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Threats or Opportunities?. Resources in the New Information Landscape. William E. Moen Texas Center for Digital Knowledge School of Library and Information Sciences University of North Texas. Two areas of professional responsibility. Connect users to information - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Threats or Opportunities?
Resources in the New Information Landscape
William E. Moen<[email protected]>
Texas Center for Digital KnowledgeSchool of Library and Information Sciences
University of North Texas
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 2
Two areas of professional responsibility
Connect users to information Instruct users to use tools and resources
Both of these require awareness and knowledge of:
Available resources Information organization practices Tools to access those resources Standards and technologies used by the tools How the tools work
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 3
What/how to expose? How to find?
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 4
Evolving information landscape
Order of the book is over Fewer formal structures that serve as
gatekeepers, filters, etc. for what’s available Does not mean authoritative and credible
information is not available Maybe it’s in different places Maybe it looks a bit different
Our users are finding it – so what is our role?
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 5
The library’s diminishing market share
Think in terms of value-added services What value do we add that save potential users time,
money, effort, etc?
We have valuable resources but are users using them?
Library catalog is being bypassed Large allocation of budget for commercially provided
resource (licensed databases, etc.)
We make users use our systems that are not easy to use
Think of the various interfaces of the licensed databases Are we driving them away?
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 6
Exposing/Finding Option 1
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 7
What happens if Google …
Acquires or licenses for global access key commercial information resources
Indexes the resources Provides single, easy to use search interface
to all those resources Charges $10/month for users to have access
to all of that
Who will use our hard-to-use resources with all those different interfaces?
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 8
The Networked Information Landscape According to Google
LicensedDatabases
WorldCat
DigitizedBooks
Open Web
DigitalRepositories
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 9
Exposing/Finding Option 2
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 10
New resources and tools
Repository applications Metadata harvesting and building collections Metasearch to reduce access barriers
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 11
What are repositories?
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 12
Repository types
Digital repository (sort of a generic term) Image repository
(e.g., http://pro.corbis.com/) Learning objects repository
(e.g., http://careo.ucalgary.ca/cgi-bin/WebObjects/CAREO.woa?theme=careo)
Data repository (e.g.,http://www.public.asu.edu/~huanliu/DHub/bioinformatics.html)
Institutional repository (e.g., http://txspace.tamu.edu/)
Differentiated by Types of objects Types of metadata Purpose …
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 13
Repositories – The technical side
Database component Metadata component Search and browsing component Web interface component Submission component Administration component …
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 14
Institutional repositories
A repository application: Preserve and provide access to the intellectual output of
an institutionCrow, Raym. The Case for Institutional Repositories: A SPARC
Position Paper. 2002 A set of services that a university offers to the members
of its community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members
Lynch Clifford A. Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the Digital Age. 2003
Characterized by: Organizational commitment to long-term
stewardship Open access
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 15
Characteristics of IRs
Institutionally defined rather than subject-based repository
Web-based system for storage of and access to scholarly material
Long-term stewardship of intellectual assets Support the process of scholarly
communication Open and interoperable
Mark Ware Consulting Ltd. Pathfinder Research on Web-based Repositories: Final Report.2004
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 16
Potential contents for IRs
Pre-prints and post-prints Technical reports, working papers Theses & dissertations Books or chapters of books Conference proceedings Presentations Sound and video files Digital research materials( e.g. simulations,
code) …
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 17
Cornell Repository
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 18
Texas A&M Repository
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 19
Texas A&M
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 20
Texas A&M
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 21
Metadata – The key
Boundaries between information communities are porous
The world will not be made up of MARC Many metadata schemes:
To describe and manage resources Provide structured representations of the resources that
can be processed by machines Serving needs of different information communities
Typically using Extended Markup Language (XML) Syntax for encoding metadata for exchange and reuse
“I've often said librarians should like any metadata they see.” (R. Tennant)
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 22
Dempsey’s acronymic density or
Metadata schemes: DC, MODS, CDWA, VRA, etc.
Metadata content standards AACR, CCO, DACS, etc.
Metadata encoding standards: MARC, XML, RDF, etc.
Metadata container/wrapper standards: METS, MPEG, etc.
Discipline specific metadata schemes: GILS, CSDGMI, GEM, IEEE-LOM, etc.
Other schemes of interest: TEI, EAD, etc.
…this is the present future!!
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 23
Extending the visibility – OAI-PMH
Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
http://www.openarchives.org/
http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html
Defines a protocol for harvesting metadata from repositories
Partitions the world into: Data providers Service providers
Uses Dublin Core Metadata Element Set as standard metadata representation for exchange
Uses XML for exchanging the metadata records
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 24
OAI architecture
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 25
Harvesting metadata
From: http://www.oaforum.org/tutorial/
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 26
OAIster
A union catalog of digital resources Contains nearly 11,000,000 records
describing freely-available and restricted-access digital resources
Uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
Harvests the descriptive metadata (records) and makes those searchable
Currently harvesting from over 700 digital repositories
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 27
OAIster results: library reference services
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 28
Metasearch (or federated search)
Single search interface Concurrent searching of two or more
resources Uses various technologies
Standards such as Z39.50 information retrieval protocol; Search and Retrieve Web Service
Proprietary Connectors (e.g., WebFeat, Muse Global)
Screen scraping (not a good idea!) Helps users get started discovering
resources
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 29
Exposing/Finding Option 3
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 30
Exposing/Finding Option 4
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 31
Exposing/Finding Option 5
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 32
Index Data Master Key (prototype)
Enables efficient metasearching of hundreds of databases at the same time
Uses Z39.50, SRU/W, or proprietary protocols Open-source-based alternative to proprietary, closed-source
metasearch alternatives. Supports:
on-the-fly merging relevance-ranking sorting by arbitrary data elements facets for limiting result sets by subject, author, etc.
Current demo searches open web resources OAIster Open Directory Wikipedia Open Content Alliance
Can be used for metasearching of catalogs, commercial dbs, etc.
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 33
MasterKey
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 34
Challenges and opportunities
A good reference librarian: Assesses resources Knows how to access the resources Understands how the resources are organized Helps users understand information needs Helps users learn to assess and access
And now needs to: Understand new technologies underlying important new
resources Understand new organizational schemes (i.e., metadata
beyond MARC) Provide new value-added services to use new resources Help build new virtual collections to serve users
Moen Reference Round Table -- Texas Library Association -- April 12, 2007 35
References Institutional Repositories. Roy Tennant. 2002
http://libraryjournal.reviewsnews.com/index.asp?layout=articlePrint&articleID=CA242297&publication=libraryjournal
Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the Digital Age. Clifford A. Lynch. 2003
http://www.arl.org/newsltr/226/ir.html OAI-Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
http://www.openarchives.org/http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html
OAI for Beginners - the Open Archives Forum online tutorialhttp://www.oaforum.org/tutorial/
OAIster.org http://www.oaister.org/
Index Data Master Key http://mkey.indexdata.com/demo/
Z39.50 and Search and Retrieve Web Service (SRU/SRW) http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/ http://www.loc.gov/standards/sru/
For a copy of this presentation, go to: http://www.unt.edu/wmoen