Memory and Thought

Memory• The storage and retrieval of what has

been learned or experienced.

Encoding Storage Retrieval

The 3 Processes of Memory

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Encoding Storage Retrieval

3 Processes of Memory

Encoding:The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it.

Encoding Storage Retrieval

3 Processes of Memory

Storage:The process by which information is maintained over a period of time.

Encoding Storage Retrieval

3 Processes of Memory

Retrieval:The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory.

The Three Stages of Memory

Sensory Memory

Short-term Memory

Long-term Memory

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Three Stages of Memory

Sensory Memory

Short-term Memory

Long-term Memory

Sensory memoryVery brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor.• holds info for a fraction of a second

Three Stages of Memory

Sensory Memory

Short-term Memory

Long-term Memory

Short-term memoryMemory that is limited in capacity to about 7 items, and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal.• holds info for about 30 seconds

“Magic # 7”

Now… write down as many as you can remember

-Let’s make a list on the board-How’d ya do?

Let’s see…...

Three Stages of Memory

Sensory Memory

Short-term Memory

Long-term Memory

Long-term memoryThe storage of information over extended periods of time. • holds an unlimited amount of info

Sensory Memory

• Iconic Memory– Visual sensory memory – Holds visual information for up

to a second

• Echoic Memory– Auditory sensory memory– Holds auditory information for

1 - 2 seconds

Short-Term Memory

• Maintenance rehearsal – A system for remembering that involves

repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it.

• Chunking– The process of grouping items to

make them easier to remember.

Short-Term Memory

• Primacy-recency effect– We are better able to recall information

presented at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list.

• Working memory– Another name for

short-term memory.

Types of Long-Term Memory:

Semantic memory

Episodic memory

Declarative memory

Procedural memory

Long-Term Memory

• Semantic memory– Knowledge of language,

including its rules, words, and meanings.

• Episodic memory– Memory of one’s life, including time of

occurrence.

Long-Term Memory• Declarative memory

– Memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed.

• Procedural memory– Memory of learned skills that does not

require conscious recollection.

Review…

Types of MemoryA. DeclarativeB. EpisodicC. SemanticD. Procedural

Memory Task1.Writing your name2.Words to the Star Spangled Banner3.Your friend’s birthday party from last week4.Tying your shoe5.What you ate last Thanksgiving6.Remembering the parts of the limbic system

7. Knowing that the word plane is different from plain, even though they sound the same.

Answers…1. D2. A or C3. B 4. D5. B6. A7. C

That’s [for now] all folks...

Retrieving Information

Define the following words:

• Recognition• Recall • Reconstructive process• Confabulation• Schemas • Eidetic memory• State-dependent memory

Context-Dependent Memory

• Refers to improved recall of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same.

Explain each type of forgetting:

• Decay• Proactive interference• Retroactive interference• Repression• Amnesia

Types of Forgetting…

• Can you guess which type of forgetting is being illustrated in each of the following examples?

Question 1:

• Since we are learning new information in Chapter 10, you can’t remember the information from Chapter 9 in as much detail.

Answer:

•Retroactive Interference

Question 2:

• Someone who went to Disney World when they were 9 years old is having trouble describing the trip to their friends in high school because the trip took place so many years ago.

Answer:

•Decay

Question 3:

• Last year in class one of your friends told a really embarrassing story about you in front of all of your friends. You were so embarrassed at the time that you tried not to think about it after it happened.

• When someone asked you about the incident a week later, you can’t seem to remember any of the details.

Answer:

•Repression

Question 4:

• You had to change the password on your laptop. After you changed it you kept entering your old password again and again because you couldn’t remember the new one.

Answer:

•Proactive Interference

Question 5:• John was texting while driving and ran into

a telephone poll. He hit his head on the windshield of the car, but he did not appear to be seriously injured. When the ambulance arrived and asked him for his name, he said he couldn’t remember.

Answer:

•Amnesia

Define:

• Elaborative rehearsal

• Maintenance rehearsal