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This presentation premiered at WaterSmart Innovations
watersmartinnovations.com
ICI and Multi-Family Water Conservation by the Numbers
Presented by H.W.(Bill) Hoffman, PE
532 Christopher’s CoveLockhart, Texas 78644
at
WaterSmart Innovations 2019
What we will cover• How much water is used in these sectors
• Breaking down city wide use - target conservation opportunities
• Where water is used – opportunities for targeted programs
• Seasonal use – the real numbers might surprise you
18
42
95
128
7 143
115
020406080
100120140160
Mining Public Sup. /Domestic
Power Agriculture
Bill
ions
of G
allo
ns p
er D
ay
Sector
Withdrawal vs. Consumption332 billion gallons a day in 2015
USGS and H.W.(Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC
Withdrawal Consumption
47%
9%
44%48%
10%
42%
48%
10%
42%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Single-Family Multi-Family ICI & Other Business
Perc
ent o
f City
Wat
er S
ales
Water End Use in Texas Cities of 3,300 Population or More Source: TWDB - Water Use of Texas Water Utilities
2013 2014 2015
79
90
85
74
69
88
76
62
73
82
159
170
159
175
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Medium Utilities (237)
Medium-Large Utilities3 (31)
Large Utilities (30)
Medium Significant ICI1 Utilities (27)
Metropolitan Utilities
Medium-Large Significant ICI Utilities (5)
Large Significant ICI Utilities (5)
Gallons per Person per Day
Water Use of Texas UtilitiesTWDB 2015 - SB 181 Report
Residential GPCD ICI & Other GPCD
0.6%0.7%0.9%1.0%
1.4%1.4%1.5%1.6%1.8%
2.1%6.0%
6.6%7.4%
7.6%8.2%
9.0%11.0%
11.2%20.1%
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 22%
ReligiousIndustrial Warehouse
Other Educational BldgService Station-Repair Garage
Correctional FacilityAmusment-Recreation-Athletic
Other Group ShelterSancturay
Commercial WarehouseFood Stores
CollegesSchools
Service Est.Resturant/ Bar
HealthcareHotel
All OtherRetail
Offices
Millions of Gallons per Day (MGD)
Water Use by Commercial/Institutional Users
Red = Food Svc. Generally FoundHash mark = Food Svc Can Be Found
Commercial Water Use in Austin Texas
WRF report 4619 Map
• Sacramento California• Tacoma Washington• Southern Nevada Water Auth.• Athens Clark County Georgia• American Water New Jersey• Aurora Water Colorado• Colorado Springs Colorado
Aurora Water (AW)Sq mi: 1513
81,585 accounts (4% CII) 4
115 GPCD (21% CII) 5
Retail & Wholesale
Colorado Springs Utilities (CSU)Sq mi: 1956
140,000 accounts (10% CII)6
145 GPCD (29% CII)7
Retail & Wholesale
American Water (AmW)Sq mi: 1708
132,290 accounts (4% CII)8
318 GPCD (23% CII)8
Retail
Athens-Clarke County (ACC)Sq mi: 1219
40,000 accounts (10% CII)14
93 GPCD (45% CII)10
Retail
Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA)Sq mi: 86211
562,698 accounts (5% CII)11
205 GPCD (32% CII)11
Wholesale
Tacoma Water (Tac)Sq mi: 1171
99,925 accounts (6% CII)1
49 GPCD (46% CII)2
Retail & Wholesale
City of Sacramento (Sac)Sq mi: 9913
135,830 accounts (7% CII)13
158 GPCD (30% CII)13
Retail & Wholesale
Water Use by Type of EstablishmentSource: WRF #4619
56%
60%
64%
72%
82%
73%
69%
62%
84%
82%
44%
40%
37%
28%
19%
27%
31%
38%
16%
18%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Warehouse
Religious Building
School/College
Auto/Auto Service
Lodging
Retail Outlet
Health Care Facility
Office Building
Eating/Drinking Place
Retirement/Nursing Home
Indoor Use vs Other UsesSource: WRF 3 4619
Indoor Use Other Use
Percent of Domestic (residential) Estimated to be for Outdoor Use
Source: H.W. (Bill) Hoffman & Associates LLC based on USGS Circular 1405 (Tables 1-14)
0-20 % outdoor20-30 % outdoor30-45% outdoor
Over 45 % outdoor
Commercial & Institutional Landscape use from ARID area
26.5%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
Motels
Medical Centers
Retail
Misc. Commercial
Restaurants/Bars
Warehouses
Hotels
Office
Government
Total Combined CI
Schools
Percent of Total Use for Irrigation
Percent of Use for Irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona
Monthly Water Use Patterns – WRF #4619
Washington Nevada
Monthly Water Use Patterns – WRF #4619
California New Jersey
5.5% 5.5%6.2%
7.6%
9.5%
11.9%12.1%
13.1%
10.1%
7.1%6.5%
5.0%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
Jan.
Feb.
Mar
ch
Apr
il
May
June Ju
ly
Aug
ust
Sept
.
Oct
.
Nov
.
Dec
.
Perc
ent o
f Tot
al A
nnua
l Use
Distribution of Monthly Water Use by 44 Office Buildings in Texas With Cooling Towers
6.8%7.4%
9.6%
8.2%8.6%
9.0%
10.2%
9.1%
7.4%
8.4% 8.2%
7.2%7.4%
7.9%
8.7%
7.7%
9.2% 9.2% 9.4%
8.6%
7.8%
9.0%
7.6% 7.4%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%Pe
rcen
t of A
nnua
l Use
Monthly Percent of Annual Use for 15 Hotels In New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas 2011-2012
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Commercial Laundries
Grocery Stores
k - 12 Schools
Other Schools
Hospitals
Office Buildings
Retail (non-grocery)
Restaurants
Hotels
Percent of Use
Pacific Institute 2000 Study in CaliforniaWaste Not - Want Not Appendix E.
http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/appendix_e3.pdf
Restrooms Kitchens Laundry LandscapeMiscalenous Cooling Boiler Process
Cooling Towers
You may recognize the Building outlined in Green
Red circles show cooling towersThe Whitehouse and downtown DC
EPA WaterSense End Use Chartshttps://www3.epa.gov/watersense/commercial/types.html#tabs-educational
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
ACC - GA Am. Water NJ Aurora CO SacramentoCA
ColoradoSprings CO
Tacoma WA
Perc
ent N
on-In
door
Use
Percent Non-Indoor UseSource: WRF #4619
Retail Office Buildings Lodging Eating Places
Impact of Geography on Cooling Water Use
6,18
1
5,08
5
4,67
9
4,08
8
4,02
6
3,63
2
3,63
2
3,60
8
3,09
0
3,00
4
2,62
3
2,59
8
2,19
2
2,01
9
1,97
0
1,94
5
1,74
8
1,47
8
1,14
5
973
825
325
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
Gal
lons
per
Yea
r per
Chi
ller T
onEstimated Annual Office Water User per Ton Hour of
Capacity at 4.0 Cycles of Concentrationhttp://help.looplinkpro.com/en/latest/examples/Equivalent_Full_Load_Cooling_and_Heating_Hours.pdf
21
How Water is Used in Texas Facilities With Cooling Towers
Special Study of Audits in Austin, Dallas, and Fort Worth
43%
35%
33%
40%
29%
40%
31%
30%
3%
10%
17%
34%
37%
57%
61%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Elementary Schools(N=6)
High Schools (N=14)
Hospitals (N=4)
Middle Schools (N=5)
Office Buildings (N=33)
Percent of Total UseN = Number of Facilities in Sample
Indoor Use Landscape Irrigation Cooling Towers
Swimming Pool1%
Guest Laundry1%
Kitchen & Ice Machines
3%
Unaccounted For6%Irrigation
16%House Laundry
23%
Domestic50%
Smaller Hotels in the Southwest Without Cooling Towers
Pools2%
Domestic49%
Kitchen/ice machines10%
Irrigation5%
Cooling towers20%
Laundry14%
Hotel Water Use Based on Audits of 20 Larger Hotels
With Cooling Towers
HOSPITAL USE CHARACTERISTICSNorthern Climate South & South West
Cooling Towers
43%
Toilets20%
Other Plumbing
8%
Food Service
8%
Medical Equip.
9%
Leaks & Other
8%Boilers4%
31%
38%
41%
58%
61%
62%
62%
66%
72%
79%
84%
90%
94%
95%
68%
58%
12%
14%
13%
10%
17%
25%
16%
12%
6%
3%
5%
1%
62%
2%
30%
24%
24%
28%
16%
3%
5%
4%
4%
3%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Community CenterClinic
Community CollegeHotels
Elementary SchoolsHigh Schools
Office BuildingsMiddle Schools
Senior Care FacilitiesHospitals
Service StationsCourt House
Convention CenterReligeous Facilities
Percent of Indoor Use
How Water Is Used Indoors at Audited Facilities In TexasAudits in Austin, Dallas, and Fort Worth
Restroom Use Food Service Other (medical, water treatment, laundry, leaks, etc)
28%
52%
56%
59%
60%
62%
71%
22%
17%
11%
14%
20%
13%
12%
46%
10%
2%
6%
7%
8%
3%
2%
15%
29%
14%
11%
16%
13%
0% 10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Hotel
All
Office
Community Colleges
Hospital
High Schools
Elementary/ Middle Schools
Percent Savings in Restrooms
Percent Restroom Use by Type of UseBased pm 173 audits in Texas
Toilets Faucets/Lavatories Showers/Bath Urinals Other
Water Use By Type of Activity
Facility Type
Type of Use
Dom
estic
Laun
dry
&
Dry
Cle
anin
g
Coo
ling
Tow
ers
&
Boi
lers
Food
Se
rvic
eM
edic
al /
Lab
Equi
pmen
t
Land
scap
e Irr
igat
ion
Wat
er
Feat
ures
Wat
er
Trea
tmen
t
Was
hing
&O
utdo
or
Cle
anin
g
Alte
rnat
e So
urce
s
Office X ? X X ? ? ? ?Restaurants X ? ? X X ? ? X ?K-12 Schools X X ? X X X ? ? X ?Universities X ? ? X ? X ? ? X ?Other Educational Facilities X ? ? X ? X ? ? ? ?Lodging/Hotel X X ? X X ? ? X ?
Theaters / Entertainment / Museums, etc. X ? X X ? ? ? ?
Hospitals X ? X X X X X X X ?Clinics of all types X ? ? X X X ? X ?Retirement Homes / Nursing Homes X X ? X ? X ? ? X ?Dormitory / Residence Hall X X ? X X ? ? ? ?Multi-Family / Apartments X X ? X X ? ? ? ?Religious Establishments X ? X X ? ? ? ?Warehouses (unrefrigerated) X ? X ? ? ? ?Warehouses (refrigerated) X ? X ? ? ? ?Supermarket/Grocery X ? ? X X X ? X ?Convenience Stores X ? X X ? ? ? ?All Other Retail X ? ? X ? X ? ? ? ?Gymnasiums X ? X ? ? ? ?Meeting Places X ? ? X ? ? ? ?Commercial Laundries X X ? ? X X ? ?
Multi-Family Is Commercial?They are commercial facilities supplying domestic users
• The company owns and operates the property for profit.
• The company is responsible for plumbing repairs.
• Unless the utility meters each apartment, the company pays the water bill.
• On-property uses (irrigation, pools, common laundry, etc.) are all on the company bill.
Percent of US Population in Multi-Family Housing
Multi-Family Irrigation Use Low in These Cities
WRF 4554
Multi-Family Irrigation Use High in These Cities
WRF 4554
Toilet24.0%
Dishwasher1.1%
Bathtub2.6%
Other3.8%
Leaks12.4%
Clothes Washer16.5%
Faucets19.1%
Shower20.4%
Residential Indoor Water Use 2016AWWA 2016
75 7369
6055 53
34
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Future
Gal
lons
per
Per
son
per D
ay
Year
Estimated Change in Indoor Residential
Per Capita Use in USA a 55% DecreaseSources: AWWARF Studies
1
2
3
8
10
11
11
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Dishwasher
Bath
Other
Leaks
Clothes Washer
Shower
Faucet
Toilet
Gallons per Person per Day
In Home UseBlack, Gray, & Other GPCD
Based on 2016 Residential End Use Study
1.89
1.48
1.23
1.07
1.06
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Denver
Phoenix
San Diego
New York
Tampa
Ration - High Month to Low Month
Multi-Family Ratio of High Month to Low Month and Percent of Water Above Winter Use
WRF 4554
Low to High Month Ratio
Phoenix 24%
Denver 22%
San Diego 10%
New York 2%
Tampa 0%
WRF 4554 Study of Multi-Family Dwellings
Industrial Water Use•Manufacturing
•Electric Power Production
•Mining
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0102030405060708090
100110120
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Bill
ions
of G
allo
ns p
er D
ay
Indu
stria
l Out
put I
ndex
Year
US Industrial Output Index vs Industrial Water UseIndex of Chained Dollars of Industrial Output (2009 = 100) VS Industrial Use in Billions of Gallons per Day
Sources: USGS and US Federal Reserve Economic Data
Industrial Output Industrial Water Use
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Food
Metals
Paper
Mining
Oil Refining
Electricity
Chemicals
Typical Industrial Water Use Breakdown in Texas
Cooling Boiler Process Other
Rectifier Cooling44%
Domestic5%
Boiler2%
Scrubber2%Evaporation
31%
Plating Use16%
Large Chrome Plating Operation
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Perc
ent o
f Ann
ual U
se
Month
Seasonal Distribution of Use for Industrial Water Use in Texas from 2010 Through 2015
Manufacturing
Power
Mining/Other
60%
23%
7%4% 6%
56%
21%
10%
0%
13%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
EquipmentCleaning
Water in Beer Packing Cooling Towers Other Uses
Per
cent
of
Use
Water Use Breakdown for Two Breweries
Larger Smaller
No WaterNo Beer!
Conclusion and Observations
• If you don’t measure it, you can’t know where you are going
• Knowing how water is used in the multi family and CII sectors can help direct the direction of the program
• Each utility is unique
Four Takeaways1. Each utility water use profile is different –
You need to gather YOUR data.
2. Know the type of CII users in you area and quantify multi-family use.
3. Target those areas of highest potential
4. Seek Professional help where needed
Questions?
The
End