

4.2.3.3. BAD TREATMENT WHEN VISITING A RESTAURANT OR BUYING SOMETHING

The Chinese residing in Belgium, black-Africans in Germany, Senegalese in Italy and Africans in Sweden are those of the studied minorities which feel more intensely to be targeted for discrimination in commercial spaces (V23). As for the minorities that were inquired in Portugal,the Roma are the one that reports more of this kind of discrimination, occupying the seventhposition in the overall ranking. Brazilians, Guinea Bissauans and Cape Verdeans occupy very positions ranging from thirteenth to fifteenth, respectively. The Ukrainians, ranking twenty-third,are the minority least discriminated against in our survey. The overall minority groups with asmaller number of complaints are the Arabs and immigrants from the ex-USSR residing inGreece and the Italians living in Germany.

4.2.4. COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS

4.2.4.1. DENIED THE OPPORTUNITY TO BUY OR RENT AN APARTMENT OR HOUSE

In what pertains access to the housing market (V14), three minorities residing in Italy occupythe topmost places of the ranking. They are, in descending order, the Senegalese, the Moroccanand the Albanians. The Portuguese minorities suffer greater discrimination in the access to housing than in the labour market. The Roma, ranking seventh, are the more victimised, followedby the Brazilians, in twelfth place, the Guinea-Bissauans, who are fourteenth, the Cape Verdeans,showing up in sixteenth, and the Ukrainians in seventeenth. Filipinos living in Italy, who enjoy a relatively positive situation in the labour market, now show up in eighteenth. The less discriminated groups in terms of access to the housing market are the Yugoslavs in Sweden andthe Indonesians in the Netherlands.

4.2.4.2. DENIED THE POSSIBILITY TO HIRE SOMETHING OR BUY SOMETHING ON CREDIT

It appears that minority groups residing in Southern Europe are subjected to a higher amountof discrimination in the access to credit (V21). Romanians in Greece, Ukrainians and Braziliansin Portugal, Albanians in Greece and Guinea Bissauans in Portugal occupy the first five positionsof the ranking. Portuguese Roma appear in sixth place and immediately after them come threeminority groups residing in Italy: the Senegalese, Albanians and Peruvians. The next few ranks areonce again occupied by minorities living in Greece, namely immigrants issuing from the ex-USSRand Arabs, and the Portugal dwelling Cape Verdeans. Yugoslavs in Germany, Indonesians in theNetherlands and Italians in Germany are the minorities least discriminated against in this aspect.

4.2.5. INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION

4.2.5.1. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE EMPLOYMENT AGENCY

The Chinese in Belgium, Albanians in Greece, black-Africans in Germany and Moroccans andSenegalese in Italy are the five minority groups which that reported more occurrences of badtreatment in contacts with the employment agency. As for the Portuguese minorities, the Roma,occupying an overall twelfth position, are the group that most suffers this kind of discrimination,followed by the Brazilians in eighteenth place and the Ukrainians in twenty-fifth place. Guinea-

77

Bissauans and Cape Verdeans are placed at the bottom of the ranking, being, in this regard, thetwenty-eight and thirtieth most suffering groups. Indonesians residing in Netherlands are thegroup with the lowest number of complaints of registered complaints.

4.2.5.2. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE SOCIAL INSURANCE OFFICE

Three out of the four minorities that constitute the Greek survey are in the first four places ofthe ranking in what concerns badly treatment in contacts with the social insurance office (V25):ex-USSR immigrants, Romanians and Albanians Turks and Moroccans living in the Netherlandscome up in the second and fifth places. Portuguese Roma appear in sixth place. The remainingPortuguese minorities are to be found in middle positions: Guinea-Bissauans rank sixteenth,Brazilians and Cape Verdeans occupy the eighteenth and nineteenth places, while Ukrainiansrank twenty-second. Minorities residing in Germany show the lowest number of complaints ofmistreatment by social insurance offices: Italians, Turks, Yugoslavs and black-Africans appear at thebottom of the ranking.

4.2.5.3. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE HEALTHCARE SERVICES

The five groups that most reported discrimination by the healthcare services (V27) all issuefrom Muslim countries. They are: the Turks in the Netherlands, Moroccans residing in Belgium,Senegalese living in Italy and Albanian immigrants in Greece and Italy. We speculate that thissituation may be related to a feeling that healthcare services are not respecting or taking intoaccount some religious prescriptions. The Roma are the minority group of the Portuguese survey with more complaints about their handling by the healthcare services, occupying the fourteenth position in the overall ranking.69 Brazilians appear in seventeenth place andUkrainians in twentieth, with the Cape Verdeans and Guinea Bissauans very close (twenty-second and twenty-third places, respectively). The groups which present the fewest complaintsin the European context are the Yugoslavs and Italians residing in Germany.

4.2.5.4. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE SOCIAL SERVICES

The minorities that feel more discriminated by the social services on account of theirforeign/ethnic minority background (V28) are the Moroccans in Italy and the Africans in Sweden.The Roma are, once again, the minority group in the Portuguese survey that mentions moreoccurrences of discrimination, occupying the tenth position in the global ranking. Cape Verdeansappear in twentieth place and Guinea Bissauans in twenty-second. Ukrainians and Brazilians,twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth, follow closely. Ex-Yugoslavians and Indonesians in theNetherlands are the groups in the lowest positions of the ranking.

4.2.5.5. BADLY TREATED IN CONTACTS WITH THE POLICE

The ranking of minority groups with more complaints about bad treatment by the police (V26)is headed by the Senegalese in Italy, followed by the Roma in Portugal and the Chinese inBelgium. The other minority groups whose experiences in Portugal were studied occupy placesin the second half of the ranking: Cape Verdeans and Guinea Bissauans occpuy the eighteenthand nineteenth places, respectively, while Brazilians come up as twenty-first and Ukrainians astwenty-second. The minority groups least discriminated against on this variable are the Italiansand Yugoslavians residing in Germany, who occupy the two last places of this ranking.

4.2.6. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

The global average of the mean ranks of all seventeen questions allows an overview of the perceived discrimination amongst the thirty one survived minorities. These results should, however, be interpreted bearing in mind the diverse criteria for sample selection and methodology

78

69 In Portugal, for instance "some hospitals have a manifest interest in

hiring cultural mediators but do not doso due to insufficient funds. Roma

culture is marked by solid family ties,with a particular emphasis on children

and the elderly and in cases of hospitalinternment of a family member it wouldbe extremely useful to resort to cultural

mediators, since they would facilitate the relation between the medical and

auxiliary staff and the Roma community"Portuguese National Focal Point (2002)

“The cultural mediator, a case study",Raxen.

used in each national survey and the fact that we are using a simple arithmetic average. The latter characteristic of this analysis means that dimensions of discrimination for which more indicators are included in the seventeen core questions will be overrepresented in this index.Anyhow, the elaboration of this global ranking permits some insights on the relative positions ofthe different groups in what concerns the level of felt discrimination.

The minority groups that report stronger overall discrimination experiences are the Chinese inBelgium, Senegalese in Italy, black-Africans in Germany, Moroccans in Italy and three of the fourminorities that constitute the Greek survey: Albanians, Romanians and ex-USSR citizens.Portuguese Roma appear in the seventh position. Curiously, they are the only national minoritygroup in our survey. We should, consequently, note that discrimination does not affect exclusivelyor mostly the immigrant. The other minority groups included in the Portuguese survey reveallower discrimination levels and show up in the middle-lower half of the table. Guinea Bissauansand Brazilians may be found in the rank seventeenth and eighteenth, respectively. Cape Verdeansoccupy the twentieth place and Ukrainians the twenty-second. These results seem to contradictthe dominant ideological representation of Portugal as a particularly tolerant country, characterizedby its brandos costumes (gentle traditions).

79

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS5#

5. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

This report focuses on the results of the questionnaire survey "Migrants' experiences of racismand discrimination in Portugal", exploring both the demographic characteristics of the respondentsand their experiences of subjective discrimination according to five domains: employment; private life and public arenas; shops and restaurants; commercial transactions and institutionaldiscrimination. Figures are also presented for the sense of belonging to both the homeland or culture and the host country or culture, the frequency of sociability with co-ethnics, peopleof other ethnic minorities and members of the majority and the perception on the evolution ofxenophobia in Portugal, all integrating a sixth domain dubbed subjective integration.

5.1. RESULTS

5.1.1. DEMOGRAPHICS

The reader should keep in mind that the relationships between those of the demographic variables which were used as quotas are set by the data used to calculate the intended samples.

• the results illustrate the known fact that immigration is a gender selective process, attracting,at least in its early stages, more men, which in the surveyed groups is clearly the case of theUkrainians;

• the age structure reveals a different pattern between groups which can be interpreted aspartially resulting from the historical sequence of the waves of immigrants in Portugal:Brazilians are clearly the younger group, while Cape Verdeans are the more aged population;

• length of stay follows even more closely the history of the successive waves of migrationinto Portugal: the African groups are composed by persons who, in their majority, have beenin Portugal for more than five years, while most of the Brazilians and Ukrainians have lessthan five years of stay in Portuguese territory;

• the regional distribution also follows closely what is known of the history of immigrationinto Portugal and is reflected in the census data: the African groups are highly concentratedin the Lisboa area, while the Ukrainians are dispersed across the country;

• as for as overall education, the levels attained differ sharply across groups, which can be placed in a continuum that ranges from the Roma – three tenths of which have no formaleducation at all and none has a college degree – to the Ukrainians, of which almost half hasa college degree.

• the religious faith figures show that Cape Verdeans, Guinea-Bissauans and Brazilians aremostly Catholics, 70 per cent of Ukrainians are Christian Orthodox and the 60 per cent ofRoma are evangelic.

5.1.2. THE FIVE DOMAINS OF DISCRIMINATION

Bearing in mind these particular demographic characteristics, let's look at the report's main findings in each of the given domains: employment; private life and public arenas; shops and restaurants; commercial transactions and institutional discrimination.

5.1.2.1. EMPLOYMENT

• First of all we must point out that the information made available clearly indicates that thesegroups' economic insertion is in low status occupations.

81

• The activity rates of the groups range from the Ukrainians, of whom 85 per cent declaredto have a job/employment, to the Guinea-Bissauans, of whom 69 per cent stated to have ajob/employment.

• The number of individuals that has applied for a job in the last five years also differs significantly among groups. As would be expected given their recent arrival, almost allUkrainians (97 per cent) looked for a job in the last five years, while in the longer establishedCape Verdeans the corresponding figure is 80 per cent.

• More than 85 per cent of the people in any of the four immigrant groups have worked inthe last five years.

• Guinea-Bissauans are clearly the group in our survey with a stronger perception of beingrefused jobs on account of foreign or ethnic minority background.

• Ukrainians report more on what they perceive as the refusal of promotion on a given professional situation on account of foreign or ethnic minority background than any othergroup in our survey.

• Brazilians are the group that most declares to have been insulted or harassed at work.

• A word must be said in this summary about the Roma and discrimination in the employmentsphere: they are somewhat sheltered from situations arising in the context of hired labourby their own mode of economic integration, which consists in specialising in merchant activities at fairs.

5.1.2.2. PRIVATE LIFE AND PUBLIC ARENAS

• Ukrainians living in Portugal have very little trouble with their neighbours on account offoreign or ethnic minority belonging.

• The African groups are the ones who had more occurrences of threats, insults or otherforms of harassment on the streets to report. The other minority groups surveyed in thePortuguese study report a clearly smaller number of occurrences, which leads us to believethat being an African is what is at stake in this kind of situation.

• There are no differences between the groups in our survey in what regards actual violenceon account of foreign or ethnic background belonging.

• The African groups include a higher proportion of persons who have studied in the last five years.

• The groups surveyed don't differ in respect of mistreatment at school.

5.1.2.3. RESTAURANTS AND SHOPS

• The Roma are clearly the group in the Portuguese survey that is most denied entry into shops.

• Guinea-Bissauans go out less than the other minority groups.

• Roma are much more likely than the other groups to be denied entry in a restaurant ornight club.

• Inside the commercial spaces themselves the Roma still are the most discriminated minority,being more likely to be badly treated when buying something.

82

5.1.2.4. COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS

• With 60 per cent of people declaring to have had some difficulty in buying or renting ahouse or apartment on account of their ethnic minority background, the Roma are clearlythe minority surveyed in Portugal that is most discriminated against in this aspect.

• As for denial of the possibility to hire something or buy something on credit, Braziliansand Ukrainians are the groups most subjectively discriminated. More than half of the peopleof these groups who have tried to use credit has been denied once on account of foreignor ethnic minority background.

5.1.2.5. INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION

• Groups do not differ significantly in their experiences of discrimination in contacts with theemployment agency. However, the Roma have the highest percentage of individuals whohave at least once felt discriminated (16 per cent).

• Roma are more likely to have experienced some kind of foreign or ethnic minority back-ground related trouble in contacts with social insurance office than the other groups inthe Portuguese survey.

• As far as the discrimination in contacts with the healthcare services is concerned, no statistically significant differences between groups where found.

• Inquired about the treatment perceived when in contact with the social services, theRoma group evidences itself as subjectively more discriminated.

• On average,70 the Roma who had any contact with the police in the last year perceive tohave been badly treated on account of their ethnic minority background one or two times.

• Finally, regarding the respondents' contact with the Borders and Foreigners Service, thegroups range from twenty to thirty percent of respondents declaring to have had someexperience of discrimination in this context during the last year.

5.1.3. SUBJECTIVE INTEGRATION

• Of the five groups surveyed, the Roma is unmistakably the one that finds it easier to makefriends in the ethnic majority. Guinea-Bissauans, on the contrary, find it quite difficult.

• As for identification with Portugal, the Roma have a much higher score, which shouldn'tsurprise us, given that they are themselves Portuguese. The Ukrainians, in turn, are the groupwhich feels less attachment to Portugal.

• Where identification with the homeland or culture is concerned, the Roma are again thegroup with a strongest feeling of belonging. The Ukrainians, in contrast, feel quite emotionallydetached from their homeland.

• The Ukrainians also have a more positive outlook on the evolution of xenophobia, thoughit is achieved by not answering that xenophobia has 'increased considerably'.

• As to socialising with people of the same migrant or ethnic group, the Roma and the CapeVerdeans are the groups on which people do so more frequently. Brazilians do so markedly less.

• The Guinea-Bissauans are the group on which people more frequently socialise with peopleof other ethnic minorities.

83

70 The best measure of central tendencythat can be used for these data is themedian.

• The Roma also have the highest rate of social contact with the ethnic majority. Twenty fourper cent of the Guinea-Bissauans, in contrast, never socialise with Portuguese.

What can we conclude, then? First of all, that the five minorities in this survey differ greatly inthe range of indicators studied. Ukrainians, for instance, have experienced less trouble with theirneighbours than the other minority groups did but, on the other hand, expressed more complaints of being disregarded for promotion due to their foreign or ethnic background thanmembers of the other minorities did.

Actually, this latter fact is very interesting finding in its own right. We interpreted it as a result of relative deprivation felt by a overqualified workforce, but in the point of view of the hostsociety it can also be seen as a waste of human capital by the European country which hasthe highest71 skilled emigration rate.

Forty eight percent of respondents in either of the two African groups considered in this survey– Cape Verdeans and Guinea-Bissauans – have been subjected to threats, insults or otherforms of harassment in public spaces during the last year. This corroborates results from othersurveys that point to this most public manifestation of discrimination as affecting mostly peoplewith a black-African phenotype.

Three of the five more discriminated groups in the international comparison regarding accessto credit were observed in the Portuguese survey. This firmly establishes the relation to creditinstitutions as the most problematic domain of discrimination in Portuguese society. In ourview, the public bodies and NGOs that are active in the fight against discrimination would bewell advised to prioritise this area.

Finally, the Roma come out as the most subjectively discriminated against minority.72 This is particularly evident in the domains dubbed 'shops and restaurants' and 'institutional discrimination'. The Roma are more discriminated on all three questions composing the formerdomain and in three of the five questions of the latter domain that apply to them. As a result of the above, the main conclusion of this survey has to be that, though Portugal may not have a wide range subjective discrimination problem, it undoubtedly has a Roma subjective discrimination problem, eligible to be addressed and prioritized.

84

71 Nineteen point five per cent, accordingto Özden, Çaglar and Schiff, Maurice(eds) (2006) International Migration,

Remittances & the Brain Drain,Washington: World Bank. p. 177

72 Paradoxically, the Roma are also themost subjectively integrated minority,

a fact that casts serious doubt on simplistic views of the relation between

these two phenomena. See Coser, L.(1956) The Functions of Social Conflict,

New York: Free Press.

85

RECOMMENDATIONS6#

6. RECOMMENDATIONS

Three orders of recommendations proceed from this report: those which emerge from the difficulties felt on finding background data for the survey; those related to the data collectingprocess itself; and, finally, those that result from the very findings themselves.

In what concerns background data, when beginning this project we quickly came to the conclusionthat in Portugal there are no reliable statistics regarding the Roma minority. This seems to be aproblem affecting many countries, inasmuch as it is a hindrance on developing inclusion policies.73

We therefore recommend the Portuguese government to ponder the advantages and disadvantages of furthering the capacity of national statistics to differentiate this minority.

As for the data collection process itself, it must be said that questionnaire surveys on discrimination only give us access to what people say their representations or experiences are.If what we aim at is positive knowledge, there are a number of instances where things can goawry in this process. For instance, we are utterly dependent both on the understanding the person makes of his or her own reality and on the truthfulness of the communication we receivefrom him or her, which may be unintentionally adulterated. Given that discrimination is a crime,it is certainly something that is out there, in the shared world, available to objective measure.Field experiments on the subject of discrimination have now been going on for five decades inmany countries with tried, tested and evolving methodologies. We thus recommend the EUMCto organize a transnational collaborative research using measures of objective discrimination inall countries of the EU.

Some recommendations directly resulting from the findings ensue. Given that the Roma turnout to be not only the least formally educated but also the most subjectively discriminatedminority featured in this survey, specially in their interactions with institutions and commercialestablishments, the Portuguese government might:

• establish a specific programme to promote the educational success of the Roma minoritywhile respecting their culture;

• promote awareness campaigns, targeted both at common citizens and institutions and commercial establishments;

• encourage people who feel discriminated in such contexts to formalize their grievancesthrough the already available complaints books.

The research here presented clearly documents the high level of formal qualifications held bythe Ukrainian immigrants and their feeling of discrimination in the labour market, namely in whatregards being disregarded for promotion. Combining this information with other research, whichwe have quoted above, detailing the lack of skilled professionals that is felt in Portugal, we cannotbut recommend greater expediency in recognising academic degrees achieved through foreignuniversities.

Finally, having established through this research that access to credit is the foremost issue of discrimination in Portugal, we believe that institutions engaged in fighting discrimination, such aspublic bodies, NGOs or migrant associations might find it pertinent to invite credit institutionsto discuss good practices (microcredit,74 etc.) on this subject.

87

73 http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=1935,(31.10.2005)

74 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcredit,(31.10.2005)

ANNEXES

89

[18, 29] [30, 39] [40, 60]OUT PT OUT PT OUT PT

Açores Men 52 11 33 11 17 15Women 26 10 13 12 6 10

Alentejo Men 291 32 190 39 75 33Women 148 21 84 43 44 44

Algarve Men 337 37 215 89 98 63Women 242 41 157 91 83 66

Centro Men 622 246 325 376 176 248Women 444 204 282 343 177 314

Lisboa Men 3412 361 1907 805 945 521Women 2348 330 1408 684 712 640

Madeira Men 38 16 20 21 16 19Women 21 10 22 31 6 19

Norte Men 480 501 263 711 152 409Women 582 432 348 644 212 499

Source: Portugal / National Statistical Institute.


Açores Men 40 8 19 14 8 45Women 6 6 0 7 2 17



Centro Men 132 54 32 66 7 125Women 128 51 23 56 8 63

Lisboa Men 1236 1567 935 2852 338 4070Women 1473 1791 958 2501 496 3214


Norte Men 67 41 13 56 4 101Women 115 46 31 51 15 45


ANNEXES

TABLES

CENSUS DATA

Table 60 - Distribution of Brazilians by the stratification variables

Table 61 - Distribution of Cape Verdeans by the stratification variables

90


Açores Men 2 1 1 4 1 0Women 1 0 0 1 0 0



Centro Men 59 43 32 125 15 53Women 47 38 13 43 7 26

Lisboa Men 977 985 647 2349 273 1506Women 711 784 385 940 248 519


Norte Men 44 40 21 111 13 74Women 36 39 8 44 5 14


Table 62 - Distribution of Guinea-Bissauans by the stratification variables


Açores Men 13 0 27 3 22 3Women 3 0 2 3 0 3



Centro Men 816 19 767 16 633 22Women 198 4 156 1 117 4

Lisboa Men 838 34 808 43 556 35Women 281 15 203 12 127 8


Norte Men 400 9 359 9 356 12Women 46 1 51 1 28 1


Table 63 - Distribution of Ukrainians by the stratification variables

91


Açores Men 1 0 1 0 0 0Women 0 0 0 0 0 0



Centro Men 10 4 5 6 3 4Women 7 3 4 5 3 5

Lisboa Men 52 6 29 12 15 8Women 36 5 22 11 11 10


Norte Men 7 8 4 11 2 6Women 9 7 5 10 3 8

Source: Portugal / National Statistical Institute; authors' calculations.

INTENDED SAMPLES

Table 64 - Intended sample of Brazilians


Açores Men 1 0 0 0 0 1Women 0 0 0 0 0 0



Centro Men 2 1 1 1 0 2Women 2 1 0 1 0 1

Lisboa Men 20 25 15 45 5 65Women 24 29 15 40 8 51


Norte Men 1 1 0 1 0 2Women 2 1 0 1 0 1


Table 65 - Intended sample of Cape Verdeans

92


Açores Men 0 0 0 0 0 0Women 0 0 0 0 0 0



Centro Men 2 1 1 4 1 2Women 2 1 0 1 0 1

Lisboa Men 32 33 21 78 9 50Women 24 26 13 31 8 17


Norte Men 2 1 1 4 0 2Women 1 1 0 2 0 1


Table 66 - Intended sample of Guinea-Bissauans


Açores Men 1 0 1 0 1 0Women 0 0 0 0 0 0



Centro Men 31 1 29 1 24 1Women 8 0 6 0 4 0

Lisboa Men 32 1 30 2 21 1Women 11 1 8 1 5 0


Norte Men 15 0 14 0 13 1Women 2 0 2 0 1 0


Table 67 - Intended sample of Ukrainians

[15, 25] [26, 45] [46, +∞[

Açores Men 0 0 0Women 0 0 0

Alentejo Men 13 12 5Women 11 13 4

Algarve Men 6 6 3Women 6 7 2

Centro Men 14 13 6Women 12 14 5

Lisboa Men 33 32 14Women 30 34 11

Madeira Men 0 0 0Women 0 0 0

Norte Men 20 20 8Women 18 21 7

Sources: Pastoral dos Ciganos and Ministry of Education; authors' calculations.

Table 68 - Intended sample of Roma

93

Place Interviews Refusals

Brazilians Consulates at Lisboa and Porto 169 27Cultural Associations 52 24Churches 2 1Borders and Foreigners Service 9 23Local Immigrant Support Centre 15 6National Immigrant Support Centre 19 4Shops and commercial áreas 20 8Socialising áreas 45 10Neighbourhoods 11 13Restaurants and Cafés 21 16Personal Contacts 22 3Work place 12 5Other 3 0Total 400 140

Cape Verdeans Embassy 172 148Local Immigrant Support Centre 17 10National Immigrant Support Centre 4 1Borders and Foreigners Service 35 25Churches 10 4Cultural Associations 38 6Shops and commercial áreas 62 21Socialising áreas 4 1Ethnic Festival 14 4Public Transports 17 7Neighbourhoods 3 23Personal Contacts 18 2Work place 2 3Other 4 5Total 400 260

INTERVIEWS AND REFUSALS

Table 69 - Total of Interviews and Refusals by Place (1/2)

94

Place Interviews Refusals

Guinea-Bissauans Embassy 181 92Local Immigrant Support Centre 18 19National Immigrant Support Centre 3 1Borders and Foreigners Service 35 25Mosque 33 48Cultural Associations 65 7Shops and commercial áreas 23 21Socialising áreas 6 4Ethnic Festival 1 4Public Transports 17 6Neighbourhoods 2 1Personal Contacts 14 1Work place 3 4Other 4 2Total 405 235

Ukrainians Embassy 134 84Local Immigrant Support Centre 13 6National Immigrant Support Centre 19 7Borders and Foreigners Service 23 25Churches 20 16Cultural Associations 38 4Shops and commercial áreas 37 28Socialising áreas 16 12Restaurants and Cafés 4 0Work place 33 21Portuguese classes 10 0Personal Contacts 36 2Neighbourhoods 11 3Other 13 2Total 400 260

Roma Markets and Fairs 229 74Churches 61 19Neighbourhoods 97 21Other 13 0Total 400 114

Source: fieldwork coordinator's log.

Table 69 - Total of Interviews and Refusals by Place (2/2)

95

RESULTING SAMPLES

Table 70 - Resulting sample of Brazilians


Açores Men 1 0 1 0 0 0Women 0 0 0 0 0 0



Centro Men 13 4 5 5 3 4Women 8 3 4 5 3 4

Lisboa Men 52 6 29 12 15 8Women 36 5 22 11 11 11


Norte Men 7 8 4 11 2 6Women 9 7 5 10 3 8


Table 71 - Resulting sample of Cape Verdeans


Açores Men 1 0 0 0 0 1Women 0 0 0 0 0 0



Centro Men 2 1 0 1 0 2Women 2 1 0 1 0 1

Lisboa Men 20 25 15 45 5 65Women 24 29 15 40 8 51


Norte Men 1 1 0 1 0 2Women 2 1 0 1 0 1


Table 72 - Resulting sample of Guinea-Bissauans


Açores Men 0 0 0 0 0 0Women 0 1 0 0 0 0



Centro Men 2 1 1 4 1 2Women 2 1 0 0 0 1

Lisboa Men 32 33 21 78 10 50Women 24 26 13 31 8 18


Norte Men 2 1 1 4 0 2Women 1 1 0 2 0 1


96

Table 73 - Resulting sample of Ukrainians


Açores Men 1 0 1 0 1 0Women 0 0 0 0 0 0



Centro Men 31 2 29 2 24 1Women 9 0 6 0 4 1

Lisboa Men 32 1 30 2 21 3Women 11 1 8 1 6 0


Norte Men 15 0 14 1 13 1Women 2 0 2 0 1 0


Table 74 - Resulting sample of Roma

ABSOLUTE VALUES

Note: The questionnaire for the Roma was slightly modified to fit in with this group's profile.Questions F.3, F.5, P.2a and P.2b were altogether abolished and several other required adaptation(e.g., changing 'foreign background' to 'Roma background').

Table 75 - Gender (F.1)

[15, 25] [26, 45] [46, +∞[

Açores Men 0 0 0Women 0 0 0

Alentejo Men 13 12 5Women 11 13 4

Algarve Men 6 6 3Women 6 7 2

Centro Men 14 13 6Women 13 14 5

Lisboa Men 33 32 14Women 30 34 11

Madeira Men 0 0 0Women 0 0 0

Norte Men 20 20 8Women 18 21 7

Source: Pastoral dos Ciganos and Ministry of Education; authors' calculations.


Female 183 189 134 76 196Male 221 210 269 337 205Total 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey.

97

Table 76 - Region (F.2)


< 5 years 264 103 130 394 ->= 5 years 140 296 273 19 -Total 404 399 403 413 -



Açores 2 2 1 3 0Alentejo 17 10 5 42 58Algarve 24 24 22 91 30Centro 61 11 15 109 65Lisboa 218 342 344 116 154Madeira 2 0 1 3 0Norte 80 10 15 49 94Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 77 - Age (F.4)


[18, 29] 179 120 136 151 -[30-39] 138 129 167 148 -[40-60] 87 150 100 114 -[15, 25] - - - - 164[26, 45] - - - - 17246 and + - - - - 65Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 79 - Highest completed education (P.1)

Table 78 - Length of stay (F.5)


Yes 42 97 120 14 -No 362 302 283 399 -Total 404 399 403 413 -


Table 80 - Further education in PT (P.2a)


0 years 9 63 47 0 1174 years 25 105 62 3 1686 years 37 71 68 6 1009 years 76 63 139 40 1212 years 194 91 73 197 415 years 63 2 10 166 0Dk/Na 0 4 4 1 0Total 404 399 403 413 401


98

Table 81 - Details of further education (P.2b)


4 years 0 8 8 0 -6 years 0 13 3 0 -9 years 6 17 19 3 -12 years 11 20 53 4 -15 years 21 34 37 7 -Dk/Na 4 5 0 0 -Total 42 97 120 14 -


Table 83 - Occupation (P.4)


Executive 15 4 8 1 1Professionals 14 13 11 6 2Technicians 9 9 7 1 0Administrative 15 14 8 5 0Service 121 55 41 41 21Farmers 6 0 0 12 0Skilled wks 55 87 97 140 0Machine opts 15 9 6 50 0Unskilled wks 57 83 60 97 243Dk/Na 2 2 1 0 2Total 309 276 239 353 269


Table 84 - Religious affiliation (P.5)


Animist 0 0 1 0 0Catholic 238 337 208 57 78Ortodox 1 1 2 316 0Protestant 33 6 10 6 0Muslim 0 1 142 0 0Evangelic 68 0 4 2 241None 40 37 14 16 74Other 24 15 22 16 7Dk/Na 0 2 0 0 1Total 404 399 403 413 401



Yes 309 276 239 353 269No 95 123 164 60 132Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 82 - Has a job (P.3)

99

Table 85 - Make Portuguese friends (P.6)


Very easy 26 21 21 62 90Quite easy 218 238 176 261 266Quite diff. 121 121 131 78 33Very diff. 39 18 71 11 10Dk/Na 0 1 4 1 2Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 86 - Sense of belonging to Portugal (P.7)


1 - Min. 32 30 44 19 122 19 28 24 27 73 44 62 42 42 94 103 96 110 165 165 100 90 59 80 356 54 46 40 44 547 - Max. 52 42 81 34 268Dk/Na 0 5 3 2 0Total 404 399 403 413 401

Source: this survey

Table 87 - Not get job (P.8)


No, never 234 222 181 237 781, 2 times 58 59 70 105 413, 4 times 36 23 45 27 65 or + times 38 17 37 32 7Hasn't appl 37 77 69 12 268Dk/Na 1 1 1 0 1Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 88 - Missed promotion (P.9)


No, never 314 323 275 280 1211, 2 times 50 24 50 75 73, 4 times 9 3 13 22 25 or + times 3 4 12 21 0Hasn't wkd 23 43 48 8 243Dk/Na 5 2 5 7 28Total 404 399 403 413 401


100

Table 89 - Harassed at work (P.10)


No, never 225 248 209 250 931, 2 times 62 50 64 88 303, 4 times 27 26 23 33 165 or + times 67 32 57 34 18Hasn't wkd 23 43 48 8 243Dk/Na 0 0 2 0 1Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 90 - Denied house (P.11)


No, never 164 151 158 210 731, 2 times 87 68 64 73 523, 4 times 23 19 23 13 295 or + times 21 9 16 24 29Hasn't appl 109 150 140 92 216Dk/Na 0 2 2 1 2Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 91 - Harassed at school (P.12)


No, never 43 95 97 49 681, 2 times 7 16 18 5 103, 4 times 2 4 6 0 55 or + times 4 5 8 1 8Hasn't stud 348 276 272 358 306Dk/Na 0 3 2 0 4Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 92 - Harassed by neighbours (P.13)


No, never 318 323 334 364 3231, 2 times 53 46 41 33 393, 4 times 16 17 10 6 165 or + times 16 10 14 6 19Dk/Na 1 3 4 4 4Total 404 399 403 413 401


101

Table 93 - Threats/insults on the streets (P.14)




Table 94 - Subject of violence (P.15)




Table 95 - Barred at restaurant (P.16)


No, never 367 321 302 336 2831, 2 times 13 30 25 36 493, 4 times 7 6 5 9 225 or + times 3 6 4 11 22Hasn't out 14 36 67 20 25Dk/Na 0 0 0 1 0Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 96 - Refused shop (P.17)




Table 97 - Denied credit (P.18)


No, never 82 120 77 86 1341, 2 times 74 40 52 70 593, 4 times 8 9 8 17 175 or + times 13 3 6 11 8Hasn't askd 227 226 259 228 183Dk/Na 0 1 1 1 0Total 404 399 403 413 401


102

Table 98 - Badly treated at restaurant (P.19)




Table 99 - Badly treated at employment agency (P.20)


No, never 115 123 155 177 1091, 2 times 12 8 14 16 123, 4 times 3 2 2 1 35 or + times 3 0 1 4 5Hasn't cont 270 266 231 214 272Dk/Na 1 0 0 1 0Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 100 - Badly treated at social insurance (P.21)




Table 101 - Badly treated at police (P.22)




103

Table 102 - Badly treated at healthcare (P.23)




Table 103 - Badly treated at social services (P.24)




Table 104 - Badly treated by the Foreigners and Frontiers Service (P.25)




Table 105 - Sense of belonging to home country (P.26)


1 - Min. 8 5 10 17 12 5 5 7 14 13 16 8 5 22 24 35 12 19 90 165 33 17 21 54 146 38 31 46 52 227 - Max. 269 318 293 164 344Dk/Na 0 3 2 0 1Total 404 399 403 413 401


104

Table 106 - Friends of country of origin (P.27a)


Never 17 2 8 8 3Seldom 74 24 56 65 18Often 118 83 110 129 70Always 195 289 229 211 306Dk/Na 0 1 0 0 4Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 107 - Friends from other foreign country (P.27b)




Table 108 - Friends from Portugal (P.27c)




Table 110 - Do you know about ACIME (P.29)


Heard of it 69 97 109 151 29Yes, but... 52 67 82 66 43Nev. Heard 283 235 211 196 328Dk/Na 0 0 1 0 1Total 404 399 403 413 401


Table 109 - Evolution of xenophobia (P.28)


Decr. cons. 38 23 41 34 24Decreased 76 87 106 80 112Unchanged 112 122 103 131 91Increased 58 75 52 74 92Incr. cons. 104 77 69 30 79There is no 11 9 16 62 2Dk/Na 5 6 16 2 1Total 404 399 403 413 401


105

Figure 2 - Foreigners with legal residence in Portugal (includes holders of 'residence permits' plus holders of 'permits to stay') between 1981 and 2004

(Source: Borders and Foreigners Service)

0

50.0

00

100.

000

150.

000

200.

000

250.

000

300.

000

350.

000

400.

000

450.

000

500.

000

01020304050607080

198

1 19

82

1983

19

84

1985

19

86

1987

19

88

1989

19

90

1991

19

92

1993

19

94

1995

19

96

1997

19

98 1

999

2000

20

01

2002

20

03

2004

Num

ber

of F

orei

gner

sG

row

th R

ate

106

QUESTIONNAIRES

BRAZILIANS, CAPE VERDEANS AND GUINEA-BISSAUANS

Bom dia / boa tarde / boa noite, o meu nome é __________ e trabalho para a Númena, umcentro de investigação em ciências sociais e humanas. Estamos a fazer um estudo sobre as mino-rias residentes em Portugal e gostaríamos de saber a sua opinião acerca de um conjunto dequestões relacionadas com esse assunto. A informação recolhida serve apenas para fins cientí-ficos, não será usada para outros fins e é totalmente confidencial. Importa-se de responder aalgumas questões? [Se sim, agradeça e continue; se não, agradeça e despeça-se]

F.1 - [Anotar sexo]Feminino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Masculino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

F.2 - [Anotar região]Açores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Alentejo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Algarve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Centro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Grande Lisboa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Madeira. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Norte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

F.3 - Qual é a sua nacionalidade?Brasileira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cabo-verdiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Guineense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Ucraniana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Outra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 > [Agradecer e terminar]

F.4 - Qual é a sua idade?[18, 29] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1[30, 39] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2[40, 60] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Outra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 > [Agradecer e terminar]

F.5 - Há quanto tempo está em Portugal?Há menos de 5 anos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Há mais de 5 anos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

[Verificar quotas e continuar apenas se houver cabimento]

P.1 - Qual o nível de instrução que completou no seu país natal? [Encaixar situações ambíguas com base nos anos de escolaridade aproximados]Nenhum (0 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11º ciclo (4 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22º ciclo (6 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33º ciclo (9 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Secundário ou profissional (12 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Superior (pelo menos 15 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

P.2a - E completou mais algum nível de instrução aqui em Portugal?Sim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Não. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 > [Passar à P.3]

P.2b - Qual?1º ciclo (4 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12º ciclo (6 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23º ciclo (9 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Secundário ou profissional (12 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Superior (pelo menos 15 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.3 - Diga-me, por favor: tem actualmente algum emprego ou trabalho?Sim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Não. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 > [Passar à P.5]

P.4 - E, no seu trabalho, quais são as principais tarefas que desempenha?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

P.5 - Qual é a sua religião?Animista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Católico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Ortodoxo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Protestante. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Muçulmano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Nenhuma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Outra. Qual? ___________________________________________

P.6 - Considera que fazer amizade com portugueses é...Muito fácil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Fácil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Difícil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Muito difícil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.7 - As pessoas que vivem em Portugal podem ter, em maior ou menor grau, sentimentos depertença, lealdade e identificação com Portugal. Nesta escala o que é que se aplica melhorao seu caso?Não sinto nada que Tenho um forte sentimentopertenço a este país de pertença a Portugal

1..............................2................................3 ................................4 ................................5 ................................6..............................7

P.8 - Diga-me, por favor, se nos últimos cinco anos lhe foi recusado, por causa da sua origemestrangeira, um emprego ao qual se candidatou e para o qual tinha qualificações?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Não me candidatei a nenhum emprego nos últimos cinco anos . . . . . . 5

P.9 - Alguma vez, nos últimos cinco anos, lhe recusaram uma promoção que esperava porcausa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Não tive nenhum emprego nos últimos cinco anos . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

107

P.10 - Nos últimos cinco anos foi alvo de insultos ou outras formas de agressão, no seu localde trabalho por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Não tive nenhum emprego nos últimos cinco anos . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.11 - Nos últimos cinco anos foi-lhe negada a oportunidade de comprar ou alugar um apartamento ou casa por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não tentei alugar ou comprar um apartamento ou casa nos últimos cinco anos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.12 - Nos últimos cinco anos foi maltratado na escola (ou em outra instituição educativa,por ex., universidade, colégio ou liceu) por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não estive a estudar nos últimos cinco anos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.13 - Neste último ano, foi alvo de insultos ou outras formas de agressão pelos seus vizinhos, por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.14 - Neste último ano, foi alvo de ameaças, insultos ou outras formas de agressão em algumoutro contexto (no metro ou na rua), por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.15 - Neste último ano, foi alvo de violência, roubo, furto ou de outro crime sério que acredita que tenha sido cometido por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.16 - Neste último ano, foi-lhe recusada a entrada em algum restaurante, café, bar, discotecaou similar por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não frequentei nenhum destes sítios no último ano . . . . . . . . . . 5

108

P.17 - Neste último ano, foi-lhe recusada a entrada em alguma loja, quando queria compraralguma coisa, por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.18 - Neste último ano, foi-lhe negada a possibilidade de alugar, comprar alguma coisa a crédito (por ex. um carro, vídeo ou similar), ou pedir dinheiro emprestado a um banco, porcausa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não tentei alugar ou comprar alguma coisa a crédito durante o último ano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.19 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado quando estava num restaurante, ou acomprar alguma coisa numa loja, por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.20 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço noCentro de Emprego por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei o centro de emprego durante o último ano . . . . 5

P. 21 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço nosserviços da Segurança Social por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei com os Serviços da Segurança Social durante o último ano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.22 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço naPolícia por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei com a Polícia durante o último ano. . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.23 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço nocentro de saúde ou hospital por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei o centro de saúde ou hospital durante o último ano . . 5

109

P.24 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço nosserviços de Acção Social, por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei nenhum serviço de acção social durante o último ano 5

P.25 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço noServiço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras, por causa da sua origem estrangeira?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei com o SEF durante o último ano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.26 - Exprima o sentimento de pertença ao seu país de origem, usando para tal a seguinteescalaNão sinto nada que Tenho um forte sentimentopertenço ao meu país de origem de pertença ao meu país de origem

1..............................2................................3 ................................4 ................................5 ................................6..............................7

P.27 - Pense agora nos amigos e conhecidos com quem convive nos seus tempos livres. Comque frequência convive com:

Nunca Raramente Frequentemente SemprePessoas do seu país de origem . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Outros imigrantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Portugueses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.28 - Acredita que em Portugal, nos últimos anos, a aversão aos estrangeiros:Diminuiu consideravelmente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Diminuiu um pouco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Manteve-se inalterada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Aumentou um pouco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Aumentou consideravelmente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Em Portugal não existe aversão aos estrangeiros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

P.27 - Sabe o que é o ACIME (Alto Comissariado para a Imigração e as Minorias Étnicas)?Sim, conheço o ACIME e sei o que faz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, já ouvi falar mas não sei o que faz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Não, nunca ouvi falar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Peço-lhe ainda que me dê o contacto de dois compatriotas seus aos quais eu também possapedir que respondam a esta entrevista.Nome e contacto da primeira pessoa: ________________________Nome e contacto da segunda pessoa: ________________________

E com esta pergunta chegámos ao fim do nosso questionário. Agradeço-lhe a sua preciosa colaboração e desejo-lhe um bom dia.Nome do entrevistador: __________________________________Número de telefone do inquirido: ___________________________Local: __________________________________________________Data: __________________________________________________Hora: __________________________________________________Forma como chegou ao inquirido: ___________________________

110

111

UKRAINIANS

�дравствуйте! �еня зовут __________, я работаю в NUMENA, центре исследований в областисоциалогических и гуманитарных наук. � настоящее время мы занимаемся изучениемнациональных меньшинств, проживающих в $ортугалии, и нас интересует �аше мнение по рядувопросов, касающихся этой темы. $олученная информация будет использована исключительнов научных целях и является абсолютно конфиденциальной. 'е против ответить на нескольковопросов? �сли не против, поблагодарите и продолжайте; если против, поблагодарите ипопращайтесь.

F.1 - Укажите пол(енский. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1�ужской . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

F.2 - Укажите регионАзорские острова . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Алентежу . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Алгарв . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3*ентр . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4+иссабон и окрестности. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5�адейра . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6/евер . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

F.3 - �акой �ы национальности?0разилец . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18або-вердианец. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29винеец /евер . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Украинец /евер . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4;ной /евер . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 > [�облагодарить

и закончить]F.4 - �акого �ы возраста?18-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3;ного . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 > [�облагодарить

и закончить]F.5 - �колько лет �ы находитесь в �ортугалии?�енее 5- ти лет . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10олее 5 – ти лет . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2�роверить квоты и продолжать только в случае совпадения

#.1 - Уровень образования, полученного на родине� случае неясности, указать приблизительно'улевой . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 класса.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 классов . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 классов . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4/реднее или профессиональное (12 лет) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5�ысшее (минимум 15 лет) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

#.2а - �олучили ли �ы дополнительное образование в �ортугалии?Cа . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1'ет . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 > [�ереходите

к вопросу #.3]

#.2b - �акое?4 класса . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 классов . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 классов . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/реднее или профессиональное. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4�ысшее . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

#.3 - �кжите, пожалуйста, есть ли у �ас сейчас работа?Cа . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1'ет . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 > [�ереходите к

вопросу #.5]#.4 - �акие основные функции �ы выполняете на работе?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

#.5 - �акого �ы вероисповедания?Анимист . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18атолик . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Ортодокс (православный) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3$ротестант. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4�усульманин . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5'икакого. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6;ного. 8акого? __________________________________________

#.6 - �читаете, что подружиться с португальцами...Очень легко . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1+егко . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Fрудно. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Очень трудно . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

#.7 - &юди, живущие в �ортугалии, могут испытывать, в большей или меньшей степени,родственные чувства к этой стране, чувства принадлежности и верности. Укажитестепень �аших чувств на этой шкале под номером, который больше всего подходит к�ашему случаю:/овсем не чувствую ;мею сильное чувство$ринадлежности к этой стране принадлежности к $ортугалии

1 .......................2.........................3 .........................4 .........................5 .........................6 .......................7

#.8 - �кажите пожалуйста, за последние пять лет было ли �ам отказано, из-за того что�ы иностранец, в работе, для которой �ы имели квалификацию?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е обращался за работой за последние пять лет. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

#.9 - *ыл ли за последние пять лет случай, когда �ы ожидали повышения в должности и�ам в нем отказали из-за того, что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е работал последние пять лет . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

112

113

#.10 - +а последние пять лет приходилось ли �ам на работе испытывать оскорбления илидругие формы агрессивности из-за того, что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е работал последние пять лет . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

#.11 - +а последние пять лет было ли �ам отказано в покупке или аренде квартиры из-затого, что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е пытался купить или арендовать квартиру за последние пять лет . . . 5

#.12 - +а последние пять лет приходилось ли �ам испытывать плохое обращение в школе(или другом учебном заведении, например в университете, колледже или лицее) из-затого, что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е учился за последние пять лет . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

#.13 - +а последний год приходилось ли �ам быть жертвой оскорблений или других формагрессивности от �аших соседей из-за того, что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

#.14 - +а последний год были ли �ы жертвой угроз, оскорблений или иных формагрессивности в каких-либо других ситуациях (в метро или на улице) из-за того, что �ыиностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

#.15 - +а последний год были ли �ы жертвой насилия, грабежа, кражи или иных серьезныхпреступлений, совершенных, по �ашему мнению, из-за того что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

#.16 - +а последние пять лет было ли �ам отказано в доступе в ресторан, кафе, бар, надискотеку или другое подобное заведение из-за того, что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е посещал ни одно подобное заведение за последний год. . . . . . . 5

#.17 - +а последние пять лет было ли �ам отказано в доступе в магазин, когда �ы хотеличто-либо купить, из-за того, что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

#.18 - +а последние пять лет было ли �ам отказано в возможности взять что-либонапрокат, купить в кредит (например, машину, видео и тому подобное) или взять заем вбанке из-за того, что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е пытался взять напрокат или купить что-либо в кредит за последний год. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

#.19 - +а последний год приходилось ли �ам испытывать плохое обращение в ресторанеили когда �ы делали покупки, из-за того что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

#.20 - +а последний год приходилось ли �ам испытывать плохое обращение или плохоеобслуживание в =ентре >рудоустройства (Centro de Emprego) из-за того, что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е обращался в *ентр Fрудоустройства за последний год . . . . . . . . 5

#.21 - +а последний год приходилось ли �ам испытывать плохое обращение или плохоеобслуживание в службе �оциального �трахования (Segurança Social) из-за того, что �ыиностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е обращался в службу /оциального /трахования за последний год . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

#.22 - +а последний год приходилось ли �ам испытывать плохое обращение или плохоеобслуживание в �олиции из-за того, что �ы иностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е имел контакта с $олицией за последний год. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

#.23 - +а последний год приходилось ли �ам испытывать плохое обращение или плохоеобслуживание в =ентре +доровья (Centro de Saúde) или в больнице из-за того,что �ыиностранец?'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е обращался ни в *ентр �доровья, ни в больницу за последний год. . . 5

114

#.24 - +а последний год приходилось ли �ам испытывать плохое обращение или плохоеобслуживание в службах социальной помощи (Acção Social) из-за того,что �ы иностранец? 'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е обращался в службы социальной помощи за последний год . . . 5

#.25 - +а последний год приходилось ли �ам испытывать плохое обращение или плохоеобслуживание в службе SEF (Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras) из-за того,что �ыиностранец? 'ет, никогда . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, один или два раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Cа, три или четыре раза . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Cа, пять раз или больше . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'е обращался в SEF за последний год . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

#.26 - �ыразите чувство, которое �ы испытываете по отношению к своей родине,используя данную шкалу/овсем не чувствую ;мею сильное чувство принадлежности к моей родине принадлежности к моей родине

1 .......................2.........................3 .........................4 .........................5 .........................6 .......................7

#.27 - �одумайте сейчас о друзьях и знакомых, с которыми вы проводите свободноевремя. �ак часто �ы общаетесь

'икогда Hедко Iасто $остоянносо своими земляками . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 4с другими иммигрантами . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 4с португальцами. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 4

#.28 - �читаете ли �ы, что за последние годы в �ортугалии неприязнь к иностранцамзначительно уменьшилась . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1немного уменьшилась . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2осталась прежней. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3немного увеличилась . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4значительно увеличилась . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5в $ортугалии не существует неприязни к иностранцам. . . . . . . . . . . 6

#.29 - +наете ли �ы, что такое ACIME (�ысший �омиссариат по �опросам @ммиграции иBациональных Dеньшинств)?Cа, знаю об ACIME и чем он занимается. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cа, слышал об ACIME, но не знаю, чем он занимается . . . . . . . . . . . 2'ет, никогда не слышал. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

$росим �ас также дать контаты двух ваших земляков, которых мы бы могли попросить принятьучастие в этом опросе.;мя и контакт первого _____________________________________;мя и контакт второго _____________________________________

'а этом мы заканчиваем наш опрос. 0лагодарим �ас за участие. �сего �ам доброго.;мя человека, проводившего опрос __________________________'омер телефона отвечающего на вопросы ____________________�есто опроса ____________________________________________Cата ___________________________________________________�ремя __________________________________________________8ак �ы были приглашены на опрос ___________________________

115

ROMA

Bom dia / boa tarde / boa noite, o meu nome é __________ e trabalho para a Númena, umcentro de investigação em ciências sociais e humanas. Estamos a fazer um estudo sobre as mino-rias residentes em Portugal e gostaríamos de saber a sua opinião acerca de um conjunto dequestões relacionadas com esse assunto. A informação recolhida serve apenas para fins cientí-ficos, não será usada para outros fins e é totalmente confidencial. Importa-se de responder aalgumas questões? [Se sim, agradeça e continue; se não, agradeça e despeça-se]

F.1 - [Anotar sexo]Feminino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Masculino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

F.2 - [Anotar região]Açores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Alentejo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Algarve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Centro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Grande Lisboa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Madeira. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Norte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

F.4 - Qual é a sua idade?[15, 25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1[26, 45] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2[+45] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Outra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 > [Agradecer e terminar][Verificar quotas e continuar apenas se houver cabimento.]

P.1 - Qual o nível de instrução que completou? [Encaixar situações ambíguas com base nosanos de escolaridade aproximados]Nenhum (0 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11º ciclo (4 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22º ciclo (6 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33º ciclo (9 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Secundário ou profissional (12 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Superior (pelo menos 15 anos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

P.2 - Diga-me, por favor: tem actualmente algum emprego ou trabalho?Sim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Não. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 > [Passar à P.4]

P.3 - E, no seu trabalho, quais são as principais tarefas que desempenha?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

P.4 - Qual é a sua religião?Animista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Católico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Ortodoxo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Protestante. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Muçulmano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Evangélica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Nenhuma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Outra. Qual? ___________________________________________

116

P.5 - Considera que fazer amizade com gadjos é...Muito fácil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Fácil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Difícil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Muito difícil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.6 - As pessoas que vivem em Portugal podem ter, em maior ou menor grau, sentimentos depertença, lealdade e identificação com Portugal. Nesta escala o que é que se aplica melhorao seu caso?Não sinto nada que Tenho um forte sentimentopertenço a este país de pertença a Portugal

1..............................2................................3 ................................4 ................................5 ................................6..............................7

P.7 - Diga-me, por favor, se nos últimos cinco anos lhe foi recusado um emprego ao qual secandidatou, e para o qual tinha qualificações, por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Não me candidatei a nenhum emprego nos últimos cinco anos. . . 5

P.8 - Alguma vez, nos últimos cinco anos, lhe recusaram uma promoção que esperava porcausa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Não tive nenhum emprego nos últimos cinco anos . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.9 - Nos últimos cinco anos foi alvo de insultos ou outras formas de agressão, no seu localde trabalho por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Não tive nenhum emprego nos últimos cinco anos . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.10 - Nos últimos cinco anos foi-lhe negada a oportunidade de comprar ou alugar um apartamento, causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não tentei alugar ou comprar um apartamento ou casa nos últimos cinco anos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.11 - Nos últimos cinco anos foi maltratado na escola (ou em outra instituição educativa,por ex., universidade, colégio ou liceu) por causa da sua origem cigana ?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não estive a estudar nos últimos cinco anos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

117

P.12 - Neste último ano, foi alvo de insultos ou outras formas de agressão pelos seus vizinhos, por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.13 - Neste último ano, foi alvo de ameaças, insultos ou outras formas de agressão em algumoutro contexto (no metro ou na rua), por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.14 - Neste último ano, foi alvo de violência, roubo, furto ou de outro crime sério que acredita que tenha sido cometido por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.15 - Neste último ano, foi-lhe recusada a entrada em algum restaurante, café, bar, discotecaou similar, por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não frequentei nenhum destes sítios no último ano . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.16 - Neste último ano, foi-lhe recusada a entrada em alguma loja, quando queria compraralguma coisa, por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

P.17 - Neste último ano, foi-lhe negada a possibilidade de alugar, comprar alguma coisa a crédito (por ex. um carro, vídeo ou similar), ou pedir dinheiro emprestado a um banco, porcausa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não tentei alugar ou comprar alguma coisa a crédito durante o último ano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.18 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado quando estava num restaurante, ou acomprar alguma coisa numa loja, por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

118

P.19 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço noCentro de Emprego por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei o centro de emprego durante o último ano . . . . 5

P. 20 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço nosserviços da Segurança Social por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei com os Serviços da Segurança Social durante o último ano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.21 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço naPolícia por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei com a Polícia durante o último ano. . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.22 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço nocentro de saúde ou hospital por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei o centro de saúde ou hospital durante o último ano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.23 - Neste último ano, foi alguma vez mal tratado ou foi-lhe prestado um mau serviço nosserviços de Acção Social, por causa da sua origem cigana?Não, nunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, uma ou duas vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sim, três ou quatro vezes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sim, cinco ou mais vezes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eu não contactei nenhum serviço de acção social durante o último ano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P.24 - Exprima o sentimento de pertença à sua cultura, usando para tal a seguinte escalaNão sinto nada um sentimento de Tenho um forte sentimentopertença à cultura cigana de pertença à cultura cigana

1..............................2................................3 ................................4 ................................5 ................................6..............................7

P.25 - Pense agora nos amigos e conhecidos com quem convive nos seus tempos livres. Comque frequência convive com:

Nunca Raramente Frequentemente SemprePessoas ciganas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Imigrantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Gadjós. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

119

P.26 - Acredita que em Portugal, nos últimos anos, a aversão aos ciganos:Diminuiu consideravelmente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Diminuiu um pouco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Manteve-se inalterada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Aumentou um pouco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Aumentou consideravelmente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Em Portugal não existe aversão aos ciganos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

P.27 - Sabe o que é o ACIME (Alto Comissariado para a Imigração e as Minorias Étnicas)?Sim, conheço o ACIME e sei o que faz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sim, já ouvi falar mas não sei o que faz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Não, nunca ouvi falar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Peço-lhe ainda que me dê o contacto de dois ciganos aos quais eu também possa pedir querespondam a esta entrevista.Nome e contacto da primeira pessoa: ________________________Nome e contacto da segunda pessoa: ________________________

E com esta pergunta chegámos ao fim do nosso questionário. Agradeço-lhe a sua preciosa colaboração e desejo-lhe um bom dia.Nome do entrevistador: ___________________________________Número de telefone do inquirido: ___________________________Local: __________________________________________________Data: ___________________________________________________Hora: __________________________________________________Forma como chegou ao inquirido: ___________________________

120

121

Documents

TIAGO SANTOS ELISABETE BRIGADEIRO … Experiences of Racism.pdf · EXPERIENCES OF RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION IN PORTUGAL ... people express more discrimination at group level than