Thirumozhikal Book Final - Malankara Orthodoxmalankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/st_kuriakose_gre… · tkm^nbm _pIvkv, {KnKdn Hm^v C¥ym ÃUn sk‚¿, ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv

$Page 1: Thirumozhikal Book Final - Malankara Orthodoxmalankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/st_kuriakose_gre… · tkm^nbm _pIvkv, {KnKdn Hm^v C¥ym ÃUn sk‚¿, ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv$
]mºm-Sn-bnse

ap\n-ti-jvT≥

(Malayalam)Pampadiyile Muni Sreshtan(Life & Writings of St. Kuriakose Mar Gregorios)

Edited & Published by Joice Thottackadon behalf of Sophia Books, Kottayamfor the glory of God and for the benefit of humankind.First Edition: April 5, 2016

Typesetting & Printing: Sophia Print House, Kottayam

Rs. 150/-

FUn‰¿

tPmbvkv tXm -bv°mSv

]mºm-Sn-bnse

ap\n-ti-jvT≥

tkm^nbm _pIvkv

tIm´bw

tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSv

am[ya -]-h¿Ø-I\pw Kth-j-I\pw ]km-[-I\pw.

tXm´-bv°mSv IÆ≥XpcpØn¬ sI. bp. tPmWn-s‚bpw s]m∂-Ω-bp-sSbpw]pX-\mbn 1970 HIvtSm-_¿ 27-˛\p P\-\w.

tkm^nbm _pIvkv, KnKdn Hm^v C¥ym ÃUn sk‚¿, ]utemkv am¿KotKm-dn-tbmkv tUm´v C≥t^m, ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Sn. hn. F∂n-h-bpsS ÿm]-I≥.

ae-bm-f- mj-bnse BZy Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-amb \ncWw KŸ-h-cn-, BZysØ e£-W-samØ bmXm-hn-h-c-W-amb Du¿t«w bmXm-hn-h-c-Ww, \mem-asØ bmXm-hn-h-c-W-amb sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-c-Ww F∂nh Dƒs∏sS Adp]Xn¬]cwKŸ-ß-fpsS ]km-[-I≥.

]utemkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkns‚ t]gvk-W¬ Akn-Ã‚ v, am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv ût≠-js‚ ÿm]I skI-´-dn, "ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m-hn⁄m-\-tIm-i'-Øns‚ FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ AknÃ‚ v, "ae-¶-c-k- ' amkn-I-bpsS]Xm-[n] kan-Xn-bwKw F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn®p.

IrXn-Iƒ: Zm¿i-\n-Is‚ hnNm-c-temIw (FUn-‰¿), ]ImiØntebv°v HcpXo¿∞-bmX (]utemkv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw), Ipń-I-fpsSXncp-ta\n (]utemkv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Poh-N-cnXw), BZnak`m tPymXn- p-Iƒ (F-Un-‰¿), kn. ]n. Nm≠n: ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kz¿Kob In∂cw (F-Un-‰¿), ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ \n[n (FUn-‰¿), I¿Ω-ti-jn-bpsS ImX¬ (IS-hn¬]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw), ]cpae am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv (kl KŸIm-c≥), Xncp-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ (FUn-‰¿), ]mºm-Sn-bnse ap\n-ti-jvT≥ (FUn-‰¿).

`mcy: tim` aIƒ: tkm^nbm tacn tPmbvkv

hnem-kw: "tkm^nbm', I≠-Øn¬ _n¬UnwKv, Xncp-\-°-c, tIm -bw˛1

99471 20697, 90614 [email protected], [email protected]

""... -c-≠m-aXv F\n°v henb _lp-am-\-ap-≈Xv ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Sm-Wv. ]m¿∞-\m-io-e-\mb Hcp a\p-jy-\m-

bn-cp-∂p. henb ]mfin-Xy-sam-∂p-an-√. bYm¿∞ Xmgva-

bpsS Atß-b-‰-ap≈ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F\n°v henb

_lp-am-\-amWv At±-l-sØ. Real Spiritual Man of Prayer.CXp-t]msebp≈ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m¿ \ap-°p≠msb-

¶nte k` icn-bm-bn´v t]mhp-I-bp-≈p. ... InkvXp-hns‚

km∂n-≤y-amsW∂v P\-ßƒ°v tXm∂p∂hn[-Øn-ep≈

H∂m-bn-cn-°Ww saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cpsS Pohn-Xw. A®-

∑mcpw AXn-\-IØv ]¶p-sh-bv°p-∂-h-cm-I-Ww. Hcp

A®s\ ImWp-tºmƒ InkvXp-hns‚ km∂n-≤y-amWv

Fs∂mcp t_m[w P\-ßƒ°p-≠m-I-Ww. AXmWv hfsc

][m-\-amb Imcyw. kvt\lhpw hnip-≤n-bp-ap≈ ta¬]-

´-°mcpw ]´-°mcpw D≠m-hp-tºm-gmWv k` ]ptcm-K-an-°p-

∂-Xv. A√msX sIń-S-ßƒ sImt≠m, ]Ww sImt≠m,

LS\ sImt≠m H∂p-a-√. Real thing is the SpiritualQuality.''

˛ tUm. ]utemkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv

(]-Im-i-Øn-te°v Hcp Xo¿∞-bm-X , tPmbvkv

tXm´-bv°mSv, tkm^nbm _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 1997, t]Pv

325˛326)

Ipdn-bm-t°m-kv am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkv(]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n, 1885˛1965)

]mºmSn t]g-a-‰Øv Nmt°m-®≥˛Cf®n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS A©m-asØ

]pX≥. P\-\w 5˛4-˛1885. ]mYanI hnZym-`ymkw Ign™p h´-t»cn¬

Koh-dp-§okv aev]m-s‚bpw tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m-s‚bpw Iogn¬

]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ sshZnI hnZym-`ym-kw.

5˛2-˛1899 ¬ siΩm-ip-]´w IS-hn¬ ]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-

tkymkv \¬In. 1906 Pqsse 28˛\p ]mºmSn henb]≈n-bn¬ h®v

I»o-im]-´hpw Pqsse 29˛\v dºm≥ ÿm\hpw apdn-a-‰-Øn¬

]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkn¬ (]n∂oSv H∂mw ImtXm-en°m)

\n∂p kzoI-cn-®p.

16-˛2-˛1929 \v ]. Koh-dp-§okv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m tIm´bw

Genbm Nm∏-en¬ h®v KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ F∏n-kvt°m∏m

Bbn hmgn-®p. 1934 Pq¨ 1˛\v kz¿Æ sh≈n-bmgvN saXm-t∏m-eoØm

ÿm\w \¬In. tIm´bw saXm-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-Xe hln®p

(1929-˛1965).

Ip∂w-Ip-fØv tπKv ]S¿∂p ]nSn-®-t∏mƒ ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-

b≥ _mhm-bpsS \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw Ahn-sS-sbØn Ip∂w-Ipfw \km-

WnIsf Biz-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°p th≠n a≤y-ÿX A¿∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns‚ ê-ambn B _m[ \oßn-t∏m-bn. Cu kw`-

h-Øns‚ kvac-W-bv°mbn F√m h¿jhpw Ip∂w-Ipfw \km-Wn-

Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp∂mfn¬ kaq-l-ambn t]mbn kw_-

‘n-°p-∂p.

1965 G]n¬ 5˛\v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ Znhw-K-X-\m-bn. G]n¬

6˛\p ]≈n-tbmSv tN¿∂v hS-°p-`m-KØv At±-lsØ I_-d-S-°n.

amXr-I-m]-c-amb Zbdm Pohn-X-Øns‚ DS-a, AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb

kpdn-bm\n ssIb-£cw, anI® ]m¿∞-\m-Po-hn-Xw,- amXr-Im-]-c-amb

emfnXyw F∂n-h-bpsS t]cn¬ ]i-kvX-\mb At±-lsØ Hcp ]cn-

ip-≤-\mbn k` A\u-tZym-Kn-I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. ]mºmSn sk‚ v

tPm¨kv IØo-Uenepw ]pXp-∏≈n sk‚ v tPm¿÷v ]≈n-bnepw

At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ a-Zv_-lm-Iƒ ÿm]n®n-´p-≠v.

Ah-Xm-cnI

hnip-≤-\mb Xm]-k -tX-P v

^m. tUm. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm- n¬

"\nß-tfm-sSm∏w Pohn-°m\pw acn-°m-\p-am-bn- mWv \mw h∂n-

cn-°p-∂-Xv. Bcpw \n¿_-‘n-®n- √ h∂-Xv. \nßƒ apń-∏mbn

ssZh-tØmSv At]-£n-°p-Ibpw aq∂p Znh-ksØ D]-hm-

k-Ønepw t\mºnepw Ign-bp-Ibpw thWw. ssZhw Cu alm-

hym-[nsb \nß-fn¬ \n∂v \o°w sNøpw.'

]mºmSn s]mØ≥]pdw Zb-dm-bnse Xm]-k-h-cy-\mb "]mºmSn

Xncp-ta\n' F∂-dn-b-s∏´ Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-

ta\n (1885˛1965) 1935˛¬ Ip∂w-Ip-fØp ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn® tπKv tcmK

_m[n-X-cm-b-hsc ipiq-jn-°p-hm≥ FØnb Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ]gb

]≈n-bn¬ \S-Ønb ]`m-j-W-Ønse hcn-I-fm-Wn-h.

]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm ]≈n-Iƒ°v Ab®

Iev]\ hgn-bmWv tπKvtcmK-_m[ kw_-‘n®v P\w Adn-bp-∂-Xv.

Ip∂w-Ipfw \nhm-kn-Iƒ°mbn aq∂p- Znhkw D]-h-kn®v ]m¿∞n-

°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]. _mhm-bpsS \n¿t±-iw. tcmK-_m[ h¿≤n-

°p-∂Xv Adn™ DSs\ tπKvtcmK-_m-[n-Xsc kµ¿in-°p-hm-\mbn

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øn\v Xncn-®p. Xriq¿ sdbn¬th-tÃ-

j-\n¬ FØnb Xncp-ta-\nsb Fw. F. Nmt°m, Np¶Øv Cøm, ]md-

ta¬ NpΩm¿ F∂n-h¿ kzoI-cn-®-Xmbn tKmaXn ]Xw dnt∏m¿´v

sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

1935 Ipw`w 1˛\v Ip∂w-Ipfw ]g-b-]-≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw ao\Sw Xd-

bØp h¿Ko-kn\v Ab® IØn¬ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n FgpXn:

"Rßƒ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´v tIm´bw ]gbknΩ-\mcn, Fd-

Wm-Ip-fw, Xriq¿ F∂o ÿe-ßƒ hgn-bmbn C∂se c≠p aWn-

tbm-Sp-IqSn ChnsS FØn. ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ AhnsS tIń-cp-∂-Xp-

t]mse-bp≈ _l-f-ßƒ Chn-S-ß-fn¬ tIƒ∏m-\n-s√-∂p≈Xv hfsc

Bizm-k-ambn tXm∂p-∂p. Zo\w Xosc Cs√∂p ]d-bm≥ ]mSn-√mØ-

hn[w ct≠m, \mtem kpJ-t°-Sp-Im¿ Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ D≈-Xmbn

tXm∂p-∂p.'

"kz¿§w, \c-Iw, ac-Ww, \ymb-hn[n' F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v \nc-¥cw

8 ]mºmSnbnse ap\n-tijvT≥

]t_m-[n-∏n-°p∂ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°v ac-WsØ b-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p;

tπKvtcmK-_m-[-tbbpw. ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ \nc-¥-c-amb ]m¿∞-\bpw

D]-hm-khpw aqew GXp alm-hym-[n-tbbpw AI-‰p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂

ZrV-\n-›-bhpw hnizm-k-hp-amWv ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb Ip∂w-Ip-

fØv FØn-®-Xv. hfsc D¬∏-Xn-jvWpXzw ]pe¿Ønb I¿Ω-[o-c-

\mb tbmKn-h-cy-\m-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n. a\-\-Ønepw [ym\-

Ønepw GIm-¥-X-bnepw PmKX ]pe¿Øn-sb-¶nepw AXym-h-iy-

L- -ß-fn¬ [oc-amb \ne-]mSv FSp-°p-∂-Xn¬ sshZKv≤yw ]pe¿Øn-

bn-cp-∂p.

"]cpae Xn-cp-ta\n Ign-™m¬ CXbpw ]cn-ip-≤≥ ae-¶-c-bn¬

C√' F∂mWv ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm, ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-

\nsb°p-dn®v hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS hSnbpw apSnbpw …o_mbpw KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂ ÿm\-

\mahpw \¬In-bmWv ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb hmgn-®-sX∂ hmsamgn

]mc-ºcyw ]i-kvX-am-Wv.

]m¿∞-\m-io-e-\mb ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n InkvXp-km-∂n-[y-Øns‚

]Xo-I-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv tUm. ]utemkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚

\nco-£-Ww. ae-¶ck`-bn¬ AXyp-÷z-e-ambn ]Im-in-®p-sIm-≠n-

cp∂ amWn-Iy-am-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n F∂v sI. Fw. sNdn-

bm\pw (a-t\m-c-a) [\y\pw kuay\pw DZm-c-a-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n F∂v Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb C -Uv. Fw. ]mtd´pw ]d-bp-∂p.

hX-hn-ip-≤n-bn¬ Pohn-XsØ t]mPz-en-∏n® Xm]-k-ti-jvT-\mbn

B[p-\n-I-k-aqlw Xncn-®dn™ alm-Kp-cp-hmWv ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n.

al-Ømb hnti-j-W-ßƒ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°v \¬Ip-tºmƒ

At±lw ]d-bp∂p: "_lp-a-Xn°pw ]iw-kbv°pw H∂n\pw \mw

A¿l-\-√. hy‡n-]-c-ambn saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-Øn\v Rm≥

tbmKy-\-√. ]mºmSn t]g-a-‰Øp ]nd∂ Hcp ]mh-s∏-´-h-\m-Wv. Hcp

Ip∏mbw hmßn-°p-hm≥ t]mepw \nhr-Øn-bn-√mØ Hcp ]mh-s∏-´-

h≥. ... _e-lo-\\pw alm-]m-]n-bp-amb \ap-°p-th≠n \nßƒ ]m¿-

∞n-°-Ww.'

1929 s^_p-hcn 16˛\v saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn hmgn-°-s∏´ tijw

]mºmSn s]mØ≥]pdw Zb-dm-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ \S-Ønb ]kw-

K-Øn-emWv "saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-Øn\v Rm≥ tbmKy-\√' F∂v

]kvXm-hn-®-Xv. CXv shdpw ]mgvhm°-√. ]Xn-\memw hb- n¬

tImdqtbm ÿm\Øpw Ccp-]-sØm∂mw hb- n¬ Iio-»mbpw dºm-

9]mºmSnbnse ap\n-tijvT≥

\p-amb At±-lsØ 1911 sk]v‰w-_¿ 7˛\v 26˛mw hb- n¬ saXm≥

ÿm\-tØ°v tIm´bw Fw.Un. bn¬ tN¿∂ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-

j≥ sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ A[n-Im-chpw ÿm\-am-\-ßfpw

Xnc-kv°-cn®v ]mºmSn s]mØ≥]pdw Ip∂n¬ 12 G°¿ ÿew

Is≠Øn IpSn¬ sIń GIm¥ [ym\-Øn\pw au\-Øn-\p-ambn

PohnXw th¿Xn-cn-®p. ]. h´t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Cu IpSn-en\v 1090

taSw 13˛\v "Xmt_m¿ Zbdm' F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.

hy‡n-]-c-ambn saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-Øn\v Rm≥ tbmKy-\√

F∂ \ne-]m-Sn-emWv kzbw A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw ]n∑m-dn-bXv.

26˛mw hb- n¬ e`y-amb saXm≥ÿm\w Xnc-kv°-cn®v 14 h¿jw

hX-tim-`-bn¬ Icp-Øm¿÷n-®p. 1925 G]n¬ 30˛\v \nc-W-Øp-h®v

ho≠pw saXm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw 1929 s^_p-

hcn 16˛\v 44˛mw hb- n¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-tØ°v Ah-tcm-

[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 35 h¿jw (1929˛1965) tIm´bw saXm-k-\-

Øns‚ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn kvXpXy¿l-ambn tkh\w A\p-

jvTn®p.

"⁄m\n-Isf e÷n-∏n-°p-hm≥ ssZhw temI-Øn¬ t`mj-Xz-am-

bXp sXc-s™-SpØp' (1 sImcn. 1:27) F∂ ]utemkv «olmbpsS

km£y-amWv A[n-Im-csØ ]q¿Æ-a-\-t msS Xnc-kv°-cn® ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\nbnepw ]Imiw ]c-Øp-∂-Xv.

]cn-ip≤ Pohn-X-ap≈ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsbt∏m-ep≈ saXm-t∏m-

eo-Ø-∑m¿ \ap-°p-≠m-sb-¶nte k` icn-bm-bn´p t]mhp-I-bp≈p

F∂mWv tUm. ]utemkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv.

XymKhpw- k-l-\hpw kvt\lhpw ]I¿∂v InkvXpkm∂n-[yhpw hnip-

≤n-bpsS AS-bm-f-hp-ambn ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬

shfn®w ]I¿∂p. hnip≤n ]I¿∂ Xm]k tXP- mbn PmXn-a-X-

t`Z-sat\y P\-lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ kv]µn-°p-∂p.

k`-bpsS hnizm-kw, ]mc-º-cyw, A\pjvTm-\w, NcnXw F∂n-h-

bn¬ AXoh Xo£vWX ]pe¿Ønb ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n k`-bnse

tIkp-I-sf-°p-dn®v 1941 (1117) Xpemw 5˛\v \S-Ønb ]kvXm-h\ AXn-

hn-in-jvS-am-Wv:

"k`m-tIkv tIhew Hcp hyh-lm-c-a-√. ae-¶ck`-bpsS D¬°¿j-

Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw ImtXm-en°m

knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ÿnc-]-Xn-jvTbv°pw th≠n-bp≈ Hcp [¿Ω-ka-

c-a-tX. ... ]. _mhmbv°v ]n¥pW \¬tI-≠Xv A\p-K-ln-°-s∏´

a°-fmb \nßƒ Gh-cp-tSbpw I¿Ø-hy-I¿Ω-am-Ip-∂p.'


ae-¶ck`-bpsS D¬°¿j-Øn-\p≈ [¿Ω-k-a-c-ambn k`m-hy-h-

lm-c-ßsf ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n I≠n-cp-∂p. 1952 s^_p-hcn 20˛\v

Fgp-Xnb Iev]-\-bn¬ C¥y-bnse GI- tZ-iob k` F∂ \ne-

bn¬ k`bv°v henb ]Zhn Ds≠∂v hymJym-\n-°p-∂p. ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n Fgp-Xp∂p:

"P∑-kn-≤-ambn hn. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS k -bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂

kzmX-¥ysØ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn At\I k`-Iƒ At\I Xc-

Øn¬ Iqc-ambn s]cp-amdn F∂Xv hn. k`-bpsS 20 \q‰m-≠ns‚

NcnXw \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. C¥y-bnse GI -tZiob k` F∂-

\ne-bn¬ k`bv°v henb ]Zhn D≠v. ]cn-]q¿Æ-amb hnI-k\

km≤y-X-bp≈ C¥y-bnse GI- tZ-iob k` F∂-\n-e-bn¬ C¥y-

bn¬ kphn-ti-j-tLm-jWw i‡-ambn \S-tØ≠ Npa-Xe \ap-

°p≠v.'

]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw ssZh-tØmSpw GIm-¥-ambn kwth-Zn® ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n°v k`-bpsS kzmX-¥y-sØ-°p-dn®pw kphn-ti-jo-I-cW

]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw X\-Xmb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

k`-bpsS A`n-am\w ]pe¿tØ≠Xv ][m-\-ambpw sshZn-I-cm-Wv.

Ah¿ \ymb-c-ln-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-®m¬ k` A[x-]-Xn-°pw. AXn-

\m¬ Ign-hXpw amXr-Im-]-c-ambn Pohn-°Ww F∂mWv ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\n \¬Ip∂ \n¿t±-iw. hen-b-t\mºv ImeØv sshZn-I¿°mbn

[ym\-tbm-K-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. k -bnepw CS-h-I-bpsS D≈n-ep-ap≈

hnhn-[-Xcw hg-°p-Iƒ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb k¶-S-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v

˛ "I-e-i-embn t¢in-∏n-®n-´p≠v.'

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n ]d-bp∂p: "k` hn´p-t]m-Ip-hm-\-√, GXp-X-c-

Ønepw k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv \mw ian-

t°-≠-Xv. Ccp-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw Aev]-kzev]w hn´p-ho-gvN-Iƒ sNbvXv

GXp Xc-Øn-se-¶nepw XΩn¬ tbmPn-°-Wsa∂mWv \ΩpsS A`n-

]mbw.'

DØ-a -`-c-W-I¿Øm-hmbn k`-bpsS hnizmkkXy-Øn-\mbn [oc-

ambn \ne-bp-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ Ah-iy-L-´-ß-fn¬ km¥z-\-

kv]¿iw ]I-cp∂ B¿Z-`mhw ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nbn¬ \nd™pw

\n∂n-cp-∂p. `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ I¿°-i-`mhw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. 1940/

1115 anYp\w 8˛\v Fgp-Xnb Iev]-\-bn¬ "amkm¥y dnt∏m¿´v amkw-

tXmdpw A©n\Iw Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°Ww' F∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p. CS-

h-I-Xe ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sS kw£n-]vX-amWv amkm-¥y-dn-t∏m¿ń¬


Dƒs°m-≈n-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS CS-h-I-I-fn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]ptcm-

K-a\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v apgp-h≥ ka-bhpw

tPmen sNøp∂ `Zm-k\ skI-´-dn-am¿ D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ k`m-

am-t\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS Xocp-am\w ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n 1950˛¬ \S-∏n-

em-°n.

CS-hI tIµo-I-cn®v "Zimw-i-∏n-cnhv' bmYm¿∞y-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. 1951

\hw-_¿ 21˛\v Fgp-Xnb Iev]-\-bn¬ "CS-h-I-bn¬ \n∂pw `fimcw,

h©n-I, Xfn-I, ]≈n-°p≈ hnhm-l -ho-Xw, ]m´w, ]≈n-]p-c-bn-Sm-

Zmbw F∂n-h-bpsS amXw Zimwiw X∂m¬ aXn' F∂pw \n¿t±-in-

°p-∂p. CS-h-Ibnse Zimw-i-∏n-cn-hn\v tIm´bw saXm-k-\-Øn¬ 65

h¿jsØ ]mc-ºcyw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p.

1952 s^_p-hcn 20˛\p≈ Iev]-\-bn¬ Hcp CS-h-I-bpsS kPo-h-

e-£Ww F¥m-sW∂v hy‡-am-°p∂p:

"Poh-Im-cp-Wy-]-c-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \ΩpsS kIe CS-h-I-I-

fnepw \S∏n¬ hcp-Ø-Ww. Hcp CS-h-I-bpsS kPo-h-amb e£Ww

A\m-Ysc InkvXobhn[-Øn¬ klm-bn-°pI F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. A\m-

Y-tcbpw tcmKn-I-tfbpw ipiq-jn-t°-≠Xv CS-h-I-bpsS Npa-X-e-bmbn

Gs‰-Sp-°-Ww.'

1952 s^_p-hcn 20˛se Iev]-\-bn¬ 1951˛se hchv sNehv IW°v

`Zm-k-\-Øn¬ Ab®psImSp-°-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. 1954 apX¬

F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw _UvP-‰v ap≥Iqń Xøm-dm°n `cWw \S-Øp∂

kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xmbn Iev]-\Ifn¬ \n∂p hy‡-amIp∂p.

Bcm-[\m Pohn-X-tØm-sSm∏w kmaq-lnI ]Xn-_-≤X ]pe¿-

Øp∂ kPoh CS-h-I-I-fmbn XocWw F∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sm-bn-cp-∂p

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSXv. s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fpsS Xte-cm-Xn-bnse

t]mKmw F´p -a-Wn°v apºmbn XocØ°-hÆw ap≥Iqń \n›-bn-

°-W-sa∂pw s]cp-∂mƒ Znhkw P\-ßƒ ]≈n-B-cm-[-\-bn¬ kw_-

‘n-°p-Ibpw hn. Ip¿_m-\ -Iqámbn A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-

sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. s]cp-∂m-fn\v cmXn apgp-h≥ _l-fhpw `‡n-hn-cp-

≤-amb t]mKmapw D≠m-°-cp-sX∂v i‡-amb `mj-bn¬ DZvt_m-[n-

∏n-°p-∂p. ssZh-tØmSpw kaq-l-tØmSpw ]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw a\p-jy¿

]pe¿tØ≠ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw ITn\- m-j-bn¬ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n Ah-

X-cn-∏n-®n- p-≠v.

ae-bm-f- a-t\m-ca hP-Pq-_n-en°v 1950˛¬ Fgp-Xnb Biw-k-bn¬

am[y-a- Im-gvN-∏mSv kwt£-]n-°p-∂p-≠v. "]X-[¿Ωhpw A¥ pw


\njv]-£-Xbpw ]cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xn¬ at\m-ca F∂mfpw AXo-h-i≤

]Xn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.'

Ubdn Fgp-Øn-t\mSv ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n ]tXyIw Xmev]cyw

]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. IrXy-ambn Ubdn Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn¬ IWn-i-°m-c-\m-

bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n F∂v ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥ shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p:

"imco-cn-I-ambn £oWn-®-t∏mƒ a‰p-≈-hscsIm≠v Ubdn Fgp-

Xn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. kpdn-bm\n ssI∏S at\m-l-c-am-Wv. A®-Sn-bm-sWt∂

tXm∂q. Xqh¬, ajn-bn¬ ap°n Fgp-Xp-I-bmWv ]Xnhv.'

Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏n¬ 1912 anYp\w 30˛\v FgpXn: "kz¥w ssI∏-S-bn¬

Fgp-Xnb \a-kvIm-c-]p-kvXIw _b‚p sNbvXp- In-ń. hfsc ]b-

Xv\n-®p-≠m-°nb Cu ]pkvXIw I≠n´pw I≠n´pw sImXn AS-ßp-

∂n√.'

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n PohnXkmbm-”-Øn¬ FgpXn ˛ 1964 Unkw-

_¿ 20: "F√mw Fs‚ i‡n, Fs‚ _p≤n F∂v \mw Hcn-°epw

H∂nepw Al-¶-cn-°-cp-Xv. B at\m- mhw D≠m-Ip-tºm-gmWv n∂n∏pw

hg°pw iXp-Xbpw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.' CtX Bibw ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\n 1958 G]n¬ e°w "ae-¶ck`'-bn¬ FgpXn: "]nbtc C∂p

]ecpw X∂n-jvS-°m-cm-Wv. X∂njvSwsIm≠v ]e ]≈n-I-fnepw hg-

°p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip∂p.'

a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-Øn¬ kl-P-am-Ip∂ kzm¿∞-X, Al-¶m-cw,

A\oXn, K¿∆v, X∂njvSw XpS-ßnb PU-Øns‚ ]hr-Øn-Isf

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°v shdp-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. 1930 Ipw`w 21˛\v Fgp-Xnb

Iev]-\-bn¬ "\ΩpsS I¿Øm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ If-¶-an-√mØ kvt\lw

\Ωn¬ Df-hm-Ip-tºmƒ t\mºpw ]m¿∞-\bpw Zm\-[¿Ωhpw \ap°v

\njv]-bm-k-ambn Xocp-sa∂v' \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. ]uc-kvXyhpw `mc-

Xo-b-hp-amb Xm]-k-Po-hnXw ]I¿∂ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nbpsS

PohnXw emfn-Xyhpw hnip-≤nbpw \nd-bp∂ ]m¿∞-\m-Po-hn-X-am-bn-

cp∂p.

1964 Unkw-_¿ 20˛\v Fgp-Xnb hcn-Iƒ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nbpsS

Pohn-X-k-tµ-i-ambn kwK-ln°mw:

"ssZh-a-°-fmbn, k¿∆Xpw ssZh-Øn¬ ka¿∏n®v ]c-kv]c

kvt\l-Ønepw kulm¿±-X-bnepw \mw H∂m-bn-cn-∏o≥.'

ssZh-I-cp-W-bn¬ Bi-bn®v Bflob DXvL¿j-Øn\v HsØm-

cp-an®v [ym\-Ønepw au\-Ønepw ]m¿∞-\-bnepw Pohn-°Ww F∂Xv


]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nbpsS ][m\ ]t_m-[-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n \S-∏m-°nb kmaq-lnI ]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-sSbpw cW-

kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw t\¿°m-gvN-Iƒ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Xa-kv°-cn-°-s∏-

ń´p≠v. k`-bnepw s]mXp kaq-lØnepw ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n ]I-cp-

∂Xv hnip-≤n-bpsS Xm]k ssNX\y-am-Wv. emfn-Xyhpw ]m¿∞-\bpw

\nc-¥cw \ne-\n¿Øn-b-t∏mgpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® kmaqlnI Z¿i\w

thZ-\n-°p∂ a\p-jy-k-aq-l-tØm-Sp≈ B¿Z `mh-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXv

hnim-e-amb a\p-jy-˛ssZh Z¿i-\-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-am-Wv.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb°p-dn®v Fgp-Xnb ]apJ IrXn-Iƒ ^m.

]n. ]n. Koh¿Kokv (1965), sI. hn. amΩ≥ (1966), s]m^. sI. Fw.

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv (1991), tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv (2015) F∂n-h-cp-

tS-Xm-Wv. ]ikvX am[y-a -]-h¿Ø-I\pw Kth-j-I-\p-amb tPmbvkv

tXm´-bv°mSv kam-l-cn®v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ "]mºm-Sn-bnse ap\n-

tijvT≥' ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb°p-dn®v ka-K-amb Adnhv ]I-cp∂

bYm¿∞ B[n-Im-cnI KŸ-amWv.

]mºm-Sn-bnse ap\n-ti-jvT≥ F∂ ap∂q-tdmfw t]PpIfp≈ Cu

KŸw ][m-\-ambpw F´p Zfß-fn-embn hn⁄m-\-hn-`-h-ßƒ

tImUo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]mºm-Sn- Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]kn-≤-amb kq‡-

ßƒ, ]kw-K-ßƒ, Iev]-\-Iƒ, Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv

BZy-`m-KØv. ]mºm-Sn- Xncp-ta-\n-sb ASp-Ø-dn-™-h-cpsS km£y-

ßfpw ]mºm-Sn- Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-Xhpw Z¿i-\hpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p∂ ]ap-J-cpsS cN-\-I-fp-am-Wv ]n∂o-Sp-≈-Xv. Ah-km-\-`m-KØv

]mºm-Sn- Xncp-ta-\n-sb°p-dn®v ]T\w \S-Øp∂ `mhn- K-th-j-I¿°v

am¿§w ]I-cp-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-amb hni-Zamb KŸ/teJ\ kqNnI

AXym-I¿j-Ihpw ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-hp-am-Wv. ]mºm-Sn- Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

Pohn-Xhpw Z¿i-\hpw tXSn 1990 apX¬ \S-Ønb \nkvX-¥amb

Kth-j-Whpw kam-l-c-Whpw tImUo-I-c-Whpw hgn ]mºm-Sn- Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS hnip-≤- Pohn-XsØ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Dd-∏n-°p-I-bmWv tPmbvkv

tXm´-bv°mSv. AXy-]q¿∆hpw Aaq-ey-hp-amb tcJ-I-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-

bn¬ ]mºm-Sn- Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-K-`mhw Xncn-®-dn-

bp-hm≥ hgnbpw shfn-®hpw ]I-cp∂ ka-K-]-T\ kam-lm-c-am-Wn-Xv.

kaq-l-Ønse ]i-kvXcpw ]ap-J-cp-am-b-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ CXn¬

angnXpd-°p-∂p. hnip≤n \nd™ Xm]k tXP-kznbmb ]mºm-Sn- Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-K-hm-b-\bv°v "]mºm-Sn-bnse ap\n-

tijvT≥' lrZ-b-]q¿∆w ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

t_m[n, ]¥fw

16 s^_p-hcn 16


hmMvapJw

`mc-Xo-b Ejn-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-s‚bpw InkvXob k\ymk ]mc-º-

cy-Øn-s‚bpw ka-RvPk ktΩ-f-\-amWv ]cnip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS Pohn-Xw. `mcXaÆn¬ hnip≤nbpsS ]cnafw ]cØnb B

ap\n-ti-jvTs‚ CSbteJ\ßƒ, kzImcy IØp-Iƒ, Iev]\Iƒ,

]kw-Kßƒ, kq‡ßƒ F∂n-hbpsS kamlmcamWv Cu KŸw.

]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\nbpsS cN\Iƒ 1990-˛-¬ Rm≥ kamlcn®p

F¶nepw ]kn≤oIcn°phm≥ km[n -®n -√. tUm. kmaph¬

Nµ\∏≈nbpsS ]cniaßfn¬ \n∂v ]tNmZ\apƒs°m≠mWv

ae¶ck`m]nXm°∑mcpsS cN\Iƒ kamlcn°pI F∂ e£yhp-

ambn Rm≥ CdßnØncn®Xv.

io. sI. hn. amΩ≥ cNn® ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Poh-N-cn-

X-Øns‚ ]cnjv°cn® ]Xn∏v 1999-˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ, Rm≥

kam-l-cn® ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\nbpsS cN\Ifn¬ IpsdsbÆw

AXn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°phm≥ \¬In. ]n∂o-Sp≈ B KŸ-Øns‚

]Xn-∏p-I-fnepw Ah ]q¿Æ-ambpw mKn-I-ambpw sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. am¿

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zbdm 2009˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n:

B[n-Im-cnI ]pkvXIw' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ]kw-K-ßfpw kq‡-

ßfpw tN¿Øn´p≠v. tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv FUn‰v sNbvX

"]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: hnip-≤n-bpsS hncn-°q´w' F∂ KŸ-Ønepw

]kw-K-ßfpw kq‡-ßfpw Dƒs∏SpØnbn- p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ ]. ]mºmSn

Xncpta\nbpsS cN\Iƒ Hcp KŸ-ambn kam-l-cn®v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-

°p-I-bmWv.

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-°p-dn®v cNn-°-s∏´ ]Ya KŸ-amb

"Xmt_m-dnse bXn-h-cy≥' F∂ Imhyhpw ]nb injy-\mb ]n. kn.

tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥ At±-l-sØ-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xn-bn- p≈ teJ-\-ßfpw

Cu IrXn-bn¬ kam-l-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

_mey-Øn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWp-∂-Xn\pw hm’eyw A\p-`-hn-

°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-bn-´p≈ ]apJ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄\pw Zm¿i-\n-

I\pw Ihn-bpw NnX-Im-c-\p-amb ^m. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv Xncp-

ta-\n-sb-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xnb Bdp teJ-\-ßfpw Cu KŸ-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. efn-X-a-t\m-l-c-amb B Pohn-XsØ hymJym-\n-

°p∂ ]apJ ]fin-X-cpsS teJ-\-ßƒ ]pXnb Xe-ap-dbv°v

hn⁄m\w ]I-cp-∂-h-bm-Wv.


Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS 1935˛se Ip∂w-Ipfw bmX-sb-°p-dn®v Rßƒ

\S-Ønb Kth-j-W- -e-ambn e`y-amb tcJ-I-fpw, mhn- K-th-j-I¿°v

am¿§-Z¿i-I-am-Ip∂ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ _nªn-tbm-

K^nbpw hni-Z-amb PohnX Imem-\p-I-a-Wn-Ibpw Cu KŸ-Øns‚

khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

Cu KŸw Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ i≤-bn¬s∏´ Nne hkvXp-

X-Iƒ IqSn ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂p. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb BZy-ambn "]cn-

ip-≤-s\∂v' hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv ]fin-X\pw hnZym-`ymk hnN-£-W\pw

]apJ A¬amb t\Xm-hp-amb H. Fw. sNdn-bm-\mWv (a-ebmf at\m-

c-a, sabv 8, 1935). Xncp-ta\n tπKv _m[-bn¬ \n∂v Ip∂w-Ipfw P\-

Xsb c£n-®-tijw tIm´-b-sØØn (1935 am¿®v 2) c≠p am-k-ßƒ-

°p-tijamWv H. Fw. sNdn-bm≥ "ImtXm-en-t°‰v \n[n' kw`-cW-

bXv\sØ-°p-dn®v at\mca-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb k¿°p-e-dn¬ Cßs\

hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. k`-bpsS HutZymKnI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ambn

]pd-Øn-d-ßnb "ImtXm-en-t°‰v \n[n' kw`-cW dnt∏m¿ńepw Cu

k¿°p-e¿ AtX-]Sn ]kn≤oI-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I¥oem ipiqj-bp-sSbpw Imew sNbvX-Xn-s‚bpw

hm¿Ø-I-fnepw "]cn-ip-≤≥' F∂mWv "at\m-ca' At±-lsØ hnti-

jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS "]mZ-kv]¿iw Ip∂w-Ip-fØp D≠m-

b-tXm-Sp-IqSn tπKv tcmKm-Xp-c-∑m-cmb ]e¿°pw kpJhpw Bizm-khpw

a‰pw D≠mbn' F∂pw 1935 s^_p-hcn 18˛\p at\m-ca dnt∏m¿´v

sNbvXn-´p≠v.

NcnXw FgpXn kq£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ae-¶-c- \-km-Wn-I-ƒ Im´p∂

Aew- mhw aqew Ncn-X-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-SmsX t]mb At\Iw

kw`-h-ßfpw ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-≠v. Hcp DZm-

l-cWw amXw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s´. ]pXp-∏≈n \mc-I-tØmSv ]tZ-

iØv hkqcn tcmKw ]S¿∂p ]nSn-®-t∏mƒ ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n,

\nebv°¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]≈n- hn-Imcn amS-bv°¬ Fw. sI.

tPmk^v tImsd-∏n-kvtIm-∏-mbvs°m∏w hoSp-ho-Sm-¥cw I-bdn ]m¿-

∞n-°p-Ibpw tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ \in-®p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ F√m hońepw Hmtcm

IXn-\m-shSn hbv∏n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kw`hw 1940˛Ifn¬ kw`-

hn-®-Xm-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p. ]≈n-Ifn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ X¿°-ßfpw

]iv\ßfpw ]cn-l-cn-°m-s\-Ønb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS a\ p hnj-an-∏n®v

Xßƒ°pw `mhn-X-e-ap-d-Iƒ°p-ambn im]w G‰p-hm-ßnb At\Iw

kw`-h-ß-fp-w NcnXw tcJ-s∏SpØmØ-h-bmbn D≠v.


Cu KŸw Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS P∑-

iXm_vZn kvac-Wn-Ibpw sI. hn. amΩ≥, s]m^. sI. Fw. Ipdn-bm-

t°mkv F∂n-h-sc-gp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-X-ßfpw, ]. h -t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c saXmt∏meoØm-bp-sSbpw ]. Koh¿-

Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsSbpw Ub-dn-Ifpw Iev]-\-_p-°p-Ifpw

klm-b-I-am-bn-´p-≠v. Fs‚ ]nb kplr-Øp-°-fmb sI. hn. amΩ-

t\mSpw s]m^. sI. Fw. Ipdn-bm-t°m-kn-t\m-Sp-ap≈ BZ-chpw IrX-

⁄-Xbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Pohn-®n-cns° ]cn-ip-≤-s\∂p am[y-a-ßƒ hnti-jn-∏n® hy‡nsb

Imew-sNbvXv AºXp h¿j-Øn\p tijhpw ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn ]Jym-

]n-°p-hm≥ k`m-t\-XrXzw aSn-°p-∂Xv B Pohn-XsØ icn-bmbn

]Tn-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw a\- n-em-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠p-amWv F∂mWv

Rßƒ Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. ]T-\- K-th-j-W-ßƒ°v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-hm-\mWv

Cu KŸw Xøm-dm°n ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu Kth-jW X]-ky-bn¬ H∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Bflkvt\-ln-X-

cmb tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXma-kv, h¿Kokv tPm¨ tXm´-∏p-g, s]m^.

hn]n≥ sI. h¿Ko-kv, Uo°≥ Ctøm_v (_Y\n Biaw), KŸw

BZn-tbm-S¥w hni-Z-ambn ]Tn®v ]uV-amb Ah-Xm-cnI FgpXn

\¬Inb Bfl-kvt\-ln-X≥ ^m. tUm. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-

ń¬, ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-°p-dn®v hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn¬ Xm≥ Fgp-

Xnb teJ-\-ß-sf√mw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ A\p-hZn® Kpcp-ti-jvT≥

^m. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv, ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-\n-

∂pw Ab® IØv Nq≠n°m-Wn-®p-X∂ tPm¿Pv ^nen∏v ‰n. (ao\Sw),

Ip∂w-Ipfw bmX-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Kth-j-W-Øn\v t]cW \¬Inb

^m. hn. Fw. G_lmw hmg-bv°¬, Fs‚ F√m \√ kwcw-`-

ßƒ°pw F∂pw t]m’m-l\w \¬Ip∂ ]nb- kvt\-ln-Xcmb

tPm¿Pv G_lmw (A-_p-Z-_n), Xºn I√p-]p-c-bv°¬, sdPn amXyp

ao\Sw F∂n-h-tcm-Sp≈ \µn lrZ-b-Øn¬ kq£n-°p-∂p.

Cu KŸ]kn≤oIcWØn\n-S-bn¬ A\p-`-hn® A\p-K-l-

ßƒ°v ssZh-Xn-cp-ap-ºmsI inc p \an-°p-∂p. Cu KŸ]kn-

≤oIcWw ssZhXncp\ma alXzØn\pw k¿∆ krjvSnIfpsSbpw

\∑bnte°p≈ \ndhn\pw DXInbm¬ Rßƒ [\ycmbn.

tPmbvkv tXm´bv°mSv]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n-bpsS

saXm-`n-tj-IØns‚ Hm¿Ω

s^_phcn 16, 2016


]Xn-\mdp hb-kp-Im-c-\mb Fs‚

kvt\l-]q¿∆amb imk-\-I-sfbpw _e-]tbmK-ß-sfbpw

]msS Ah-KWn®v, acp∂p Ign-°p-hm≥ Iq´m-°msX

ac-WsØ kzbw kzoI-cn®p IS-∂p-t]mb

Fs‚ hey-Ω®n dmtl¬ De-l-∂s‚

(Aºbn¬, ]mºmSn; IÆ≥Xp-cp-Øn¬, tXm´-bv°mSv)

kvac-Wbv°p apºn¬ Cu KŸw ka¿∏n°p∂p.


Dt]m-ZvLmXw

`mc-X-ss]-Xr-I-Øn-e-Sn-bp-d®

ssIkvX-h- Kp-cp-ti-jvT≥

^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥

\mep ]Xn-‰mt≠mfw sshZn-I-sk-an-\mcn A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂

F\n°v, _mey-Im-e-kva-c-W-I-fn¬ \ndw-]n-Sn®p \n¬°p-∂Xv h¿jw-

tXmdpw c≠p-aq∂p ]mhiyw ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ASp-tØ°v

\S-Øp∂ ]Z-bm-X-I-fm-Wv. AXn\v Rm≥ Fs‚ AΩ-tbmSv G‰hpw

IS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. F\n°v 14 hb- p-≈-t∏m-gmWv ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n

Imew-sN-bvX-Xv. s]mØ-ºp-d-Øp-\n∂v \mep-\m-ec ssaeIse Bbn-

cp∂p Fs‚ hoSv. Acn-bm-lm-c-tØ-°mƒ I∏-bpw, N°bpw sIm≠p]-

Po-hn-°p∂ Hcp I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-_-Ønse Ipń-sb∂ \nebv°v h√-

t∏mgpw ]e-lmcw Ign-°p-∂-Xns‚ kt¥m-j-hpw, Nne-t∏m-sgm-s°

AΩ Ic-bp-∂Xp I≠n-´p-≈-Xns‚ k¶-S-hpw, Hcp-t]mse Hm¿Ω-bn¬

Xßp-∂p. AΩ-sb-¥n-\mWv Ic-bp-∂-sX-s∂m∂pw tNmZn-°p-hm-\p≈

_p≤ntbm ss[cytam F\n-°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AΩ-am¿ Ic-bp-tºm-gmWv

a°ƒ hf-cp-∂-sX-∂p- amXw Rm≥ Icp-Xn. ]t£, A[nIw Ic™n

´p≈-Xns‚ ASpØ Znh-k-ß-fn-sem-∂n¬ Hcp Imcyw kw`-hn-°p-am-

bn-cp-∂p. AΩ HØncn shfp-∏n\v Fgp-t∂‰v hońse tPmen apgp-h≥

Xo¿Øv, Fs∂ Ipfn-∏n-s®m-cp°n, s]mØ-ºp-d-Øn\v \S-∂p-t]m-Ipw.

AΩbv°v c≠v Dt±-iy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p B bmX-bn¬. H∂v, s]mØ-

ºpdw ]≈n-bn¬ Ipsd -k-abw IÆo-tcmsS ]m¿∞n-®n-cn-°p-I. c≠v,

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-s°m≠v Rß-fpsS Xe-bn¬ ssIsh®v ]m¿-

∞n∏n°pI.

s]mØ-ºp-d-Øv, Fs‚ Ip™p-a-\- ns\ BI¿jn-®n-cp∂ Hcp

ImgvN, HØncn ]mhp-Iƒ ]≈n-°p- k-ao]w ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

]≈n-b-IØv Ccn-°p-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS Ipdp-I-ens‚ i_vZ-hpw, Fs‚

AΩ-bpsS tXß-ens‚ i_vZhpw, a\- n¬ Hcp ]tXy-I-`mhw Na-

bv°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, s]mØºpdw ]Z-bm-Xbv°v Fs‚ sIm®p-

a-\- n¬ aq∂p hy‡-amb e£y-ßƒ F∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. cs≠Æw

][m-\-ßfpw HscÆw AXn-]-[m-\hpw Bbn-cp-∂p. ][m-\-ß-fmb

c≠n¬ H∂v, ]≈n-°-IØv hS-°p-In-g-°mbn AS-®n-ń-cn-°p∂ apdn

Xpd∂p ImWp-I F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n X\n-°mbn


]Wn-Xn-ń-cn-°p∂ I_¿ap-dn-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXv Xpd∂p ImWm≥

Zb-dm-bnse Bfp-I-fm-sc-¶nepw klm-bn-°-Ww. Ah-cXp Xpd∂p

ImWn-°p-tºm-ƒ, B Ccp≠ apdn-bn¬, Xs‚ I_¿aq-Sn-bpsS apI-

fn¬ Hcp Iń-en´v AhnsS ]m¿∞n®p [ym\n-°m-dp≈ ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\n-tbmSv `bhpw `‡nbpw Gdp-am-bn-cp-∂p. c≠m-asØ e£yw,

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ASpØp sN√p-tºmƒ Xncp-ta\n hntijw

Xn-c°n Xe-bn¬ ssIh®p ]m¿∞n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Hcp kpJw A\p-`-

hn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂m-a-tØ-Xpw, AXn-]-[m-\-hp-amb

e£yw, Xncp-ta\n Hcn-°epw apS-°msX Xcp-am-bn-cp∂ ]e-lm-c-ßƒ

Bbn-cp-∂p. _nkv°-‰pw, ]g-hpw, s\ø-∏-hpw, h´-b-∏-hpw, Ah-ep- hnf-

bn-®Xpw Hs° B ]e-lm-c-ß-fn¬s]Spw. Hm¿Øp-t\m-°p-tºmƒ,

Hcn-°¬t]mepw Xncp-ta\n AhnsS D≠m-ImsX Ccp-∂n- n√ F∂Xpw,

Xncp-ta\n Fs¥-¶nepw XcmsX hnń-ń√ F∂Xpw A¤pXw Df-hm-

°p-∂p. Xncn-®p-t]m-cp-tºmƒ, a\- p-\n-d™ im¥n, ssIap-X-ep≈

\S-Ø-bv°mbn Imep-Iƒ°v _e-ta-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

C∂v, ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS tZ-l-hn-tbm-K-Øns‚ kph¿Æ

Pq_n-en-th-f-bn¬, B ]cn-ip-≤-]n-Xm-hns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ BK-

ln-°p-∂-Xv, ""`mc-ss]-Xr-I-Øn-e-Sn-bp-d® ssIkvX-h- Kp-cp-ti-jvT≥''

F∂m-Wv. temI-kw-kvIm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-tºm-ƒ \ap-s°m-cp-

Imcyw a\- n-em-Ipw. ]pcm-X\ kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw XI-¿-∂-Sn-

™-t∏m-ƒ, XI-cmsX \n¬°pI-bmWv `mc-X-kw-kvImcw F∂v.

Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw, GsX√mw sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ

t\cn-´m-epw, `mc-X-ss]-XrIw Kcn-a-tbmsS \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. F¥p-

sIm≠mWv ]pcm-X\ kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw XI¿∂p t]mbXv?

B¿tWmƒUv t‰mb≥_n (1889˛1975) F∂ _nójv Ncn-XImc≥

23 kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS D¤-h-hpw, hf¿®bpw, ]X-\-hpw, ]Tn-®n-s´-gpXn,

Ah XI¿∂Xv km∑m¿§n-Im-[x-]-X-\-Øm-epw, aX-kv]¿≤-bmepw

BsW-∂v. Cu c≠v sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw C∂v `mc-X-kw-kvIm-c-sØbpw

_m[n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw, Ahsb t\cn-ń-´p-≈Xpw t\cn-Sp-hm-\p-≈-Xp-

amb i‡n-a¥w Fs¥∂v cmjvS-]Xn ]W_v apJ¿Pn 2015 HIvtSm-

_¿ 18˛\p cmjvS-tØmSv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°-pIbp-≠m-bn. Aøm-bn-c-

Øn¬]cw h¿jsØ `mc-X-kw-kvImc apJ-apZ ""kln-jvWpX''

(Tolerance) BsW-∂m-bn-cp∂p B Hm¿Ωs∏SpØ¬. B¿÷-\-

Øn\pw B¿Øn°pw ]Icw h¿÷-\hpw kwb-a-\hpw ]men®p hf-

cp∂ Hcp Pohn-X-ssienbpw, hyXy-kvX-X-I-fpsS kuµcyw [m¿Ωn-

I-]-cn-[n-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Bkz-Zn-°p∂ at\m- m-h-hpw, C∂pw mc-X-Øn\v


ssItamiw h∂n-ń-√. Cu kwkvIm-c-Ø-\n-a-tbm-Sn-W-ßnb Hcp

ssIkvX-h-kaqlw H∂mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ Cu aÆn-ep≠v F∂-

XmWv \sΩ A`n-am-\-]p-f-In-X-cm-°p-∂-Xv. `mc-X-Ønse kpdn-bm\n

InkvXym\n k`m-ss]-XrIw Ncn-X-]-c-ambn kq£n-°p∂ \mep

hkvXp-X-Iƒ temI-ssI-kvX-h -k-aq-l-Øn¬ AXns\ it≤-b-am-

°p∂p:

1. `mc-X-Ønse InkvXo-b-X-bv°v, InkvXo-b-X-tbmfw Xs∂ ]g-

°-ap-≠v. H∂mw \q‰m≠p apX-ep≈ At∏m-kvtXm-enI ss]XrIw

ImØp-]-cn-]m-en-°p∂ hfsc Ipd-®p- k-`-Itf temI-Øp-≈p. Ah-

bn-sem-∂mWv \Ωp-tS-Xv. cmjvS-inev]nbpw C¥y-bpsS ]Ya ][m\-

a-¥n-bp-amb ]fin‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lp Xs‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn¬

Cßs\ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v: “Christianity came to India as early as the firstcentury after Christ, long before Europe turned to it, and established a firmfoothold in South India” (p. 273).

""InkvXp-h¿jw H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬, AXm-bXv bqtdm-∏v AXn-te°v

Xncn-bp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ink-vXo-bX C¥y-bn-se-Øn, Z£n-tW-

¥y-bn¬ Hcp \√ ASn-ÿm\w Dd-∏n-®p.''

2. `mc-X-Ønse InkvXo-b-X, Chn-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂ CX-c- k-aq-l-ß-

fm-epw, `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-epw, ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw

t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Cc-hn-tIm¿Ø≥ sNt∏-Sv,

Iv\mbn-sØm-Ω≥ sNt∏-Sv, Xco-km-]≈n sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ apX-em-bh

A°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ Ncn-X-km-£y-ß-fm-Wv.

3. `mc-X-Ønse InkvXo-b-Xbv°v t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ \nb-¥-W-

ßfpw, ]oU-\-ß-fpw, A[n-\n-thi i‡n-I-fm-bn- am-dnb hntZ-i-

InkvXob kaq-l-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp-∂p. BZyw t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-

Imcpw, ]n∂oSv Cw•o-jv anj-W-dn-am-cn¬ Nne-cpw, G‰hpw HSp-hn¬

At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm\n k`m-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ Nne-cpw, `mc-X-Ønse

Xt±-iob ssIkvXh kaq-l-ßsf D]-Z-hn-®p.

4. mc-X-Ønse InkvXo-b-X-bpsS km£-y-ssi-en-bn¬ aXkv]¿≤

h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ H∂pw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. C°mcyw `mc-X-Øns‚ cmjvS-

]-Xnbpw Zm¿i-\n-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ At±-l-Øns‚

""]uc-kvXy-a-X-ßfpw ]m›m-Xy-Nn-¥bpw'' (Eastern Religions and West-ern Thought) F∂ KŸ-Øn¬, `mc-X-Ønse kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-

\n-Isf ]cm-a¿in®n]Imcw ]d-bp-∂p: “The Syrian Christians, whohave the longest Christian tradition in India, are opposed to proselytism”


(p. 345). C¥y-bnse G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb ssIkvXh ]mc-º-cy-

Ønse kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, aXw-am-‰-]-cn-]m-Sn-s°-Xn-cm-Wv.

Cu \mep hkvXp-X-Ifpw ka-\z-bn® Hcp kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-

IsØ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n® At\I Kpcp-h-c-∑m¿ \ap-°p-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. B

Kpcp-h-c-∑msc°pdn-®v, alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ""]pcm-

W-ßƒ'' F∂ Imhy-Øn¬ C]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-SpØn:

""`mc-X-h¿j-Ønse ]q¿∆-X-ar-jo-µ-∑m¿

]mcn-\p-≈-Sn-°√p ]m¿Øp-I-≠-dn-™-h¿

tbmssK-I-\n-c-X-∑m¿, t`mK-\n-kv]r-l¿

]cn-Xym-ssKI Zho-W-∑m¿

Ah¿X≥ hmk-ß-tfm, s]m´-]p-√p-IƒsIm≠pw

ipjv°-]-XuLw sIm≠pw, sIń-ta-™-h-bmbn

]mgv°p-Sn-ep-I-f-sX, F¶n-ep-a-h-bn¬\n-∂-ßp-In-ńb

aWn-Ø-¶-ßƒ alm¿L-ßƒ as‰-ßp-a-e-`y-ßƒ

sNt¶mep Zqc-Øn´p tbmK-Z-sfi-Sp-°p∂p

s]m¶n-co-SsØ PUm-Pq-U-ambv am‰o-Sp∂p

kz¿§hpw XrW-]mbw \nßƒ°o-`q-an-bn¬

arKy-am-sbm-t∂-bp-≈q kzmX¥yw km£m¬ tam£w.''

19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \ΩpsS k`bv°v C]-Imcw Hcp Ejo-µ≥

D≠mbn; ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬, \ΩpsS k`bv°v

C]-Imcw Hcp Ejo-µ≥ D≠mbn; ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n.

tIm´bw Pn√-bn¬ ]mºm-Sn-bnse s]m¥≥Im-Sp-]n-Sn® s]mØ≥-

]pdØv Hcp ]¿Æ-im-e-sI-ńb alm-ap\n; Xs‚ ASp-°¬ h∂-h¿°v

hmcn-s°m-SpØv aXn-h-cm™ alm-Zm-Xmhv; ]q°-sf-bpw, ]qºm-‰-I-

sf-bpw, ]mhp-I-sf-bpw, ss]X-ß-sf-bpw, ]ip-°-sf-bpw, ]ń-I-sfbpw,

]q®-I-sf-bpw, Im°-I-sf-bpw, ImSp-I-sfbpw kvt\ln® al¿jn; AP-

K-W-ßƒ°v F∂pw Acn-In-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ AP-]m-e-I≥; ico-c-tØm-

sS-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ HmSn-sbØn ssIapØn Biz-kn-®-Xns‚ \qdp-a-S-ßv

Bfp-Iƒ, I_-dnSw apØn kmbq-Py-a-S-bp∂ Znhy-km-∂n≤yw; Cßs\

]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn-bm¬, B hnip-≤n-bpsS hniz-cq-]-Øn\v hnti-j-W-

ßƒ A\-h-[n.

1885 G]n¬ 5˛\v, ]mºmSn t]g-a-‰Øv Nmt°m, Cf®n Zº-Xn-

Iƒ°p≠mb ]Øp a°-fn¬ A©ma-\mbn P\n® Ipdn-bm-®≥ F∂

Ipdn-bm-t°m-kv, ZmcnZyw Adn™ Hcp I¿jI IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-

am-bn-cp-∂p. Kmam-¥-co-£-Ønse Hcp sIm®p ]≈n-°q-S-hpw, Ahn-


SsØ Bim-\pw, ]e-cp-sSbpw a\- n-ep-≈-Xp-t]mse, ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta\n _me-\m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, Hcp ]≈n-hm-Xp-°¬ kvIqfpw Ahn-SsØ

aT-Øn-em-im≥ F∂ kn. Pn. cma≥]n-≈bpw F∂pw a\w-\nd™p

\n∂p. aZv_-lm-ip-iq-jbv°v IqSp∂ Hcp ]mhw _me-\n¬, ssZh-

hn-fn°v tbmKyX sXfn-bn® bmZr-›n-I-X-bpsS Hcp sIm®p- IY-bp≠v.

]mºmSn]≈n-bpsS ap‰Øv Bfp-Iƒ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂n-SØv NmWIw

ssIsIm≠v hmcn sXßn≥Np-hń-en´ _mes\ ]≈n-ta-S-bn¬ \n∂v

Hcp Xncp-ta\n i≤n-®p. tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Øns‚ ]Ya saXm-t∏m-

eoØm IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Bbn-cp∂p B

Xncp-ta-\n. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb∂ sIm®p-Ip-dn-bm-t°mkv Bbn-cp∂p

B "hyXy-kvX\mw' _me≥. ]Xn-\memw hb- n¬ siΩm-»-\m-b-

t∏mƒ, Ip∏mbw Xbv]n-°p-hm≥ D≈ ]W-Øn-\p-t]mepw amXm-]n-

Xm-°ƒ ]Wn-s∏-´p. sshZn-I-]-T-\-Øn-\m-bn, tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-

cn-bn¬ ""D≠p-Xm-ak''Øn\v ôkp-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ hI-bn-√m-Ø-Xn-

\m¬ Xmg-Ø-ßm-Sn-bn¬ Hcp _‘p-ho- n¬ Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v AhnsS-

\n∂v \S-∂p-t]mbn ]Tn-®p. A∂v h´-t»-cn¬ aev]m-\-®≥, AXm-bXv

]cn-ip≤ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n, Bbn-cp∂p ][m\ Kpcp. IqsS, N°-

c-°-S-hn¬ butk^p aev]m\pw ]Tn-∏n-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Imepw

taepw thZ-\n®p ]Tn-°m≥ t]mb-Xp-sIm-≠m-Imw, Ipdn-bm-t°mkv

siΩm-i≥ ]Tn-t°-≠Xp ]Tn-t°-≠-Xp-t]mse `wKn-bmbn ]Tn-®p.

siΩm-is‚ kpdn-bm\n ssI∏S AXn-a-t\m-l-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. skan-\m-

cn-]-T\w Ign™v Xncn®v hońseØnb siΩm-i≥ c≠p- Imcyw Xocp-

am-\n-®p-d-®n-cp-∂p. H∂v, C\napX¬ Xs‚ Xmakw ]mºmSn ]≈n-bn¬

Bbn-cn-°pw, ImcWw ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn®v bma-]m¿∞-\-Ifpw

t\mºpw D]-hm-khpw [ym\hpw \S-Øp-∂Xv Hcp kz¿§o-bm-\p-`q-Xn-

bm-Wv. c≠v, Hcp k\ymkn]´-°m-c-\mbn thWw injvTm-bp v Ign®p-

Iq-´p-hm≥.

ssZh-Ønepw Ahn-SpsØ Aan-X-_-e-Ønepw Bflm-hns‚ \¶qcw

Dd-∏n-®-h-\v, D]-hm-khpw ]m¿∞-\bpw ]mW-hmbp t]mse-bm-Wv.

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\v AXv hnip-≤n-bp-sS tkm]m-\-Ønse ]S-

hp-Iƒ Xm≠nb cm]-I-ep-I-fmbncp∂p. At∏m-gm-Wv, Hcn-°¬ h√mØ

hdp-Xn-aqew IpSn-sh-≈w-t]mepw h‰p∂ Ahÿ h∂-Xv. siΩm-i≥

P\-ß-tfmSv ]d-™p, \ap°v aq∂p Znhkw D]-h-kn®p ]m¿∞n-°mw.

aq∂mw Znhkw HºXmwaWn \a-kvIm-c-tØmsS D]-hm-k-]m¿∞\

]q¿Øn-bm-°n. F√mh¿°pw, ]≈n-°p-Xmsg sNØn-a‰w hb-en¬

I™n-bp-s≠∂v siΩm-i≥ ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®v F√m-hcpw Ahn-sS-


t∏m-bn, ""I™n-°pgn''bn¬ \n∂v (sN-dnb Ipgn-I-fn¬ hmg-bne h®v,

I™n Hgn®v h®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv) πmhn-e-°-c-≠n-sIm≠v I™n-Ip-Sn®v

Xocm-dm-b-t∏mƒ AXm BImiw Ccp≠p alm-amcn s]bvXp. F¥n-

t\-sd, I™n Xbm-dm-°m≥ sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp∂ ]mX-ßƒ, hb-en¬

s]mßnb sh≈-Øn¬ s]mßn \oßn! `‡-\mb siΩm-i-s\-°p-dn-

®p≈ \m´p-Im-cpsS [mcW Ah-cpsS Dƒt_m[y-am-bn. Xßƒ°p

ap∂n¬ \S-°p-hm≥ Hcp ssZh-]p-cp-j-\p-s≠∂v Ah¿ Nn¥n-°p-hm≥

XpS-ßn. kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ \mw hmbn-°p∂p: ""Ah¿ bcp-i-te-an-te°v

bmX sNbvI-bm-bn-cp∂p; tbip Ah¿°p apºmbn \S∂p; Ah¿

hnkva-bn®p; A\p-K-an-°p-∂-htcm `b-s∏´p'' (a¿t°mkv 10:32).

]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A¥y-\m-fp-I-fn¬ At±-lsØ ]cn-N-

cn-°p-hm-\p≈ \ntbmKw Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i-\m-Wp-≠mbXv. Kpcp-

hmb h´-t»-cn¬ aev]m-\-®-\mWv B ssZhn-I-]-≤-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±-i-

I-\m-b-Xv. Gen-bm-hns‚ ]pX∏v hmßp-hm-\p≈ Gen-im-bpsS \ntbm-

K-ambn AXp ]cn-W-an-®p. 1902 \hw-_¿ 2˛\v 55˛mw hb- n¬ Imew-

sNbvX ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n°v Znhy-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ Xs‚ hnip-≤- ]n≥-

Kmansb ImWm≥ Ign-™n-cn-°-Ww.

]mºm-Sn-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-is\ FXbpw

thKw Hcp sshZn-I-\m-°p-hm-\pw, dº-m\m-°p-hm\pw D≈ Btem-N-\-

Iƒ tIµ-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \S-∂p. ]s£, AXv \S-∏n-em-bXv aq∂mep

h¿jw Ign-™mWv. AXn\p apJy-Im¿Ωn-I-\m-b-Xv, ]n∂oSv ae-¶-c-

bpsS H∂mw ImtXm-en°m Bb apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ Cuhm-

\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Wv. kmXzn-I-X-bpsS ]cym-b-am-bn-cp∂ apdn-a-‰-

Øn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb°pdn®v `b-`‡n _lp-am-\-ß-tfmsS \m´p-Im¿

]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv, ""apdn-a-‰-Øn\v apI-fn-te°v Hcp Nc-Sp-≠v'' F∂m-Wv.

Xncp-ta-\n ]mºmSn ]≈n-bn¬ FØn, 1906 Pqsse 28˛\v, 21 hb-

p≈ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-»s\ sshZn-I-\mbn ]´w-sI-ń. ]ns‰-

Znhkw Xs∂ \h-ssh-Zn-I-s\, dºm-\m-°n, Hcp A]q¿∆-N-cnXw

Na®p. Aß-s\, ]cp-a-e-bnse ]\n-a-e¿kpK-‘w, ]mºm-Sn-bnse

]≈n-∏-cn-k-cØpw ]c-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]e¿°pw tXm∂m≥ XpS-ßn.

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥, Xs‚ sshZn-I-ip-iq-j-bpsS AXyp-÷ze-

L-´-Øn-te°p IS-∂p. AXv, sshhn-[y-am¿∂ AP-]m-e\ ipiq-j-

bp-sSbpw, ]pWy-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]mºmSn

]≈n-bpsS ]pXp-°n-∏-Wnbpw dºm-®s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-®p.

AXn-\n-S-bn¬ ]e-t∏m-gpw, tIm´-bØv ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ FØp-


hm-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. k`m-¥-co-£w, 1908

apX¬ IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-bn-Øp-S-ßn. At¥ymJym ]m-Xn-b¿°o-

kp-ambn \nc-¥c IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. kpdn-bm-\n-

bn¬ A£-c-h-Sn-hn-epw, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Ønepw ]ho-W-\mb Ipdn-

bm-t°mkv dºm≥ IØn-S-]m-Sp-I-fpsS Imcy-ÿ-\mbn `hn-®p. h´-

t»-cn¬ dºm\pw a‰pw bcp-i-te-an¬ t]mbn saXm≥ÿm\w ]m]n-

°p-hm\p≈ Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ XpSßn bmX-bv°p≈ Iao-I-c-W-

ßƒ ]eXpw ]mºmSnd-ºm-®≥ sNbvXp. CXn-\n-S-bv°v, ]mºm-Sn-bnepw

Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS ]e Bflob Bh-iy-ßƒ°pw dºm-

®s‚ km∂n≤yw A\n-hm-cy-ambn h∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw ""Im¬''h≠n-

bnepw, Nne-t∏mƒ Imf-h-≠n-bnepw Bbn-cp∂p Cu bmX-Iƒ.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw a‰pw ÿm\w G‰v 1908˛¬ Xs∂ Xncn-

s®-Øn. 1909˛¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-

a≥ Imew sNbvXp. Xma-kn-bmsX A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-

¶-c-bn¬ FØn, ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-khpw XpS-ßn. Hcp Znhkw

skan-\mcn Nm∏-en¬ ]mºmSn Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥ hn. Ip¿∫m\

A\p-jvTn-°p-tºmƒ ]mXn-b¿°okv AXn¬ kw_-‘n-®p. kpdn-bm-

\n-bn¬ A\m-bmkw `‡n-\n¿`-c-ambn A\p-jvTn-°-s∏´ Ip¿∫m-\-

bn¬ At±-l-Øn\v kt¥mjw D≠m-bn. ]t£, Hcp Imcyw F¥p-

sIm≠v hn´p-t]mbnsb∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv Xnc-°n. ta¬ÿm-\n-Iƒ

kw_-‘n-°p-tºmƒ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬, I¿Ør-]m¿∞\ Ah¿

Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ Im¿Ωn-I≥ CSw \¬Ipw. AXv A∂p \S-∂n-√.

Imcyw Xncn-®-dn™ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥, Ip‰-t_m-[-tØm-sS, \njv-

°-f-¶-ambn GXm≠v Cßs\ ]d™p: ""kXy-Øn¬ Rm\-t∏mƒ

BIm-i-Øn-ep≈ _mhm-bpsS ASp-°-em-sW∂v hnNm-cn-®v, AXv

Aßp sNm√n-t∏m-bn. _mhm Ds≠-∂p≈ Imcyw Hm¿Øn-√'' (\-ΩpsS

sshZn-I¿ Cu \njv°-f¶ adp-]-Snsb apX-se-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°-s´).

1911˛¬ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-kv, h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb apS-

°p∂ Iev]\ Cd-°n. k`-bn¬ c≠p I£n-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´v, Xpd∂

Ie-l-Øns‚ A¥-co£w D≠m-bn. ]mºm-Sn-∏-≈nbnepw AXns‚

]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ D≠m-bn. dº-m®≥ ]mºm-Sn-∏-≈n-bn¬ Ib-d-cp-sX-

∂p≈ tImSXn \ntcm-[-\-tØmfw Imcy-ßƒ FØn. lrZ-b-th-Z-\-

tbmsS dºm-®≥ ]d™p: ""]ń°v ]≈n-ap-‰-Øp-IqSn \S-°mw. \cn-

®o-dn\p ]≈n-b-IØp ]d-°mw. ]s£ F\n-°p- am-Xw....'' Xf¿∂p

t]mbmepw, XI¿∂p t]mIp-hm≥ Xºp-cm≥ CS-bm-°mØ kml-N-

cy-ßƒ \ap-°p-≠m-Im-dp-≠-t√m. dºm-®\pw Xf¿∂p-sh-¶nepw

XI-cp-hm≥ ssZhw CS-bm-°n-bn-√.


k`m-]-iv\-Øn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\ntbmsSm∏w \ne-sIm≠

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥ Xs‚ k`m-kvt\lw Xoh-hm-Z-Øn¬ sXfn-

bn-°m≥ BK-ln-®n-√. At±lw kuay-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Xoh-amb I£n-

hn-Imcw Cf-°n-hn-Sp∂ ]e-cp-sSbpw kzImcyAP≠ X\n°v th≠m-

sb∂v At±lw Xocp-am-\n®p. 1911˛¬ IqSnb ae-¶c Atkm-tky-j≥,

hmI-Øm-\Øp Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv dºm-t\mSpw (]n-∂oSv c≠mw

ImtXm-en-°m ]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv H∂m-a≥), Ipdn®n I√m-

t»cn¬ ]p∂qkv dºm-t\mSpw (]n-∂oSv aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m ]. _tk-

en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv c≠m-a≥) H∏w, ]mºmSn t]g-a-‰Øv Ipdn-bm-

t°mkv dºm-t\bpw taev]-´-ÿm-\-tØ°v Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. ]t£,

At±lw ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°m≥ apt∂m´p h∂n-√. Iep-jn-X-amb k`m-

¥-co-£-Øn¬ \mń-ep≈ Nne¿ Xt∂mSv Zp¿apJw ImWn-°p-∂Xp

I≠-t∏mƒ dºm-®\v Gsd thZ-\-bm-bn. kzÿ-am-bn, kz¥-ambn Hcp

]¿Æ-ime sI´p-hm≥ FhnsS ÿew? Bcp klm-bn°pw? At±-l-

Øns‚ thZ\ BZyw hmbn-s®-Sp-ØXpw ]cn-l-cn-®Xpw Kpcp-hmb aT-

Øn-em-im≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. B Kpcp-in-jy-_‘w DZm-Ø-amb Hcp Kpcp-

in-jy-_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p. kmam\yw henb Hcp qhp-S-a- Iq-Sn-bmb Kpcp,

s]mØ≥]pdw Ip∂n¬ X\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ 12 G°¿ ÿew, ]nb

-in-jy\v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øp. dº-m®\pth≠n `‡-P-\-ßƒ Hcp

Biaw Hcp-°n.

Hme-a-d-®v, Hme-ta-™v, NmWIw sagp-Inb Bi-a-sØ, BZysØ

ssIkvXh k\ym-kn-bmb Xo_vknse ]ueq-kns‚ Kpl-tbm-Spw,

ssIkvX-hm-ia ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥ At¥m\ntbm-kns‚

hmk-ÿ-e-tØm-Spw, BZy k\ym-k-k-aq-lm-≤y-£-\mb ]t°m-an-tbm-

kns‚ Bi-a-tØmSpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™p-Im-Wpw. Xma-

kn-bm-sX Hcp Zb-dm-s°-ńSw Xs∂ AhnsS ]Wn Bcw-`n-®p. klm-

b-ßƒ ]e hgn-I-fn-embn hs∂-Øn. am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv kl-Zm-

bpsS \ma-Øn¬ sIńSw ka¿∏n-®p. B sIń-S-amWv Zb-dm-]-≈n-bpsS

sX°p-h-iØv \man-∂p-Im-Wp∂ ss]Xr-I-a-µn-cw. AhnsS Xma-kn®p-

sIm≠v Hcp XmXv°m-enI tZhm-e-b-hpw, ]n∂oSv ÿnc-amb Hcp tZhm-

e-bhpw \n¿Ωn-®p (B tZhm-e-b-ÿm-\-Øv kao-]-Im-eØv ]pØ≥

tZhm-ebw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-XmWv C∂p ImWp-∂-Xv). bma-]m¿∞-\-

Ifpw, hn. Ip¿∫m-\m-\p-jvTm-\hpw \S-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS

s]mØ≥]pdw Hcp ]pWy-Xo¿∞-ambn amdn. B Ip∂n\v h´-t»-cn¬

Xncp-ta\n ""Xmt_m¿'' F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXXv A¿∞-h-Øm-bn.

kz¿§-hpw, `qan-bpw, amem-J-am-cpw, hmßn-t∏m-b-hcpw, P\-k-©-b-


ßfpw, AhnsS ktΩ-fn® Xmt_m-dmbn Ahn-Sw. Bflob kam-[m\w

tXSn-sb-Øp-∂-h¿°v a\xim¥n, BXp-c¿°v A`-b-tIµw, hni∏v

ian-t°-≠-h¿°v hb-dp-\n-d-®m-lm-cw, ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ°v \n¿ -b-amb

Hcp Bhm-k-tI-µw, \m\m-Pm-Xn-a-X-ÿ¿°v Hcp aX-ku-lr-Z-th-Zn,

k`m-ip-iq-j-I¿°v kºq¿Æ ]cn-io-e\tIµw, Cß-s\-sb-√m-amb

s]mØ≥]pdw kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ Hcp ]pØ≥]p-c-ambn amdn.

k`m-ss]-Xr-I-Øn-eqsS e`n® Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ Nn -tbmSpw

Ia-ambpw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp tZhm-ebw; Bsc-t∏mƒ IS-∂p-h-∂mepw

Ahsc Bfl-i-co-c-a-\- p-I-fn¬ ]cn-N-cn-°p∂ Hcn-Sw. CXp c≠p-am-

bn-cp∂p Npcp-°-Øn¬ ]mºm-Sn-bnse Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®s‚

kz]v\-km-£m¬°mcw. AXn\p c≠n\pw C∂pw aß-te¬°msX

Ccn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv, s]mØ-ºpdw Zb-dm-bpsS ssNX-\yw. anX-

`mjnbpw, ⁄m\n-bpw, kuay-\pw, Ffn-a-bpsS \nd-Ip-Shpw Bb dºm-

®\v F√m-hcpw kz¥-ambncp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ dºm-®≥ F√m-

h¿°pw kz¥-am-bn-Xo¿∂p. X\n°v e`n-°p-∂-sX√mw B¿s°-¶nepw

sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°Ww F∂ H‰ \n¿_-‘ta dºm-®\v D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p-≈p. ASpØp ]cn-N-cn-®-h-cn¬ Nne¿°v Cu \n¿_-‘-tØmSv

Aa¿jw tXm∂nb \nan-j-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw, Ah¿°pw

B \n¿_-‘-Øns‚ apºn¬ Xe \an-t°-≠n-h-∂p. ImcWw Ah¿

I≠-dn-™p, acp-`q-an-bn¬ ]d-∂n-d-ßnb a∂bpw ImS-∏-£n-bpw, Gen-

bm-hns\ Xo‰-nb Im°-bpw, ksd]vX-bnse hn[-hsb Icp-Xnb ssZh-

]p-cp-j-\pw Hs° Xß-fpsS kao-]-Øp-Xs∂ Ds≠-∂v.

23 h¿jw dºm-\mbn Ign-™p-Iq-Snb Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dº-m®s\

Hcp Znhkw Aev]w Im¿°-iy-`m-h-tØmsS Kpcphpw ae-¶c saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-amb h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n hnfn-®p-h-cpØn B⁄m-]n®p;

saXm≥ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°-W-sa-∂v. Xncp-hmbv°v FXn¿hm C√mØ

coXn-bn¬ AX-\p-k-cn-t°-≠n -h-∂p. 1929 s^_p-hcn 16˛\v tIm´bw

am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en¬ h®v ]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh-¿Kokv ZznXo-

b≥ _mhm-bm¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂ \ma-

tØmsS taev]-´-ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®p.

""KotKm-dn-tbmkv'' F∂ t]cv it≤-b-am-Wv. t]cns‚ A¿∞w

""DW¿∂n-cn-°p-∂-h≥'' AYhm ""PmK-X-bp-≈-h≥'' F∂m-Wv.

t]cns\ A\z¿∞-am°n, tIm´bw saXm-k-\-Øns‚ saXm-t∏m-

eoØm Bbn 36 h¿jw PmK-X-tbmsS AP-]m-e\w \n¿∆-ln-®p.

]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zbdm Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Bÿm-\w.


Aßs\ ""]mºmSn dºm-®≥'', ""]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n'' Bbn. Hcp- Imcyw

F√m-hcpw Xncn-®-dn-™p. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®-\nse tim`-bp≈

] -°m-c≥, Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-knepw AXn-tim- -tbmsS

Pohn-®p. A[n-Im-c-hpw, `c-W-hpw, ]W-hpw, ""t]mKmapw'' Bsc-

sb√mw Fß-s\-sb√mw am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v IqSp-X¬ hni-Zo-

I-c-W-ßƒ Bh-iy-an-√-t√m. cmam-b-W-Øn¬ Hcp ap\n-bpsS IY-

bp≠v. koX cma-t\mSv ]d™ IY-bm-Wv. Hcp amap-\n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

`‡n-sIm≠pw kn≤n-sIm≠pw tim`n® At±-l-tØmSv tZth-µ-\p-

t]mepw Akq-b-bm-bn. HSp-hn¬ tZth-µ≥ Hcp ]´m-f-°m-cs‚ cq]-

Øn¬ h∂v Xs‚ Hcm-hiyw ap\n-tbm-S-dn-bn-®p. X\n°v ASp-sØm-cn-

SØv H∂p t]mbn-h-cp-∂-Xp-hsc Xs‚ hnti-j-s∏´ hmƒ, ap\n H∂p

kq£n-°Ww F∂v. ‡s‚ Bh-iyw ap\n kΩ-Xn-®p. hmƒ kq£n-

°p-∂-Xns‚ mK-ambn AXv XpS®v hrØn-bm-°p-hm\pw ap\n i≤n®p.

]´m-f-°m-c≥ h∂p tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ hmƒ Xncn®v sImSp-°p-hm-\p≈

i≤-sIm-≠v, ap\n Xs‚ hXm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-tf-°mƒ, hmfns‚ kpc-

£bv°v Du∂¬ \¬In. kmh-[m-\w, amap\n Xs‚ X]-kns‚ tXPkv

\jvS-s∏´ shdpw ""hmƒap-\n-''bm-bn. CXpt]mse bYm¿∞ e£y-

Øn¬\n∂v hyXn-N-en-∏n-°m≥ DX-Ip-∂Xp ]eXpw ]tem-`n-∏n® \nan-

j-ß-fn¬, ]X-dmsX ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n DW¿∂n-cp-∂p. Ccp-Øw-h∂

`‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn\v Cf°w X´msX Aen-hp-\n-d™ AP-]m-e-\-Øn\v

Be-ky-ta¬°m-sX, ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Xs‚ Xo¿∞m-S\w XpS¿∂p.

B Xo¿∞m-S-\-Øn\v Ip∂w-Ip-fw-Imsc sIm∂p-Xn∂ tπKn-s\-

Xnsc t]mcm-Sn-hn-P-bn-°p∂ X]-»‡n D≠m-bn-cp-∂psh∂v sXfn-™p.

B Xo¿∞m-S-\-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN-cm≥ ]]-©sØ apgp-h≥ amSn-hn-fn-

°p∂ amkva-cn-IX D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-bnse \a-kvIm-c-ßƒ°p-

tijw ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ Xncp-ta-\nsb Xß-fp-tS-Xmb mj-bn¬ kvt\l-

a-dn-bn®v tXmfnepw ssIØ-≠-bnepw h∂n-cn-°p∂ ]mhp-Iƒ; ]≈n-

ap-‰sØ amhnse amß-m-∏gw sImØn-Øn∂v hb¿ \nd-™mepw Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS ssIbn¬\n∂v hogp-∂-sX-s¥-¶nepw Xn∂p-hm≥ ImØn-

cn-°p∂ Im°-°p-Spw-_-ßƒ; ""\ns‚ a°-sf-¥n-tbSo?'' F∂p Xncp-

ta\n tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ, a°sf Iqń-s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ AΩ-∏ń; ]q°fpw,

]qºm-‰-I-fpw, ]q®-°p- n-Ifpw A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ B\-µ-a-\p- -hn-°p∂

Hcp Znhy-km-∂n-[ysØ, ]n∂oSv \mw ]p\-c-h-X-cn®v I≠Xv Koh-¿Kokv

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bn-em-Wv.

""]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n'' F∂ hnip-≤-]p-cp-j≥ At\-I¿°v Kpcp-hm-

sb-¶n-epw, D≈ns‚ D≈n¬ F∂pw Hcp hn\o-X-in-jys‚ `mhw \nd-


™p-\n-∂p. aX-Øn-\-∏p-dw, a\- p-Isf CW-°n-bXp ]eXpw B mhw

krjvSn-s®-Sp-Øp. 21 \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn mc-X-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ ae-

¶ck -bpsS kphn-ti-j-ZuXyw Fs¥∂v tNmZn-°p-∂-h-tcmSv \ap°p

DØcw \¬Ip-hm≥ aXw-am-dn-b-h-cpsS kwJy A\-h[n C√. ]t£,

]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bn-epw, ]tXmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-

bn-epw, Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bn-epw, DØ-tc-

¥y≥ Kma-ß-fp-sS ""_Um -_m_m'' Bbn-Øo¿∂ kvtX^m-t\mkv

am¿ tXthm-tZm-tkymkv Xncp-ta\nbnepw, aXw-am-‰-Øn-\-∏p-dsØ Hcp

a\w-am-‰-Øns‚ ktµiw Pzen-®p-\n¬°p-∂p. AXmWv ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS Bfl-kp-K-‘w. aX-Øns‚ AXn¿h-c-ºp-Iƒ°-∏p-dØv

a\p-jysc XΩn¬ XΩn-epw, a\p-jysc ssZh-tØmSpw _‘n-∏n-°p∂

Hcp `mc-X-ssI-kvX-h-ss]-Xr-Iw, AXmWv ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn-X-

ssh-in-jvSyw F∂v FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp ZrjvSm-¥w,

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xn-s\, aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ""IS'' oI-

cX krjvSn-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw, lnµpXz-a-d-hn¬ ""L¿hm-]kn'' DZvtLm-

jn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS-bpw, ImeØv ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ hø. ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\n-°v, Ccn-°p-hm≥ HcnSw \¬Inb lnµp-Kp-cp-hm-bn-cp∂p aT-Øn-

em-im≥. aT-Øn-em-im≥ Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWm≥ h√-t∏mgpw hcp-am-

bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp hcp-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ apX¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bnse injy≥

Itk-c-bn-en-cn-°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ap‰Øv \S-∂v, Kpcp-hns\ kzoI-cn-®n-

cpØpw, ]cn-N-cn-°pw. hoń-te°v ImgvN-Iƒ sImSp-Ø-b-bv°pw. AXp-

sIm-≠v, B Kpcp-hns‚ IpSpw_w Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv ]pe¿Øp∂ `‡n-

_‘w C∂pw sFXn-lm-kn-I-am-Wv. aT-Øn-em-ims‚ ]uX≥ hn.

cho-µ-\mYv 1984˛I-fn¬ Fgp-Xnb Nne hmN-I-ßƒ ChnsS D≤-cn-

°s´.

""Rß-fpsS A∏q-∏≥ (a-T-Øn-em-im≥) ]Øp-

e£w cq]m kºm-Zn®p Rßƒ°pth≠n _m¶n¬

\nt£-]n-®n´p IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂Xnt\-°mƒ henb

kºmZyw X∂n-´mWv t]mb-Xv. ]pWy-]p-cp-j-\mb

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn Rß-sf-sb√mw At±lw

_‘n-®p. AXm-bn -cp∂p At±lw Rßƒ°v

ssIamdnb G‰hpw hne-tb-dnb IpSpw-_-kz-Øv.''

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS X]-kns‚ tXP pw Aen-hns‚ Bghpw,

Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xs∂ At±-lsØ ""]cn-ip-≤≥'' Bbn a\p-jy-

lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-®p. B Icw kv]¿in-®-h¿°v kuJyhpw

kam-[m-\-hpw; B a\w ]m¿∞n®Xns\ms° km^-eyw. B \mhp-


®-cn®sXms° a\- p-S-°p∂ aq¿®-bmbn `hn-®p. AXnsem-∂m-Wv,

""a°sf, ac-W-ap-s≠∂v ad-°-cp-tX'' F∂Xv. B ico-c-tØmSp tN¿-

∂n-cp∂ hm®v \n∂p-t]mb kabw 2.35. B icocw \n›-e-am-b-Xv,

Xs‚ F¨]-Xm-asØ P∑-Zn-\-amb G]n¬ 5˛\v shfp-∏n\v 2.35˛\v.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Nc-a-kp-h¿Æ-Pq-_nen h¿j-Øn¬, P\-lr-Z-

b-ß-fn¬, kl-\-Øn\pw km¥z-\-Øn\pw D≈ kPoh km∂n-[y-

ambn ]p\x-]-XnjvT t\Sp-I-bmWv. AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v, B XpS¿

km∂n-[y-Øns‚ Ffn-b-i-_vZ-ambn Cu hm°p-Isf ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

kz¥w A\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp km£yw c≠v hmN-I-ß-fn¬ Ipdn-

®p-sIm≠v Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-s´:

""I\¬°q-\-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v In\m-hp- Im-WpI temI-]-Imcw

km[y-a-√. ]t£, AXn\pw sIev]p-X-cp∂ kPoh km¥z-\-km-∂n-

[y-amWv ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n.''


D≈-S°w

Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ ^m. tUm. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-ń¬ 7

hmMvapJw 14

Dt]m-ZvLmXw

`mc-X-ss]-Xr-I-Øn-e-Sn-bp-d® ssIkvXh Kpcp-ti-jvT≥

˛ ^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥ 18

Zfw H∂v: B¿Z-kvt\lØns‚ arXyp-RvPb a¥w

^m. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv

1. BcmWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿? 35

2. C∂sØ A∏hpw \nXy-Po-h\pw 43

3. Hcp \√ CS-b≥ 46

4. B¿Zhpw kuay-hp-amb Hcp km∂n≤yw 50

5. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS bpKm¥y Z¿i\w 53

6. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn Z¿i\w 63

7. a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øns‚ acp-∏® 68

Zfw c≠v: Kpcp-h-cp-fp-Iƒ

1. kq‡-ßƒ 71

2. ]kw-K-ßƒ 75

3. Iev]-\-Iƒ, IØp-Iƒ 81

4. Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ 125

Zfw aq∂v: Kpcpkvac-WIƒ

1. Hcp Xncn™p-t\m´w ˛ ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥ 139

2. s]mØ-ºp-d-tØbv°v ˛ De-l-∂≥ h¿Kokv hS-Ic 164

3. hni-°p∂ InkvXp-hns\ tXSn ˛ h¿Kokv I°mSv 168

4. Cu sNdn-b-h-cn¬ B¿s°-¶nepw ˛ ]n. kn. sF∏v ]√m´v 170

5. ac-W-sØ-∏‰n amXw Nn¥n°p∂ alm-Nm-cy≥

˛ ^m. ]n. ]n. Koh-dp-Kokv 174

6. ]mºmSn am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkpw ]. h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw

˛ ^m. tP°_v aW-en¬ 176

7. kmXzn-I-\mb Xncp-ta\n ˛ ^m. ]n. Fw. ^nen-t∏mkv 180


Zfw \mev: PohnXhpw Z¿i-\hpw

1. a≤y-ÿ-X-bm¬ tcmK-im¥n

˛ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv 184

2. hnip-≤n-bpsS \dp-a-e¿

˛ s]m^. ss\\m≥ G_lmw 190

4. Bfl-hn-ip-≤n-bpsS B¿÷hw

˛ tUm. kndn-bIv tXmakv 192

6. Xt]m-[-\-\mb ]pWy-]p-cp-j≥

˛ ^m.- Sn. sP. tPmjzm 195

7. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\nbpw ]uckvXy B≤ym-fln-I-Xbpw

˛ ^m. tUm. _n. h¿Kokv 198

8. ]cp-ae \n∂pw Ip≠d hgn ]mºm-Sn°v

˛ ^m. Ipdn-bmt°mkv amWn I∂p-Ip-gn-bn¬ 201

9. efnXw B Pohn-Xhpw hN\hpw

˛ ^m. tPmk^v Ipdn-bm-t°mkv ]mºm-Sn-I≠Øn¬ 205

10. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: Nne hmI-Øm\w kvac-W-Iƒ

-˛ hn∂n sI. tImin 208

11. Ah-cp-sSbpw Fs‚bpw hni∏v H∂p Xs∂

˛ km_p hS-Ic 211

12. ssaem-∏q-cn-te°v Hcp Xo¿∞bmX

˛ ]n. F. tPm¨ t]g-a‰w 213

13. hnZysIm≠p i‡amb ]mºmSn

˛ tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv 217

Zfw A©v: ap\n-ti-jvTs‚ 1935˛se Ip∂w-Ipfw bmX

1. ]. Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhmbpsS s]mXp Iev]-\bpw

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°v Ab® IØpw 226

2. at\m-ca hm¿Ø-Iƒ 227

3. tKmaXn hm¿Ø 231

4. Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc tπKv alm-amcn 232

5. Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp \n∂pw

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n Fgp-Xnb IØv 232

6. Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc tπKv alm-amcnbpw

]mºm-Sn-bnse ap\n-tijvT\pw

˛ hn. sI. iocm-a≥ 233

7. 1935˛se Ip∂w-Ip-fw bmX: Imem-\p-I-a-WnI 236


Zfw Bdv: Xmt_m¿Kn-cn-bnse bXn-h-cy≥

˛ hnZzm≥ hn. ‰n. sF∏v 238

Zfw Ggv: PohnXw Imem-\p-I-a-WnI

1. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: Imem-\p-I-a-WnI

s]m^. hn]n≥ sI. h¿Kokv 258

2. am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I¥oe ipiqj 270

3. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvX hm¿Ø:

at\m-ca dnt∏m¿´v 273

3. Im¬ e£w t]¿ ]s¶-SpØ I_-d-S° ipiqj 276

4. ae-bmf at\mca apJ-]-kwKw 280

5. ap∏-X-Sn-b-¥ncw 281

6. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n \S-Ønb ]´w-sImS ipiq-j-Iƒ 282

7. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: _nªn-tbm-K^n 299

Zfw F´v: Xmt_m¿ Zbd: hnip-≤n-bpsS Hcp \q‰m≠v

1. AºXp h¿jw ]n∂n´ ]mºmSn Zbd

˛ ^m. ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ 310

2. ]mºmSn Zbd \qdmw h¿j-Øn-tebv°v

˛ ^m. kn.F. h¿Kokv 312

A\p-_‘w

1. ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Ab® IØpIƒ 315

2. Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm Ab® IØpIƒ 316

3. Xmt_m-dnse Xm]-k≥ (IhnX)

˛ ]pØ≥Imhv amØ≥ Xc-I≥ 319

4. ]mºmSnbnse ]\n-\o¿]qhv (IhnX)

˛ k`m-Ihn kn. ]n. Nm≠n 323

5. A∂-Zm\ atlm-’hw

˛ ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßmń¬ 325


""]cp-aebn¬ Imew sNbvX am¿ Ko-tKm-dn-tbm-kn-\p-tijw CX-

]cn-ip-≤-\mb Hcmƒ B tZi-Øp-≠m-bn-ń√. ... F\n-°-dn-bm-hp-∂-

sX√mw At±-l-Øn\pw Adnbmw.”

-˛ ]. _tkentbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ -_mhm

Zfw H∂v

B¿Z-kvt\-l-Øns‚

arXyp-RvPb a¥w

^m. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv

1

BcmWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿?

]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]mc-º-cy-Ønepw ]m›mXy (tdm-a≥

ItØm-en-°m) ]mc-º-cy-Ønepw k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿°v kp]-[m-\-amb

Hcp ÿm\-ap-≠v. k -bpsS hnizm-kw, thZ-imkvXw F∂n-h-bn-emWp

]nXm-°-∑m¿°v B[n-Im-cn-I-amb ÿm\w \mw sImSp-°p-∂-Xv. F.Un.

325- se \nJym kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijw, "]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hnizmkw'

F∂ ]tbmKw k`-bn¬ thcp-d-®p. Adn-tbm-kns‚ thZ-hn-]-co-X-

Øn-s\-Xn-sc, k -bpsS kXy-hn-izm-k-amWp \nJym-bn¬ IqSnb ]nXm-

°-∑m¿ ]Jym-]n-®-Xv. At∏mƒ "]nXm-°-∑mcpsS hnizmkw' F∂

]tbm-K-Øn¬ Im-Wp∂ "]nXm-°-∑msc' s]mXp-hmb A¿∞-Øn¬

kXy-hn-izmk kwc-£-I-∑m¿ F∂p \n¿∆-Nn-°mw. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬,

kXy-hn-izmkw kwc-£n® \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I-∑m¿ F√m-hcpw k`m-

]nXm-°-∑m-cm-tWm, AtXm B _lp-aXn GXm\pw Nne¿°p amX-

ambn k` am‰n-h-®n-cn-°p-I-bmtWm?

"BcmWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿' F∂ tNmZy-Øn\p hfsc hy‡-

amb Hcp-Øcw \¬Im≥ ]uckvXy ]mc-ºcyw aSn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k` AXn\p Nne hy‡-amb am\-Z-fi-ßƒ

I≠p]nSn°m≥ ian-®n-´p-≠v. AXp ]n∂mse ImWmw. ""k`m-]n-Xm-

°-∑m¿'', ""]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hnizmkw'' F∂ c≠v ]pcm-X\ ]tbm-

K-ß-fpsS ]›m-Øew kqNn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

blq-Z-]-›m-Øew

blq-Z-∑mcpsS thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ (In-kvXob thZ-Ønse ]gb-

\n-b-aw) ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F∂ ]tbmKw km¿∆-Xn-I-am-bn-´p-≠v. H-cm-

fpsS kz¥w ]nXmhp apX¬ apI-fn-te°v IpSpw-_-Ønepw hwi-

Ønepws]´ ]q¿∆n-I-sc-bmWv ChnsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F∂p kqNn-∏n-

°p-∂Xv. kzm`mhn-I-ambpw Ch¿ c‡-_-‘-ap≈ ]q¿∆n-I-cm-Wv.

tKmXkwkvIm-c-Øn¬ Cu ]q¿∆n-I¿ FX Xe-ap-dbv°v apºp-≈-

h-cm-sW-¶nepw ]nXm-°-∑m-cm-Wv. ss__n-fn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂

hwim-h-en-I-fn-¬ CXv hy‡-am-Wv (]p-Xnb\nb-a-Øn¬ aØmbn 1:17,

eqt°mkv 3:23˛-38 F∂n-hbpw ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ \nc-h[n ]ń-I-I-

fpap-≠v). Cßs\ s]mXp-hmbn blq-Z-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS ]nXm-°-∑msc

Hm¿°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw, Ah-cn¬ Nne hy‡n-Isf khn-ti-j-ambn


kvacn-°p-∂p. Ah¿ F_m-b-°m-cpsS Ncn-X-Øn-se \mgn-I-°-√p-I-

fm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn A_lmw, Ck-lm-°v, bmt°m_v F∂n-h¿.

Ah-cn¬Øs∂ ]tXy-In®pw A_-lmw. A_lmw hwi-ÿm-]-I-

\mWv. Ck-lm°v ZnhyhmKvZm-\-Øns‚ \nhr-Øn-bm-Wv. Ckm-tb¬

P\-X-bpsS t]cn -s‚bpw X\n-a -bp -sSbpw Imc-W-°m-c -\mWv

bmt°m_v. kz¿§-cm-Py-Øn¬ \sΩ-sb√mw "A_-lm-an-s‚bpw Ck-

lm-°n-s‚bpw bmt°m-_n-s‚bpw aSn-bn¬ ]m¿∏n-°-Wta' F∂m-

Wt√m kpdn-bm\n InkvXy-m\n-I-fpsS ]m¿∞-\. FX hniz-hn-im-

e-amb aSn-bm-bn-cn°pw Ah-cp-tSXv! Ckm-tb¬ P\-X-bpsS tKmX-

kvar-Xn-bpsS _m°n]X-amWv Cu ]m¿∞-\bpw. AX-\p-k-cn®v

FX Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS A¥-c-ap-≠m-bmepw \msa√mw GI ico-c-ambn

\ΩpsS tKmX]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS aSn-bn-te°v aS-ßp∂p. NnX-dn-t∏mb

Xe-ap-d-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Dd-h-bn-te°v Xncn-s®Øn Iqń-t®¿°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

ss]XrIw F∂Xv sFIy-Øn-t‚bpw X\n-a-bp-sSbpw kzX-zt_m-[-

Øn-s‚bpw ]Xo-I-am-hp∂p. AXn-\mWv ]mc-ºcyw (Tradition) F∂v

s]mXpsh ]d-bp-∂Xv. blq-Z-∑m¿ ]e-t∏mgpw Cu ss]Xr-I-sØ-

∏‰n AXncpI-S∂ A`n-am\w ImWn®v AXv Al-¶mc ]IS\-Øn\pw

a‰p-≈-hsc ]p—n-°p-∂-Xn\pw D]m-[n-bm°nbn´p-≠v. Ah¿°n-S-bn¬-

Øs∂, "]m]n-I-sfbpw Np¶-°m-scbpw'' Ffn-b-h-scbpw \nµn-°p-

hm\pw CXv D]-tbm-Kn-®p. ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ AYhm ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚

CØcw lo\-amb D]-tbm-K-Øn-s\-Xnsc tbip-InkvXp hnπ-h-I-c-

amb ]Xn-tj-[-ap-b¿Øn. Xm≥ kuJy-am-°nb Iq\nbpw AK-Xn-bp-

amb kvXosb "A_-lm-ans‚ aIƒ' F∂pw Xm≥ am\-km-¥-c-s∏-

Sp-Ønb Np¶-°m-c-\mb k°m-bnsb "A_-lm-ans‚ aI≥' F∂pw

]c-ky-ambn hnti-jn-∏n-®p. Hcp blqZ hy‡n°v e`n-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw

henb _lp-a-Xn-bmWv I¿Ømhv Ah¿°v \¬In-b-Xv. ss]XrI

]mc-º-cy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ blqZ]am-Wn-amcpsS k¶-ev]-Øn\v IS-I-

hn-cp-≤-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.

ZmhoZv BWv Ckm-tb¬ Ncn-X-Ønse as‰mcp \mgn-I-°√v. Zmho-

Zns‚ ]´-W-hpw knwlm-k-\hpw \n¿Æmb-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. aninlm hcp-

∂Xv Zmho-Zns‚ ]pX-\mbn hnip≤ \K-c-Øn¬ Ahs‚ knwlm-k-

\-Øn\v Ah-Im-in-bm-bn-´m-bn-cn°pw F∂v Ah¿ ]Tn-∏n-®p. At∏m-

gmWv H∂pa√mØ \tk-Øn¬ \n∂v shdpw X®s‚ aI≥ ""ZmhoZp-

]pX\m''sW∂v bdp-itew \K-c-Øn¬ Hmim\ kvXpXn-I-tfmsS P\w

B¿Øp-hn-fn-®-Xv. Chn-sSbpw, A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fn-en-cp∂ blq-Z-aXm-

≤y-£-∑m-cpsS ]mc-º-cy-˛-ss]-XrI k¶-ev]-ßƒ XI¿∂-Sn-™p.


InkvXob k`-bn¬

InkvXobk -bn¬ "ss]XrIw' F∂ hm°n\v Hcp hiØv blqZ

[mc-W-tbmSv hfsc IS∏m-Sp-≠v. adp-h-iØv tbip-InkvXp AXn\v

Xo¿Øpw ]pXn-sbmcp A¿∞w \¬In. tKmXw, hwim-h-en, c‡-

_‘w F∂n-h-sbm∂pw InkvXob ss]Xr-Ik-¶¬∏-Øn¬ C√.

ImcWw InkvXp-hns‚ kphn-tijw PmXo-bhpw hwio-bhpw `mjm-

]-c-hp-amb F√m then-s°-´p-Iƒ°pw D]-cn-bmbn kIe a\p-jy-h¿§-

sØbpw H∂m-bn-°m-Wm\pw F√m-h-scbpw ssZh-a°-fmbn Icp-Xm-

\p-amWv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ""\ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿'' F∂ ]tbmKw

InkvXob k`-bn-ep-ap-≠v. ]t£ k¶p-NnX hwio-bm¿∞-Øn-e-√.

temI-c-£-I-\mb tbip-In-kvXp-hn¬ hniz-kn-°bpw Xß-fpsS

PohnXw aqew InkvXp-hns‚ kvt\l-Øn\v km£yw hln-°bpw

ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ \oXnbpw kam-[m-\hpw kaq-l-Øn¬ ssIh-cp-

Øp-hm≥ ]b-Xv\n-°bpw sNbvX F√m-hcpw s]mXp-hmb A¿∞-

Øn¬ k`m]nXm-°-∑m-cm-Wv.

""]nXm-°-∑m¿'' F∂-Xnse ]p√nwKkqN\ InkvXob kphn-tij

shfn-®-Øn¬ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ "]nXm-

°-∑m-cpsS ]mc-ºcyw' B≤ym-fln-I-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw ]n≥-

X-e-ap-dbv°v ]I¿∂psImSp-°p-∂-Xnepw \n¿Æm-bI]¶p hln-°p-

∂Xv AΩ-am-cm-Wv. ""]nXr'' F∂ hnti-j-W-Øn¬ kvXoIfpw AΩ-

amcpw \n»-_vZcpw AZr-iy-cp-am-Wv. ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-ap≈ F√m kaq-

l-ß-fnepw `mjm-]-tbm-Khpw ]nXr-tI-µo-Ir-X-am-bn-´m-Wt√m cq]-

s∏-´-Xv. ]gb `mj-sbms° Xncp-Øm≥ Nne-t∏mƒ ]bm-k-am-sW-

¶nepw, ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn AXv t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mhpw. InkvXp-hns‚

ico-c-amb k`-bpsS hnizm-k]m-c-ºcyw F∂ ss]Xr-IsØ Icp-∏n-

Sn∏n-°bpw AXns\ ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°bpw sNbvX F√m-h-sc-bpw,

kvXo]p-cp-j-t`-Z-tam, sshZn-I˛A¬amb hyXym-k-tam, IqSmsX

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ thZ-hym-Jym-\hpw Pohn-X-ssi-en-bp-amWv k` ]n≥XpS-

tc-≠-Xv.

CXbpw Bap-J-ambn ]d-™-psIm-≠v, Ct∏mƒ A°m-Z-anIv hrØ-

ß-fnepw ssZh-imkvX ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fnepw \nehn-ep≈ "ss]XrI'

kn≤m-¥sØ kqNn-∏n-°-s´.

Cw•o-jn¬ Patristics As√-¶n¬ Patrology F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv ]pcm-

X\ InkvXob Kpcp-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw thZ-im-kvX-⁄-cp-sSbpw cN-\-

Ifpw Ah-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\-ß-fp-amWv. Npcp°w Nne ]fin-X-


∑m¿ Cu hm°p-Iƒ XΩn¬ hyXn-cn-‡X Iev]n°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ Ahsb H∂m-bn-´mWv ImWp-

∂-Xv.

Kpcp, ]nXmhv

hnip≤ ]utemkv At∏m-kvX-e≥ sImcn-¥y¿°v Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ,

kzbw Ah-cpsS "]nXmhv' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. ""\nßƒ°p

InkvXp-hn¬ ]Xn-\m-bncw Kpcp-°-∑m¿ Ds≠-¶nepw, ]nXm-°-∑m¿

Gsd-bn-√. InkvXp-tb-ip-hn¬ Rm\t√m \nßsf kphn-ti-j-Øm¬

P\n-∏n-®Xv'' (1 sImcn. 4:15). sImcn-¥ysc Bflo-b-ambn ho≠pw P\n-

∏n-®Xv hnip≤ ]utem-km-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v A-t±lw AhcpsS bYm-

¿∞ ]nXmhpw, bYm¿∞ Kpcp-hp-am-Wv. AXn-]p-cm-X\ Imew apX¬,

`mc-Xob kwkv°m-c-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]e kwkv°m-c-ß-fnepw Kpcp-

hn\p ]nXm-hns‚ ÿm\-amWp \evIp-∂-Xv. ImcWw am\-kn-Ihpw

Bflo-b-hp-amb Xe-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ D¤-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ°v

Imc-W-`q-X≥ Kpcp-hm-Wv. InkvXobk`-bpsS BZna \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬

F∏n-kvt°m∏m (_n-j∏v) amsc-bmWp ]nXmhv F∂p hnfn®ph∂-Xv.

CXn\p c≠p Imc-W-ßfp≠v. H∂m-a-Xm-bn, F∏n-kvt°m-∏m-bmWp

HutZym-KnIambn InkvXob hnizmkw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Kpcp F∂mWv

k¶-ev]w. F∏n-kvt°m∏m InkvXp-hns‚ ]Xo-Ihpw km∂n-≤y-hp-

sa∂ \ne-bn¬ P\-ß-fpsS a≤y-Øn¬ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂XpsIm≠v,

InkvXp-hn-s\-t∏mse, P\-ßsf hnizm-k-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-

\p≈ ][m\ Npa-Xe At±-l-Øn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. At±-

ltØmSv tN¿∂p\n¬°p∂ sshZn-Icpw siΩm-»-∑mcpw a‰p-≈-hcpw

B _‘-Øn-emWv k`-bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, P\-

ßƒ°p InkvXp-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ kv\m\w \¬In, Ahsc ]pXnb

Pohn-X-Øn-te°p \bn-°m-\p≈ Hu]-Nm-cnI Npa-X-ebpw F∏n-kvt°m-

∏-mam¿°m-Wv. sshZn-I¿ \ntbm-K-]-Imcw kv\m\w \¬Ip-∂p-s≠-

¶nepw, bYm¿∞ Im¿Ωn-I≥ _nj-∏m-Wv F∂mWv [mc-W. BZy-

\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬, Dbn¿∏p s]cp∂mfn\p apºp≈ BgvN-I-fn¬ F∏n-

kvt°m∏m Xs∂ hnizm-k-sØ-°p-dn®v kv\m\m¿∞n-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-

I-bpw, Dbn¿∏ns‚ Xte-∂mƒ At±lw Xs∂ Ahsc kv\m\w Ign-

∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m-∂p. Cu c≠v Npa-X-e-Ifpw IW-°n-se-Sp-

Øp-sIm-≠mWv F∏n-kvt°m-∏msb "]nXmhv' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv (tIc-

f-Ønse ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ Aß-s\-bmWv _nj-∏ns\ hnfn-°p-

∂-Xv. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ _m“W ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ad

]nSn-®pw, ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-ambpw "Xncp-ta\n'


F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p). ]mXn-b¿°o-kv, ]m∏m, _mhm, B_q\m F∂o

hm°p-Iƒs°√mw ]nXmhv F∂m-Wt√m ]mY-an-Im¿∞w.

\memw \q‰m-t≠mSp IqSn "]nXmhv' F∂ ]Zw Ipsd-°qSn hnim-e-

amb A¿∞-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. thZ-hn-]-

co-X-ßƒ k`sb De-bv°p∂ Ime-L-´-am-Wn-Xv. InkvXob hnizm-

k-Øn\p ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw _p≤n-]-c-hp-amb cq]hpw LS-\bpw D≠m-

Ip-∂Xp \memw \q‰m-t≠mSp IqSn-bm-Wv. Ae-Ivk-¥n-bm-bnse AØm-

\m-tkym-kv, I∏-tZm-Iy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cmb _t -en-tbm-kv, \mkn-

bm≥knse KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, \n m-bnse KotKm-dn-tbmkv XpS-ßn-b-

h-cmWv Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ it≤-b-cm-b-Xv. Adn-tbmkv, At∏m-√n-\m-

cn-kv, Fhp-t\m-an-tbmkv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS sX‰mb D]-tZ-i-ßsf t\cn v,

kXy-hn-izmkw F¥m-sW∂v hy‡-am-°n-b-h-cm-Wn-h¿. Ch-cpsS

]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬Øs∂ ""]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hnizmkw'' F∂ ]tbmKw

ImWmw. ]t£, AXp \nJym hnizm-k-]-am-WsØ Dt±-in-®mWp

]d-bp-∂-Xv. Ch-sc√mwXs∂ taev]-´-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv

Chsc k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cmbn Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ \memw

\q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ am¿ At]w Hcp siΩm-»≥ amX-am-bn-cp∂p.

F¶nepw ]uckvXy k`-bpsS henb ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv

At±lw.

At∏mƒ, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ Ah-iy-ambpw taev]- -ÿm-\-ap-≈-h¿

Bbn-cn-°Ww F∂p \n¿_-‘-an-s√∂p ImWmw. k`-bpsS ]Xn-

k‘n-L- -ß-fn¬, kXy-hn-izmkw icn-bmbn ]Tn-∏n®p k`sb \bn®n-

´p≈ Kpcp-°-∑mcpw Cu t]cn\v A¿l-cmWv. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬

AeIvk-¥n-bm-bn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hmdn-Km-t\mkv alm-\mb Hcp thZ-

imkvX Kpcp-hpw, ]nev°m-e-Øp-≠mb ]e k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑-mcpsS

_lp-am\ ]mX-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw, k` At±-l-Øn\p ]nXm-sht∂m

Kpcp-sht∂m D≈ ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂n-√. ImcWw, AXn-]-Xn-`m-im-en-

bmb At±-l-Øns‚ D]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ NneXv kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn\p

tbmPn-°m-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ F∂v C∂p hnfn-°-s∏-

Sp-∂-h¿ an°-hmdpw F√m-hcpwXs∂ thZ-im-kvX-]-c-ambpw hnizmk-

kw_-‘-ambpw hfsc Fgp-Xp-Ibpw ]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-

≈-h-cm-Wv.

tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬, k`m-]n-Xm-sh∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂

Hcmƒ°p \mep KpW-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p \njv°¿jn-®n-cn-

°p∂p: (1) kXyhnizmkw (2) hnip≤ PohnXw (3) k`-bpsS

AwKo-Im-cw ˛ ]m∏mtbm kp∂-l-tZmtkm ]nXm-hmbn ]Jym-]n-®n-cn-


°-Ww. (4) ]ucm-Wn-I-X. F∂m¬ ]uckvXyk`-bn¬ hy‡-amb

am\-Z-fi-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿

hnizmk kwc-£-I-cm-sW∂p \mw Icp-Xp-∂p-sh-¶nepw, Ah-cpsS hnip-

≤n-bpsS \ne-hmcw Af-°p-hm≥ \mw Xp\n-bp-∂n-√. ssZh-Øn\p

amXta Hcp-hs‚ hnip-≤nsb Af-°p-hm≥ Ignbq. AXp-sIm-≠mWv

]cn-ip-≤∑mcmbn ]Jym-]n-°p∂ coXn s]mXpsh ]uckvXy ]mc-

º-cy-Øn-en-√m-Ø-Xv. Ime-I-ta-Wbpw, P\-ß-fpsS s]mXpkΩXw

sIm≠p-amWv Hcmƒ hnip-≤-\mbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A√m-sX, HutZym-

KnI ]Jym-]\w aqe-a-√. ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-sbbpw b¬tZm- _m-

hm-sbbpw ]n∂oSv h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbbpw hnip-≤-∑m-cmbn ]Jym-

]n-®Xp \ΩpsS ]mc-º-cy-Ønse ]pXnb kwK-Xn-bmWv. AXp-t]mse

Xs∂, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-sc-√m-hcpw ]pcm-X\ ImeØp Pohn-®-h-cm-

IWw F∂p ]uckvXyk` \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂n-√. \ΩpsS ImeØpw

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cp-≠m-Imw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn \ΩpsS k`-bn¬ \ho-

I-cW]ÿm\w ]iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-®-t∏mƒ, hnizm-k-ÿn-c-X-tbmSp-

IqSn, k`sb \bn® ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n k`m-]n-Xm-sh∂ ÿm\w

A¿ln-°p-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]ń-Itbm Ime-

L- tam IrXy-ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]uckvXy ]mc-ºcyw Xøm-

dm-Ip-∂n-√.

]t£, \ΩpsS hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bnse "Xp_vtZ-\n'¬ \mw Hm¿°p∂

]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]ńI 8˛mw \q‰m-≠p-sIm≠v Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. F.Un.

700-˛¬ \ncym-X-\mb \n\p-th-bnse am¿ Ck-lm°pw 708-˛¬ \ncym-X-

\mb Dd-lm-bnse am¿ bmt°m-_p-amWv Ah-km-\-ambn Xp_vtZ-\n¬

ÿm\w ]nSn-®-Xv. Ko°p k`-bnepw k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]ńI 8˛mw

\q‰m-≠n¬ Za-kvt°m-knse tbml-∂m≥ F∂ henb ]fin-X-\mb

]nXm-hn-t\mSpIqSn Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. eØo≥ k`-bn¬ ]nXm-°-∑m-

cpsS Imew 7˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ "skhoen'se Ckn-tUm¿ F∂ ]nXm-

hn-t\m-Sp-IqSn Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. apI-fn¬∏-d™ aq∂p ]mc-º-cy-ß-

fnepw 8˛mw \q‰m-≠n\p tijhpw AXn-]-i-kvX-cmb ]nXm-°-∑m¿

D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. ]t£, 8˛mw \q‰m-t≠mSp IqSn "]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]mc-

ºcyw' F∂p ]n∂oSp h∂-h¿ hnfn® kpZr-Vhpw G-Io-Ir-X-hp-amb

Hcp ]mc-ºcyw DS-se-SpØp Ign-™n-cp-∂p. k`-bpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c-

ßƒ, thZ-imkvX hymJym-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bvs°√mw hy‡-amb cq]-

`m-h-ßƒ \¬In-°-gn-™n-cp∂p Cu ]mc-ºcyw. X∑qew AXn\p

hnip≤ KŸtØmsSm∏w B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Hcp ÿm\w ]n∂oSp

h∂-h¿ \¬Ip-I-bpw, k`-bpsS ]n¬°me Nn¥-bn¬ kp]-[m-\-amb

Hcm-[m-c-ambn AXns\ Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp.


eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑msc IqSmsX "k`m-Kp-cp-

°-∑m¿' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Iq´w Bfp-I-fp-≠v. k`m-Kpcp

(Doctor of the church) F∂ ÿm\w ]m∏m HutZym-Kn-I-ambn ]Jym-

]n®p \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. ]nXm-°-∑m¿°p Bhiyamb KpW-ßƒ IrXy-

ambn \n¿∆-Nn-®-Xp-t]mse Hcmsf k`m-Kp-cp-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥

aq∂p ]tXyI KpW-ßƒ Bh-iy-ap-≠v: (1) hnip-≤n-˛-]-Jym-]nX ]cn-

ip-≤-∑m¿°p amXta k`m-Kp-cp-hm-bn-Øo-cm≥ km[n-°q. (2) ssZhnI

hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Bg-ta-dnb Adn-hv. (3) ]m∏mtbm kp∂-l-

tZmtkm k`m-Kp-cp-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]Jym-]\w.

]uckvXyk`-bpsS ]nXm-hmb am¿ At]-ans\ 1920-˛-emWv eØo≥

k` k`m-Kp-cp-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. I\y-I-a-dn-bm-ans‚ Aa-tem¬`h

kn≤m-¥sØ ]n¥m-ßp-∂-Xn\p am¿ At]-ans‚ Nne Km-\-ßƒ

klm-bn°pw F∂ [mc-W-bn-emWv At±-lsØ k`m-Kp-cp-hmbn

tdmamk` ]Jym-]n-®-Xv F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. "If-¶-an-√mØ', "\n¿Ω-

e-amb' XpS-ßnb hnti-j-Wßƒ am¿ A]w Xs‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬

hnip≤ I\y-Ibv°p \¬Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw tdmΩmk` ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xp-t]m-sebp≈ Aa-tem¬`h kn≤m¥w At±-l-tam, At±-lsØ

_lp-am-\n-°p∂ kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cytam ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. eØo≥

]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ GI-tZiw 20 Kpcp-°-∑msc HutZym-Kn-I-ambn AwKo-

I-cn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw Ah-cn¬ Bwt_m-kv, BK-kvXn-t\m-kv, Ptdmw,

KotKm-dn-tbmkv ]m∏m (7-˛mw \q‰m-≠v) F∂n-h¿°p AKn-a-ÿm\w

\¬Ip-∂p. AXp-t]mse ]uckvXy ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ ssIk-cy-bnse

am¿ _tk-en-tbm-kv, \mkn-bm≥knse am¿ KntKm-dn-tbm-kv, kz¿Æ-

\m-hp-I-mc-\mb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, Ae-Ivk-¥n-bm-bnse am¿

AØm\m-tkymkv F∂n-h¿°p kp]-[m-\-amb ÿm\w \¬In-

hcp∂p. eØo≥ k`-bn¬ ASp-Ø-Im-eØv c≠p kvXoIƒ°p "k`m-

Kpcp' F∂ ÿm\w \¬Inbn-cn-°p-∂p ˛ Bhn-em-bnse sXtc-

kbv°pw knb-∂-bnse ImX-dn-\pw. Ch¿ c≠pw tdmam-k-`-bpsS

]Jym-]nX hnip-≤-I-fmb c≠p I\ym-kvXo-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

]m›mXy k¿∆-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Ime-L-´-

sØbpw kw`m-h-\-I-sfbpw Ipdn®p Ncn-X-]-c-ambpw thZ-imkvX]c-

ambpw ]Tn-°p∂ imkvX-Øn-\mWp patrology As√-¶n¬ PatristicsF∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]t£, CXp kXy-hn-izmkw ]men® ]nXm-°-∑m-

sc-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-a-√, ]XypX GsX-¶nepwhn[-Øn¬ k`-tbmSp

_‘-s∏´p ]h¿Øn® F√m InkvXob Fgp-Øp-Im-tcbpw ]cm-

a¿in-°p∂ ]T-\-am-Wv. CXn¬ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpw thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-Ifpw


Dƒs∏-Spw. CXp imkvXo-bhpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-amb ]T-\-am-Wv. kXy-

hn-izm-k-amtWm th-Z-hn-]-co-X-amtWm Cu Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]Tn-∏n-®Xv

F∂v ChnsS At\z-jn-°p-∂n-√. ]e ]pcm-X\ `mjI-fn-ep-ambn Ch-

cpsS IW-°n-√mØ ssIsb-gpØp]Xn-Iƒ C\nbpw shfn®w ImWm-

\p-≠v. Ch ]km-[\w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw Ncn-X-]-c-ambn ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\pw

]m›mXy k¿∆-I-em-im-e-Iƒ ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v.

Ahn-`m-Py-k-`-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS thZ-imkvX kw`m-h-\-I-

sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]T-\-ßƒ FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ ]ÿm-\-Øn\v Hcp apX¬-

°q-´m-bn-´p-≠v. k`sb n∂n-∏n® ]n¬°me ]iv\-ßƒ°p ]e-Xn\pw

GI-I-WvT-amb Hcp-Øcw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v BZna k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-sc-

°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv hf-sc-tbsd klm-bn-°pw. k`-bpsS AJ-fi-

]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ km£n-I-fmWv BZn-a-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿. X∑q-e-amWv

C∂pw F√m ]pcm-X\ k`-Ifpw Cu ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-

Øn\p kap-∂-X-amb ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. AtX-k-abw Xs∂,

\ΩpsS bmYm-ÿn-XnI Nn¥bv°pw Zpc-`n-am-\-Øn\pw C∂sØ

temI-Øns‚ ]iv\-ßsf t\cn-Sm-\p≈ ss[cy-°p-d-hn\pw Hcp ad-

bm-bn ""]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]mc-º-cy-sØbpw hnizm-k-sØbpw'' D]-tbm-

Kn-°m≥ \mw ian-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬, AXp hf-sc-tbsd Zb-\o-b-am-Wv.

]e ]uckvXy k -I-fnepw CXp Ipsd-sbms° kw -hn-®n- p-≠v. B¥-

cnI ssNX-\yhpw I¿Ω-ti-jnbpw C√m-sX, InkvXp-hns‚ NqSpw

shfn-®hpw Dƒs°m≠p IØn-Pz-en-°m≥ Ign-bmsX, `qX-Im-e-Øn-

te°p Xncn-™n-cp∂p ""Rßƒ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hnizm-khpw ]mc-

º-cyhpw ImØp-kq-£n-°p∂p'' F∂p ]d-bp∂ InkvXob kaq-l-

ßƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑msc A]-am-\n-°-bmWp sNøp-

∂-Xv. ImcWw InkvXp-hns‚ Pohn-Xhpw InkvXob kphn-ti-jhpw

a\pjy bmYm¿∞ysØ \nc-¥cw sh√p-hn-fn-°p-Ibpw, AXns\ cq]m-

¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh-∂pw, k`sb F∂pw ]pXnb Pohn-

X-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-Øn-te°p \bn®v A\p-\n-anjw \ho-I-cn-°p∂p

F∂pw a\- n-em-°n-b-h-cmWp ]nXm-°-∑m¿. AXp-sIm≠p InkvXob

hnizm-ksØ Inbm-fl-I-ambn a\- n-em-°p-hm\pw ]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-

Øp-hm\pw Ah¿ ian-®p. InkvXob hnizmkw A¤p-X-I-chpw k¿§-

]-h-W-hp-amb Hcp alm-i-‡n-bmbn Ah-cn¬ \nd™p \n∂n-cp-∂p.

tNX-\-b‰ Hcp ]mc-º-cysØ A‘-ambn A\p-I-cn-®-h-c-√m-bn-cp∂p

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿; i‡hpw Inbm-fl-I-hp-amb Hcp ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚

kjvSm-°-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿.

(2012)


2

C∂sØ A∏hpw \nXy-Po-h\pw

A∏w C∂p Xtc-Wta

]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]mºmSn am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSp _‘-

s∏´ c≠p Imcy-ß-fmWv Cu teJ-Is‚ _mey-Ime kvac-W-I-

fn¬ ambmsX InS-°p-∂-Xv. kt≠-kvIqƒ Ipń-I-fm-bn-cp∂ Rßƒ

A≤ym-]-I-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ F√m h¿jhpw s]mØ-ºpdwIp∂v

Ibdn Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠v ImgvN-Iƒ ka¿∏n®v A\p-Klw ]m]n-

°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ sIm®p-Ip-ń-I-fmb Rßsf Hmtcm-

cp-Ø-scbmbn AcnsI hnfn®v "BIm-i-Øn-ep≈ _mhm' F∂ ]m¿-

∞\ Xncp-ta\n sNm√n-®-tXm¿°p-∂p. sNm√n-h-∂-t∏mƒ Nne¿,

"Rßƒ°v Bh-iy-ap≈ A∏w F∂pw Xc-Wta' F∂v sNm√n. a‰p

Nne¿ "Bh-iy-ap≈ A∏w C∂pw F∂pw Xtc-Wta' F∂p sNm√n.

At∏m-sg√mw t\¿Ø imk-\-bn-eqsS Xncp-ta\n Rßsf XncpØn;

"Rßƒ°v Bh-iy-ap≈ A∏w C∂v Rßƒ°v Xtc-Wta' F∂v

]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v ]Tn-∏n-®p.

kz¥w I_-dn-S-Ønse hniaw

Xncp-ta-\nsb kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ I_¿apdn Xm≥ Imew

sNøp-∂-Xn\p hfsc apºp-Xs∂ Xo¿Øn-ń-cp-∂p. Hcp th\¬°m-

eØv Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWm≥ sN∂ Rßƒ I≠Xv kz¥w I_¿apdn-

bn¬ Iń-en v AXn-en-cp∂v ]m¿∞n-°p∂ Xncp-ta-\n-sb-bm-Wv. sIm®p-

Ip-ń-I-fmb Rßƒ°v hfsc A¤pXw tXm∂n® H∂m-bn-cp∂p CXv.

km[m-cWKXn-bn¬ ih-t°m-´-I-tfbpw I√-d-I-tfbpw `b-tØmsS

ImWp-Ibpw Ah-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ sI´p-I-Y-Iƒ Dƒ°n-Sn-e-tØmsS

tIƒ°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ Rß-fpsS _me-a-\- p-Iƒ°v Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS ]h¿Øn hnNn-X-am-bn-tØm-∂n. kz¥w I_-dn\p apI-fn¬

kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w hni-an-°p∂ hnNnX a\p-jy≥! AXn-s‚-b¿∞w

As∂mcn°epw Ipń-I-fmb Rßƒ°v a\- n-em-bn-cp-∂n-√.

]n¬°m-eØv Xncp-ta-\n-sb-°p-dn®pw B k\ym-kn-ti-jvT≥ ]Xn-

\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp∂ Bflob ]mc-º-cysØ-°p-dn®pw IqSp-X-embn

Nn¥n-®-t∏m-sgms°, \n m-c-sa∂p tXm∂nb Rß-fpsS _mey-

Imem\p-`-h-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ A¿∞hpw Bghpw ssIh-cp-∂-Xmbn

tXm∂n-bn-´p-≠v.


InkvXo-b-k-`-bpsS Bcw-`-Im-e-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Nne kp]-

[m\ Bflob at\m- m-h-ß-fmWv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]h¿Øn-bn¬ ]Xn-

^-en-®-Xv. Fß-s\-bmWv k` Ncn-X-sØbpw Ime-sØbpw ka-b-

sØbpw ho£n-®Xv F∂ tNmZy-Øn-\p-Øcw ChnsS ImWmw. EPp-

tc-J-bn¬ \o≠p-\o≠p InS-°p∂ H∂m-bn-´mWv ImesØ an° Bfp-

Ifpw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv. Cw•o-jn¬ linear view F∂p hnfn-°p∂ Cu

Ncn-X-ho-£-WsØ BZn-a-k` ]q¿Æ-ambpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. "C∂-

tØ-°p≈ A∏w' amXw Bh-iy-s∏- n-cp∂ k`bv°v \ΩpsS Pohs‚

£WnI-X-sb-°p-dn®v ]q¿Æ t_m[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-Øn-ep≈

efn-Xhpw kºq¿Æ-hp-amb Bi-bw-aq-ew Cu £WnI-Xm-t_m[w

Hcn-°epw hy¿∞-Xm-t_m-[-ambn amdn-bn-√. "\msf-'sb-°p-dn-®p≈

Bi¶ At_m-[-a-\- n¬\n-∂p-t]mepw XpS-®p-I-f™v BIm-i-

Ønse ]£n-I-tfbpw hb-ense ]q°-tfbpw t\m°n ]Tn-°m≥

I¿Ømhv D]-tZ-in-®p. AXp-sIm≠v \msf-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ BIp-e-Nn¥-

Iƒ \√ InkvXym-\n-Isf `mc-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√. C∂p Rm≥ ssZh-

Øns‚ Ic-ß-fn-emWv F∂ kºq¿Æ-t_m[w aqew \msf-tØbv°v

Icp-Xn-sh-bv°msX ]cn-ip-≤-\mb KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n `£-

W-km-[-\-ßƒ Bh-iy-°m¿°v hmcn-s°m-Sp-Øp. \n¬°mØ ]hm-

l-sa∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw a\p-jy-t_m-[-Øn-t∑¬ sNt¶m¬ \S-Øp-

∂-Xp-amb "Ime'sØ \ntj-[n® kpi-‡-amb ]pcm-X\ InkvXob

]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ h‡m-hm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n. Imew Imes‚ kl-

N-c-\m-W-t√m. ImesØ \ntj-[n-°pI hgn ac-W-sØ-bmWv

InkvXym\n \ntj-[n-®-Xv.

h¿Ø-am-\sØ ]Im-i-am-\-am-°p∂ `mhn

`qX-Imew, h¿Ø-am-\-Im-ew, `mhn-Imew Cßs\ ImesØ

aq∂mbn Xncn-®p-Im-Wp∂ a\p-jy-sc√mw Hcp hn[-Øn¬ Ime-]m-i-

Øm¬ _‘n-X-cm-Wv. `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ \jvS-t_m-[hpw Ip‰-t_m-

[hpw, A\n-›n-X-amb mhn \¬Ip∂ Bi-¶bpw ac-W- -bhpw h¿Ø-

am-\-Im-esØ Zp -lhpw Zpcn-X-]q¿Æ-hp-am-°p-∂p.

]ns∂, Fß-s\-bmWv InkvXob k` mhn-sb-°m-Wp-∂Xv? GX-

¿∞-Øn-emWv \mw ]Xym-i-sb-°p-dn®v kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv? I_¿apdn-

bn¬ Iń-en´v AXn-en-cp∂v ]m¿∞n-°p∂ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A\p-`hw

CXn-\p-Øcw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. ac-W-tØm-Sp≈ hnI-e-amb Bk‡n

(Necromanica) b√ \man-hnsS ImWp-∂-Xv. a\p-jym-bp- n-s‚bpw Ncn-

X-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-a-amb e£y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]Im-i-]q¿Æ-amb


t_m[-amWv ChnsS ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-Xv. Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ InkvXp-

hn-eqsS \ap°v e`n-°p∂ ]Xym-ibpw ]Im-ihpw \ΩpsS bYm¿∞

`mhn-sb-°p-dn®v \ap°v Dd∏p \¬Ip-∂p. AXv A\n-›n-Xtam ac-

WsØ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂tXm Bb `mhn-b-√, ]XypX kp\n-›n-Xhpw

ac-WsØ adn-I-S-°p-∂-Xp-amb BXy-¥nI `mhn-bm-Wv. Cu `mhn-

bn¬ IÆp-\- n-cn-°p-∂-h¿ BIp-e-Nn-¥-bn¬\n∂pw hy¿∞-Xm-t_m[-

Øn¬\n∂pw ac-W-`-b-Øn¬\n∂pw hnap-‡-cm-bn-cn-°pw. Cu `mhn

\ΩpsS h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ ]Im-i-am-\hpw kt¥m-j-]q¿Æ-hp-am-

°p-∂p. InkvXp-hn-ep≈ bYm¿∞ mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ A¥¿Z¿i\w

aqew Xs‚ Pohs\ mkp-c-am-°nb bYm¿∞ InkvXym-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n.

k\ym-k-Øns‚ ]p\-cm-K-a\w

""C∂sØ A∏''-Øn-\p-th≠n amXw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Xs‚

A¥na e£y-Øn-tebv°v \nanjw]Xn D‰p-t\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvX

Xncp-ta\n Ime-sØbpw Ncn-X-sØbpw AXns‚ km[m-cW A¿∞-

Øn¬ \ncm-I-cn-®p. Ahbv°v XnI®pw ]pXn-sbm-c¿∞w sImSp-Øp-

sIm≠v, InkvXo-b-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ Ahsb kzoI-cn-®p. I¿Ømhv

injy-∑m-tcmSv ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se, temI-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂

temI-Øn-t‚-X-√msX Pohn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v Xncp-ta\n \sΩ ]Tn-

∏n-®p. BZn-a-k-`-bpsS Ime-tØmSpw Ncn-X-tØm-Sp-ap≈ ]tXyI

ho£Ww Ipsds» \jvSs∏´p XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ, AtX-‰p-hm-ßn-bXv

k`-bn-ep-≠mb k\ym-k-]-ÿm-\-am-Wv. Ime-Øns‚ ]hm-lsØ

\ntj-[n®v \nXy-amb ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ A\p- hw ChnsS h®p Xs∂

A\p-`-hn®p XpS-ßp-hm≥ Cu ]ÿm\w k\ym-kn-Isf ]cn-io-en-

∏n®p. k`bv°pw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn\pw AXp-aq-e-ap-≠mb \∑-Iƒ

\nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. Cu ]pcm-X\ k\ym-k-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ B[p-\nI

ImesØ A]q¿∆ IÆn-I-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n.

(]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n P∑-i-Xm_vZn kvac-Wn-I, 1985)


3

Hcp \√ CS-b≥

tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS Imew sNbvX A`n-hµy Ipdn-bm-t°mkv

am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm (]m-ºmSnØncp-ta-\n) ]e-Xp-

sIm≠pw \ΩpsS ]tXyI i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p∂ Hcp almkmXzn-I-

\m-bn-cp-∂p. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ssIkvXh k`-bn¬ \ne-\n∂p

t]m∂Xpw Ct∏mƒ ImsW-°msW A]-Xy-£-ambns°m≠n-cn-

°p∂Xpamb Nne kap-∂X ]mc-º-cy-ß-fpsS al¬ km£n-b-mbn-

cp∂p At±-lw.

H∂m-a-Xmbn ]pcm-X\ ssIkvXh Xm]-k-∑m-sc-t∏mse [ym\m-

fl-I-amb \njvIn-bX Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw At±lw ]pe¿Øn-bn-

cp∂p. B[p-\nI temI-Øn\v H´pw a\- -nem-°m≥ km[n-°mØ Hcp

PohnXssien-bmWnXv. "kabw ]W-amWv' F∂ kq‡w ]m›mXy

hymh-km-bnI kwkv°m-c-amWv \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv. a\pjy ]ptcm-K-

Xn-bpsS Hcp ]tXyI Ime-L-´-Øn¬ CXm-h-iy-am-bn-cn-°mw. CØcw

kwkv°m-c-Øn¬ hf-cp∂ ]e¿°pw, H∂pw sNømsX ]m¿∞n®pw

[ym\n®pw "kabw shdpsX If-bp∂' a\p-jy-tcmSv s]mXpsh henb

_lp-am-\-an-√. ]pcm-X\ImeØp Xs∂ ]e Bfp-Ifpw k\ym-kn-

am-sc-°p-dn®v Cu Bt£]w D∂-bn-®n-cp∂p. [ym\-Øns‚ t]cn¬-

D≠pw Dd-ßnbpw shdpw Ae-k-Xbv°v k\ym-k-Øns‚ Imhn \ndw

sImSp-°p∂ k\ym-kn-amcpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv hnkva-cn®p IqSm.

\n»-_vZhpw \nkvX-µ-hp-amb ]m¿∞\ temIsØ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂p F∂ ]q¿Æt_m[yw ]mºm-SnØncp-ta\n°p≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

_mly-amb ]h¿Ø-\ß-ƒ sIm≠v Pohn-XsØ NSp-ehpw Xnc-t°-

dnbXpam-°n-Øo¿°m≥ At±lw ian-®n-√. ]h¿Ø\w ]m¿∞-\-

tb-°mƒ XmW-Xm-sW-∂p≈ hnNmcw sIm≠√ Aßs\ sNbvXXv.

\√ ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂-hsc At±lw A`n-\-µn-°p-Ibpw _lp-

am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS ]hrØn-I-fn¬ kt¥m-jn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ X\n°v e`n-®n-cn°p∂ ssZh-hnfn temI-

Øn\p th≠n PmK-X-tbmsS ]m¿∞n-∏m-\p-≈-XmsW∂v Xncp-ta\n

a\- n-em-°n.

k\ymk]ÿm-\-Øn¬, "temI-tØm-Sp≈ hnc‡n' F∂v ]ecpw

\ntj-[m-fl-I-ambn hymJym-\n-°p∂ at\m`mhØns‚ InkvXo-b-amb

D≈-S°w CXm-Wv-˛-tem-IsØ apgp-h≥ kvt\l-]q¿∆w lrZ-b-Øn¬


hln-®p-sIm≠v ]m¿∞-\m-]q¿∆w ssZhk∂n-[n-bn¬ \n¬°p-I. CXn-

\p-th≠n temI-Øn¬ \n∂v A¬∏w hn´p\n¬t°≠n hcp-∂p. km[m-

c-W-°m¿ t\m°p-tºmƒ Cu hnc-‡n-bn¬ Hcp sshcp-≤y-ap≠v.

temIw apgp-h≥ HmSn-\-S∂v ]h¿Ø\ kap-Z-Øn¬ apgp-Im-Ø-h¿°v

Fßn-s\-bmWv temI-Øns‚ \∑-bv°p-th≠n ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Ign-

bpI? Bg-amb F√m kXy-ß-sfbpw t]mse CXpw sshcp-≤y-Øns‚

Bh-c-W-a-Wn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Zm¿i-\n-I≥ ""ImWp-∂-h\m''Wv, ]t£

ImWm-\p≈ ]pdsØ IÆp-Iƒ AS-bv°p-∂-h-\mWv bYm¿∞ Zm¿i-

\n-I≥. k\ym-kn- tem-IsØ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Inb-b-\p-jvTn-

°m≥ hnfn-°-s∏-´-h-\m-Wv. ]t£ bYm¿∞ k\ym-kn-bn¬ ""\njvIn-

bX''bmWv \mw ImWp-I. CXp t_m[y-s∏-Sm-ØXp sIm≠m-bn-cn°mw

]e k\ym-kn-amcpw km[m-cW kmaq-ly-]-h¿Ø-I-cn¬ \n∂v hyXy-

kvX-cmbn ImW-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xv. InkvXob k`-sb∂ph®m¬Øs∂

kºq¿Æ-ambpw kmaq-ly-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp-]-I-cWw amX-

am-sW∂v sX‰n-≤-cn-°bpw Aßs\ ]Tn-∏n-°bpw sNøp∂ [mcmfw

InkvXob t\Xm-°sf Ct∏mƒ \ap°p ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Cu

]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ k\ym-k-Øns‚ ]ap-J-amb Hc¿∞w \sΩ ]Tn-

∏n® hy‡n-bmWv ]mºmSnØncp-ta-\n.

c≠m-a-Xm-bn, AXnYn k¬°m-c-Øns‚ InkvXob aqeyw Akm-

[m-c-W-amb i‡n-tbmsS \ap°v ImWn-®pX-∂p am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv

Xncp-ta-\n. ]pXnb\nb-a-Øn¬ InkvXob \∑-I-fpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ AXn-

Yn-Isf kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ][m\ ÿm\-ap≠v (tdm-a. 12:13; F_m.

13:2; 1 Xntam. 3:2; 1 ]tXm. 4:9). I¿Ømhv ]e-cp-sSbpw k¬°mcw

kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp-∂p. k\ymk kaq-

l-ßƒ BZn-ap-Xte Ah-cpsS Bi-a-ß-fn¬ kµ¿i-Isc kzoI-

cn®v D]-N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. C∂sØ temI-Øn¬ CXns‚ bYm¿∞-aqeyw

\jvS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]e Bfp-Ifpw Xß-fpsS kmaqly \ne-

hm-cØn¬s∏-´-hsc k¬°-cn-°p-∂Xv amX-amWv AXnYn k¬°mcw

F∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p. kmº-Øn-I-ambn D∂X \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈

]ecpw C∂v AXnYn k¬°m-c-sa∂ t]cn¬ Imń-°q-´p-∂Xp ]eXpw

e÷m-h-lhpw bmsXmcp am\p-jnI aqeyhpw C√m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.

InkvXp-hn-ep≈ ktlm-Zc`mh-Øn¬ \n∂p-Zn-°p∂ lrZ-b-Øns‚

Bg-amb HuZm-cyhpw kvt\l-hp-amWv BXn-YysØ InkvXob

kpIr-X-am-°p-∂-Xv. kz¥-Imcyem`-Øn-\p-th≠n k¬°-cn-°p-∂-h-

cp-≠v. \nhr-Øn-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v BXn-Yy-a-cymZ BN-cn-°p-∂-h-

cp≠v. am\y-X-bv°p-th≠n sNøp-∂-h-cp-ap≠v. F∂m¬ ip≤-amb


kvt\l-Øn-t‚bpw kulr-Z-Øn-t‚bpw _ln¿kv^p-c-W-ambn AXn-

Yn-Iƒ°v kzmK-X-a-cp-fp-∂-h-cp-ap≠v.

]q¿Æ-ambn kzbw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS \∑-bv-°p-th≠n \¬Ip-hm-\p≈

AZ-ay-amb BK-l-amWv InkvXo-b-amb BXn-Yy-Øn¬ ]Xn-^-en-

°p-∂Xv. X\n-°p-th≠n H∂pw Icp-Xn-h-bv°m-sX, hcp∂h-cpsS hen-

∏-sN-dp∏w t\m°m-sX, kvt\lw I\n-bp∂ a\-t m-sS-bm-Wv ]mºmSn-

Øncp-ta\n kµ¿i-Isc kzoI-cn-®-Xv. BXn-YysØ hn.- Ip¿_m-\-

bpsS A¥xkØ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kzbw ImgvN-b¿∏-W-am°n Xncp-

ta\n cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn. AXp-aqew Xncp-ta\nbpsS ASp-Øp-h∂ bmN-

I-cpw, Xo¿∞m-S-I-cpw, kº-∂-cmb kµ¿i-Icpw sIm®p-Ip-ń-Ifpw

Hcp-t]mse "ssZh-cm-Py-Ønse hncp-∂ns‚' ap≥cpNn t\Sn Xncn-®p-

t]mbn. ChnsS BXn-Yy-Øns‚ InkvXo-b-amb A¿∞w ]q¿Æ-ambn

shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p.

aq∂-ma-Xmbn, k`-bnse saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n

Hcp `c-W-I¿Øm-sh-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn-bmbn CS-b\pw Bflob ]nXm-hp-

am-bn-cp∂p. icn-bmb ]uckvXy ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ F∂pw Cß-s\-bm-

bn-cp∂p. tdma≥k -bnepw ss_k‚-bn≥ (Ko-°v) cmP-Iob k`m]mc-

º-cy-Ønepw saXm-t∏m-eoØm cWI¿Øm-hm-sW∂ Bibw IqsS-

°qsS Db¿∂ph∂n-´p-≠v. ta¬∏-´-°m-c≥ tKmX-Ø-e-h-\mWv F∂

Nn¥ Nne Ing-°≥k`-I-fnepw ImWmw. ]t£ F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bpsS

bYm¿∞ ÿm\-Øn\v \¬Inb hnI-e-amb hymJym-\-ß-fmWv Ch.

CØcw sshI-ey-Øn-s\-Xnsc \ne-sIm-≠v, icn-bmb ]mc-ºcyw

Db¿Øn-∏nSn® At\Iw ta¬∏-´-°m¿ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-cn-sem-cm-

fm-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSnØncp-ta-\n.

GXm≠v A©mw \q‰m≠n¬-Xs∂ k\ym-kn-am-cn¬\n∂v F∏n-

kvtIm-∏m-amsc Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ coXn hym]-I-am-bn-Øp-S-ßn. hnhm-

ln-X-cmb Npcp°w Nne ta¬∏-´-°m¿ ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-Ip-∂p-s≠¶nepw

k\ym-k-]-ÿm\w AXn-i-‡-am-b-tXmsS saXm-∑m¿ k\ym-kn-am-

cm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂ Nn¥-bv°mWv ]m_eyw kn≤n-®-Xv. \√ Bflob

Kpcphpw ]nXm-hp-am-bn-cn-°m≥ ]e tijvT k\ym-kn-am¿°pw Ign-

™n-´p≠v. Bflo-btam euIn-Itam Bb ]iv\-ß-fp-ambn G‰p-ap-

´p-∂-h¿ D]-tZ-i-Øn\pw Bizm-k-Øn-\p-ambn CØcw Kpcp-°-∑m-cpsS

ASp-tØ°mWp t]mb-Xv. Cu Kpcp-°-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymk

\ne-hmcw sImt≠m hmIvNmXp-cn-sImt≠m A√ P\-ßsf AI¿jn-

®-Xv. \nc-¥-c-amb X]- n-eq-sSbpw ]m¿∞-\-bn-eq-sSbpw Ah¿°v

e`n® hnthIi‡nbpw ssZh-km-∂n-[yhpw Ah-cpsS ASpØp


h∂-h¿°v ]Im-ihpw i‡nbpw \¬In. Cß-s\-bp-≈-hsc F∏n-

kvtIm-∏m-am-cmbn Db¿Øp-hm≥ P\-ßƒ Ft∏mgpw AXn-bmb

D’mlw ImWn-®n-cp-∂p. \√ CS-b-\mb I¿Øm-hns\ A\p-I-cn-®v,

BSp-Isf `cn-°p-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn, Ahsb kvt\l-]q¿∆w Icp-Xp-Ibpw

hgn \S-Øp-Ibpw Biz-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ CØ-c-samcp

CSbtijvT\m-bn-cp∂p ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]mºmSnØncp-ta-\n.

Xncp-ta\n sXfn-bn® Bflm-hns‚ Zo]w \sΩ F∂pw hgn-\-S-

Øs´.

(FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬, Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bqØv amkn-I-, G]n¬ 1985)

]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n, ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n, ]. Koh-dp-Kokv

c≠m-a≥ _mhm, am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv (_Y\n), am¿ sXtbm^n-

temkv (_Y\n)


4

B¿Zhpw kuay-hp-amb

Hcp km∂n[yw

]uckvXy InkvXob k\ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw `mc-Xo-b-amb Ejn-

]m-c-º-cy-Øn-s‚bpw at\m-⁄amb ktΩ-f-\-amWv ]cn-ip-≤-\mb

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. C∂v At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬

]i-kvX-amb ]mºm-Sn-°-SpØv s]mØ≥]pdw ae-bn¬ 1914˛¬ IpSn¬-

sIń Im\-\-hmkw XpS-ßnb Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥ F∂ k\ymkn

sshZn-I≥ emfn-Xyhpw Pohn-X-hnip-≤nbpw a\p-jy-kvt\-lhpw ap≥-

\n¿Øn-bmWv X]- m-cw-`n-®-Xv.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS B≤ym-fln-IX \n»-_vZhpw ]I-S-\-]cX

H´pw Xo≠m-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. D∂X hnZym-`ym-ktam hmKvhnem-ktam

C√mØ B Xm]-k≥ Xs‚ ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp∂ Acp-Wm-N-e-

Ønse ca-W- a-l¿jn-sb-t∏mse kz—hpw B¿Z-hp-amb km∂n-[yw-

sIm≠p temI-Øn\p ]Imiw \¬In. CØcw B≤ym-flnI Pohn-

X-ssien C∂p an°-hmdpw \ap°v A\y-am-bn-°-gn-™p. Zi-e-£-

ßfpsS am[y-a-]-c-ky-ß-fnepw i_vZ-a-en-\o-I-c-W-ap-≠m-°p∂ ]`m-

jW Ik¿Øp-I-fnepw A¤pXtcmK-im-¥n-ta-f-I-fn -ep -amWv

InkvXob B≤ym-fln-IX F∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂-h¿, ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\n-sb-t∏m-se-bp-≈-h-cn¬\n∂p ]k-cn® kuay-Zo-]vXn-bpsS Dd-hnSw

GXm-sW-∂p -IqSn At\z-jn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS B≤ym-fln-I km[-\Iƒ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

k`m-]m-c-º-cy-Ønse D]-hm-khpw t\mºpw ]m¿∞-\-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah-bn-eqsS e`n® Bflo-b-kn-≤n-Isf kzm¿∞-em-`-Øn-\p-th≠n

]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Ømt\m P\-°q-´sØ BI¿jn-°mt\m At±lw D]-

tbm-Kn-®n-√. kz¥w kpJ-ß-ƒ ]cn-Xy-Pn®v a‰p-≈-h¿°p-th≠n \nc-

¥cw IÆp-\o-tcmsS ]m¿∞n-®n-cp∂ Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ B¿Z-amb a\p-

jy-kvt\-lhpw A\p-I-º-bp-amWv F∂pw \nd-™p-\n-∂-Xv.

k`-bpsS \n¿_-‘-]-Imcw At±lw saXm≥ÿm\w kzoI-cn-

s®-¶nepw Hcp k\ym-kn-bpsS \n w-K-Xbpw AXn-e-fn-X-amb Pohn-X-

ssi-enbpw At±lw ]q¿Æ-ambpw \ne-\n¿Øn. Xs‚ \mY-\mb

tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ D]-tZiw A£-cw-]Xn A\p-k-cn® saXmt∏m-

eoØm, A∂-t∂-bv°p≈ Blm-c-Øn-\p-th≠n ]m¿∞n-®p.


\msf-sb-°p-dn®v H´pw `mc-s∏-Sm-sX, AØm-g-Øn\p IjvSn®p h®n-

cp∂ Acn-t]mepw FSpØv AK-Xn-Iƒ°p sImSpØ kw`-h-ß-fp-

≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

"AXnYn tZthm `hx' F∂ `mc-Xob XXzw Xs‚ B≤ym-fln-I-X-

bpsS BWn-°-√mbn ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n kzoI-cn-®p. BUw-_c

]q¿Æ-amb hncp-∂p-I-fn-eq-sS-b√ At±lw AXn-Yn-k¬°mcw BN-

cn-®-Xv. AK-Xn-I-tfmSpw \ncm-i-b-tcmSpw ZpxJn-X-tcm-Sp-ap≈ B¿Z-amb

GIo-`m-h-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv At±lw AXp km£m-Xv°-cn-®Xv. BIm-

i-Ønse ]£n-Ifpw Ae-™p-\-S-°p∂ \mbv°fpw Ah-cpsS

kjvSmhns‚ Icp-Xepw hm’-eyhpw Xncp-ta-\n-bn-eqsS A\p-`-hn®

kw`-h-ßƒ C∂p ]kn-≤-am-Wv. Ac-a-\-bn¬\n∂p d_¿jo‰v

tamjvSn® bphm-hns\ Bfp-Iƒ sXm≠n-tbmsS ]nSn®p Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS apºn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂-t∏mƒ B ]nXmhv tamjvSm-hns‚ Pohn-X-

I-Y-sbms° Xnc°n A\p-I-º-tbmsS ]d™p: ""Ipt™, tamjWw

]m]-am-Wv. C\n tamjvSn-°-cp-Xv. \ns‚ Xe-bn-en-cn-°p∂ d_¿ \o

FSp-Øp-sIm-≈q. AXp hn‰v B ]Ww If-bmsX Fs¥-¶nepw

sXmgn¬ sNbvXp Pohn-°-Ww. ssZhw \ns∂ Im°-s´.'' hnIvS¿

bqtKm-hns‚ "]mh-ß-fn'se saXm≥, ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bn-eqsS

\ΩpsS CS-bn¬ Pohn-®p. ]mh-ß-fmb a\p-jycpw BIm-i-∏-d-h-Ifpw

arK-ßfpw ac-ßfpw tamjvSm-°fpw F√mw At±-l-Øn\v AXn-Yn-I-

fm-bn-cp-∂p.

aX-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿j-ßƒ C∂sØ temIsØ Zpcn-X-

]q¿Æ-am-°p-tºmƒ aX-ß-fpsS A¥x-k-Ø-b-dn™v a\p-jy-kvt\-

l-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-kv]c _lp-am-\-Øn-s‚bpw km¥z-\-kv]¿iw

\¬Ip-∂-hcpw \ΩpsS temI-Øn-ep-≠v. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Kpcp-

hm-bn-cp∂ aT-Øn-em-im\pw injy\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w lrZ-b-kv]¿-

in-bm-Wv. ssIkvX-h-\mb injys‚ Bflo-b-X-bpsS Bg-a-dn™

sslµ-h-\mb Kpcp, Xs‚ injy\p ]¿W-ime sIń [ym\n-°m≥

sImSpØ ÿe-amWv s]mØ≥]pdw Ip∂v. Kpcp-hns‚ IpSpw-_hpw

injy-\mb saXm\pw XΩn-ep≈ lrZ-b-_‘w aT-Øn-em-ims‚

]uX\pw tIcf bqWn-th-gvkn‰n s]mfn-‰-n-°¬ kb≥kv hIp∏v

A≤y-£-\pam-bn-cp∂ tUm. cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈ Xs‚ Hcp teJ-\-

Øn¬ B¿Z-amb `mj-bn¬ A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. tbip-InkvXp

Kncn-]`m-j-W-Øn¬ D]-tZ-in® Imcy-ßƒ A£-cw-]Xn InkvXp-

in-jy-\mb Xncp-ta\n \nd-th-‰nb ]e kµ¿`-ßƒ°pw Xm≥

ZrIvkm£n-bm-bn-´p-s≠∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS P∑-


i-Xm_vZn kvac-Wn-I-bn¬ tUm. cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈ FgpXn: ""B¿j-

`m-cX kwkvIm-chpw InkvXob kwkvIm-chpw al-\o-b-amb coXn-

bn¬ ka-\z-bn-∏n-®n-cp∂ Hcp alm-flm-hm-bn-cp∂p am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv

saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-ta-\n. Ejn-Xp-ey-amb Pohn-Xw, tbip-

InkvXphns‚ D]-tZ-i-ßƒ A£-cw-]Xn A\p-k-cn-°-W-sa∂

D¬°-S-amb, Xoh-amb A`n-hmRvO-tbmSpIqSn \bn® Pohn-Xw.''

ÿm]-\-ßfpw kºØpw euIn-I-i-‡nbpw Al-¶m-ctØmsS

ImWn®p a’-cn-°p∂ aX-ßƒ a\p-jy-h¿§-Øn\pw Cuiz-c-

krjvSn°p apgp-h\pw im]-am-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ ssZh-kvt\-l-Øn-

s‚bpw Icp-W-bp-sS-bpw sXfn-\o-scm-gp-°p∂ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-

t∏m-ep≈ \nKq-V-amb Dd-h-Iƒ \ΩpsS temI-Øn\p ]Xym-i-bpsS

Ipfn¿a \¬Ip-∂p.

(ae-bmf at\m-ca ]mºmSn s]cp-∂mƒ kπn-sa‚ v, G]n¬ 7, 2006)

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfm-sSm∏w


5

]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w

""hm’ey a°-sf, \mw Ft∏mgpw Hm¿t°-≠-Xmb \mep Imcy-

ß-fp-≠v. ac-Ww, \ymb-hn-[n, tam£w, \c-Iw.''

]kn-≤-amb ]pXp-∏≈n \ne-bv°¬ I¨h≥j-\n¬, tIm´bw

`Zm-k-\m-[y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n F√m h¿jhpw \S-

Øp∂ A[y-£-]-kw-K-Øns‚ kmcmw-i-am-Wn-Xv. an°-hmdpw hnjbw

H∂p-X-s∂. ]d-bp∂ coXnbpw H∂p-X-s∂. ]kw-K-am-I-s´, hfsc

Npcp-ßn-b-Xpw.

Xncp-ta\n kz¥-ambn I≠p-]n-Sn®p ]d-bp-∂-X√ Cu \mep- Im-cy-

ß-fpw. ]uckvXy InkvXob ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ cqV-aq-e-amb B[ym-

fln-I-X-bpsS `mK-ambn k\ym-k-Kp-cp-°-∑m¿ injy-∑msc \q‰m-≠p-

I-fmbn ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬, ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb kw_-

‘n®v Ah A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬Xs∂, Hm¿a-bnepw Pohn-X-ssi-en-

bnepw ]Xn-^-en-®n-cp-∂p. k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p amX-a-√, km[m-cW

temI-Po-hnXw \bn-°p∂ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb Nn¥-

bm-bn-´mWp Xncp-ta\n AXns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.

Pohn-XsØ apgp-h≥ ac-W-Øn\pw AXn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ \nXy-Po-h-

\p-ap≈ Hcp-°-am-bn´p ImWp∂ i‡-amb B[ym-fln-IX aq∂mw -

\q‰m-≠p- ap-X-se-¶nepw k`-bn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. AXns‚ ]›m-Øew

At∏m-kvtXm-enI ]t_m-[-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp∂

Nne-Xp-≠v.

1. tbip-InkvXp DS≥ c≠m-aXp hcp-sa-∂p≈ ]Xo-£-bn¬, Cl-

tem-I-Po-hn-XsØ Iao-I-cn-°m-\p≈ DZvt_m-[-\w. ""I¿Øm-hns‚

\mƒ ASp-Øn-cn -°p-∂-Xp-''sIm≠v (2 sX . 2:1) ""\nß-fpsS

Bflmhpw ]mW\pw tZlhpw Atijw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hmb tbip-

In-kvXp-hns‚ ]Xy-£-X-bn¬ A\n-µy-ambn shfn-s∏-S-Ww....'' (1

sX . 5:23).- A-Xp-sIm≠p \ΩpsS A¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \nc-¥-c-

a\\w A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv.

2. DS≥ I¿Ømhp ho≠pw hcp-sa-∂p≈ ]Xo-£bv°p ItaW

aß-te-‰p. F∂m¬, AXp-sIm≠p hy‡n-]-c-amb \ne-bn¬ Hmtcm-cp-


Ø-cp-sSbpw Hcp-°-Øns‚ Bhiyw H´pw Ipd-bp-∂n-√. ImcWw Hmtcm-

cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw acWw A\n-›n-X-am-Wv. Hcm-fpsS acWw Abmsf

kw_-‘n®p temIw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xn\p Xpey-am-Wv. ""IqSm-c-amb

Rß-fpsS ùa-`-h\w Agn-™p-t]m-bm¬'' (2 tImcn. 5:1) F¥mWp

]ns∂ kw`-hn-°pI F∂p-≈-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v At∏m-kvtXm-e-∑m¿°v

Dd∏pw ss[cyhpw ]Xym-i-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ""AXp-sIm≠p ico-c-

Øn¬ hkn-®mepw icocw hn´mepw Rßƒ I¿Øm-hns\ ]km-Zn-

∏n-°p-∂-h¿ BIp-hm≥ A`n-am-\n-°p∂p'' F∂p ]utemkv «olm

]d-bp∂p (2 tImcn. 5:9). ""icocw hn´v I¿Øm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS hkn-

∏m≥ A[nIw CjvS-s∏-Sps∂''¶nepw, ssZh-lnXw Cu temI-Øn¬

\nd-th-‰p-hm≥ X°-hn-[w, a‰p-≈h¿-°p-th≠n ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂p.

""F\n°p Pohn-°p-∂Xv InkvXphpw acn-°p-∂Xv em`hpw BIp∂p''

(^n-en. 1:20˛23).

3. \mw temI-Øn¬ ]c-tZ-in-I-fm-Wv. ChnsS \ap°v \ne-\n¬°p∂

\K-c-an-√. \ΩpsS ]ucXzw kz¿K-Øn-em-Ip-∂p (2 tImcn. 5:6, F_m.

13:14). AXp-sIm≠v FX-\mƒ ChnsS Pohn-®n-cp∂v Fs¥ms° t\Sn-

bm-epw, \mw ChnsS hgn-bm-X-°m-sc-t∏m-sebpw ]c-tZ-in-I-sf-t∏m-

sebpw H∂n-s\bpw kz¥-sa∂v FÆp-∂n-√. ""I¿Øm-hns‚ hmKvZm-

\-]-Imcw \mw \oXn- h-kn-°p∂ ]pXnb BIm-i-Øn\pw ]pXnb

`qan-°p-ambn ImØn-cn-°p∂p'' (2 ]tXm. 3:13).

tIh-ehpw At]-£n-Ihpw

apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® At∏m-kvtXm-enI ]t_m-[-\sØ A£-cm¿-

∞-Øn¬ km£m¬°-cn-°m-\p≈ Iao-IrX Pohn-X-ssi-en-bmWp

]pcm-X-\- k-\ym-k-]-ÿm-\w Bhn-jvI-cn-®-Xv. AXp-sIm≠p temI-

Po-hn-X-Ønse F√m-Øcw Dt±-iy-ß-sfbpw e£y-ß-sfbpw, A¥y-

\ym-b-hn-[n-bp-sSbpw \nXy-Po-h-s‚bpw tIhe shfn-®-Øn¬ ImWpI,

AXn-\-\p-k-cn®p temI-sØbpw AXns‚ kIe hym]m-c-ß-sfbpw

Bt]-£n-I-ambn hnth-Nn-®-dn-bpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu Pohn-X-ssi-

en-bpsS ]tXy-I-X. Cß-s\-bp≈ ]uckvXy k\ym-k-Po-hn-XØns‚

Ah-km-\sØ Npcp°w Nne IÆn-I-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\n.

DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, \ΩpsS hoń¬\n∂p hne-bp≈ hkvXp-°ƒ

tamjvSn® Hcp I≈s\ \m´p-Im¿ ]nSn®p \ΩpsS ap∂n¬ lmP-cm-

°n-bm¬, Ahs\ imco-cn-I-ambn D]-Z-hn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m, t]meo-kn¬

G¬]n-°p-∂-Xnt\m \mw XS w ]d-s™∂p hcn-√. ImcWw \ΩpsS


\oXn-t_m-[-a-\p-k-cn®p tamjWw ]m]-am-Wv. tamjvSn-°p-∂-h≥

kmaqlytZmln-bm-Wv. Ah≥ in£n-°-s∏-S-Ww. in£n-®n-s√-¶n¬

Ah≥ C\nbpw tamjvSn-°pw. Iptd-°qSn lo\-amb sX‰p-Iƒ sNøpw.

a‰p-≈-h-cpsS apX¬ Aßs\ Is´-SpØv Bcpw Pohn-°m≥ ]mSn-√...

Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-bn-cn°pw temI-]-Im-c-ap≈ \ΩpsS \ymb-Nn-¥.

F∂m¬, Aßs\ P\-ßƒ ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂ I≈-t\mSp Xncp-

ta\n Zbm-hmbv]p Im´p-∂p. Ahs‚ Zmcn-Zyhpw Bh-iyhpw Xncn-®-

dn-bp-∂p. Ah-t\mSp £an®v Ahs\ klm-bn®p bmX-bm-°p-∂p.

CXp-aqew C\n Hcn-°epw tamjvSn-°m-\m-hm-Ø-hn[w I≈s‚ lrZ-

bsØ Xncp-ta\n kv]¿in-°p-∂p. Ah≥ tamjvSn-°m-\n-S-bmb

kmaqly -˛ -km-º-ØnI Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw a\x-im-kvX-]-›m-Ø-

esØ°pdn®pw Hcp ho≠p-hn-Nmcw \S-Øm≥ a‰p-≈hsc Cu kw`hw

klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

temI-Øn-ep≈ Xs‚ hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ°p tIh-e-amb aqeyw (ab-solute value) Ds≠∂pw, Ah \jvS-s∏-´m¬ Xs‚ AkvXnXzw C√m-

Xm-Ip-sa-∂pw, AXp-sIm≠v GXp am¿K-Ønepw Ahsb kwc-£n-°-

W-sa∂pw hnNm-cn-°p∂ Hcmƒ°v Cßs\ sNøm≥ km[y-a-√. \nXy-

Po-hs‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Chn-sS-bp≈ kwK-Xn-Isf Bt]-£n-I-ambn

ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\pw, th≠n-h-∂m¬ Dt]-£n-®p-I-f-bm-\pw

km[n-°p-∂-h¿°p amXta Cßs\ Akm-[m-c-W-ambn ]h¿Øn-

°m≥ Ign-bq. AXp-sIm≠p \nXy-Po-h-t\mSp _‘-s∏´ ac-Ww,

\ymb-hn-[n, tam£w, \cIw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

\nc-¥-c-amb Hm¿abpw [ym\hpw Xs‚ A\p-Zn\ Pohn-X-ssi-ensb

Akm-[m-c-W-am°n cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ \oXn

ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ \oXnbpw \nb-a-]-c-amb a\p-jy-\o-Xnbpw

XΩn¬ henb A¥-c-ap-≠v. c≠n-s‚bpw bp‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬ Hcn-

°epw tNcp-I-bn-√. AXp-sIm-≠m-W-t√m, sshIn´v A©p- a-Wn°p

h∂v Hcp aWn°q¿ amXw tPmen sNbvX-h\pw, cmhnse Bdp- aWn

apX¬ sshIn´v Bdp -aWnhsc tPmen-sN-bvX-h\pw Htc Iqen e`n-

°p-∂-Xv. AtX bp‡n-sIm-≠mWv Hcp Ihn-fØv ASn-°p-∂-h\p at‰

Ihnfpw ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂p I¿Ømhv ]d-™-Xv.

CXp _p≤n-sIm≠p Xncn-®-dn-™mepw lrZ-bw-sIm≠pw Pohn-Xw-

sIm≠pw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ffp-∏-a-√. a\p-jy-kvt\-l-ap≈ F√m \√


]ÿm-\-ßfpw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-sb-°p-dn®p Kuc-h-ambn Nn¥n-°p∂

]Xy-b-im-kvX-ßfpw \oXn \S-∏m-°p∂ k¿°m-cp-I-fp-sams° al-

Ømb Imcy-ßƒ sNøp-∂p-≠v. ]t£, Hcn-°epw tbip-InkvXp

]d-bp∂ ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ \oXn Ah¿°p a\- n-em-°mt\m \S-

∏m-°mt\m Ign-bp-I-bn-√. Imc-Ww, \ΩpsS km[m-cW \oXn-\ymb

hyh-ÿ-sbbpw Ia-k-am-[m-\-sØbpw Ań-a-dn-°p∂ \oXn-bm-W-Xv.

F∂m¬, a\-jy-k-aq-l-Ønepw hy‡n-I-fpsS Pohn-X-ß-fnepw ssZh-

cm-Py-Øns‚ \oXn CØcw Ań-a-dn-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p≠v F∂-XmWp

hmkvX-hw. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \oXn-t_m[w AØcw A\p-`-h-

ß-fn-te-°mWp hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv.

bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w

bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w (Eschatology) Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ ITn-\-]-Z-ß-fp-

]-tbm-Kn®p thZ-]-fin-X-∑m¿ hyh-l-cn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fmWp acWw

XpS-ßnb \mep Imcy-ßƒ. ChnsS h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn¬ \n∂p-

sIm≠v, \mw AhnsS `mhn-bn-te°p t\m°n temIm-h-km-\-sØ-°p-

dn®pw ac-Wm-\¥-c-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw a‰pw Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv

CXns‚ hnh-£. ]t£, ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-t∏mse hnip-≤-cmb

hy‡n-Iƒ Xncn-®mWp ImWp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv AhnsS \n∂p-sIm≠v

Ctßm-´p-t\m-°p-I. NcnXw Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw kI-ehpw AXns‚

BXy-¥n-I-amb ]cn-k-am-]vXn-bn¬ hnebw]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂

A\p-`-hsØ Bflo-b-ambn kzmwio-I-cn®v AXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬

Xncn™v \ΩpsS C∂sØ Ncn-XsØ ho£n-®m¬ \ap°p e`n-

°p∂ NnXw hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw.

h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-N-cn-X-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Pohn-°p∂ \ap°v F√m-‰n-

s‚bpw A¿∞w Ct∏mƒ e`n-°p-∂n-√. Ct∏mƒ kw`-hn-°p∂ Imcy-

ß-fpsS icn-bmb A¿∞hpw ]c-kv]-c-_-‘hpw Zo¿L-Im-e-]-Xym-

Lm-X-ß-fp-sam∂pw \ap°p hy‡-am-hp-I-bn-√. F∂m¬, F√m‰n-

s‚bpw A¥y-_n-µp-hn¬ \n∂p-t\m-°p∂ Hcm-fn\v Ah-sb√mw IqSp-

X¬ hy‡-am-Ipw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬, ]uc-kvXy-Nn-¥-bn¬ bpKm-¥y-

Z¿i\w (eschatological perspective) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv, CØcw ka-

K-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sn-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv. ]t£, t\¿tc-J-bn¬ \o≠p-\o≠p-

t]m-Ip∂p F∂p \mw km[m-cW Icp-Xp∂ tcJob Ncn-X-Øns‚

(linear history) bp‡n-°-\p-k-cn®v, h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn¬ \n-∂p-

sIm≠v, At⁄-b-amb `mhn-bn-te°p t\m°n-bmWp \mw bpKm-¥y-

Z¿i\w \S-Øm≥ ian-°p-∂-Xv. ]m›m-Xy-th-Z-imkvXw Aß-s\-


bmWp ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw. acWw XpS-ßnb- \m-e-p -Im-cy-ßƒ Ft∏mgpw

\ΩpsS kPo-h-amb Hm¿a-bn¬ \ne-\n¿ØWw F∂p ]Tn-∏n-°p∂

]mºm-Sn-Xn-cp-ta\n AX√ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. ]m›m-Xy-ssZ-h-imkvXw

]Tn-®n- n-√mØ Xncp-ta-\nsb kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw B ImgvN-∏mSp kzm[o-

\n-®p-an-√.

]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏´ Ncn-X-I-a-Øn-s‚bpw ÿe-Im-eß-fp-sSbpw

kam-]-\-_n-µp-hn¬ kjvSmhv kI-e-sØbpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw

\∑sb Xn∑-bn¬\n∂p th¿Xn-cn-°bpw kI-e-Øn-s‚bpw A¿∞hpw

]c-kv]-c-_-‘hpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ "\nanj'Øn¬ \n∂p-

sIm≠p k¿h-kr-jvSn-sbbpw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-XmWp ]uckvXy

Nn¥-bn¬ bpKm-¥y-Z¿i-\w. CXp temI-bp-‡n-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-S-√.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ AXn-s\-°p-dn®v \ap°p `mj D]-tbm-Kn®v hnh-cn-

°m-\m-hn-√. ÿe-Im-e-ßƒ "]pX-∏p-t]mse Npcp-ń-am‰n'°gn-™m¬-

∏ns∂ "\nanjw', "ImgvN-∏mSv' Fs∂ms° ]d-bp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ bp‡n-

hn-cp-≤hpw A¿∞-iq-\y-hp-am-W-t√m. Cu bpKm-¥y-Z-¿-i\w B[ym-

fln-I-amb Hcpƒ°m-gvN-bm-Wv. tcJo-b-amb Ncn-X-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Ign-

bp-tºmƒ Xs∂ Nne hnip-≤m-flm-°ƒ°p e`n-t®-°m-hp∂ A¥¿-

Z¿i-\-am-Wn-Xv. \nc-¥-c-amb ]m¿∞-\bpw \nd™ a\p-jy-kvt\-

lhpw kI-ehpw XyPn-°p∂ XymKhpw ssZh-kr-jvSn-tbm-Sp≈ Bg-

amb B¿Z-X-bp-ap-≈-h¿°p ssZhw I\n™p \¬In-tb-°m-hp∂ Dƒ-

t_m-[-am-Wn-Xv.

C∂pw F∂pw

hy‡n-]-c-amb Hc-\p- hw ChnsS Ipdn-°-s´. k¨tU-kvIqƒ Ipń-

I-fmb Rßƒ Hcn-°¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWm≥ sN∂ kµ¿`w. Acn-

In¬ \n¿Øn, "BIm-i-Øn-ep≈ _mhm' F∂ ]m¿∞\ sNm√m≥

]d-™p. Rm≥ sNm√n-bXp sX‰n. ""Rßƒ°v Bh-iy-ap≈ A∏w

F∂pw Rßƒ°p Xc-Wta'' F∂mWp sNm√n-b-Xv. tXmfn¬ Hcp

sNdnb ASn X∂n´p Xncp-ta\n Xncp-Øn-Ø∂p: ""Rßƒ°v Bh-

iy-ap≈ A∏w C∂p Rßƒ°p Xtc-W-ta.''

Xosc sNdp-∏-Øn¬ kw`-hn® C°mcyw ad-∂p-t]m-ImsX ho≠pw

ho≠pw a\- n-te°p h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂v

A¤p-X-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. `£-W-]n-b-\mb Hcp Ipń X\n°v CjvS-ap≈

A∏w F∂pw In´-W-sa-∂mhpw BK-ln-°p-∂-Xv. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

k`-bpsS ]m¿∞-\-I-sf√mw Ah-km-\n -°p -∂-Xv , ""F∂pw

Ft∂°pw'' (for ever and ever) As√-¶n¬ ""C∂pw Ft∂°pw'' (now


and for ever) F∂n-ßs\ XnXzkvXpXn ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≠m-Wt√m.

Ipń-I-fpsS a\- n¬ ]Xn-bp∂ Hcp ]tbm-K-am-WXv. \nXy-Xsb kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xm-W-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ°v AXp a\- n-em-hn-s√-¶nepw ]mk-`wKn

Hm¿a-bn¬ Xßn-\n¬°pw.

"C∂pw' "F∂pw' XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw ImX-emb H∂m-Wv.

"C∂p'-Iƒ Iqń-h-®m¬ "F∂p'-am-hn-√. ImesØ A\-¥-ambn hen®p-

\o-´p-∂-X√ \nXy-X. Ime-Øns‚ apJ-ap-Z-bmWv "C∂v' AYhm

"Ct∏mƒ.' C∂v Bh-iy-amb A∏w Xtc-Wta F∂p ]m¿∞n-°m-

\mWv I¿Ømhv ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv. C∂p- I-gn-®m¬, \msfbpw hni-°pw.

Ct∏mƒ Ign-®m¬, A¬]w Ign-™m¬ ho≠pw hni-°pw.

h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn-emWp \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm \nan-jhpw

ssZh-Ir-]-bn-emWp \mw ]pe¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu \nan-j-Øns‚ A∏w

˛ im-co-cn-I-ambpw Bflo-b-am-bpw -˛ -e-`n-°m-\mWp \mw ]m¿∞n-°p-

∂-Xv. acp-`q-an-bn¬ Ae-™p-\-S∂ Ckm-tb¬-°m¿°p e`n® a∂m

"C∂'-tØ°v amX-am-bn-cp-∂-t√m. AXp ]n∂-tØ°p kq£n-®p-h-®-

h¿°p \ncm-i-bmWp e`n-®-Xv. B¿Øn-tbmsS Bh-iy-Øn¬ IqSp-

X¬ hmcn-°q-ń-b-h¿°pw Xosc-°p-d®p hmcn-sb-Sp-Ø-h¿°pw Hcp-

t]mse, C∂sØ Bh-iy-Øn-\p- amXw Inń.

h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øns‚ "Cu \nanj-'sØ°pdn®p ]q¿W-t_m-[y-

ap≈ hy‡n°p amX-ta, "C∂p Rßƒ°v Bh-iy-ap≈ A∏'Øn\p

th≠n Bfl-\n-d-thmsS ]m¿∞n-°m-\m-hq. CXp Xo£vW-amb Hcp-

Xcw Ime-t_m-[-am-Wv. ac-W-sØbpw bpKm-¥y-sØbpw [ym\n-®p-

Ign-bp∂ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-t∏m-se-sbm-cmƒ°v, Cßs\ h¿Ø-

am-\-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn®v Fßs\ Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠mIpw F∂p \ap-°-

¤pXw tXm∂mw. kI-ehpw XyPn-°p∂, kI-e-sØbpw Imem-Xo-X-

ambn ImWp∂ hy‡n-Iƒ°mWv, euIn-I-sc-°mƒ, h¿Ø-am-\-Ime-

Øns‚ ]k-‡nbpw am[p-cyhpw \∂mbn Adn-bm\m-hp-∂-Xv.

io_p≤-s\-°p-dn-s®mcp IY-bp-≠v, ]ap-J-\mb Hcmƒ At±-l-tØmSp

tNmZn®p: Kptcm, Aß-bpsS k\ym-kn-in-jy-∑m¿ F¥mWp sNøp-

∂Xv? _p≤≥ ]d™p: "Ah¿ \S-°p-Ibpw `£Ww Ign-°p-Ibpw

Dd-ßp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.' tNmZy-I¿Øm-hn\v A¤p-Xw. F√m-hcpw

CsXm-s°-Ø-s∂-bt√ sNøp-∂Xv! ]ns∂ _p≤-k-\ym-kn-am¿°v

F¥p hy-Xymkw? Ahn-sS-bmWp _p≤-a-X-Ønse Zo]vX-amb Ah-

t_m[w AYhm i≤ (mindfulness) F∂ Bibw hy‡-am-hp-∂-Xv.

h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øns‚ Hmtcm \nan-jhpw A¿∞-]q¿W-am-°p∂


Zo]vX-amb at\m-hym-]m-c-amWp k\ymkn A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xv. euInI-

a-\p-jy≥ \S-°p-Ibpw `£Ww Ign-°p-Ibpw Dd-ßp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-

Xp-t]m-se-b-√, k\ymkn sNøp-∂-Xv. ]Im-in-X-amb t_m[-Øns‚

shfn-®-Øn-emWv FX \n m-c-sa∂p tXm∂m-hp∂ ico-c-[¿ahpw

temI-hy-h-lm-chpw \nh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C∂sØ A∏-Øn-\p-

th≠n amXw ]m¿∞n-°m≥ ]Tn-∏n® ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

k\ymk-]m-c-º-cy-hpw apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® mc-X-Ønse _u≤-k\ym-

k-]m-c-º-cyhpw XΩn¬ C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ kam-\X it≤-b-am-Wv.

ac-W-apdn

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n hm¿[-Iy-Im-eØp ]≈n-tbm-Sp-tN¿∂p Xs‚

kz¥w I_¿apdn ]Wn-Xncp-∂p. t\mºp-Im-e-ß-fnepw a‰pw hfsc

kabw ]m¿∞-\bv°pw [ym\-Øn-\p-ambn AXn¬ Ign-™n-cp-∂p.

A°m-e-ß-fn¬ At±-lsØ kµ¿in-®n-cp∂ Ipń-I-fmb Rßƒ°p

hfsc A¤p-Xhpw bhpw D≠m-°nb kwK-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]≈n-

bpsS skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ H‰-bv°p-t]m-Ip-∂Xpw a‰pw Df-hm-°n-bn-cp∂

`bw Rßƒ°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. acn-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ap≥]p Xs∂ Hcmƒ

kz¥w ih-°p-gn-bp-≠m-°n, AXns‚ apI-fn¬ …m_n- n-cp∂p ]m¿∞n-

°p-Ibpw hni-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv A∂v Hcn-°epw a\- n-em-°m≥

Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√.

]n¬°m-e-Øm-Wv, ac-W-`-bsØ adn-I-S∂ hnip-≤-\mb B Xncp-

ta\n F¥mWp sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv F∂v A¬]-sa-¶nepw a\-

n-em-°m≥ Ign-™-Xv. Hcp k\ym-kn-bpsS PohnXw ac-W-Øn-\p-

th-≠n-bp≈ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏mWv F∂p k\ym-k-]-ÿm\w ]Tn-∏n-®p.

AXp-sIm≠p ac-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \nc-¥-c-[ym\w Bh-iy-am-bn-

hcp∂p. Chn-sS-bmWv Hcp k\ym-knbpw euIn-I-Po-hnXw \bn-°p∂

Hcp hy‡nbpw XΩn-ep≈ ][m\ hyXym-k-ß-fn-sem-∂v. euIn-I≥

G‰hpw A[nIw `b-s∏-Sp-∂Xp ac-W-sØ-bm-Wv. Hc-f-hn¬ F√m

Pohn-Ifpw Aß-s\-bm-Wv. a\p-tjy-X-c-Po-hn-Iƒ hmk-\m-_-ew-

sIm≠p ac-W-Øn¬\n∂p IpX-dn-am-dm≥ ian-°p-∂p. a\p-jy≥ _p≤n-

sIm≠pw imkvXo-bssh-Zy-hn-Zy-sIm≠pw ac-W-Øn¬\n∂p c£-s∏-

Sm≥ ian-°p-∂p. euIn-I-a-\p-jy≥ Hcn-°epw im¥-amb a\-t msS

ac-WsØ t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-ta-bn-√.

F∂m¬, Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßsf bpKm-¥y-Z¿i-

\-Øn-eqsS ap≥Iqń ImWp∂ k\ymkn t_m[-]q¿hw, ka-Nn-Ø-X-

tbmsS ac-W-Øn-\mbn Xøm-sd-Sp-°p-∂p. "hn´p-]n-cn™v InkvXp-hn-


t\mSv IqsS-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F\n-t°-sd-bnjvSw' F∂p- ]-d-bp∂

]utemkv «olm Cßs\ ac-WsØ kt¥m-j-]q¿hw kzmKXw

sNøp-∂p. Imc-Ww, sRcp-°hpw Rc°-hp-ap≈ Cu CSp-ßnb £Wn-

I-Po-hn-XsØ ]Im-i-]q¿W-amb \nXy-a-W-h-d-bpambn Xń-®p-t\m°m-

\p≈ Dƒ°m-gvNbpw Bfl-ss[-cyhpw t\Snb hnip-≤-\m-bn-cp∂p

At±lw.

]c-tZ-in-bmbn Ign-bp∂ Bƒ FX-amXw kt¥m-j-tØm-sS-

bmtWm Xs‚ kz¥w `h-\-Øn-se-Øp∂ `mhn-k-µ¿`w a\- n¬

ImWp-∂-Xv -A-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv Cu temI-Po-hnXw \bn-°p∂ ]cn-

ip-≤-∑mcpw ip≤n-a-Xn-Ifpw ac-W-Øns‚ hmXn-en-eqsS kz¥w `h-\-

Øn-se-Øn-t®cm≥ XojvW-ambn BK-ln-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp Xo¿∞m-S-\-

tI-µ-Øn-te°p henb Bflob Hcp-°-tØm-sSbpw BK-l-tØm-

sSbpw _lp-Zqcw k©-cn-°p∂ Xo¿∞m-S-I≥ Xm≥ kµ¿in-°m≥

t]mIp∂ ]≈n-bpsS tKm]p-c-Øns‚ AXn-hn-Zq-c-Z¿i\w BZy-ambn

e`n-°p-tºmƒ B\-µ-]q¿W-\m-bn-Xo-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWp hnip-≤-

∑m¿°p ac-WØns‚ hnZq-c-Z¿i-\w. ac-WsØ `b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

AXn¬\n∂p sX‰n-sbm-gn-bm≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ euInI a\p-

jy¿°v CsXm-cn-°epw a\- n-em-°m-\m-hn-√.

Dbn¿∏ns‚ D’hw

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv B[ym-fln-I-X-bn¬ G‰hpw henb hnP-b-ambn

Icp-Xp-∂Xp ac-W- -b-Øn-t∑-ep≈ hnP-b-am-Wv. a\p-jys‚ F√m Xn∑-

Ifpw D¤-hn-°p-∂Xp ac-W-`-b-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv. a\p-jys‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-]-iv\-ß-fmb B¿P-\-Xz-cbpw AI-a-hm-k-\bpw D]-t`m-Km-k-

‡nbpw Cµnb kpJm-t\z-j-Whpw ac-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `b-Øn¬-

\n∂v DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWp k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Ønepw

s]mXpth B[ym-fln-I-X-bnepw ac-W- -bsØ adn-I-S-°p-∂Xv G‰hpw

henb t\´-ambn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Xs‚ kz¥w ih-°p-gn-bp-sS-ta¬

]mZ-ßƒ Dd-∏n®v ]im-¥-am-\-k-\mbn ssZh-kvXpXn \S-Øp∂ Hcmƒ

Cu BXy-¥n-I-`-bsØ Nhn-ń-sa-Xn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

I¿Øm-hns‚ Dbn¿∏ns\ NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

sF°¨ NnX-Øn¬ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ InkvXp I_-dns‚ Ccp-ń-

t∑¬ ]Im-i-]q¿W-\mbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xp ImWmw. Xs‚ ]mZ-

ßƒ°-Sn-bn¬, hmbv ]nf¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂Xp ih-°p-gn-bpsS A‘-Im-

c-am-Wv. ]mXm-f-Øns‚ tKm]p-c-I-hm-S-ßƒ AhnsS XI¿∂v On∂-

`n∂-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \ncm-i-bp-sSbpw ac-W-Øn-s‚bpw iq\y-X-bp-sSbpw


Ccp-ń-t∑¬ Pohs‚ ]Imiw sh∂n-s°mSn \m´p-∂p. ]mXm-f-Øn-e-

a¿∂n-cp∂ BZ-an-s\bpw l∆-sbbpw Ccp-h-i-Øp-\n∂pw tbip Xs‚

kvt\l-Øns‚ Ic-ßƒ \oń Poh-\n-te°p hen-®-Sp-∏n-°p-∂p.

kz¥w Ipgn-am-S-Øn\p apI-fn-en-cp∂p ]m¿∞n-°p∂ ]mºm-Sn-Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS NnXw Bsc-¶nepw sF°¨ ssien-bn¬ hc-®m¬,

AXn\p amXrI as‰m-∂p-am-bn-cn-°n-√. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ ta¬

kqNn-∏n® Dbn¿∏p-cwKw amX-am-bn-cn°pw AXns‚ amXr-I.

ac-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ AXn-cp-I-S∂ Nn¥ tcmKm-Xp-c-amb (mor-bid) a\- n-s\-bmWp ImWn-°p-∂-sX∂v B[p-\nI a\x-i-mkvXw ]d-

bp-∂p. km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬ icn-bm-W-Xv. ]t£, C∏-d™

sF°¨ NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ Dbn¿∏p-cw-Khpw AXv BtLm-jn-°p∂

arXyp-RvP-b- a-tlm-’hhpw a\- n-em-°m≥ B a\x-im-kvX-Øn\p

_lp-Zqcw k©-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

Hgn™ I√-d-bm-Wt√m Dbn¿∏ns‚ km£yw- \¬Ip∂ kwK-Xn-

I-fn-sem-∂v. iq\y-amb I_¿ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv, ac-W-Øns‚ i‡nsb

ac-Ww- aqew ambv®p-I-f-™-hs\ ]nSn-®p-h-bv°m-\m-hm-Ø-Xns‚ \n -

lmb iq\y-X-bm-Wv. Hcp hi-Øv, \msa√mw \ΩpsS kz¥w ih-°p-

gn-bpsS apI-fn-emWv Ccn-°bpw Ncn-°bpw sNøp-∂-Xv. ImcWw

\msa√mw acn-°pw. adp-h-i-Øv, InkvXp-hn-ep≈ \ΩpsS Pb-I-c-amb

]Xym-i-aq-ew, B ih-°p-gn-bpsS iq\yX Hcn-°epw \sΩ ]nSn-®p-

hbv°p-I-bn√ F∂ t_m[y-Øn¬ D√-kn-°p-∂p. "a\p-jy≥ P\n-°p∂

\nanjw apX¬ acn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv' F∂ Zm¿i-\nI \nco-

£Ww hmkvX-h-am-sW∂p \ap-°-dn-bmw. ]t£, Cu ac-Whpw Zh-

Xzhpw AXns‚ kz¥w iq\y-X-bn-te°p Ncn-°p-∂p. ac-W-`-bsØ

adn-I-S-°p∂ kn≤-∑m¿ iq\y-Xsb adn-I-S∂p Poh-\n-te°pw Ncn-

°p-∂p. kz¥w I_¿ap-dn-bn¬ Ccp∂p ]m¿∞n-°p∂ ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta\n \ap°p \¬Ip∂ ktµiw ]I¬t]mse hy‡-am-Wv.

lrZ-b-Øns‚ IÆo¿

Rß-fpsS \mń¬ "Ata-cn-°≥ km¿' F∂v F√m-hcpw hnfn-®n-

cp∂ hfsc am\y-\mb ]mb-ap≈ Hcp hy‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw

Bim≥]-≈n-°qSw t]mse-sbmcp ]mT-ime kz¥w hoń¬ \S-Øn-

bn-cp-∂p. sIm®p-Ip-ń-Isf ae-bm-fhpw KWn-Xhpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-

sSm∏w Cw•o-jnepw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw, Rßƒ A∂v Hcn-°epw tIń-

ń-√mØ at‰tXm `mj-I-fn-ep-sams° FÆm\pw A£-c-ame Dcp-hn-

Sm\pw ]m¿∞n-°m\pw ]Tn-∏n-°pw. c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Im-eØp


_nójv ssk\y-Øn¬ tN¿∂v a[y-]u-c-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fnepw a‰p ÿe-

ß-fnepw At±lw Xma-kn-®-Xm-bn-´m-W-dn-hv. Aß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww,

"Ata-cn-°≥' hnti-jWw \m´p-Im¿ At±-l-Øn\p \¬In-b-Xv. ]gb

skan-\m-cn-bnepw sNdp-∏-Øn¬ At±lw Xma-kn-®n-´p-≠-tX. ]gb

skan-\m-cn-bnse IY- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ At±lw Hcp Ipdn-bm-t°mkv

siΩmis‚ Imcyw c≠p-aq-∂p- X-hW ]d-™n-´p-≠v. sshIn´p ]m¿-

∞\ Ign™v F√m-hcpw Nm∏-en¬ \n∂p-t]m-bmepw Ipdn-bm-t°mkv

siΩm-i≥ Ahn-sS-bn-cn-°pw. siΩm-i≥ GIm-¥-X-bn¬ A\¿K-f-

ambn IÆo-scm-gp°n ]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xv At±lw ]e-X-hW I≠n-

´p≠v. B siΩm-i-\mWv ]n∂oSp ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂Xv.

IÆo-tcm-sS-bp≈ ]m¿∞-\-bm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Bflo-b-

amb B¿Z-X-bpsS cl-kyw. ]uckvXy B[ym-flnI ]mc-º-cy-

Øns‚ icn-bmb ]n¥p-S¿®-bmWv ChnsS \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. Hcp k\ym-

kn°p Pohn-X-sa-∂Xv A\p-X-]n-°m-\p≈ thZn-bm-sW∂v B Xt]m-

ss]-XrIw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. A\p-Xm-]-Øns‚ IÆo¿ B¿Z-kvt\-l-

Øns‚ Pe-[m-c-bp-am-Wv. \n\-th-bnse hn. Ck-lm°v (Ggmw

\q‰m≠v) ]Tn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse, ssZh-Øns‚ k¿h-kr-jvSn-tbm-Sp-ap≈

B¿Z-kvt\-l-Øm¬, Hcp-h\p h‰n-t∏m-ImØ IÆo¿]-hmlw

D≠mImw. AXp kz¥w ]m]-ß-sftbm a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ]m]-sØtbm

Hm¿Øp≈ ]›m-Øm-]-Øns‚ IÆo¿ amX-a-√, ip≤-amb B\-µ-

Øns‚, B¿Z-amb Icp-W-bpsS Ah-km-\n-°mØ angn-\o¿ ]hm-

l-hp-am-Imw. AXp Icp-Wm-\n¿`-c-amb lrZ-b-Øns‚ IÆp-\o-cmbn

kI-e-sØbpw B¿Z-am-°p-∂p. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Bflob

Z¿i-\-Øns‚ clkyw as‰m-∂m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

(]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: B[n-Im-cnI ]pkvXIw, 2010)


6

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nbpw

]cn-ÿnXn Z¿i-\hpw

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs‚ ]¿Æ-ime ]Wn-XXv

s]mØ≥]pdw F∂ hnP-\-amb Hcp Ip∂n≥apI-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Im\-

\-Om-b-bp≈ GIm-¥-X-bn¬ Ccp∂v ]m¿∞n-°m\pw Xt]m-\n-jvT-

Iƒ A\p-jvTn-°m-\p-am-bn-cp∂p B k\ymkn BK-ln-®-Xv.

c≠v B≤ym-flnI ]mc-º-cy-ß-fpsS ktΩ-f-\-am-bn-cp∂p B Pohn-

X-ssi-en. H∂v InkvXp-hn-t‚-Xv, at‰Xv `mc-X-Ønse al¿jn-am-cp-

tS-Xv.

an° cmXn-I-fnepw tbip Xs‚ injy-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw P\-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw th¿s]´v [ym\n-°m\pw ]m¿∞n-°m\pw t]mbn-cp∂p F∂v

kphn-ti-j-ßƒ km£n-°p-∂p. \dp-\n-emhpw ]\n-a™pw s]mgn-bp∂

\nim-bm-a-ß-fn¬ Hen-hp-a-c-ßfpw Cu¥-∏-\-Ifpw Ccp≠ \ng¬ hncn-

°p∂ ]e-kvXo≥ Ip∂p-I-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p tbip Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚

]Ip-Xn-tbmfw sNe-hn- -Xv. ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb InkvXob k\ym-k-]-ÿm-

\-Ønse \√ k\ym-kn-am¿ Cu amXrI Hc-f-hn¬ G‰p-hm-ßm≥

ian-®n-´p-≠v.

C¥y-bn¬ Xm]- -∑m-cpsS Bhmk ÿe-ßsf "Xt]m-h\w'

F∂mWv hnfn®ph∂-Xv. h\w GIm-¥hpw hnP-\-hp-am-Wv. ]t£,

FÆ-a‰ Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ Ahn-sS-bp-≠v, ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ Cu‰n-

√-amWv h\w. kmXzn-I-cmb Xm]- ¿°v Cu Pohn-I-sfm∂pw "h\y-

Po-hn-'I-f√. Ah¿°v kplr-Øp-°fpw kl-Nm-cn-I-fp-amWv h\-Ønse

]mWn-Ifpw ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-fpw. X]-kzn-I-fpsS [ym\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ

Ah¿s°m-∏-am-Wv.

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv h\-ÿ-en-Iƒ km[-I¿°v ]nb-¶-c-am-hp-∂Xv?

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv acp-∏-c-∏ns‚ `bm-\-I-amb GIm-¥X Ahsc

amSnhnfn-°p-∂Xv?

Imc-Ww, Ahn-sS-bmWv ]m]-©n-I-c-l-ky-ßƒ Npcp-f-gn-bp-∂-Xv.

Pohs‚ alm-k-a-ky-bn-te°v Dƒ°mgvN e`n-°p-∂Xv GIm-¥-X-bn¬

a\\w sNøp∂ a\o-jn-Iƒ°m-Wv. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS \ni-_vZ-amb Xmf-


e-b-ßsf kz¥w lrZ-b-Øns‚ kv]µ-\-ß-fp-ambn ka-c-k-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ \ap°v Ign-bp-∂Xv Ahn-sS-bm-Wv.

Aß-s\-bmWv lnam-e-b-Øns‚ AK-ay-Kn-cn-I-fnepw saUn-‰-td-\n-

b≥ IS-ense H‰-s∏´ BtYmkv ae-bnepw CuPn-]vXn¬ ss\¬ \-Zn-

bpsS B¿Z-Xsb Dt]-£n®v Ccp-h-i-ß-fnepw ]S-cp∂ Duj-c-X-bnepw

ssk_o-cn-b-bnse lna-°m-Sp-I-fnepw F∂pw Bflo-bm-t\z-j-I¿

tNt°-dn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

ssZh-kr-jvSn-bmb ]IrXn "Ft∏mgpw Xpd∂p h®n-cn-°p∂ thZ-

]p-kvX-I'-am-sW∂v Ing°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ap≈ BNm-cy-∑m¿. kqcy\pw

Nµ\pw \£-X-ßfpw `qanbpw kap-Z-ßfpw Ah-bnse FÆ-a‰

ssPh-Ip-e-ßfpw Htc IpSpw-_-k-Z- n¬ k√-]n-°p-∂Xv \mw ]Ir-

Xn-bn¬ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. AhnsS \ΩpsS thZ-]mTw Bcw-`n-°p-∂p.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°v F√m ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Ifpw Iq´p-Im-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

Im°-Ifpw ]mhp-Ifpw Ae-™p-\-S-°p∂ \mbv°fpw hcƒ®

_m[n® ac-ß-fp-sa√mw a\p-jy-sc-t∏mse Xs∂ B Xm]- s‚

B¿Z-amb kvt\l-Øn\v ]mX-am-bn-cp-∂p.

\ap-s°mcp [mc-W-bp-≠v, ImSv AI-am-k-‡hpw \mSv im¥hpw

""\∑-I-fm¬ kar-≤-''hp-am-sW-∂v. icn-bmbn ]Tn-®m¬ a\- n-emIpw

Xncn-®mWv Ct∏mƒ kwK-Xn-I-fpsS InS-s∏-∂v. ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw hnI-

k-\hpw IqSnhcp-t¥mdpw \ΩpsS \mSv lnwk-bpsS ]cym-b-ambn amdp-

I-bm-Wv. \ΩpsS tdmUp-I-fn¬ ]Z-bm-Xn-I-\mbn Hmcw-]‰n \S∂p

t\m°n-bm¬ aXn, FX-amXw AI-am-k-‡-amWv \ΩpsS h-gn-Ifpw

KXm-K-X-hp-sa∂v `b-tØmsS Xncn-®-dn-bmw. e°p-sI´ hml-\-th-K-

Xbpw òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ tlmäp-g-°-ßfpw a‰-hs\ adn-I-S-°m-

\p≈ a’-c-ßfpw hml-\-ßƒ Im¿°n®p Xp∏p∂ hnj-∏p-Ibpw

NqSpw hgn-ap-dn®p IS-°m≥ \n¬°p∂ K¿`n-Wn-Ifpw Ip™p-ßfpw

hr≤-P-\-ß-fp-a-S-ßnb Ccp-Im-en-I-tfm-Sp≈ ISpØ Ah-⁄-bp-

sa√mw \ΩpsS hgn-Isf òI-c-X-bpsS ]mX-I-fm-°p-∂p.

CsXm-cp-Zm-l-cWw amX-am-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-

fnepw Cu AI-a-]-h-WX h¿≤n®p hcp-I-bm-Wv. CsXms° hfsc

kzm`m-hn-Ihpw F√m-hcpw Bh-iy-ambpw A\p-h¿Øn-®n-cn-t°≠

Pohn-X-ssi-en-bp-amWv F∂mWv Ct∏mƒ s]mXp-k-¶¬∏w Xs∂.

Cß-s\-b-√m-sX, \n¿`-b-ambn kvXoI-fpƒs∏sS F√m a\p-jy¿°pw

\S-°m-\pw, kulr-Z-tØmsS CS-s]-Sm\pw ISpØ a’-c-an-√msX

Pohn-°m\pw ]c-kv]cw klm-bn-°m\pw km[n-°p∂ Hcp _Z¬


hyhÿ Ds≠∂pw D≠m-°m-sa-∂pap≈ t\cnb Nn¥-t]mepw \ΩpsS

kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂v \jvS-s∏´p t]mbn-cn-°p-∂p. AI-a-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS

h≥hn-P-b-am-Wn-Xv. a’-cn®pw BI-an®pw CSn-®p-I-b-dnbpw th≠n-h-

∂m¬, sNfn-hm-cn-sb-dn-™p-amWv Pohn-X-hn-Pbw t\tS-≠Xv F∂m-

Wt√m \ΩpsS al-Ømb ]pXnb hnZym-e-b-ß-sfms° ]Tn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xv. IqSp-X¬ tcmKn-Isf krjvSn°m≥ th≠n IqSp-X¬ Bip-]-

Xn-Ifpw hnZysb hnI-e-am-°m≥ ]pXnb hnZym-e-b-ßfpw krjvSn-

°p-∂-Xn¬ \mw henb kma¿∞yw ImWn-°p-∂p-≠v. CXns\ \mw

kwkvImcw, ]ptcm-KXn Fs∂ms° hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu hyhÿ

Iqchpw a\p-jy-Xz-\n-tj-[-I-hp-amWv F∂p ]d-bp-∂-hsc \mw `m¥-

sct∂m Ihn-I-sft∂m sdmam‚n-°p-I-sft∂m hnfn-°p-∂p.

hgn-\-S-°p∂ bmX-°m-c\v hgn-bn¬ kpc-£-bn√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-

Xns‚ ]Xo-Im-fl-I-amb A¿∞w \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ km[m-cW

a\pjy¿°v kpc-£tbm ]k-‡ntbm Cs√-∂m-Wv. ChnsS a\p-

jy\pw a\p-jy-Poh\pw th≠n \ne-sIm≠v, _Z¬hy-h-ÿbv°p

cq]w-sIm-Sp-t°≠ a¥n-amcpw aX-ta-e-≤y-£-∑mcpw sImSnbpw

s]mSnbpw ]dØn ]mbp-Ibpw \ne-hn-ep≈ oI-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS AwK-

c-£-I-cmbn tIm∏n-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

\√ k\ymkn-am-cp-sSbpw Xm]- -cp-sSbpw ]ÿm\w F∂p-samcp

_Z¬ hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Ir-Xnsb \in-∏n°msX kvt\ln-®p-

sIm-≠v, krjvSn-°p-th≠n \nc-¥cw ssZhsØ kvXpXn-®p-sIm-≠v,

Xß-fpsS £Ww, hkvXw, ]m¿∏nSw XpS-ßnb uXn-Im-h-iy-ßsf

G‰hpw anXhpw efn-X-hp-am-°n, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ]tXy-In®pw ]mh-ß-

fpsS, \ymb-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ°v ap≥Xq°w sImSp-Øv, ]m¿∞-\m-

\n-c-X-cmbn, \∑ ]h¿Øn-°p∂hsc-bmWv \√ k\ym-kn-am¿ F∂v

InkvXob ]mc-ºcyw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. PohnX emfn-Xy-Øn-te°pw

AIr-Xn-a-amb ]Ir-Xn-bn-te°pw aZ-am¬k-cy-ß-fn-√mØ Bflob

Z¿i-\-Øn-te°pw Ah¿ Xncn-bp-∂Xv \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn\v ]pXn-

sbmcp Z¿i-\hpw hgnbpw ImWn®p Xcm-\m-Wv. BZ-an\pw l∆bv°pw

\jvS-s∏´ ]dp-Zo-ksb ]p\xkrjvSn-°-bmWv k\ym-k-Øns‚ e£y-

ß-fn-sem-∂v. AXv uXn-I-amb kpJm-t\z-j-W-a-√, ""\oXn hkn-°p∂

]pXnb BIm-ihpw ]pXnb `qan''°pw th≠n-bp≈ At\z-j-W-amWv

(2 ]tXm. 3:13).

sbiøm ]hm-N-I≥ anin-lm-bpsS BK-a-\-Øn-¶¬ kw`-hn-°p∂

]pXnb (_-Z¬) hyh-ÿsb°pdn®v ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ k\ym-k-

]-ÿm-\-sØ ]tNm-Zn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. AXv ]dp-Zo-k-bpsS kqN-\-bmWv:


""Ah-s‚-ta¬ btlm-h-bpsS Bflmhp Bh-kn°pw; ⁄m\-Øn-

s‚bpw hnth-I-Øn-s‚bpw Bflm-hv, Btem-N-\-bp-sSbpw _e-Øn-

s‚bpw Bflm-hv, ]cn-⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw ssZh-`-‡n-bp-sSbpw

Bflmhp- Xs∂ (11:2). ""Ah≥ Zcn-Z-∑m¿°v \oXn-tbmsS \ymbw

]men®p sImSp-°bpw tZi-Ønse km[p-°ƒ°v t\tcmsS hn[n-

I¬∏n-°bpw sNøpw....'' (11:4).

""sN∂mbv Ip™m-Sn-t\m-Sp -IqsS ]m¿°pw. ]p≈n-∏pen tImem-´p-

Ip-ń-tbm-Sp-IqsS InS-°pw. ]ip-°n-Smhpw _me-knw-lhpw XSn®

arKhpw Hcp-an®p ]m¿°pw. Hcp sNdnb Ipń Ahsb \S-Øpw. ]ip

Ic-Sn-tbm-Sp-IqsS tabpw. Ah-bpsS Ipń-Iƒ Hcp-an®v InS-°pw. knwlw

Imf F∂-t]mse ssht°m¬ Xn∂pw.''

""ape- Ip-Sn-°p∂ inip k¿∏-Øns‚ t]mXn-¶¬ Ifn-°pw. ape-

IpSn amdnb ss]X¬ AW-en-bpsS s]mØn¬ ssIbn-Spw.''

""kapZw sh≈w-sIm≠v \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse `qan btlm-

h-bpsS ]cn-⁄m-\w-sIm≠v \nd-™n-cn-°-bm¬ Fs‚ hnip-≤- ]¿∆-

X-Øn¬ Fßpw Hcp tZmjtam \mitam Bcpw sNbvI-bn√'' (11:6˛9).

Zo¿L-ambn CXv D≤-cn-°m≥ Imc-Ww, aX-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ

sk°p-e¿ ]cn-ÿnXn ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ D≈n¬t∏mepw Xkn-°p-∂

BZ¿iw CXm-Wv. k\ym-k-]-ÿm-\-Ønepw CXp- X-s∂-bmWv ]dp-

Zo-k-bpsS BZ¿i- hy-h-ÿ. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-t∏m-ep≈ hnip-

≤-cmb hy‡n-Iƒ, Ah-cpsS B≤ym-flnI km[-\-sIm≠pw Z¿i\w

sIm≠pw CXv Xncn-®-dn™v Pohn-X-Øn¬ A\p-`-hn®hcm-Wv. ]cn-

ÿn-Xn-bp-sSbpw a\p-jy-km-aq-lnI hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw k¿§m-fl-I-amb

_Z¬ hyh-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. \oXnbpw kam-[m-\hpw kl-I-c-Whpw kl-

hm-k-hp-sam-s°-bmWv Cu _Z¬ hy-h-ÿ-bpsS apJ-ap-Z-Iƒ. \ΩpsS

\√ kmº-ØnI Nn¥-Icpw \√ cmjvS-X-¥-⁄cpw \√ aX-t\-Xm-

°fpw \√ imkvX-⁄cpw a\p-jy-`m-hn-sb-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ

CsXms°bmWv e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv (""\√'' F∂ hnti-jWw Bh¿Øn-

°p-∂-Xn\p Imc-Ww, `qcn-]-£hpw AXn\v tbmKy-c√ F∂-Xp-sIm-

≠m-Wv).

Iep-j-amb \ΩpsS ]cn-tXm-h-ÿ-bn¬ F¥mWv Cu B≤ym-

flnI ss]Xr-I-Øn¬ \n∂pw \mw ]Tn-t°≠ Nne ]mT-ßƒ?

I\nhpw Icp-W-bp-ambn ssZhw Xs‚ krjvSn-bn¬ \¬In-bn-

cn-°p∂ alm-Zm-\-ßsf \µn-tbmsS Xncn-®-dn™v hn\-b-]q¿∆w D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-I.


ip≤-amb hmbphpw sh≈hpw shfn-®hpw \ΩpsS P∑m-h-Im-

i-am-Wv. Ah-bn¬ hnjw tN¿°p∂ i‡n-Isf Xncn-®dn-bp-I.

em`-Øn-\p-ta¬ em`w sImøm≥ th≠n ]Ir-Xnsb \in-∏n-

°p∂ \ΩpsS ktlm-Z-c-ßsf Xncp-Øm≥ kvt\lhpw i‡n-bmb

\nb-a-hy-h-ÿbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fmb \ΩpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-sf√mw kutcm¿÷-

Øn-te°v ASn-b-¥-c-ambn Xncn-bp-I. A∂pw F∂pw kqcy-\mWv ip≤-

amb Du¿÷-Øns‚ Dd-hn-Sw. ]Ir-Xnsb \in-∏n-°p∂ IrXn-a-amb

Du¿÷-tkm-X- p-Isf ItaW Hgn-hm-°p-I.

\oXnbpw kam-[m-\hpw kzmX-¥yhpw ]Ir-Xn-ku-lr-Z-hp-ap≈

Bhmk hyh-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v cq]-tc-J-Iƒ sa\-bp-I-bpw, AØcw

s]mXp-\-∑bv°p th≠n ]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ F√m a\p-

jy-tcmSpw aX-ß-tfmSpw kwL-S-\-I-tfmSpw kl-I-cn-°bpw sNøpI.

(k`, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, B≤ym-fln-I-X, kn.-F-kv.Fkv., Xncp-h-√, 2014)

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n, saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-ta¬°p-∂-Xn\v

Xte∂v Zb-dm-bnse kl-]-h¿Ø-I¿s°m∏w


7

a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øns‚ acp-∏®

hnip-≤-\mb ]mºmSn am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Xs‚ ]¿W

ime ]Wn-XXv hnP-\-amb Hcp h\-`q-an-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. X]- ns‚

Dƒhnfn e`n® Ah-[q-X-\mb B At\z-j-I\v s]mØ-ºpdw Ip∂ns‚

\n»-_vZ-amb h\yX a[p-c-am-bn-tØm-∂n-b-Xn¬ A¤p-X-an-√.

ap∏Xmw hb- n¬, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ AZ-ay-amb t]c-W-bm¬,

tbm¿±m≥ \Zn-bpsS Xoc-ku-`Kw hn´v blqZym acp-`q-an-bpsS Duj-c-

X-bn¬ X]- n-\mbn Ib-dnb InkvXp-\m-Ys\ A\p-I-cn-°-bmWv

injy-\pw.

]e-kvXo-\n-sebpw CuPn-]vXn-sebpw hc-≠p-W-ßnb acp-∏-c-∏p-

I-fmWv ]pcm-X\ InkvXo-bm-≤ym-fln-I-Xbv°p hfhpw sh≈hpw

\¬In-b-Xv. `mc-X-Øn¬ Bc-Wy-`q-an-bpsS `bm-\-I-amb \n¿P-\-X-

bn¬ Bfl-km-£m-XvIm-c-Øns‚ im¥n-a-¥-ßƒ DXn¿∂p. c≠n-

s‚bpw ]pX-\m-bn, c≠p ss]Xr-I-ß-sfbpw Xs‚ tbmK-km-[-\-bn-

eqsS ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n.

aq∂mw \q‰m≠p apX-se-¶nepw AXn-i-‡-am-bn-Øo¿∂ InkvXob

k\ym-k-]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ acp-`q-an-bpsS BI¿jWw XSp-°m-\m-hm-Ø-

Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ss\¬ \Zn-bpsS kky-iym-a-f-Xo-c-ßƒ hn´m¬ Ccp-

hiØpw ]mcm-hmcw t]mse ]c-∂p-In-S-°p∂ acp-∏-c-∏p-I-fn¬ C∂pw

kPo-h-amWv B ]mc-º-cyw. acp-`q-an-bnse aÏq-Sm-c-ß-fn¬ Aeu-

InI \n»-_vZX tXSnb hnip-≤-cmb At¥m-\n-tbm-kns‚bpw ]t°m-

an-tbm-kn-s‚bpw ]n≥ap-d-°m¿ 1700 h¿j-ß-fmbn ]m¿∞-\m-a-¥-

ßƒ Dcp-hn-Sp∂ \Sq≥ Xmgvhc C∂pw kµ¿i-I¿°v A¤p-X-amWv.

]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]mc-º-cy-Ønse Bcm-[-\, t\mº-\p-

jvTm\w, Xt]m-\n-jvT-Iƒ F∂o Aflob km[-\-I-fn-eqsS acp-`q-an-

bpsS ss]XrIw ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n kzmwio-I-cn-®p. euIn-I-]m-`-h-

Øn-s‚bpw kpJ-tem-ep-]-X-bp-sSbpw hgn-Iƒ tXSm-sX, Bfl-in-£-

W-Øn-eqsS Bflm-hns‚ Zo]w sXfn-°m-\mWv At±lw ian-®-Xv.

InkvXob ]mc-º-cy-Ønse acp-`q-an°p kam-\-ambn `mc-X-Øn¬

\mw ImWp-∂Xv h\-`q-an-bm-Wv. InkvXp-hn\v FXtbm \q‰m-≠p-

Iƒ°p aptº, B¿jhpw Zmhn-U-hpamb `mc-Xob kwkvIr-Xn-I-

fn¬ Bc-Wy-Øns‚ BI¿jWw \nd-™p-\n-∂p. cma-e-£va-W-∑m-


cp-sSbpw ]©-]m-fi-h-cp-sSbpw h\-hmkw \ΩpsS CXn-lm-k-ß-

fnse Hcp bmZr-—n-I-X-b-√. cmam-b-W-Øns‚bpw alm- m-c-X-Øn-s‚bpw

GSp-I-fn-eqsS CXƒ hncn-bp∂ B≤ym-flnI kuc-`y-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-

amWv Ah-cpsS h\-hm-kw. C¥y-bnse NXp-cm-i-a-ß-fn¬ hm\-

]ÿhpw k\ym-khpw h\-_-‘n-I-fm-Wv.

Im´p-ar-Kßfpw hr£-e-Xm-Zn-Ifpw \nd™ DjvW-ta-Jem h\-

ßfpw bmsXm∂pw apf-bv°mØ aW¬∏-c-∏p-Ifpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-

XsØ kw_-‘n®v Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. c≠pw Poh\p òj-Wn-bm-Wv.

\n»-_vZhpw hnP-\-hp-amb Ah-bpsS A]-I-S-I-c-amb h\y-Xsb t\cn-

´p-sIm-≠mWv Bflm-hns‚ imZz-e- q-anI Db-tc-≠-Xv. Xm]-k¿ t_m[-

]q¿∆w sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wn-Xv.

Keo-e-bnse Kma-ß-fnepw sNdp-]-´-W-ß-fnepw ]Tn-∏n®v P\-ßƒ-

°n-S-bn¬ Np‰n-\-S∂ tbip an°-t∏mgpw "\n¿÷-\-]-tZ-i-tØ°p

hmßn-t∏mbn ]m¿∞n-°p-∂-'Xmbn kphn-ti-j-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

"Xo\nbpw IpSn-b-\p-'ambn hna¿i-I¿ hnti-jn-∏n-s®-¶nepw D≈n¬

Xm]-k\pw a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bp-amb tbip bYm¿∞-Øn¬ acp-`q-an-

bp-sSbpw sImSpw-h-\-Øn-s‚bpw kam-\-`m-h-amb GIm-¥X tXSp-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]m¿∞-\-bn-eqsS, ]Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp≈ \nc-¥c kwk¿§-

Øn-eq-sS, ITn-\-amb D]m-k-\-bn-eqsS, a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øns‚ B¿Z-

X-I-fn-te°v Cd-ßnb tbip, ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°p Pohs‚ Dd-h-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v, ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hnZq-c-ÿ-am-bn Hcp amXr-

Isb bm¥n-I-ambn A\p-I-cn-°pI amX-a√ injy≥ sNbvX-Xv. a\p-

jy-tcmSpw P¥p-°-tfmSpw hr-£-e-Xm-Zn-I-tfm-Sp-ap≈ B¿Z-X-bn-eqsS

"InkvXp-hns‚ AtX- `mhwXs∂' ssIh-cn-°m≥ ian-°p-I-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb a‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂p th¿Xn-cn-®p-\n¿Øp-

∂Xpw A\p-]-a-amb Cu B¿Z-X-bm-Wv. hc≠ acp-∏-c-∏ns‚ AKm-

[X-bn¬ Pe-[m-c-I-fp-≠v. òj-W-amb sImSpw-h-\-ß-fn¬ Pohs‚

et£m-]-e£w apf-Iƒ hnPrw- n-°p-∂p. X]- ns‚ ]cp-j-amb hev°-

e-Øn-\p-≈n¬ a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øns‚ akr-W-X-bp-≠v. \ΩpsS ]cn-

ÿn-Xnsb \in-∏n-°p∂ A‘-amb \K-c-h¬°-cWw, kzm¿∞X

ap‰nb hnI-k\w F∂n-h-bn-eqsS h\y-am-Ip∂ \ΩpsS temI-Øn¬,

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n im¥-P-e-Øns‚ B¿Z-amb Dd-h-bmbn \ne-

sIm≈p-∂p.

(at\m-ca ]mºmSn s]cp-∂mƒ kπn-sa‚ v, G]n¬ 4, 1999)


Zfw c≠v

Kpcp-h-cp-fp-Iƒ


1kq‡-ßƒ

(]. ]mºm-Sn-Øn-cp-ta\n ]e -k-µ¿`-ß-fn-embn sNbvX ]`m-j-

W-ßƒ, kzImcy kw`m-j-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n∂p kam-l-

cn® kq‡-ß-fmWv Xmsg- tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.)

1. Ip™p-ßsf! ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°-Ww. ac-W-ap-s≠∂v Hcn-

°epw ad-°-t√. \√-hÆw ]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw t\mºp-t\m-ev°p-Ibpw

k¬]-hr-Øn-Iƒ sNøp-Ibpw thWw. Aß-s\-bm-Wt√m \ΩpsS

I¿Ømhv ImWn®p Xcn-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xpw. Hcpßn

Pohn-°p-I.

2. a°-sf, ]bm-k-s∏-Sp-∂-hsc klm-bn-°-tW. ]I-sh-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°-cp-Xv. F√m-h-tcbpw kvt\ln-°-Ww. tIkpw hg°pw \∂√.

3. Fs‚ ]nb-sc, ]≈n BcpsS hI-bmWv? \ΩpsS hI-bmtWm?

]≈n ssZh-Øns‚ hI-bm-Wv. Ahn-sS-°n-S∂v X√pw ]nSn-Ø-hp-ap-

≠m-°-cp-Xv. ]≈n-bpsS Igp-t°m¬ Ducn-b-h-s‚bpw XqWp ]nS¿Øn-

b-h-s‚bpw A\p-`-h-ßƒ ]eXpw \Ωƒ tIń-´p-≈-Xm-W-t√m. ]≈n

]c-kv]c kvt\l-Øn\p th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv.

4. `¿Øm-°-∑mtc! \nßƒ `£Ww Ign-°p-tºmƒ `mcy-am-cpsS

`£-W-°m-cyhpw Hm¿°-W-ta. Ah-sc-°p-dn®p \nßƒ°p Icp-X¬

D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ah¿ `£Ww Ign-°p-∂pt≠m F∂p t\m°-Ww.

5. Ip™p-ßtf! \nßƒ ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°-Ww. amXm-]n-Xm-

°sf A\p-k-cn-°-Ww. Kpcp-°-∑msc _lp-am-\n-°-Ww.

6. sshZn-I¿ \√-hÆw ]m¿∞n-°Ww. Bfp-I-fn¬ ]m¿∞-\m-

ioew hf¿Ø-Ww. C°m-cy-Øn\v Fhn-sSbpw Du∂¬ sImSp-°-Ww.

7. ]≈n ssZh-Øns‚ `h-\-am-Wv. \mw ]≈n-bn¬ hnip-≤n-bnepw

kXy-Ønepw \oXn-bnepw ]h¿Øn-°-Ww. At∏mƒ ssZhm-\p-Klw

D≠m-Ipw.

8. sshZn-I¿ tZhm-e-b-tØmSpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfmSpw Ft∏mgpw

`‡n-bp≈hcm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

9. ]≈n-bpsS apX¬ Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNbvXm¬ Abvta-\n-sb-∂-√,

Xncp-ta-\n-bm-bmepw ssZhw shdpsX hnSp-I-bn-√.


10. Hmtcm hoSpw ssZh-Øns‚ `h-\-am-sW-t∂m¿Øp-sIm-≈Ww.

11. hni∏p apX-emb ]mY-anI Bh-iy-ß-fn¬ a\p-jy-sc√mw

Xpeycm-Wv. Fs‚ hni∏pw Cu ]mh-Øns‚ hni∏pw XΩn¬ Hcp

hyXym-k-hp-an-√.

12. tamjWw ]m]-am-Wv. ]m]w sNbvXm¬ ssZh-tIm-]-ap-≠m-Ipw.

13. ssZhm-i-b-tØmSpw kam-[m-\-tØm-Spw-IqSn F√m-hcpw Ign-

™p-sIm≈Ww.

14. a\p-jy¿°p h√Xpw D]-Imcw sNbvXm¬ Xncn-™p-ISn°pw.

ISn-°p∂ Hcp P¥p-hn\p sImSp-Øm¬ AXp Xncn™p ISn-°-bn-√.

]ń-tb-°mƒ FX tami-amWv Nne a\p-jy¿.

15. a°-sf, ac-W-ap-s≠-∂p≈ hkvXpX kZm Hm¿Ωn-°-Ww.

16. ssZhw Xºp-cm≥ ZpjvS-∑m-cp-sSbpw \√-h-cp-sSbpw ta¬

kqcys\ DZn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ag-s]-øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠-t√m. \mapw

A]-Imcw sNbvXm¬ aXn.

17. ]m¿∞-\-bv°m-h-iy-an-√mØ I¿Ømhv cmXn apgp-h≥ ]m¿-

∞n-s®-¶n¬ Bh-iy-°m-c-\mb \o ]m¿∞n-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ FhnsS

sNs∂Øpw.

18. ssZh-]p-X-\mb Xºp-cm\v ]m¿∞\ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬

]m]n-I-fmb \ap°v FX A[n-I-am-h-iy-am-Wv.

19. Rm≥ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw ]nXm-sh-∂t√ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. F√m-h-scbpw

At\zjn-t°≠ Npa-Xe F\n-°n-t√. Rm≥ Ft∏mgpw Xnc-°n´

tPmen-bn¬ Bbn-cn-°m-\mWv ssZh-\n-›-bw. Fs‚ klmbw Bh-

iy-ap-≈n-SØv klmbw FØn®p sImSp-°p-hm≥ Rm≥ BK-ln-

°p∂p.

20. IjvS-s∏-Sp∂ ]mh-ßsf \ΩpsS Ign-h-\p-k-cn®v At\zjn-

°p-Ibpw ipiq-jn-°bpw sNø-Ww. F\n-°p-≈Xv Rm≥ Ah¿°p

]¶n-Sp-∂p. Ah¿- F-\n-°p-≈-hcpw Rm≥ Ah¿°p-≈-h\pw BIp-

∂p. k`m-am-Xm-sh∂ Hc-Ωs]‰ -a-°-ft√ \Ωƒ F√m-hcpw.

21. Cu sNdnbhcn¬ Hcp-Ø\p sNbvX-sX√mw \nßƒ F\n°p

sNbvXp F∂mWv \ΩpsS Acp-a-\m-Y≥ Iev]n-®sX∂v \nßƒ

Hm¿°p∂n-t√. \mw ]d-tb-≠Xpw ]h¿Øn-t°-≠Xpw X°-k-a-bØp

sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ Cu I√p-Iƒ B¿Øp hnfn°pw F∂v Hm¿°-Ww.


22. Cu hyh-ÿ-I-sf√mw F¥n\v? Ch-bvs°√mw AXo-X-ambn

kvt\l-Øn¬ Xo¿Øp-IqsS? a\p-jy≥ FX Dd-®p-\n-∂mepw Hcp

izmkw amX-at√?

23. Bcm-[-\-Iƒ wKn-bm-°p-hm≥ D’m-ln-°-Ww. sNdp-∏-°m-cmb

]´-°m¿ hfsc kq£n®p Bcm-[-\-Iƒ \S-Ø-Ww. Ah¿ wKn-bmbn

sNbvXm¬ AXns‚ am\w apXn¿∂-h¿°p IqSn-bm-Wv.

24. \√ Ip™mbn hf-c-Ww. kmØm≥ \sΩ ]co-£n-°m≥ hcpw.

\mw AI-s∏-S-cp-Xv. \ap°v hfsc iXp-°ƒ D≠v. Bscbpw hniz-

kn-°m≥ ]mSn-√mØ ImeamWv. F√m-bvt∏mgpw F√m-h-tcmSpw Htc

kz`m-h-Øn¬ CS-s]-SWw. sNøp-∂Xv `‡n-bmbn sNø-Ww.

25. Hcp Znhkw Ign™v InS-°m≥ t\cØv Cßns\ ]m¿∞n-

°Ww. ""ssZhw Xºp-cmt\, s]m∂-∏®m F∂n¬ \ns∂-s¥-¶nepw

sX‰v h∂n-´p-≈Xv £an-°-W-ta. sX‰p-Iƒ hcm-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ _p≤n-

i-‡nbpw Ign-hp-Ifpw sNmcn-b-W-sa, s]m∂p Xncp-ta\n ˛ Ip‰-ßƒ

hcm-Xn-cn-∏m≥ Ir] sNø-W-sa. hN-\-Ømepw ]hr-Øn-bmepw

sNbvX sX‰p-I-sfms° s]m∂p-Xn-cp-ta\n £an-°-Wsa'' F∂n-ßs\

]m¿∞n-°-Ww. t]mcm-ØXv ssZhw X∂p-sIm-≈pw. Ahn-Sp∂p

t\m°n-s°m≈pw.

26. A\y-t‚Xv FX hne-bp-≈-Xm-bmepw \mw AXns\ BK-ln-

°-cp-Xv. \Ωp-tSXv amXw aXn. IqSmsX ac-W-ap-s≠-\n-s°-∂-sXm-cn-

°epw ad-s°m-√.

27. \nßƒ At\ym\yw \√ \S-Ø-bp-≈-hcpw amXrIm Pohn-X-ap-

≈-h-cpw, Poh≥ hbvt°-≠n-h-∂mepw If-hp-]-d-bm-sX, kXyw kwkm-

cn-°p-∂-hcpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww.

28. A\p-K-ln-°-s∏´ a°-sf, Rm≥ ico-c-]-Imcw \nßsf hn´p-

t]m-bmepw Bflo-b-]-Imcw F∂pw \nß-tfm-Sp-Iq-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

F√m \∑-I-sfbpw ]tXyIw Hm¿Øp sIm≈-Ww. Fs∂ ad-°msX

F\n-°p-th≠n ]m¿∞n-°-Ww.

29. IØ-\m-c-®m, CsX√mw Bcp-sS-bm-sW-∂-dn-bmtam? F√mw

ssZhw X∂Xm-Wv.

30. Adn-™p-sIm≠v ]m]w sNøp-∂-h\v A[nIw in£- e-`n-°pw.

31. A[nIw Adnbp-∂-h≥ A[nIw ASn sIm≈pw.


32. Znhkw tXmdpw Bflo-b-amb A`n-hr≤n ]m]n-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬

\ΩpsS t\mºp-Ifpw a‰v A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw tIhew BNm-c-ßƒ

amX-am-bn-Øo-cm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

33. tIhew Hcp BNmcw F∂ \ne- am-do´p ssZh-tØm-Sp \nc-∏m-

Ip∂Xn\pw ssZhsØ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ am¿§-ambn hnip-

≤-Iq-Zm-i-Isf \mw A\p-`hn-°-Ww.

34. F√m t\mºp-I-fnepw s]k-lm-hym-gmgvN apX-emb ]tXyI

Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw Ipº-km-cn-®v, Bflob £-W-amb \ΩpsS I¿Øm-

hns‚ Xncp -i -co -c -ßsf \mw A\p -` -hn -t°-≠Xv FXbpw

AXymhiyamIp∂p.

35. ssh-Zn-I¿ \√-hÆw ]m¿∞n-°-Ww. Bfp-I-fn¬ ]m¿∞-\m-

ioew hf¿Ø-Ww. C°m-cy-Øn\v Du∂¬ sImSp-°Ww.

36. Ft∏mgpw \tΩ-°mƒ Xmsg-bp-≈-h-sc-bmWp t\mt°-≠Xv.

Ah-tcmSp amXta \sΩ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-hq. Aßs\ t\m°p-

tºmƒ \ap-s°ms° Ft∏mgpw kt¥m-jn-°mt\ hI-bp-≈p. Cuiz-

c≥ FX henb A\p-K-l-amWp \ap°p X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Fs¥mcp

hen-b `mKyw!

37. H´pw Al-¶mcw ]mSn-√. BIm-i-tØmfw Db¿Ø-s∏-´-ht\

\o ]mXm-f-tØmfw XmgvØ-s∏Spw F∂v Cuiz-c≥ \tΩmSp Iev]n-

°m-\n-S-bm-I-cp-Xv. a‰p≈-h-tcmSv kuay-X-tbmSpw Xmgva-tbm-Sp-wIqSn

s]cp-am-d-Ww. AXym-Klw Acp-Xv. efn-X-amb Pohn-Xta BK-ln-

°m-hq.

38. sISmØ Xobpw NmImØ ]pgphpw C√mØ ÿe-tØ°v

Rßsf ]th-in-∏n-°-Wta F∂v Ft∏mgpw ]m¿∞n-°p-I.

39. A≤zm-\n-°p-∂-h-scbpw `mcw Npa-°p-∂-h-sc-bp-amWv Rß-sf-

sbm-s°-°mƒ ssZh-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ Imcyw.

40. ssZhw \sΩ \bn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ \ap°v F¥p sNøp-hm≥

km[n°pw.

kºm-Z-I≥: tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-Sv


2]kw-K-ßƒ

1. _e-lo-\\pw alm-]m-]n-bpw.....

""_lp-a-Xn°pw ]iw-kbv°pw H∂n\pw \mw A¿l-\-√. hy‡n-

]c-ambn Cu ÿm\-Øn\p \mw tbmKy-\p-a-√, t]g-a-‰-Øp-]n-d∂ Hcp

]mh-s∏- -h-\m-sW-∂p-≈-XmWv \ΩpsS X\n-\n-dw. Hcp Ip∏mbw hmßn-

°m≥ t]mepw \nhr-Øn-bn-√mØ Hcp ]mh-s∏-´-h≥. F∂m¬ \ap°v

A`n-am-\n-°p-hm≥ hI-bp-≠v. ImX-emb hnizmkw ImØpkq£n-°p-

Ibpw B hnizmkw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n ]. ]nXm-°-∑m¿

Xß-fpsS Pohs\ _en sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≈ ssZh-Øns‚

]cn-ip-≤-k-`-bnse Hcw-K-am-sW-∂p-≈-Xn¬ \ap°v A`n-am-\-Øn\p

hI-bp-≠v. _e-lo-\\pw alm-]m-]n-bp-amb \ap-°p-th≠n \nßƒ

]m¿∞n°-Ww. AX amXta \ap°p ]d-bp-hm-\p-≈p.''

(]m-ºmSnØncp-ta\n saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn A`n-jn-‡-\m-b-Xn-\p-

tijw A`n-\h saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb A`n-\-µn-°p-hm≥ s]mØ-ºpdw

Zb-dm-bn¬ ]. ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬ tN¿∂

ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n sNbvX adp-]Sn ]kw-Kw. s]m^. sI.

Fw. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw.)

2. kam-[m\w ]p\xÿm-]n-°pI

I¿Øm-hn-\m¬ A\p-K-ln-°-s∏-´-h-sc,

sImØns\ Rmb-dm-gvN-bmb C∂v sNdp-Xm-bn-s -¶nepw Hcp KpW-

tZmjw ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv \∂-√t√m F∂v Icp-Xn-bmWv \mw ChnsS

\nev°p-∂-Xv. ]e Imcy-ßƒ \nß-tfmSp ]d-bm-\p-s≠-¶nepw NneXp

amXta ]d-bp-∂p-≈p.

\ΩpsS k`-bpsS ÿnXn-bmWv \sΩ Ie-i-embn t¢in-∏n-°p-

∂Xv. k`-bn¬ hg°pw kam-[m-\-an-√m-gn-Ibpw XpS-ßo´v A[n-I-\m-

fp-I-fmbn. Ct∏m-gsØ Cu hg°v Bcw-`n-®n´pXs∂ Ccp-]Xp h¿j-

tØm-f-ambn. hg°pw X¿°-ßfpw F√mw Fhn-sSbpw D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw

D≠m-Im-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ AXp-sIm≠v Bcpw k` hn´p t]mb-

Xmbn Adn-™nń√. F∂m¬ Ct∏m-gm-Is´ ]ecpw k` hn´p t]mIp-

hm-\mWv BK-ln-°p-∂-Xv. sX°p \n∂p Npcp°w Nne ]´-°m¿


tdmamk`-bn¬ tN¿∂p Ign-™-Xmbpw thsd Nne¿ k` hn´p t]mIp-

hm≥ Btem-Nn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xmbpw tIƒ°p-∂-Xn¬ \mw ZpxJn-°p-∂p.

Ah¿ Cßs\ Btem-Nn-°p-∂Xp hnizmkw sImt≠m, ssZh-`-‡n-

sIm-t≠m, kXysØ ]men-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠ntbm BsW∂v \ap°p

hnizm-k-an√. [\hpw am\hpw Dt±-in®p amX-amWv Ch¿ t]mIp-

hm≥ BtemNn-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS k`bvt°m k`m-hn-izm-k-Ønt\m

GsX-¶nepw t]mcm-bva-bp-≈-Xmbn \mw hnNm-cn-°p-∂n-√. FX ]cn-

ip-≤-∑m-cmWv \ΩpsS k`-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. c£bv°v Bh-iy-

amb F¥mWv ChnsS Ipd-hp-≈Xv? IqSp-X-embn Fs¥-¶nepw Xcp-

hm≥ tdmam k`-bv°pt≠m? H∂p-an-s√-∂mWv \mw ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

\ΩpsS FX ]nXm-°-∑m-sc-bmWv Ah¿ D]-Z-hn-®n-´p-≈Xv? Ipg-∏-

ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ime-ß-fn¬ ]. ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcp-Øcpw k`-

hn´v HmSn-t∏m-ImsX kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn\p th≠n IjvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

kln®v Dd-®p-\n-ev°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Ct∏mƒ k` hn´p-t]m-Ip-

hm≥ ian-°p-Ibpw Btem-Nn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-cpsS _p≤n°v

Ft¥m XI-cmdp ]‰o-´p-s≠-∂mWv \ap°v tXm∂p-∂-Xv. Aß-s\-bp-

≈-h-cpsS he-bn¬ \nßƒ Hcn-°epw AI-s∏-Sp-hm≥ CS-bm-I-cp-Xv.

\nßƒ Bsc-¶nepw Aßs\ ]h¿Øn-°p-sa∂v hnNm-cn®v Cßs\

]d-bp-∂-X-√. \ΩpsS A`n-]mbw ]d-bp∂p Ft∂-bp-≈p.

Ipg∏w b∂v amXr-k` hn´v t]mIp-I-bmWp th≠s-X-¶n¬ BZyw

t]mtI-≠Xv \ΩpsS henb Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Wv. \mw sNdp∏w apX¬-

Xs∂ Ahn-SpsØ injy≥ BWv. kXy-amb ssZh-`-‡nbpw hnizm-

k-ÿn-c-X-bp-ap≈ Hcp hµytZlamWv Xncp-ta-\n. \ΩpsS k`-bpsS

hnizm-k-Øn\pw Imt\m-\m-Iƒ°pw BNm-c-ßƒ°pw ISp-InS

hyXymkw Ahn-Sp∂p hcp-Øp-I-bn-s√-∂p≈ DØahnizmkw

sIm≠mWv _e-lo-\-\mb \mw Cu ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw

Ahn-SpsØ IqsS \nev°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-b-Xv. Ct∏m-g-tØ-Xn¬ IqSp-

X¬ IjvS-X-Iƒ h∂mepw ssZhw Ahn-SsØ `c-ta-ev]n-®n-´p≈ k`-

tbmSp hnizm-k-h-©\ ImWn-°p-sa∂v \ap°p eh-teiw kwi-b-

an√. ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhmbpw Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn `cWkw_-‘-

amb Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v GtXm A`n-]mbhyXym-k-ap-≠m-bn, ]nW-

ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p- F-∂-√msX k`bv°p GsX-¶nepw Ipdthm c£bv°p

h√ XS- tam Chn-sS-bn-√.

k` hn´p t]mIp-hm-\-√ GXp Xc-Ønepw k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w

]p\xÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-Wp \mw ian-t°-≠-Xv. AXn\p th≠n-bmWv

\mw CXp-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. Ccp-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw Aev]-kzev]w hn´p-ho-gvN-

Iƒ sNbvXp GXp Xc-Øn-se-¶nepw XΩn¬ tbmPn-°-W-sa-∂mWv

\ΩpsS A`n-]m-bw. hg°pw hyh-lm-chpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\√ \nßƒ


ian-t°-≠-Xv. Cu t\mºp-Im-eØp k`-bpsS kam-[m-\-Øn-\mbn

\nß-sf-√m-hcpw lrZ-b-]q¿∆w ]m¿∞n°Wsa∂v \nß-fpsS kvt\l-

tØmSp \mw \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂p. ssZhamb I¿Øm-hns‚ Ir]bpw

A\p-K-l-ßfpw kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

(]mºmSn Zb-dm-∏-≈n-bn¬ sNbvX ]kw-Kw. sshZn-I≥, hmeyw

2, e°w 3, am¿®v 1930)

3. acn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ acn-°s´

""hm’-ey-a-°sf, ssZh-Øns‚ Ignhpw i‡nbpw P\w Adn-

bWw. \mw kza-\- m-se-bmWp Ip∂wIp-f-tØbv°p t]mIp-∂Xv;

Bcpw \n¿∫-‘n-®n-´-√. Ip∂w-IpfwImcpw \ΩpsS a°-fm-Wv. \mw

tπKp-_m-[n®p acn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ acn-°-s´. Ahn-sS-bp-≈-h¿

\ΩpsS ih-Øn-t∑¬ Hcp ]nSn ]qgn hmcn-bn-´p-sIm-≈pw. a°sf!

\nßƒ ssZh-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-adn-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wn-ßs\ ]cn-

`-an-°p-∂-Xv. `b-s∏-Sp∂Xp-t]m-se-sbm∂pw kw`-hn-°-bn-√. ss[cy-

s∏-Sp-hn≥; \nßƒ Ip∂wIp-fw-Im¿°p-th≠n ]tXyIw ]m¿∞n-°-

Ww.''

(Ip-∂w-Ip-fØv tπKv alm-amcn ]nSn-s∏-´-X-dn™v Ahn-tSbv°v ]pd-

s∏-Sm≥ Xøm-dmb ]mºm-Sn-Øn-cp-ta-\nsb At\-I-am-fp-Iƒ bmX-

bn¬\n∂p ]n≥Xn-cn-∏n°p-hm≥ ian-®p. F∂m¬ AsXm∂pw hI-

hbv°msX "acn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ acn-°s´' F∂ ss[cy-tØmsS

ssZh-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hnizm-k-ap-≈-h-\mbn bmX ]pd-s∏-

Sp-hm≥ Xøm-sd-SpØ Xncp-ta\n Zb-dm-bn¬ sNbvX it≤-b-amb

]kwKw. s]m^. sI. Fw. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-X-

Øn¬ \n∂pw.).

4. \nß-tfm-sSm∏w Pohn-°m\pw acn-°m\pw

]nb-sc, \nß-tfm-sSm∏w Pohn-°m\pw acn-°m-\p-am-bn-´mWv \mw

h∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \nßƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw klm-b-am-h-iy-ap-s≠-¶n¬

Ah GXphn[-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂mepw Fs∂ Adn-bn-®m¬ _e-lo-

\-\mb \mw h∂v \nh¿Øn-°mw. \nßƒ apń-∏mbn ssZh-tØmSv

At]-£n-°p-Ibpw aq∂p Znh-ksØ D]-hm-k-Ønepw t\mºnepw Ign-

bp-Ibpw thWw. k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZhw Cu alm-hym-[nsb \nß-

fn¬ \n∂p \o°w sNøs´.

(Ip-∂w-Ipfw ]tZ-iØv tπKv alm-amcn ]S¿∂p]nSn-®-t∏mƒ

AhnsS FØnb Xncp-ta\n Ip∂w-Ipfw ]g-b-]-≈n-bn¬ sNbvX


]kw-K-Ønse ]k-‡`mK-ßƒ. s]m^. sI. Fw. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv

Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw.)

5. CS-hI saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-t∏m-b-XpsIm-≠v...

""tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-t∏m-b-Xp-sIm≠v

\nßfpsS ]iv\w Xo¿°m≥ h∂-Xm-Wv. Cu ÿm\w Rm≥ H´pw

BK-ln-®-X-√, F∂n´pw ssZh-hnfn Fs∂ Cu ÿm\-Øm-°n.

F\n°p \nßtfmSv F¥p ]d-b-W-sa-∂p-t]mepw Adn-bm≥ ]mSn-√.

\nßƒ c≠pw Iqćpw F\n°v G‰-hpw- th-≠-s∏- -hcpw Rm≥ G‰hpw

kvt\ln-°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. F\n°v \nß-tfmSv Hc-t]£ amX-ta-bp-≈p.

Fs∂ \nßƒ hnj-an-∏n-°-cp-Xv'' (Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS IÆp-I-fn¬ \n∂v

IÆp-\o¿ [mc-[m-c-bmbn Hgp-Ip-∂p).

(]≈w sk‚ vt]mƒkv ]≈n-bn-ep-≠mb Hcp hg°pXo¿°p-hm≥

sN∂ Xncp-ta\n ]≈n-s∏m-Xp-tbm-K-Øn¬ \S-Ønb lrZ-b-kv]¿in-

bmb A≤y£-]-kw-Kw. s]m^. sI. Fw. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Fgp-

Xnb Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw.)

6. btlmh \√-h-s\∂p cpNn-®-dn-hn≥

""Hcp sh≈-°-S-em-kn¬ "]©-kmc' Fs∂-gp-Xn-bn´v AXv \°n-

t\m-°n-bm¬ ]©-km-c-bpsS am[p-cyw a\- n-em-Iptam? ]©-kmc

cpNn-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ amXta AXns‚ am[pcyw a\- n-em-°m≥

km[n°q. ssZh-sØ-°p-dn -®p≈ Nn¥ ]e¿°p-ap -s≠-¶nepw

ssZhsØ A\p- -hn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ km[n-°msX t]mIp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWp

]c-am¿∞w. btlmh \√-h-s\∂p cpNn-®-dn-hn≥.''

(s]m^. sI. Fw. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬

\n∂pw.)

7. ]g™n ]≈n-bn¬ sNbvX it≤-b-amb ]kwKw

ChnsS XSn-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂ \nßsf ImWp-tºmƒ \ap°p henb

B\µw tXm∂p∂p. Ipd-®p-t\cw ]kw-Kn-°m-sa∂v \ΩpsS a\- n¬

Hcp kvt\l\n¿∫‘w D≈-Xn-\m¬ Akp-J-ßƒ kln®pw GXm\pw

an\n-‰p-Iƒ ]d-bmw.

]nbtc! CXn-\p-apºv \mw Cu ]≈n-bn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw h∂n-´p-≈-

Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ A∂p \mw I≠ Nnesc C∂p \mw ImWp-∂n-√.

ImcWw Ah¿ acWw hgn-bmbn IS-∂p-t]m-bn. ]tc-X-\mb


\nß-fpsS hnImcn sIm≈∂q¿ bmt°m_p IØ-\mcpw \mapw H∂n®v

]Tn®h¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. At±-l-sØbpw acWw Xń-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn.

acWw F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ ]e¿°pw `b-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. ]nb-tc,

`b-∂-Xp-sIm≠p Imcy-sam-∂p-an-√. \ΩpsS CS-bn¬Øs∂ ]e alm-

∑m¿ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Imew-sNbvX ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw h´-

t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw a‰pw Bcm-bn-cp∂p? Ah¿ Hmtcmtcm ImeØv

k`-bv°p-th≠n ]eXpw kln-®-hcpw DØ-a-∑m-cmb aev]m-∑mcpw

taev]-´-°mcpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ \Ωn¬ \n∂p ad-™p-t]m-bn.

]nbtc! \nßƒt°-h¿°pw kp]-cn-Nn-X-\m-bn-cp∂ \ΩpsS sIm®p-

Xn-cp-ta\n ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv \√ hm‹nbpw \√

`cW kma¿∞y-ap-≈-h-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. F¥p sNømw? At±-lhpw IS-

∂p-t]m-bn. ]nbtc, \msa√mw ChnsS \n∂p IS∂pt]mtI-≠-h-

cmWv. Zqc-tZ-i-tØ-bv°p-t]mb a°ƒ \mń-te°p Xncn-®p-h-cp-tºmƒ

amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v hne-tb-dnb kΩm-\-ßfpw `£-W-km-[-\-ßfpw

sIm≠p-h-cm-dp-≠-t√m. F∂m¬ \mw \ΩpsS ]nXm-hns‚ k∂n-[n-

bn¬ ka¿∏n-°p-hm≥ F¥mWp sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv? tZhm-e-b-Øn-

tebv°p t]mIp-tºmƒ shdpw Iømbn t]mI-cp-sX∂p \Ωƒ a\-

n-em-°n-bn- p-≠t√m. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ k∂n-

[n-bn-tebv°p t]mIp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS ssIhiw H∂p-an -√msX

t]mbm¬ \mw tami-°m-cm-hpw. \mw Pohn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ sNøp∂

]pWy-]-hr-Øn-I-fm-Wp \mw sIm≠p-t]m-tI-≠-Xv. B kpIr-X-ß-

fmWp \sΩ A\p-K-an-°p-∂-Xv.

hm’-ey-ap-≈hsc! ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImWp∂ kqcy≥, Nµ≥, \£-

X-ßƒ apX-em-bh \ap°v FX ]tbm-P-\-amWp sNøp-∂Xv! Ah

F√m Znh-khpw Ah-bpsS tPmen IrXy-ambn sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬

t`mj-∑m-cmb a\p-jytcm Xß-fpsS Npa-Xe sNømsX IS∂p-

t]mIp∂p. AXp henb IjvShpw \jvS-hp-am-Wv. a\p-jy≥ Adn-bp-

∂n√! C∂p a\p-jy≥ ]eXpw I≠p-]n-Sn-®p. C\nbpw acn-°m-Xn-cn-

°p-hm-\p≈ h√ acp∂pw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ ian-t®-°mw. \Ωƒ temI-

kw-_-‘-amb Imcy-ßƒ amXw Adn-™m¬t]m-cm. Cl-Ønse

Pohn-X-Øn-\-∏pdw Hcp hmkw avinlm Xºp-cm≥ \ap-s°m-cp-°n-bn-cn-

°p∂p. Xm≥ \ap-s°√mw apºmbn Ahn-tS°p IS-∂p-t]mbn. \ΩpsS

]nXm-°-∑m¿ Cu Z¿i\w sh®p Pohn-®p.

]nb a°tf! tbip Xºp-cm≥ Cl-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xs‚

kz¿§-ÿ-\mb ]nXm-hns‚ CjvS-amWp sNbvX-Xv. Xm≥ t\mºp

t\m‰p. cmXn apgp-h\pw ]m¿∞n-®p. ]≈n-bn¬ t]mbn. ssZh-]p-X\v


CXv Bh-iy-am-bn-cp∂pthm? D∆v. Xm≥ ]d-bp-I-bmWv: ""Fs∂ I¿-

Ømth! I¿Ømth! F∂p ]d-bp∂ Bcpw kz¿§-cm-Py-Øn-te°p

IS-°p-Ibn√; Fs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ CjvSw sNøp-∂-h≥ amXta kz¿§-

cm-Py-Øn¬ ]th-in-°p-I-bp-≈p.''

]nbtc! C∂p ]ecpw X∂n-jvS-°m-cm-Wv. X∂njvSw sIm≠p ]e

]≈n-I-fnepw hg-°p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p. Cu ]≈n-bn¬ hg-°p-Iƒ

H∂p-an-s√-∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn¬ \mw kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. ]≈n ssZh-Øn-s‚

`h-\-am-Wv. \mw ]≈n-bn¬ hnip-≤n-bnepw kXy-Ønepw \oXn-bnepw

]h¿Øn-°-Ww. At∏mƒ ssZhm-\p-Klw D≠m-Ipw. sISmØ

Xobpw NmImØ ]pgphpw C√mØ ÿe-tØbv°v Rßsf ]th-

in-∏n-°-Wta F∂v Ft∏mgpw ]m¿∞n-°p-I.

C\nbpw \nßsf F∂mWv ImWp-∂Xv? DS-b-h≥ amXw Adn-

bp∂p. \nßƒ kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn¬, Dd-®p-\n¬°p-hn≥. \nß-sfbpw

\nß-fpsS IpSpw-_ßsfbpw \nß-fpsS Irjn, I®-hSw apX-em-b-h-

sbbpw \nß-fpsS ]´-°m-scbpw ssZhwXºp-cm≥ A\p-K-ln-°-s´.

(]m-ºm-Sn-Øn-cp-ta\n 1958 P\p-hcn 5˛mw XobXn ]g™n sk‚ v

tacokv ]≈n kµ¿in®p. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n CS-h-Imw-K-ß-

tfmSp sNbvX it≤-b-amb ]kw-Kw. a-e-¶-c-k-`, G]n¬ 1958.)

8. ssZh-Øns‚ Ip™p-ß-fm-bn-Øo-cpI

I¿Øm-hn¬ ]nb-sc, \ΩpsS `mc-ßfpw ]bm-k-ßfpw F√m-

sa√mw ssZhwXºp-cm-\n¬ ka¿∏n-°-Ww. F√mw Fs‚ i‡n, Fs‚

_p≤n F∂p \mw H∂nepw Hcn-°epw Al-¶-cn-°-cp-Xv. B at\m-

`mhw D≠m-Ip-tºm-gmWv `n∂n∏pw hg°pw iXp-Xbpw DS-se-Sp-°p-

∂-Xv. Ah-sbm-s°bpw kmØms‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. t\mºnepw

D]-hm-k-Ønepw ]m¿∞-\-bn-ep-a-√msX Ie-l-°m-c-\mb kmØms\

tXmev]n-°p-hm≥ Ip™p-ßsf \ap°v km[n-°p-∂-X-√.

BI-bm¬ ]nb-ap-≈-h-sc, ssZh-Øns‚ Ip™p-ß-fmbn k¿∆Xpw

AhnsS ka¿∏n®v ]c-kv]cw kvt\l-Ønepw kulm¿±-X-bnepw \mw

H∂m-bn-cn-∏n≥.

(1964 Unkw-_¿ 20˛\v tXm´-bv°mSv am¿ At]w ]≈n-bn¬ hn.

Ip¿∫m-\-at≤y \¬Inb ]t_m-[-\w. kºm-Z-I≥: kn. ]m∏®≥

N°©nd, tXm´-bv°mSv)


3Iev]-\-Iƒ, IØp-Iƒ

1henb t\mºv Iev]\

ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw `Zm-k\ CS-h-I-bpsS

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂pw

]nb-sc,

Cu hnip-≤ t\mºn-te°pw \ΩpsS c£n-Xm-hmb avinlm-X-ºp-

cms‚ IjvSm-\p-`-h-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-bn-tebv°pw Cu B≠nepw \sΩ

hnf-n®-Sp-∏n® I¿Øm-hns‚ Af-h‰ Icp-Wbv°v BZy-ambn kvtXmXw

sImSp-°mw. \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv h\-Øn¬h®v A\p-jvTn® Cu

t\mºpw Xs‚ IjvSm-\p-`-h-Øns‚ Hm¿Ωbpw B≠p-tXmdpw \mw

BN-cn-°p-∂Xphgnbmbn \mw ssZh-tØmSp IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬

ASpØp Xs‚ kz`m-h-ap-≈-hcpw hnip-≤cpw BbnØotc-≠-Xm-Wv.

AXn-\mWv Cu BNm-c-ßƒ hnip-≤-k` Iev]n®v G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-

°p-∂-Xv. Aßs\ Znh-kw-tXmdpw Bfln-I-ambn A`n-hr≤n ]m]n-

°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ \ΩpsS t\mºp-Ifpw a‰v A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw tIhew

BNm-c-ßƒ amX-am-bn-Øo-cm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ign™ Ime-ß-fnse \ΩpsS t\mºp-Iƒ ]tXy-I-amb Dt±-

iyßƒ IqSmsX tIhew BNmcw F∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw A\p-jvTn-

®p-t]m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ \n›-b-ambpw AXn-s\-∏‰n \mw A\p-X-]n-t°-

≠-Xm-Wv. Ign-™Xp Ign-™-t√m. C\n -D-≈-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®mWv \mw

Imcy-ambpw Kuc-h-ambpw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xv. \mw Ct∏mƒ ]th-in-®n-cn-

°p∂ Cu t\mºv FXbpw ssZhn-I-ambpw i‡n-a-Ømbpw BN-cn-

°p-∂-Xn\p ]m¿∞n-°pIbpw ]cn-i-an-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa∂p \nß-

fpsS kvt\l-tØmSp \mw KpW-tZm-jn-°p-∂p. Cu t\mºp-Im-eØp

ss]X-ßfpw K¿`-nWn-Ifpw hr≤-∑mcpw tcmKn-Ifpw HgnsI F√m-

hcpw Ipd-™]£w D®-hsc F¶nepw D]-h-kn-°p-Ibpw a’yw,

amwkw, ]m¬ apXembn hne-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂h F√mw h¿÷n-°p-

Ibpw D]-hmkw sIm≠p-≠m-Ip∂ an®w Zm\-[¿Ω-ßƒ°mbn D]-

tbm-Kn-°bpw ]m¿∞-\-bv°mbn IqSp-X¬ kabw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw

Ipºn-So¬ apX-emb BflZfi-\-ß-fn¬ i≤-bp≈hcm-bn-cn-°p-


Ibpw thWw. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hnt\mSp-≈ If-¶-an-√mØ kvt\lw

\Ωn¬ Df-hm-Ip-tºmƒ Ch-sb√mw \ap°p \njv]-bm-k-am-bn-Øo-

cp-∂-Xm-Wv.

hen-b-t\m-ºn¬ Ipº-km-cn®p hnip-≤- Ip¿∫m\ A\p-`-hn-°pI

Fs∂mcp ]Xnhp \ΩpsS CS-bn-ep-≠-t√m. CXv Ct∏mƒ Hcp shdpw

BNm-c-ambnØo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂-XmWv \ΩpsS k`mw-K-ß-fpsS BflnI

A[x-]-X-\Øns‚ ][m-\ -Im-c-Ww. tIhew Hcp BNmcw F∂

\ne am-do´p ssZh-tØmSp \nc-∏m-Ip-∂-Xn\pw ssZhsØ A\p-`-hn-

°p∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ am¿§-ambn Cu hnip-≤- Iq-Zm-i-Isf \mw A\p-`-hn-

°Ww. F√m t\mºp-I-fnepw s]k-lm-hym-gmgvN apX-emb ]tXyI

Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw Ipº-km-cn-®v, Bflo-b- -£-W-amb \ΩpsS I¿Øm-

hns‚ Xncp-i-co-c-ßsf \mw A\p-`-hn-t°≠Xp \ap°v FXbpw

AXym-h-iy-am-Ip-∂p. AXn-\p≈ ]mcw-`-ambn Cu t\mºn¬ \nßƒ

F√m-hcpw kXy A\p-Xm-]-tØmsS Ipº-kmcw \SØn hnip≤

Ip¿∫m\ A\p-`-hn-°-W-sa∂p \nßsf \mw kvt\l-]q¿∆w \n¿∫-

‘n-°p-∂p.

F∂v, 1930-˛\p sIm√w 1105-˛-am≠p Ipw`w 21-˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-

bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂v.

2ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw `Zm-k\ CS-h-I-bpsS


\ΩpsS \ne-bv°epw Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ F√m ]≈n-I-fn-sebpw hnIm-

cn-amcpw tZiØp]´-°mcpw, ]≈n-ssI-°mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn

Is≠-∂m¬ \nßƒ°v hmgvhv.

]nb-sc,

GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn \ΩpsS ]pXp-∏≈n \ne-bv°¬ ]≈n-bn¬

\S∂phcp∂ I¨h≥j≥ Cs°m-√hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse Cu amkw

25˛\p _p[-\mgvN k‘y apX¬ Bcw-`n®p \S-Øp-hm≥ \n›-bn-®n-

cn-°p-∂p. BbXn-\m¬ \nebv°¬ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ \ΩpsS F√m CS-

h-I-I-fnepw D≈ Ghcpw CXns‚ \S-Øn-∏n\pw ê-kn-≤n-°p-ambn

]m¿∞n-°bpw, Ign-hp≈ F√m ]pcp-j-∑m-cpw, kvXoI-fpw, Ipń-Ifpw-

I-gn-hp-≈n-S-tØmfw tbmK-ß-fn¬ kw_-‘n®v A\p-Klw ]m]n-

°bpw sNø-W-sa∂v \mw BK-ln-°p-I-bpw, AXn-te°p _e-lo-\-


\mb \mapw k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-tØmSv ]m¿∞n-°bpw sNøp∂p.

IqSmsX cmhnse Ggp -a-Wn°p \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ bphm-°-∑msc Dt±-

in-®p≈ ¢m p-I-fn¬ F√m kt≠-kvIqƒ A≤-ym-]-I-∑mcpw a‰p

bphm-°-∑mcpw kw_-‘n-°-W-sa∂v \nß-fpsS kvt\l-tØmSp \mw

\n¿_-‘n-°pI IqsS sNøp-∂p.

F∂m¬ ]nb-sc, Cu henb kphn-ti-j-th-e-bv°mbn th≠n-

hcp∂ ]W-®n-e-hn¬ Hcp ][m-\-`mKw AXn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-h-

cmb Hmtcm-cp-h-cp-tSbpw HuZm-cy-_p-≤nsb Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬

F√m tbmK-ß-fnepw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ ImWn-° -ti-J-c-ß-fn¬ Xm¬]-

cy-tØmSpw kt¥m-j-tØmSpw IqsS \nßƒ ]¶p-sIm-t≈-W-sa∂v

\mw \nßsf Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Cu Aev]-amb klmbw ssZhm-

\p-K-l-Øn\p Imc-W-amb Hcp henb ÿm]-\-Øns‚ ]pe¿®bv°p]

-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-sa-∂p-≈Xv \ap-s°-∂-t]mse \nßƒ°pw kt¥mj Imc-

W-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v ssZh-Øn¬ ic-W-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]bpw A\p-K-lhpw \nß-sf-√m-h-cnepw kZm

h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂v, aninlm Imew 1934˛\v sIm√w 1110 [\p 15˛\p ]mºmSn am¿

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂pw.



\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ \ΩpsS ...... ]-≈n-bn¬

hnIm-cnbpw tZi-Øp-]-´-°mcpw ]≈n-ssI-°mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw

IqSn Is≠-∂m¬ \nßƒ°p hmgvhv.

]nbsc!

Im¬ iXm-_vZ-°m-e-ambn \ΩpsS k`-bn¬ \ne-\n∂p t]mcp∂

A¥x-On-Z-ßfpw n∂-Xbpw Ah-km-\n-∏n®p kam-[m-\hpw tbmPn∏pw

]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn\p Nne ]cn-i-a-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p∂ hnhcw CXn-\Iw \nßfpw Adn-™n-cn-°p-a-t√m. Cu amkw

7˛\p IqSp-hm-\n-cp∂ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ am‰n-h-®Xpw CXp-sIm-≠m-

sW∂p \nßsf Adn-bn-®n-´p-ap-≠v. Cu ]cn-iaw ê-]-Z-am-Ip-s∂-

¶n¬ AXp henb Hcp A\p-Klw Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ign™ 25 h¿jhpw

e£-°-W-°n\p cq]m sNe-hm-°n-bn-´p-≈Xpw C\nbpw AXn\v H´pw


Ipd-bmØ ka-bhpw ]Whpw sNe-hm-°n-bmepw êw A\n-›n-X-

hp-am-bn-cn-°p∂ kwKXn BWv CsX∂p Hm¿°-Ww. AXp-sIm≠v

Cu Ah-k-csØ th≠-hn-[-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp _p≤nbpw

hnip≤ k`-tbmSp \ap-°p-≈ IS-abpw BWv. kam-[m-\-Øns‚ ]`p-

hmb I¿Ømhp kam-[m\w sIm≠p \ΩpsS k`sb A\p-K-ln-°p-

∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Xs‚ a°-fmb \nßƒ Ghcpw Cu lmim Znh-k-ß-

fn¬ ]tXyIw At]-£n-°-Ww. ""kam-[m\w \S-Øp-∂-h¿ `mKy-hm-

∑m¿; Ah¿ ssZh-Øns‚ ]pX-∑m-sc∂p hnfn-°-s∏Spw.'' kam-[m-\-

Øn-\p-th≠n IjvSXbpw sRcp-°hpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xp `mKyw

Xs∂-bm-Wv.

CXp kw_-‘n®p ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v DSs\

Xs∂ Hcp ioa -bmX sNø-W-sa-∂mWp \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ap≥-

Ime-ßsf At]-£n®p bmXm-ku-I-cy-ßƒ h¿≤n-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw

AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ bmX-s®-e-hp-Ifpw hfsc h¿≤n-®n- p-≠v. Cu Bh-

iy-Øn-te°v Ggm-bncw cq]m-tbmfw th≠n-h-cp-sa-∂mWp IW-°m-

°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ aqhm-bncw cq]m ]≈n-Ifn¬ \n∂pw _m°n

k`mw-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°-W-sa∂p henb Xncp-a-\- nse

30˛mw Znh-k-a-Sn-b-¥n-c-Zn-hkw IqSnb tbmK-Øn¬ \n›-bn-°bpw AX-

\p-k-cn®p k`mw-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn-tb-≠-Xn¬ 2500 cq]mbv°v

At∂-Zn-hkw Xs∂ hmKvZ-Ø-ßƒ e`n-°bpw sNbvXp. kam-[m-\-

Øn-\p-th≠n Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ]Z¿in-∏n® XymK-_p-≤nbpw k∑-\ pw

]iw-k\obw Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. ASn-b-¥n-c-Øn\p 2500 cq]m-bn¬

IqSp-X¬ ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw C\nbpw ]ncn™p Inń-bn-ń-√. ]ncn-

™p-In- nb XpI-sIm≠v ASn-b-¥n-c-s®-e-hp-Iƒ Hcp-hn-[-ambn amXta

Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-bp-≈p. kzev]w-IqsS IqSnb Hcp XpI DS-s\-Xs∂ ]≈n-

I-fn¬ \n∂pw FSp-°p-I-sb-∂Xp hfsc ]bm-k-ap≈ kwK-Xn-bm-

sW∂v Gh¿°pw Adn-bmw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Imcy-Øns‚ Kuchw

Hm¿Øv F√m ]≈n-°mcpw th≠-hÆw CXn¬ kl-I-cn-°p-sa∂p

]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. \nß-f-psS B ]≈n°p ..... cq]m-bmWp hcn-kwJy

\n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ASn-b-¥n-c-Im-cy-Øn¬ Nne ]≈n-°m¿ sNbvX-

Xp-t]mse h√-Xp-samcp kwJy sImSp-Øm¬ aXn-sb∂p hnNm-cn-

°msX \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ kwJy apgp-h\pwXs∂ FXbpwthKw

ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-a-\- n-te°v Ab®psImSpØp ckoXp

hmßn-s°m-t≈-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. ioa-bm-X-bv°p-≈ Znh-k-ßƒ FXbpw

kao-]n-®n-cn-°-bp-am-Wv. tijw Imcy-ßƒ°p ]n∂mse Fgp-Xp-∂-


Xm-Wv. k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Ir] \nß-sf-√m-h-tcmSpw kZm

h¿≤n-®n-cn-°-s´.

F∂p, 1109 ao\-amkw 15˛\p tIm´bw knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw.

4ImtXm-en-t°‰v \n[n: s]mXp Iev]\

\º¿ 294


am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bn¬ \n∂v

ae-¶-sc-bp≈ F√m ]≈n-I-fn-sebpw hnIm-cn-amcpw tZi-Øp-]-´-

°mcpw ]≈n-ssI-°mcpw, tijw P\ßfpw IqSn- I-s≠-∂m¬ \nß-

ƒ°p hmgvhv.

]nb-tc, Ign™ Atkm-tky-j≥ tbmK-Øn¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-

en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ t]mj-W-Øn-\mbn ]ncn-°-W-sa∂p \n›-

bn®v F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv A\p-aXn \¬Inb ImtXm-en-

t°‰v \n[n-sb-°p-dn-®v, th≠ Imcy-ßƒ At\z-jn-°p-hm≥ G¿s∏-

Sp-Ønb IΩ-ń-bpsS ]kn-U-≠mbn \n›-bn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv, _e-

lo-\-\mb \mw BsW-∂p-≈Xv CXn-\n-S-bn¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]c-ky-am-

bn-´p-≈-Xm-W-t√m. B \n[n-bpsS Hcp imJsb \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\p

\nb-an-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv, \ΩpsS hm’-ey-a-°fmb Fw. kn. Ipdn-

bm-t°mkp I»o-imbpw dmhp-km-ln_v H. Fw. sNdn-bm≥ Ah¿I-

fp-am-Ip-∂p. Ah¿ CXp -kw-_-‘-ambn sNøp∂ kIe G¿∏m-Sp-

Ifpw \ΩpsS A\p-hm-Z-tØmSpw kl-I-c-W-tØmSpw BsW∂p

\nßsf F√m-h-scbpw Adn-bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

\ΩpsS Bflob a°-fmb \nßƒ F√m-hcpw Cu \n[n Imcy-

Øn¬ PmK-cq-I-cm-bn-cp∂v kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\pw ]ptcm-K-a-

\-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb ]Ww hkq¬ sNøp-∂-Xn\p Ign-hp≈ F√m

klm-b-k-l-I-c-Wßfpw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂v, Cu Iev]-\-aqew

Gh-cp-tSbpw kvt\l-tØmSp \mw \n¿_-‘n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]bpw A\p-K-l-ßfpw \nß-

sf-√m-h-tcm-Spw-IqsS kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂v, 1935˛\p 1110 aIcw 26˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-

dm-bn¬ \n∂v.


5tπKv _m[bdn-s™-Ønb Xncp-ta\n

Ip∂wIpfØp \n∂pw Ab® IØv

ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw apX-emb CS-h-IIfpsS


\ap°p FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ h¿§o-kn\p hmgvhv.

]nb-t\, Rßƒ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´v tIm´bw ]gbknΩ-

\mcn, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, Xriq¿ F∂o ÿe-ßƒ hgn-bmbn C∂se

c≠p aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn ChnsS FØn. ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ AhnsS tIń-

cp-∂-Xp-t]mse-bp≈ _l-f-ßƒ Chn-S-ß-fn¬ tIƒ∏m-\n-s√-∂p≈Xv

hfsc Bizm-k-ambn tXm∂p-∂p. Zo\w Xosc Cs√∂p ]d-bm≥ ]mSn-

√mØhn[w ct≠m, \mtem kpJ-t°-Sp-Im¿ Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ D≈-

Xmbn tXm∂p-∂p. ChnsS \n∂pw Atßm´p≈ RßfpsS bmX

C∂ ka-b-sa∂p Ct∏mƒ ]d-bm≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√. ssZh-Ir-]-sIm≠p

Xma-kn-bmsX Atßm´p ]pd-s∏-Sm-sa∂p hnNm-cn®v Biz-kn-°p-∂p.

sImf-ºp-Im¿ Ab-®n-cp∂ ap¥n-cnß Inń. Rßƒ Ctßm´p

t]mcp-∂-hgn°mWp Inń-b-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v AXns‚ Hmlcn \nß-

ƒ°p-IqSn Xcm≥ km[n-°msX t]mbt√m F∂p- hn-Nm-cn®v IpWvTn-

X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ap¥n-cß ChnsS Inńb hnh-c-Øn-\pw, ap¥n-cß Ab-

®p-X-∂-Xn\pw \µn ]d™pw DSs\ hnh-c-Øn\p FgpXn Ab-bv°Ww.

Ah-cp-sS- ta¬hnemkw Adn-bm≥ ]mSn-√m-bvI-aqew Fgp-Xp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Cu FgpØp \ΩpsS Bfp-Isf ]tXyIw Adn-bn-°-Ww. _e-lo-

\-\mb \mw F√m-h-tcbpw ]tXyIw tNmZn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ssZh-Ir]

\nt∂m-Spw, tijw F√m-h-tcmSpw kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂p 1935˛\p 1110 Ipw`w 1˛\p Ip∂w-Ipfw ]gb]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw.

(ao\Sw sk‚ v tPm¿Pv ]≈n sI.-Fw.-Pn. aµnc IqZmim kvac-

WnI, sabv 2004, ]pdw 98)

6ImtXm-en-t°‰v \n[n

ImtXm-en-t°‰v \n[n-°-Ωń ]kn-U‚mb tIm´bw `Zm-k\

CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂pw.

\º¿ 382


\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂ Fw. kn. Ipdn-bm-t°mkp

I»o-imbv°pw dmhp-km-ln_v H. Fw. sNdn-bm\pw hmgvhv.

]nb-sc, ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-a-\- nse A≤y-£-X-bn¬

1110 [\p 11˛\p IqSnb Atkm-tky-j≥ \nßsf Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-

X-\p-k-cn®v .... \S-Ønb s]mXp-∏n-cnhv hI-bmbn 1110 taSw 22˛\p

15575 cq] 6 AW 11 ss]kbpw 1110 taSw 25-˛\p 1572 cq] 6 AW ...

1111 hr›nIw 23˛\p 258 cq] ... Cßs\ BsI ]Xn-t\-gm-bn-cØn-

\m\q-‰n-Bdp -cq]m aq∂p NIw \mep Imip ssI∏‰nbncn-°p-∂p.


tfm-Sp-IqsS kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂v, 1935˛\p 1111 [\p 22˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-

bn¬ \n∂pw

7ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw apX-emb CS-h-IIfpsS


\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ \ΩpsS .... ]≈n-bnse

hnIm-cnbpw tZiØv ]´-°mcpw ]≈n- ssI-°mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw

IqSn Is≠-∂m¬ \nßƒ°p hmgvhv.

]nb-sc,

\nß-fpsS CS-h-I-s∏m-Xp-tbmKw Ign™ aI-c-amkw 19˛\p IqSn

Cu h¿jw ]≈n-°m-cy-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v ap∂m≠p ssI°m-c-\mb

... sbbpw tijw IΩ-ń-sbbpw Xs∂ \n›-bn®v AwKo-I-c-W-Øn-

\mbn At]-£n®p F¶nepw AXp ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-sX∂pw ]pXnb

IΩ-ńsb cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Nne¿ \ΩpsS apºmsI At]-£n-

°-bm¬ \mw Cu amkw 11˛\p AhnsS FØn hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\bv°p

tijw s]mXp-tbmKw IqSn KpW-tZm-jn-®-X-\p-k-cn®v Ah-cpsS hmZw

Ah¿ ]n≥h-en-®-Xp-sIm≠v ap≥ I-Ωń Xs∂ Cu Hcp h¿j-

tØbv°p IqsS \mw AwKo-I-cn®v ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A≤y-

£-\mb hnIm-cnbpw IΩń AwK-ßƒ F√m-hcpw kl-I-cn®v ]≈n-

°m-cy-ßƒ `c-W-L-S-\-]-Imcw Xs∂ kvXpXy¿l-amwhÆw \S-Øn-

s°m≠p t]mIp-sa∂p \mw ]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.


sf-√m-h-tcmSpw IqsS kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.


F∂v, 1936˛\v 1111 Ipw`w 15˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-

dm-bn¬ \n∂pw.



\ap°p FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ \ΩpsS NmtcmØp

]oen-t∏m-kn\p hmgvhv.

]nb-s\, \o Ab-®n-cp∂ FgpØp Inń. \ns‚ A∏s‚ kpJ-

t°-Sn-s\-∏‰n Adn™p tJZn-°p-∂p. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \mw Zb-dm-

bn¬ C√m-sX-h∂Xn¬ \ap°p IpWvTn-X-ap-s≠-¶nepw \mw Zb-dm-

bn¬ \n∂pw Ctßm´p t]mcp-∂-Xp-hsc Rßƒ Hcp-an-®m-Wt√m an°-

hmdpw kabw Ign-®n-´p-≈-sX-t∂m¿°p-tºmƒ \ap°p kam-[m-\-

Øn\pw Bizm-k-Øn\pw CS-bp-≠v. A∏s‚ kpJ-Øn\p th≠nbpw,

F√m-hn-[-amb kpJ-Øn\pw Bizm-k-Øn\pw th≠nbpw \mw ]m¿-

∞n®p hcp-∂-Xmbpw kZm-t\-chpw Hm¿Øp-h-cp-∂-Xmbpw ]d-b-Ww.

tcmK-ßfpw s\mº-c-ßfpw ChnsS amX-ta-bp≈p F∂pw ]c-tem-I-

Øn¬ .........-∂n®p t]mImØ mKy-ß-fmWv .............. ]tXyIw Hm¿Øn-

cn-t°-≠-Xv. \√ ac-W-Ø-n\n-S-bm-Ip-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X-emb Hcp

`mKyw B¿°pw D≠m-Im-\n-√. AXn-\mbn ]tXyIw Hcp-ßn-bn-cn-°-

W-sa-∂p≈ \ΩpsS BKlw ]tXyIw Adn-bn-°-Ww.

\ΩpsS Zb-dm-bn¬ I≈≥ Ib-dn-sb∂pw a‰pw Hcmƒ ChnsS h∂p

]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXns‚ ]c-am¿∞w Adn™p hcp-∂-Xn-\mbn

siΩm-is\ Ign™ Xn¶-fmgvN Atßm´p Ab-bv°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

a\p-jy\p GXp I≈w ]d-bp-∂-Xn\pw F¥p ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw

aSn-bn-√mØ Hcp Ime-am-Wt√m Cu Imew Ft∂m¿°p-tºmƒ \ap°p

hfsc A¤p-Xhpw k¶-Shpw tXm∂n-t∏m-Ip-∂p. ssZhw-X-ºp-cm≥

F√m-h\pw \√ a\ p \¬I-s´. \ΩpsS Zb-dm-bn-Ss]´ kwK-Xn-

Iƒ FXbpw kq£va-tØmSpw Icp-X-temSpw sNø-W-sa∂p IØ-

\m-tcmSp ]tXyIw ]d-b-Ww. apdn-Iƒ F√mw-Xs∂ Ft∏mgpw ]qń-

bn-ń-cn-°-Ww. Bh-iy-ap≈t∏mƒ amXta Xpd-°m-hq. ........... ]m¿°-

W-sa∂pw ]tXyIw ]d-b-Ww. F√mhscbpw ....... ImtXm-en°m

_mhm Xncpa\- p-sIm≠p Ct∏mƒ Chn-sS-bp-≠v. \msf Im¿Øn-I-

∏-≈nbv°p t]mIp-∂-Xm-bn-cn -°pw. \ΩpsS Nm≠n A∏q-∏s\

]tXyIw tNmZn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]d-b-Ww.


ssZh-Ir] \nt∂mSpw tijw F√m-h-tcmSpw IqsS kZm h¿≤n-®n-

cn-°-s´.

F∂v, 1938˛\p sIm√w 114 I∂n ............

(ao\Sw sk‚ v tPm¿Pv ]≈n sI.-Fw.-Pn. aµnc IqZmim kvac-

WnI, sabv 2004, ]pdw 98)

9ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw `Zm-k\ CS-h-IbpsS


\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ \ΩpsS .... ]≈n- hnIm-

cnbpw tZiØv ]´-°mcpw ]≈n-ssI-°mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn

Is≠-∂m¬ \nßƒ°p hmgvhv.

]nbsc! 1115 CShw 5˛\p i\n-bmgvN IqSnb \ΩpsS `Zm-k\

Iu¨knen¬ ]≈n hcp-am-\-ß-fpsS GIoI-cWw, `Zm-k\ hcp-am-

\-ßƒ hkq¬ sNtø≠ coXn F∂o hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Btem-

Nn-®-Xn¬ \ΩpsS F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw kzoI-cn®v \S-∏m-°-Ø-°-hÆw

hnhml hcp-am-\-ßƒ°mbn Hcp _n¬ Iu¨kn¬ AwK-amb Znhy-

io. amS-bv°¬ butk^v IØ-\m¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°bpw as‰m-cw-K-

amb ioam≥ ]´t®-cn¬ kvIdnbm ]n≥Xm-ßp-Ibpw Iu¨kn¬

AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp. Sn. _n√ns\ kw_-‘n®v Hmtcm ]≈n-

°m-cp-sSbpw A`n-]mbw Adn-b-Ø-°-hÆw FgpXn Ab-®v, Ah-c-h-

cpsS CS-h-I-s∏mXp-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ Btem-Nn-®v, A`n-]m-b-ßƒ hcpØn

ho≠pw Iu¨kn-en¬ Btem-N-\bv-s°-SpØv, C\n IqSp∂ `Zm-

k\s∏mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

BI-bm¬ CtXm-sSm-∂n-®-b-bv°p∂ Sn. _n¬ Nnß-am-k-Øn\p

apºmbn \nß-fpsS s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ Btem-Nn®v A`n-]mbw tcJ-

s∏-SpØn Ab-®p-X-c-Ww.

IqSmsX CXp klnXw Ab-bv°p∂ ^md-Øn-\-\p-cq-]-ambn hc-

®p-≠m-°n, ""amkm¥y dnt∏m¿´v'' amkwtXmdpw 5˛mw Xob-Xn-°Iw

\ap°p e`n-°-Ø-°-hÆw ]qcn-∏n-®-b®p Xc-Ww. B ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p-

ap≈ ssIap-Øv, Zimwiw apX-em-bh Ab-®p-X-c-W-sa∂v C]m-h-

iyhpw \mw \nßsf Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≈p-∂p.


sf-√m-h-tcmSpw IqsS kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´. BbXp ssZh-

amXm-hmb hn. a¿Ø-a-dn-b-an-s‚bpw tijw kIe ip≤n-am-∑m-cp-sSbpw


]m¿∞-\-I-fm¬ Xs∂.

F∂v, 1940˛\v sIm√w 1115 anYp\w 8˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-

t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂pw.

10ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw `Zm-k\ CS-h-IbpsS


\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ \ΩpsS hS°≥aÆq¿

]≈n- hnIm-cnbpw tZiØv ]´-°mcpw ]≈n- ssI-°mcpw tijw P\-

ßfpw IqSn Is≠-∂m¬ \nßƒ°p hmgvhv.

]nbsc! B CS-h-I-bn¬ Aco-∏-d-ºn-epw fm°m- qcpw D≈-h¿ aq∂v

`mK-ambn ]m¿∞-\m-tbm-K-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xmbn Adn-™-Xn¬ \mw

kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. a‰p≈ `mK-ß-fnepw CXns\ A\p-I-cn®v ]m¿∞-

\m-tbm-K-ßƒ \SØn Im◊m≥ \ap°v BK-l-ap-≠v. ]m¿∞-\m-

tbm-K-\n_-‘-\-Iƒ \mw I≠-Xn¬ AXv FXbpw Bh-iy-am-bn-´p-

≈-Xm-sW∂v \ap-°p a\- n-em-bn. F∂m¬ Nne¿ B \n_-‘-\-

Isf ]men-°p-∂-Xn¬ ssha-\-ky-ap-≈-h-cmsW∂v Adn-bp-∂-Xn¬

\ap°p AXn-bmb tJZ-ap-≠v. ImtXm-en-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂ \ΩpsS hnizm-

km-Nm-c-ß-fn¬ ÿnc-ap-≈-h-cmbn \nßsf ImWp-∂Xv \ap°v hf-

sc kt¥m-j-am-Wv. BI-bm¬ \nß-sf-√m-hcpw ]m¿∞-\m-tbm-K- \n_-

‘-\-Isf icn-bmbn ]men-°p-sa∂v \mw hniz-kn-°p-∂p.


sf-√m-h-tcmSpw IqsS kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´. BbXp ssZh-

amXm-hmb hn. I\yI a¿Ø-a-dn-b-man-s‚bpw tijw kIe ]cnip-

≤∑m-cp-sSbpw ]m¿∞-\-I-fm¬ Xs∂.

F∂v, 1940˛\v sIm√w 115 anYp\w 9˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-


11\º¿ 231



]nb-sc, \ΩpsS kap-Zmbw hnj-a-I-c-amb Hcp L´-Øn¬Iq-sS-

bm-Ws√m Ct∏mƒ IS-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ k`-


bn¬ `n∂X D≠m-bn´v ap∏-Xn¬]cw h¿j-ßƒ Bbn-cn-°p-∂p.

sFIyhpw kam-[m-\hpw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Imew-sNbvX

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkp saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw hnip≤ ImtXm-en-°m-

_m-hmbpw hm¿≤-Iy-sØbpw t¢i-ß-sfbpw sNe-hp-I-sfbpw Ah-

K-Wn®v ]mXn-bm¿°m Bÿm\w hsc Fgp-∂-≈p-Ibpw ]e kam-

[m-\m-tem-N-\-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXXp \nßƒ Gh¿°pw Adn-

hp-≈-Xm-W-t√m. Ah-sbm-s°bpw hn^-e-am-bn. FXn¿I£n \Ωp-

sS-ta¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kap-Zm-b-t°kp XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS `mKw \S-Øn-s°m≠p t]mI-b-√msX \nhr-Øn-bn-√.

Cu tIkv tIhew Hcp hyh-lm-c-a-√. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS D¬°¿j-

Øn\v BXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw ImtXm-en-°m-

knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ÿnc-]-Xn-jvTbv°pw th≠n-bp≈ Hcp [¿Ω-k-

a-c-a-sX. AXn¬ \ap-°p-th≠n \mb-IXzw hln-°p∂ _mhm Xncp-

a-\- n-te°p kI-e-hn[ ]n¥p-W-Ifpw \¬tI-≠-Xv A\p-K-ln-°-

s∏´ a°-fmb \nß-tf-h-cp-sSbpw I¿Ø-hy-I¿Ω-am-Ip-∂p. CtX

kw_-‘n®v _mhm-Xn-cp-a-\- p-sIm≠v Ign™ I∂n-amkw 7˛\p F√m

]≈n-Iƒ°pw Iev]\ Ab-®n-´p-≠v. ]W-an-√m-bvI-bm¬ Xncp-a-\- p-

sIm≠p hfsc sRcp-ßp∂p F∂pw X¬]cn-lm-cm¿∞w Cu

B≠n¬ hm¿jn-I-∏n-cnhp Xma-kn-bmsX \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw BWt√m

AXnse Hcp Imcyw. \mw \ΩpsS saXm-k\ sIu¨kn¬IqSn

Btem-Nn®v \ΩpsS tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Ønse F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw

ASpØ [\p-amkw 16-˛\p ]kvXpX ]ncnhp \S-Ø-W-sa∂p \n›-

bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu `Zmk\-Øn¬\n∂p c≠m-bn-cw- cq-]-sb-¶nepw

]ncn®v _mhm Xncp-ta-\nsb Gev]n-°-W-sa-∂sX \ΩpsS BK-lw.

AXbpw D≠m-Ip-amdv P\-ßƒ kw`m-h\ sNtø-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-

sIm≠v Hmtcm Krl-\m-b-I\pw Ah-\-hs‚ Hcp-Zn-h-ksØ hcp-am\w

Cu ]ncn-hn-te°p kw`m-h\ sNø-W-sa-∂sX \mw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv.

B CS-h-I-bn¬ \n∂p 100 cq]m-sb-¶nepw ]ncn-bp-hm≥ X°-hÆw

\nßƒ Cu hm¿jn-I-∏n-cn-hn¬ lrZ-b-]q¿∆w kl-I-cn-°-W-sa∂pw

Hmtcm Krlhpw A©p NIw apX¬ A©p- cq-]m -h-sctbm IqSp-

Xtem i‡ym-\p-k-cWw kw`m-h\ \¬I-W-sa∂pw \mw Xmev]-cy-

s∏-Sp-∂p.

Cu [\-ti-Jcw \StØ≠ coXn-sb-∏‰n \mw hnti-j-hn-[n-bmbn

H∂pw ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂n-√. ImtXm-en-t°-‰p-\n[n kw -c-Whpw AXns\

XpS¿∂p \S∂ c≠p hm¿jn-I-∏n-cn-hp-Ifpw aqew AXn\v Hcp coXn

D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Cu ]mh-iyhpw AXv A\p-I-cn-®m¬ aXn. B CSh-


Isb ap∏-Xp-ho-Sp-I-fn¬ Ihn-bm-Ø -hm¿Up-I-fmbn Xncn®v Hmtcm

hm¿Unepw ]ncnhp \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Cuc≠p hmf-≠n-b-d-∑msc \nb-

an-°-Ww. Bb-Xn-te-°mbn Cu Xpem-amkw 24-˛\p B CS-h-I-bpsS

Hcp s]mXp-tbmKw A∂p hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-°p∂ ]´-°m-cs‚

A≤y-£-X-bn¬ \S-°-Ww. At∏mƒ hmf-≠n-b-d-∑msc Xnc-s™-Sp-

°p-∂-Xp-Iq-SmsX k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Ah-cpsS kw`m-h-\-

ØpI hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂Xpw ]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. hmf-≠-dn-

b-d-∑m-cp-sSbpw a‰pw ta¬hn-emkw AS-ßp∂ dnt∏m¿´v A∂p-Xs∂

A≤y-£≥ \Ωp-sS-t]¿°v Ab-®p-X-cn-Ibpw sNø-Ww. [\p 1˛\p

apºmbn hmf-≠n-b-d-∑m¿ F√m- ho-Sp-Ifpw kµ¿in-°p-I-bpw, ]ncn-

hp-hn-hcw Kln-∏n-°p-I-bpw, hmKvZm-\-ßƒ hmßp-Ibpw ]ncn-hp-Zn-h-

k-Øns‚ Xte k‘y-bv°Iw ]Ww Icp-Xn-h-®n-cn-°-W-sa∂p

]tXyIw N´w-sI-´p-Ibpw thWw.

]ncn-hp-Zn\w ASpØ [\p 16-˛-\m-Wv. A∂v D®-bv°p-apºp ]ncnhp

]q¿Øn-bm-tI-≠-Xm-I-bm¬ Ht∂m ct≠m Znhkw apºp ]ncn-hp-Xp-S-

tß-≠-Xm-h-iy-sa-¶n¬ Aßs\ Bhmw. [\p 16-˛\p D®-bv°p-apºp

hmf-≠n-b-d-∑m¿ ]ncnhp ]q¿Øn-bm°n ]Whpw enkv‰pw ]≈n-bn¬

hnIm-cn-bpsS ASp-°tem At±lw Cs√-¶n¬ Xh-W-∏- -°m-cs‚ ASp-

°tem sIm≠p-sN-√-Ww. ]´-°m-c≥ Ah hmßn ]Ww FÆn

entÃmSp HØpt\m°n hmf-≠n-b-d-∑m-cn¬ H-cmƒhiw \ΩpsS ASp-

°-te°p sImSp-Ø-b-bv°-Ww. Cu [\-ti-Jcw ]Xo-£m\pkcWw

hnP-bw-sIm-≈p-hm≥ X°-hÆw _. ]´-°m¿ D’m-ln-°p-Ibpw P\-

ßsf t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂pw \mw hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

""\ap°p hb pw tcmKhpw Bbn-cn-°p∂p F∂pw \ΩpsS £oW-

ImeØp \ΩpsS a°ƒ \ap°p Xmß-ens‚ Iøv X∂v \sΩ Xmßn-

s°m-≈p-sa∂p I¿Øm-hn¬ \mw hniz-kn-°p∂p'' F∂pw _mhm-Xncp-

a-\- p-sIm≠v Ahn-SpsØ Iev]-\-bn¬ ]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≈-Xv F√m-

h-cp-sSbpw Hm¿Ω-bn¬ Ccn-t°≠Xp-a-sX.

hnti-jn®pw ]nb-sc, am¿tØm-Ωm, Bwt•b apX-emb s]m´-

Ã‚p kap-Zm-b-ß-fp-ambn \ΩpsS Nne P\-ßƒ°p≈ _‘p-X-

aqehpw a‰pw- \-ΩpsS P\-ßƒ kvXpXn-sNm-∆m-I-s∏´ hnizm-km-Nm-c-

ß-fn¬\n∂p hyXn-N-en-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xp \sΩ hfsc hymIp-e-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. CtX-∏-‰nbpw hnip-≤-]n-Xm-hmb ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm

Xncp-a-\- nse I¬]-\-bn¬ ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hn-®n- p-≠-s√m. \ΩpsS

sshZn-I¿ \ΩpsS P\-ß-fpsS Bflo-b-Zn-jvS-Xn-I-ƒ \S-Øn-s°m-Sp-

°p-∂-Xn-\mWv ]´w-sI-´-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v F√mhcpw Hm¿°-Ww.


Ah¿ taev]d™ hnizm-k-hn-]-co-Xn-I-fpsS amtam-Zokm, hnhmlw

apX-emb I¿Ω-ßƒ \S-Øn-s°m-Sp-°cpXv. \ΩpsS P\-ßƒ Ah-

cpsS amtam-Zokm, hnhmlw apX-emb IqZm-i-Iƒ \ΩpsS ]´-°m-sc-

s°m-≠-√msX hnizm-k-hn-]-co-Xn-I-fmb ] -°m-sc-s°m≠p bmsXmcp

Imc-W-h-imepw \S-Øn-°-bp-a-cp-Xv. \ΩpsS k`mw-K-ßƒ \ΩpsS k -

bpsS hnizkvX AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p amX-amWv Cu \n¿t±-i-

Øns‚ Xmev]-cyw.

IqSm-sX, ]nb-sc, temI-k-am-[m-\-Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw \ΩpsS k`-

bpsS tbmPn-∏n-\p-th-≠nbpw CS-b-∑m-cpsS \S-Øn-∏n-\p-th-≠nbpw

\nß-tf-h-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw `h-\-ß-fn¬h®v ]m¿∞-

\-mka-bØpw ]≈n-I-fn¬h®p hnip≤ Ip¿_m-\-k-a-bØpw \nßƒ

apń-∏mbn At]-£n-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-°-W-sa-∂p-IqsS \nßfpsS kvt\l-

tØmSp \mw Hm¿Ωs∏Sp-Øn-s°m-≈p-∂p.

F∂v, 1941-˛\v 1117-˛-am≠v Xpem-amkw 5˛\p ]mºm-Sn- am¿ Ipdn-bm-

t°m-kv Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂v

12ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw saXm-k\ CS-h-IbpsS


\ap°v FXbpw ]nb-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂ ..... ]≈n-°m¿°v hmgvhv.

]nb-sc,

117 Ipw`w 28˛se s]mXp-tbm-K-Øns‚ c≠mw \n›-b-]-Imcw

Iqtcm-∏pg Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ kvIdnbm IØ-\msc IqSn B ]≈n \S-

Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn \mw \nb-an-®n-cn-°p-∂p. 118 ao\w 29˛\p Rmb-dmgvN

h -ase A_lmw IØ-\mcpw taSw 5˛\p RmbdmgvN Itcm- p-hoń¬

kvIdnbm IØ\mcpw taSw 12˛\p Be-bv°-]-d-ºn¬ bmt°m_p

IØ\mcpw ]n∂oSp Cu Iaw A\p-k-cn®pw \S-Øp-Ibpw, ssI°m-

c-∑m¿ ]°¬ hcp∂ hcp-am-\-ßƒ \membn mKn® Hcp mKw hnImcn

h´-°p-t∂¬ Ipcy≥ IØ-\m¿°p sImSp-°-bpw, ]´-°m-cpsS

ssIhiw hcp∂ hcp-am-\-ßƒ Iogv\-S-∏-\p-k-cn®p \S-∂p-sIm-≈p-

Ibpw sNø-Ww.

114 aIcw H∂p apX¬ 118 [\p 10 hsc-bp≈ ]≈n hc-hp-Nn-e-hn-

s\-∏-‰-n-bp≈Xpw 118 [\p 26˛\p IqSnb s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ ]m m°n

\ΩpsS t]¿°v Ab-®p-X-∂-Xp-amb Xnc-ń¬ Hcp ]Xn apZ- h®v


ssI°m-c≥ Nnc-∏m-e-Øp-¶¬ Cń- amWn hiw Ab-bv°p-∂p. taem¬

`c-W-L-S-\-b\p-k-cn®v Xnc´p B≠ptXmdpw ]m m-°p-Ibpw `c-W-

k-anXn B≠p-tXmdpw amdp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.

118 aIcw H∂p -ap-X¬ ]pXnb kan-Xn-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´

.... \mw AwKo-I-cn®p ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

`c-W-L-S\ 22˛mw hIp-∏-\p-k-cn®v ""hnIm-cn-bpw, a‰p ]´-°-mcp-s≠-

¶n¬ Hmtcm aq∂n\pw As√-¶n¬ AXns‚ Awi-Øn\pw Hmtcm ]´-

°m-c\pw'' AwK-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ XXzw A\p-k-cn®v ]´-°m-cn¬

Bsc BWp `c-W-k-an-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv F∂p \sΩ Adn-

bn-°p-tºmƒ ÿnc-s∏-SpØn Iev]\ Ab-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv. `c-W-k-an-

Xn-bn¬ Cu Iaw A\p-k-cn®v 14 AwK-ßƒ amXw hcp-sa∂p

ImWp∂p. AXv 15 B°p-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.

]≈n-°-mcy-ßƒ \nßƒ F√m-hcpw HsØm-cp-an®v `wKn-bmbn \S-

Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-sa∂v \mw BK-ln-°p-∂p.

k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-Wbpw A\p-K-l-ßfpw \nß-

tfmSv F√m-h-tcmSpw IqSn kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂p, 1118 ao\w 26˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬

\n∂pw.

13No. 37/1118

ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw CS-h-IbpsS


\ap°v FXbpw ]nb-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂ ... ]≈n-°m¿°v hmgvhv.

]nb-sc, \mw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ kap-Zm-b-]p-tcm-K-a\ ]≤-Xn-

]-Imcw ImWn° tiJ-c-Øn\p tij-ap-≈ ]W-∏n-cnhp Xm¬]-cy-

ambn \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ \mw kt¥mjn-°p-∂p. ]≈n-bnse \o°n-

bn-cp-∏n¬ \n∂p \n›-bn-°-s∏´ kwJy sImSp-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ k`m-

am-Xm-hns\ \m\m-]-Im-tcW ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ k`m-a-°ƒ CX-

c-k-`-I-fnset∏mse Zhy-k-lmbw sNøp-∂-Xn\p ]cn-io-en-∏n-°-s∏-

S-W-sa-∂p≈ Dt±iyw hn^-e-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. \ΩpsS Atkm-kn-tb-

j≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n Cu amkw 21˛\p ktΩ-fn-°p-tºmƒ ]≤-Xn-

]-Im-c-ap≈ ]W-∏n-cn-hns‚ XpI \n¿Æ-bn®p sNe-hp-Iƒ \n¿t±-


in®v AwKo-Imcw e`n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu amkw 16˛\Iw

]W-∏n-cnhp ]q¿Øn-bm°n 17˛\p ]Whpw enÃpw \ap°p In´-Ø-°-

hÆw Ab-®p-X-cWw. tijw ]n∂m-se.

k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-Wbpw A\p-K-l-ßfpw kZm

\nß-fn¬ h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂v, 1943˛\p 1118 CShw 10˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-

dm-bn¬ \n∂pw.

14ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw CS-h-IbpsS


\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ... ]≈n- hnIm-cnbpw

tZiØp]´-°mcpw ]≈n-ssI-°mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn Is≠-

∂m¬ \nßƒ°p hmgvhv.

]nbsc! tIm´bw saXm-k\ CS-h-I-bpsS Hcp s]mXp-tbmKw

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ kwK-Xn-Iƒ°mbn \ΩpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬ tIm´bw

Fw. Un. knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v 1120 Ipw`w 13˛\p i\n-bmgvN ]I¬

]Xn-s\m-∂c aWn°p \S-Ø-W-sa∂p \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ B

]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw saXm-k\ s]mXp-tbmK AwK-ß-fmbn sXc-s™-

Sp-°-s∏´ ] -°m-c-s\bpw Abvta-\n-I-sfbpw ]≈n-s®-e-hn-t∑¬ Ab-

bvt°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. 1944˛se ]≈n- h-chpsNe-hp-I-fpsS Xnc´p c≠p

]Xn Hmtcm ]≈n-°mcpw sIm≠p-h∂v s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn\p aptºm

]ntºm \ΩpsS H∏pw apZbpw hbv]n®v Hcp ]Xn Xncn®p sIm≠p-

t]m-tI-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. Ign™ h¿j-Øn¬ hnhm-l-Øn\p hbv]n-®n-´p-

≈ ssIapØp kwJy \ap°p Ab-®p-X-∂n-ń-√mØ ]≈n-°m¿

BbXpw sIm≠p-h∂p Gev]n®p ckoXp hmßn-s°m-≈-Ww. ASp-

Øp-Xs∂ amtΩm-Zokm sskØp-Iq-Zmi \S-Ø-W-sa∂p Dt±-in-°p-

∂-Xn-\m¬ Hmtcm ]≈n-°mcpw Xßƒ°p Bh-iy-ap≈ ssktØm

AXns‚ hnetbm s]mXp-tbm-K-Zn-hkw \sΩ G¬∏n-°p-∂Xp kuI-

cy-am-Ip∂p. kap-Zmb ]ptcm-K-a\ ]≤-Xn-]-Im-c-ap-≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

\ΩpsS saXm-k-\-Øn¬ Du¿÷n-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\p Bh-iy-ap≈

Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ Btem-

Nn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-I-bm¬ F√m ]≈n-°mcpw BZy-h-km\w k∂n-ln-

X-cm-bn-cn-°Wsa∂p Xm¬]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂p. tijw ]n∂m-se.

k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]bpw A\p-K-l-ßfpw kZm

\nß-tfmSp IqsS Ccn°p-am-dm-I-s´.


F∂v, 1945˛\v sIm√w 1120 aIcw 19˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-




\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ .... ]≈n- hnIm-cnbpw

tZiØv ]´-°mcpw ]≈n-ssI-°mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn Is≠-


]nbsc!

B ]≈n-bpsS taem-ep≈ \S-Øn-∏ns\ kw_-‘n®v \nßƒ

Btem-Nn® tijw ]´-°m¿ 27˛6˛120˛¬ \ΩpsS apºmsI Fgp-Xn-

h®n-´p≈ kΩ-Xhpw At]-£bpw A\p-k-cn®p Ct∏m-gsØ hnImcn

Icn-ß-Wm-a-‰-Øn¬ aXymkv IØ-\m-scbpw klm-b-]-´-°m-c≥ Be-

bv°-]-d-ºn¬ bmt°m_p IØ-\m-scbpw X¬ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p

\o°n ]Icw h´-ae A_lmw IØ-\msc hnIm-cn-bmbpw Itcm´p

kvIdnbm IØ-\msc klm-b-]-´-°m-c-\mbpw ]Xn-amkw c≠p-

t]¿°pw IqSn 40 cq]m iº-f-Øn¬ \nb-an-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂pw, Ch¿°n-

cp-h¿°pw IqSn iºfw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]Xn-amkw \mev]Xp

cq]m \sΩ G¬]n-°-W-sa-∂pw, Ip¿∫m-\-∏Ww amXw iº-f-Øn\p

]pdta ]´-°m¿°p Ccn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw ]´-°m-cn¬ Bsc-¶nepw

Hcmƒ F∂pw kz¥-Nn-e-hn¬ ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂pw

]´-°m¿°p IpSn-»n-J-bmbn sImSp-°m-\p≈ kwJy-Iƒ apgp-h≥

DSs\ sImSp-°-W-sa∂pw \mw \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnhcw Cu Iev]\

aqew \nßsf Adn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]bpw A\p-K-l-ßfpw kZm

\nß-tfm-Sp-IqSn Ccn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂p 1945˛\p 1120 Ipw`w 1˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-

dm-bn¬ \n∂pw.



tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Ønse F√m ]≈n-Ifp-sSbpw hnIm-cnamcpw,

]´-°mcpw P\-ßfpw Is≠-∂m¬ \nßƒ°p hmgvhv.


]nbsc!

Cubm≠p [\p- amkw 12˛\p apX¬ 15˛\p-hsc 4 Znh-khpw \ne-

bv°¬ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v a¿Ø-a-dnbw kam-P-Øns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬

\ΩpsS \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw kvXoIƒ°mbn D≈ Hcp ]cn-ioe-\-

¢m v \S-Øp-∂Xpw AXn¬ \ΩpsS k`-bpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c-ßƒ,

IqZm-i-Iƒ, Krl- -c-Ww, inip-]-cn-io-e-\w, inip a\-»m-kvXw, Btcm-

Ky-c£ apX-emb hnj-b-ß-sf∏‰n AXmXp hnj-b-ß-fn¬ hnZ-Kv≤-

∑m-cmb A≤ym-]-I-∑m-cpsS ¢m p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.

F√m CS-h-I-°mcpw kvXok-am-P-ß-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn Cuc≠p

kvXoIsf Ab-bv°-mhp-∂-Xpw, Ab-bvt°≠Xp-am-Ip-∂p. ¢m n¬

kw_-‘n-°p∂ Hcmƒ°p 4 Znh-k-tØ°p \mep cq]m ]¥≠v AW

sNe-hm-Ip-sa∂pw B XpI \ΩpsS Bôkv hgn-tbm, t\cnt´m Cu

`Zm-k-\-Ønse h\n-Xm-k-am-P-ß-fpsS skI-´dn A∂Ω tPmk-^v,

taa-\sb t\csØ (c-≠m-gvN-bv°-Iw) Gev]n-°-W-sa∂pw IqSn

Hm¿∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. ssZhw A\p-K-ln-°-s´.

F∂v, 1945˛\p sIm√w 1121 hr›nIw 6˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-



am¿ KntKmdntbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂pw

\ap-s°-Xbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ]\-bv°¬ Ip™m-Øp-

hn\v hmgvhv

]nb-t\, B¿Øm‰v Ip∂wIpfw ]≈n SÃn-bm-bn-cp∂v Sn ]≈n

kw_‘amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ krjvSn-]-c-ambpw Imcy-£-a-ambpw \ΩpsS

]nb≥ hcp-Øn-bn-´p≈ ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ A`n-\-µ-\o-b-ß-fm-Wv.

Ign™ sIm√w lmim ipiq-j-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn \mw AhnsS

h∂n-cp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \mw Xs∂ Ah I≠v t_m[y-s∏-´p.

Ah-bpsS F√m-‰n-s‚bpw aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-ambn Sn ]≈n-bp-tSbpw

Ahn-SsØ ] -°m¿ apJm-¥ncw \SØnhcp∂ tijw ]≈n-I-fp-tSbpw

NcnX kwt£-]-ßƒ tImUo-I-cn®v ]pkvXIcq]-Øn¬ \ΩpsS

]nb≥ FgpXn A®-Sn-∏n®v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ DZy-an-°p-∂-Xn¬ \ap°v

AXn-bmb kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. Sn ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ssIsb-gpØp tIm∏n

]cn-tim-[-\-bv°mbn \mw AhnsS h∂n-cp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Xcn-I-

bp-≠m-b-t√m. A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-amb Imbt¢ihpw a\-t¢-ihpw

IqSmsX A]-Im-c-sam∂v Xøm-dm-°m-hp-∂-X-√.


\ΩpsS ]nbs‚ al-Øchpw ]tbm-P-\-I-chpw Bb F√m

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw ]q¿∆m-[nIw A`n-hr-≤n-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v \mw

Bflm¿∞-ambn ssZh-tØmSv ]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚

\ma-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ]N-c-W-Øn\v

k¿h-hn-P-b-ßfpw Biw-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

k¿h-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]bpw A\p-K-l-ßfpw Xºp-

cms\s∏‰- -A-Ω-bpsS hmgvhp-Ifpw \ΩpsS ]nb-t\mSpw IpSpw-_-

tØmSpw IqsS kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´. (H-∏v)

F∂v 1945˛\v sIm√w 1121 [\p- amkw 9˛mw XobXn

]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂pw

(]n. kn. Ip™mØp cNn® B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-N-cn-X -Øn\p

sImSpØ Biwk)






]nbsc!

1123 Xpemw 22˛\p i\n-bmgvN IqSnb \nß-fpsS CS-hI amt\-

PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bpsS \n›-b-ßƒ \ap-°p e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

AXn¬ \mem-aXp \n›-b-]-Imcw IpSn-in-J-°msc kw_-‘n®p

1122 [\p 28˛se s]mXp-tbm-K-\n-›bw Du¿÷n-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≈p-

∂-Xn\p \mw A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw AXn-t\m-Sp-IqSn LS\ 10˛11 Cu hIp-

∏p-Iƒ IqSn ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°n-s°m-≈p-∂-Xn\v \mw \n¿_-‘n-°bpw

sNøp-∂p. A©-maXv \n›-b-Øn¬ ]≈n-S-Ãn-Isf ]Xn-bm°n ...

F∂-bmƒ tIkp sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xmbn \mw Adn-bp-Ibpw AXn¬

IpWvTn-X-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. B ]hrØn kIe InkvXob acym-

Z-Iƒ°pw \ΩpsS LS\ 110˛mw hIp∏n\pw FXn-cm-bn- m-Wn-cn-°p-∂Xv.

X∑qew Abmƒ k`bv°pw CS-h-Ibv°pw CX-c-\mbn Xo¿∂n-cn-°bpw

BWv. Snbm≥ tIkp ]n≥h-en®p \ΩpsS ASp-°¬ h∂p Imcy-

ßƒ t_m[n-∏n-°-Ø-°-hÆw i´w sI´-Ww. \nß-fpsS IΩ-‰n-bpsS


Bdm-aXv \n›-b-Øns‚ XXzw \ymbo-I-cn-°-Ø-°-X-√. \ymb-a-√mØ

bmsXmcp I¿Ω-ßfpw \S-Øp-hm≥ \mw A\p-h-Zn-°p-Itbm Iev]\

sImSp°pItbm sNøp-∂-X-√. Aßs\ \S-Øp-hm≥ ]mSp-≈-Xp-a-√.

9˛m-aXp \n›bw LS\ 10˛11 Cu hIp-∏p-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-am-bn ]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.


sf√m-h-tcmSpw IqSn kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂p, 1948˛\p 1123 Xpemw 28˛\v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂pw.






]nbsc,

B ]≈n hnIm-cn-sbbpw ssI°m-c-s\bpw ]Xn-tN¿Øp .... Inan-

\¬tIkp sImSp-°-bpw F∂m¬ [n°m-c-]-c-amb Ahs‚ ]hr-Øn-

sb-°p-dn®p ]n∂oSp Ah≥ A\p-X-]n®p \sΩ kao-]n-°bpw sNbvX-

X-\p-k-cn®p ta¬ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn \mw Nne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \n›-bn-

°bpw AXn≥]-Imcw \S-∂p-sIm-≈m-sa∂p Ah≥ kΩ-Xn-°bpw

sNbvXn-´p-≈ hnhcw Sn hyh-ÿ-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn 94˛mw \º¿ Iev]-\-

aqew \mw \nßsf Adn-bn-®n- p-≠-t√m. BI-bm¬ tdmam-te-J\w 12˛mw

A≤ymbw 14˛mw hmIyhpw 17˛21 hscbp≈ hmIy-ßfpw Hm¿Øp-

sIm≠p taem¬ Ah-t\mSp s]cp-am-d-W-sa∂pw Aßs\ Ahs\

t\Sp-hm≥ \nßƒ ian-°-W-sa∂pw \nßfpsS kvt\l-tØmSp \mw

\n¿_-‘-]q¿∆w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈p-∂p.

\ΩpsS ap≥ Iev]-\-bnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Ah≥ \nd-th‰n Ign-bp-

tºmƒ Ahs‚ Bh-iym-Sn-b-¥n-c-ßƒ hnLv\w IqSmsX \S-Øn-s°m-

Sp-°bpw sNø-Ww. Cu Iev]\ Xm¬°m-en-I-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw Ah≥

GsX-¶nepwhn[-Øn¬ hyXn-N-en-°p-∂-]£w CXp ]n≥h-en-®p-

sIm≈p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.


sf-√m-h-tcmSpw IqSn kZm h¿≤n®ncn°p-am-dm-I-s´.


F∂v, 1948˛\p 1123 CShw 4˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-

dm-bn¬ \n∂pw.






]nb-sc,

\ΩpsS \ne-bv°¬ ]≈n-bn¬ B≠p-tXmdpw \S-Øn-h-cp∂ I¨-

h≥js‚ Cubm-≠sØ tbmKw Cu [\p 15˛\p _p[-\mgvN k‘y-

bv°m-cw-`n-®p 19˛\p cmXn-°-h-km-\n-°Ø-°-hÆw \n›-bn®p th≠

Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ sNbvXn-cn-°-bm-Wv. Cu InkvXob the \ΩpsS

Bfp-I-fpsS InkvXob hf¿®bv°pw hnizm-k-ÿn-c-Xbv°pw FX-

amXw ]tbm-P-Io-`-hn-°p-∂p-sh∂p B≠p-tXmdpw AXn¬ kw_-

‘n®p hcp∂ \ap°pw t_m≤y-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Cubm≠p ]tXy-

In®p \ΩpsS k`-bv°p-th≠n tPmen sNbvXphcp∂ _nj∏v s]°-

≥lmw hm¬jv Xncp-ta\n AXnse ][m\ ]mkw-KnI\msW-∂p-

≈Xv henb A\p-K-l-ambn \mw Icp-Xp-∂p. \nß-sf-√m-hcpw At±-

l-Øns‚ ¢m p-I-fn¬ BZy-h-km\w kw_-‘n-®p- A-\p-Kr-lo-X-cmbn

Xoc-W-sa∂p \nßsf \mw \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆w KpW-tZm-jn-®p-

sIm≈p∂p. a‰p temI-Im-cy-ßƒ Dt]-£n®p CXn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn

kw_-‘n-°p-∂Xp Hcp \√ Imcy-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p \mw hnNm-cn-°p∂p.

Hcp-h≥ temIw apgp-h≥ t\Sn-bmepw Xs‚ Bflm-hns\ \jvS-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ F¥p ]tbmP-\w. Bflm-hn\p adp-hn-e-bmbn F¥p

ImWpw F∂p≈ I¿Ør-h-N-\sØ A\p-kva-cn®psIm≈p-hn≥.



F∂v, 1948˛\p 1124 [\p 2˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-

bn¬ \n∂pw.


21No. 23



\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ .... ]≈n- hnIm-cnbpw



]nb-sc, \ΩpsS `Zm-k-\- s]m-Xp-tbmKw Xmsg Imcy-]-cn-]m-Sn-

bn¬ tN¿Øn-´p≈ hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn

1124 Ipw`- amkw 27˛\p hymgmgvN ]I¬ 10 aWn°v tIm´bw am¿

Genbm Nm∏-en¬ h®v IqS-W-sa∂p \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Bb-Xn-

te°v B ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw, `c-W-L-S\ 46˛mw hIp-∏-\p-k-cn®v Xnc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏- n- p≈ saXm-k\ CS-hI tbmKmw-K-ß-fpsS Imem-h[n

Xo¿∂n-cn-°-bm¬ apd-]-Imcw ]pXnb sXc-s™-Sp∏p \SØn Hcp

]´-°m-c-s\bpw c≠v Abvta-\n-I-tfbpw ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn ]≈n-®n-e-

hn¬ Ab-bv°p-Ibpw Ah¿ hiw B ]≈n hc-hp-Nn-ehp IW-°p-

I-fpsS 1948˛se Xnc-ńs‚ c≠p ]Xn-Ifpw ssIapØp, Zimwiw apX-

emb hcp-am-\-ßfpw Sn C\-ß-fn-ep≈ IpSn-in-Ibpw \sΩ Gev]n-°-

Ø-°-hn[w sImSp-Ø-b-bv°p-Ibpw thWw. tijw ]n∂m-se.


sf-√m-h-tcmSpw IqsS kZm h¿≤n®ncn°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂v, 1949˛\p sIm√w 1124 aIcw 28˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-


22ae-bmf at\m-ca Pq_nenbv°v Biw-k-Iƒ



]nb-s\,

\ΩpsS tIc-f-°-c-bnse ]Y-a-]Xw F∂ \ne-bn¬ ae-bm-f-at\m-

ca B¿÷n-®n- p≈ ÿm\w H´pw sNdp-X-√. as‰-√m-‰n\pw F∂-t]mse

at\m-c-abv°pw Zpjv°m-e-ß-fp-≠m-bn- p-s≠-¶nepw k¿∆-i-‡≥ Ah-


bn¬ \ns∂√mw AXns\ D≤-cn-®-tXm¿°p-tºmƒ lrZbw kt¥mjw

sIm≠p \nd-bp-∂p. mjm-t]m-j-Ww, kap-Zm-tbm-≤m-c-Ww, kwkvImc

kwc-£-Ww, kmaq-ly-tk-h\w apX-embn at\m-ca CXx-]-cy¥w \n¿-

∆-ln-®n-´p≈ tkh-\-ßƒ AXp-ey-ß-fm-Wv. ]X-[¿Ωhpw A¥ pw

\njv]-£-Xbpw ]cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xn¬ at\m-ca F∂mfpw AXo-h-i≤

]Xn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS A`n-]m-bØn¬ CXn¬ D¬Ir-jvS-amb \ne

]cn-]m-en-°p∂ a‰p ]X-ßƒ \ΩpsS tIc-f-°-c-bn¬ C√- X-s∂.

at\m-c-abv°p kIe `mhp-I-ßfpw Biw-kn-°bpw k¿∆-i-‡≥

AXp-aqew P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn\v Bfl-t_m[w hf¿Øp-hm≥ CS-bm-

°-s´-sb∂p ]m¿∞n-°bpw sNøp-∂p.

k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]bpw A\p-K-l-ßfpw at\m-

ca ]h¿Ø-I-sc-√m-h-tcmSpw IqSn kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°-s´.

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm

(H-∏v)

(a-e-bmf at\m-ca hP-Pq-_nen kvamc-I-K-Ÿw, 1950, `mKw 1, t]Pv

20)



]nb-sc,

\ΩpsS CS-h-I-I-fn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]ptcm-K-a\ ]h¿Ø-\-

ßsf Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v apgp-h≥ ka-bhpw tPmen-sN-øp∂ Zm-

k\ knI-´-dn-am¿ Ime-Xm-a-k-sas\y \nb-an-°-s∏-S-W-sa-∂p≈

Ign™ amt\-PnwKp IΩ-‰n-bpsS \n›-b-a-\p-k-cn®v \ΩpsS `Zm-k-

\-Øn-te°v Znhyio ]md-bv°¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv IØ-\msc \mw

\ma-\n¿tZiw sNøp-Ibpw ]. ImtXmen°m-_mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v

AwKo-I-cn-°bpw sNbvXn- p≈ hnhcw CXn-\m¬ \nß-tf-h-tc-bpw \mw

Adn-bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. knI- dn ÿm\-tØ°p \nb-an-X-\m-bn-cn-°p∂

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv IØ-\mcpsS ]h¿Ø-\-]-cn-[n-bpsS Hcp cq]w Xmsg-

t®¿°p-∂p.

knI-´-dn-bpsS Bôkv \ΩpsS Zbdm Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°p-∂Xpw

F√m _p[-\m-gvNbpw knI- dn ChnsS lmP-cp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amWv.

IqSmsX knI-´dn ]≈n-tXmdpw k©-cn-°p-∂Xpw AXmXp ]≈n


kµ¿in-°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ XobXn Hcp Rmb-dmgvN apºv ]≈n-

bn¬ ]kvXm-hn-°-Ø-°-hn[w hnIm-cnsb Adn-bn-°p-∂Xpw BIp∂p.

knI-´dnsb Hmtcm CS-h-Ibpw kµ¿in®v Bflo-bhpw kwL-S-

\m-]-chpw ]ptcm-K-a-t\m-∑p-J-hp-ambn AhnsS \S-°p∂ F√m hnh-c-

ßfpw At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hni-Z-amb

dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw \mw A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Hmtcm ]≈n-bp-sSbpw khn-kvX-c-amb Hcp ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W°v

tiJ-cn-°p-I, k¨tU-kvIqƒ, bphP-\-k-am-Pw, kvXok-am-Pw,

]m¿∞-\m-tbm-Kw, BXp-c-kw-c-£-Ww, kphn-ti-j-]-c-am-bp≈ CXc-

]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ apX-embn Hcn-S-h-I-bpsS kp]-[m-\-amb B[ym-flnI-

ÿnXn Fßs\ Ccn-°p∂p F∂v Bcm-bp-I, ]≈n-h-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-

fpsS ÿnX-nK-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®p At\z-jn-°p-I, CS-h-I-c-Pn-Ã¿, CS-h-

I-s∏m-Xp-tbm-K-c-Pn-Ã¿ apX-embn a‰p cPn-Ã-dp-Iƒ, _UvP-‰v, Xnc-´v,

ÿmh-cPw-K-a-ß-fpsS enÃv, ^b-ep-I-ƒ BZn-bmb dnt°m¿Up-Iƒ

]cn-tim-[n-°p-I, dnio-km, ImtXm-en°m Zn\-∏n-cnhv Ch-sb-°p-dn®pw

ssIapØv, Zimwiw F∂o `Zm-k\ t`mK-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw kq£vam-

t\z-jWw \S-ØpI F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fmWv knI-´-dn-bpsS

kµ¿i-\w-aqew km[n-t°≠ ][m\ kwK-Xn-Iƒ. ta¬ ]kvXm-

hn® Imcyßƒ Hmtcm CS-h-I-bnepw Fß-s\-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v At\z-

jn-°p-Ibpw th≠-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ°v ]mcw`w CSp-Ibpw Ah-iyw-

th≠ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\v \mw knI-´-dnsb

Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS k`m-h¿jw kpdn-bm-\n-°-W-°n\p aIcw 1 apX¬ BI-

bm¬ ]≈n-I-fnse F√m IW-°p-Ifpw aI-cw 1 apX¬ Bcw-`n®v

[\p Ah-km-\w-sIm≠p Xo¿t°-≠Xpw AXm-Xn-S-h-I-bnse `c-W-

k-an-Xn-bpsS sXc-s™Sp∏v [\p Ah-km-\-Øn-\p-apºv \S-tØ-≠Xpw

aIcw BZyw apX¬ Nm¿÷v Gevt°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. ASpØ aIcw

apX¬ F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw Cu GIo-I-cWw \S-∏m-°n-s°m-≈-Ww.

knI-´dn Hmtcm ]≈nbnepw hcp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS ]Xn-\n[n F∂

\ne-bn¬ \nßƒ kzoI-cn®v Abmƒ°v F√m HØm-i-Ifpw \¬In

Cu kwcw`w hnP-b-]-Z-am-°p-hm\pw Aßs\ \ΩpsS Zm-k\w IqSp-

X¬ A`n-hr≤n ]m]n-∏m\pw \nß-tf-hcpw D‰p ian-°-W-sa∂v \mw

AXn-bmbn Xmev]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂p. tijw ]n∂m-se.

(`Zm-k-\-sk-I- -dn-bmbn m. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv ]md-bv°-ens\ \nb-

an®psIm≠v 1950-˛¬ Cd-°nb Iev]-\)







]nb-sc,

B CS-h-I-bpsS hm¿jn-I-s]m-Xp-tbmKw 1950 Unkw-_¿ 31˛\p

Rmb-dmgvN kaw-Kfw \S-Ø-s∏-´-Xns‚ dnt∏m¿´v \ΩpsS ]°¬

ka¿∏n-®Xv \mw kt¥m-j-tØmsS kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hnIm-cn°p

]pdta \nßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-´p≈ `c-W-k-anXn AwK-ß-fmb ...

\mw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ LS-\-]-Imcw SÃnbpw skI-

´-dnbpw Hcm-fm-sW-∂p≈ \nbaw Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \mw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-

°p-∂p. taem¬ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v `c-W-L-S-\-]-Imcw Xs∂ Bbn-cn-

°p-hm≥ ]tXyIw i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. s]mXp-tbm-K- dn-t∏m¿´v

CXbpw Ime-ssZ¿Lyw hcp-ØmsX Bô-kn-te°v Ab-bv°phm≥

kq£n-°-Ww. B CS-h-I-bnse Bflo-b-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS knI-´-

dn-am-cpsS ta¬hn-em-k-ßƒ \ΩpsS Bô-kn-te°v FgpXn Adn-bn-

°-W-sa∂v \ΩpsS ap≥Iev]-\-bn¬ Hm¿∏n-®n-cp∂p F¶nepw \mfn-

Xp-h-scbpw e`n-®n-ń-s√-∂p≈ Imcyhpw A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. F√m-

hcpw kl-I-cn®v ]≈n-°m-cy-ßƒ awK-f-ambpw ]ptcm-K-a-t\m-∑p-J-

ambpw \S-Øn-°m-Wp-hm≥ \mw BK-ln-°p-∂p. tijw ]n∂m-se.



F∂v, 1951 s^_p-hcn 21˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-

bn¬ \n∂pw.



No. 18

\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ \ΩpsS ... ]≈nhnIm-




]nb-sc,

\ΩpsS F√m ]≈n-I-fn-sebpw hm¿jn-I-s∏m-Xp-tbmKw [\p- amkm-

h-km-\-Øn¬ IqSn ]pXnb `c-W-k-an-Xnsb sXc-s™-SpØp dnt∏m-

¿´p sNø-W-sa∂pw AXm-Xn-S-h-I-I-fnse Bflob ]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS

skI- -dn-am-cpsS ta¬hn-emkw FgpXn Ab-bv°-W-sa∂pw aps∂mcp

Iev]-\-bn¬ \mw Bh-iy-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Nne ]≈n-°m¿ CXp-

h-scbpw A]-Imcw ]h¿Øn®p ImWp-∂n-√. C\n Atijw Ime-

Xm-akw IqSmsX Ah ]h¿Øn-bn¬ hcp-Ø-Ww. IqSmsX \ΩpsS

`Zm-k-\-Ønse kt≠-kvIqƒ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p ]tNm-Z\w \¬Ip-

amdv AXmXp sk‚-dp-I-fn¬ h®p \S-Øp∂ A≤ym-]-I-ao-‰nw-Kp-I-

fn¬ B sk‚-dn-ep≈ ]´-°m-sc-√m-hcpw kw_-‘n-°-W-sa∂p \mw

Xm¬]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

ho≠pw ]nb-sc,

\ΩpsS `Zm-k-\-s]m-Xp-tbmKw Cu amkw 22˛mw XobXn

sNm∆mgvN (am¿®v 6) 10 aWn°p tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en¬

h®p IqS-W-sa∂p \n›-bn-®n-cn-°-bm¬ B ]≈n-bnse ]Xn-]p-cp-j-

∑m¿ IrXy-k-a-bØp tbmK-Øn¬ kw_-‘n-∏m≥ X°hÆw ]≈n-

s®-e-hn-t∑¬ Ab-bv°-s∏-S-W-sa∂pw \mw Bhiy-s∏-Sp-∂p.



F∂v, 1951 s^_p-hcn 28˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-

bn¬ \n∂pw.

26ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂pw.

]nb-sc, \ΩpsS ]nb ktlm-Z-c\pw ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse

Hcp A`n-hµy t\Xmhpw I¿Ω-Ip-i-e\pw Bbn-cp∂ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-

t\mkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\- nse AIm-en-Ihpw BI-kvan-I-

hpamb th¿]m-Sn¬ Ip∂w-Ipfw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`mw-

K-ß-fmb \ΩpsS Bflob a°ƒ°p≈ koam-Xo-X-amb k¥m-]-

sØbpw At±-l-tØm-Sp≈ `‡ym-Z-c-hp-I-sfbpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-amdv

\nßƒ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kvamcI-K-Ÿ-Øn\v kIe mhp-I-ßfpw

\mw Biw-in®psIm≈p-∂p. ssZhw A\p-K-ln-°-s´.


F∂v 1951 Pq¨ 2˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬

\n∂pw.



No. 113

\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ \ΩpsS ... ]≈nhnIm-



]nb-sc,

\ΩpsS `Zm-k-\-Ønse hnhn[ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Du¿÷n-X-am-

°p-∂-Xn\v AXns‚ kmº-Øn-I-ÿnXn kpc-£n-X-am-t°-≠Xv

AXym-h-iy-am-I-bm¬ Hmtcm CS-h-I-bn¬ \n∂pw htc≠ Zimw-i-

hoXw icn°v ]ncn-s®-Sp-°-W-sa∂p Ign™ `Zm-k-\-s∏m-Xp-tbmKw

Xocp-am-\n® hnhcw \mw \nßsf Adn-bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. Zimw-i-hoXw

sImSp-°p-∂-Xn¬ F√m CS-h-I-I-fp-sSbpw kl-I-cWw D≠m-I-Ø-

°-hn-[-Øn-emWv 1121 aIcw 19˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse Zm-k-\-s∏m-Xp-tbmKw

\n›-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ]kvXpX s]mXp-tbm-K-\n-›-b-]-Imcw `fi-mcw,

h©n-I, Xfn-I, ]≈n-°p≈ hnhm-l-ho-Xw, ]m´w, ]≈-n-]p-c-bn-Sm-Zmbw

apX-em-b-h-bpsS amXw Zimwiw X∂m¬ aXn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. BI-

bm¬ B CS-h-I-bpsS Ign™ hm¿jn-I -Xn-c-ń≥]Imcw Zimw-i-

C\-Øn¬ htc≠ _m°n kwJy DSs\ \Ωp-sS-t]¿°v Ab-®p-

XcWw F∂v Cu c≠mw ]mh-iyhpw \mw Hm¿∏n-°p-∂p.

tijw Imcy-ßƒ ]n∂m-se.



F∂v, 1951 \hw-_¿ 14˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-

bn¬ \n∂pw.

28... F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn¬ \mw kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. \mw Ign™ Xn¶-

fmgvN cmhnse ]mºmSn-∏-≈n-bn¬ t]mbn-cp-∂p. D® Ign-™mWp


t]m∂-Xv. Ahn-SpsØ kwK-Xn-Iƒ hfsc tami-sat∂ ]d-hm-\p-≈p.

Hcp ImeØv `wKn-bmbn \S-∂p- h∂ kwK-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ...


bn¬ \n∂pw.

(]mºmSn sk‚ v tPm¨kv IØo-U¬ ]p\¿ \n¿ΩmW kvac-

Wn-I, 1997, ]pdw 79).



]nb-sc,

ssIkvX-h-aXw G‰hpw tijvT-sa∂v k¿∆-k-Ω-X-am-W-t√m.

hfsc XymK-ß-fnepw IjvS-∏m-Sp-I-fnepw IqSn-bmWv CXp hf¿∂n-

´p≈Xv. F¶nepw AXns‚ ]mcw-`-Zi hfsc tim`-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.

AXn\p ImcWw ssIkvX-h-cpsS Xo£vW-Xbpw Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤nbpw

amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ime-ßƒ IS∂p ˛ ssIkvX-h-aXw s]mXpsh

hym]-I-am-Ibpw _mly-ambn IqSp-X¬ i‡n ]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]t£ ssIkvX-h-cpsS Bflob Pohn-X-tØmXv ap≥Im-e-ßsf

At]-£n®p hfsc XmWpt]mbn.

a\pjykap-Zm-b-Øn-t∑¬ hninjym, InkvXob kap-Zm-b-Øn-t∑¬

\n]-Xn-®n-cn-°p∂ Zp¿Ωm¿§-ßƒ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw

][m-\-s∏´ H∂m-Ip∂p ""aZy-]m\w''. ""\mw P¿Ω-\n°pw BkvXo-

bm°pw aZy-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmbn bp≤w sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu aq∂p

iXp-°-fn¬ aZy-amWv G‰hpw `b-¶cw'' F∂p ]Ya temI-a-lm-

bp≤-Im-eØv _nójv ][m-\-a¥n ]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXp-

t]mse C∂p tIc-fo-b¿°v FXn-cn-tS≠n h∂n-cn-°p∂ G‰hpw henb

iXp- a-Zy-am-Ip-∂p. Cu s]mXp-iXp-hns\ Xpc-Øn-∏m-bn-°p-∂-Xn\p

th≠ ]tNm-Z\w \¬tI-≠Xv k`mtae-≤y-£-∑m-cpsS IS-a-bm-I-

bm-emWv Cu s]mXp-te-J\w ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

aZy-]m-\w-aqew cmPy-ßƒ°pw P\-ßƒ°pw t\cn- p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂

Zpc-¥-Zp-cn-X-ßƒ I≠p-W¿∂v Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Im¿ BZy-

ambn aZy-\n-tcm-[\ dKp-te-j≥ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. X∑qew

B \m´p-Im¿ Ipsd-°m-e-tØbv°v sFiz-cy-k-ºq¿Æ-amb kam-[m-

\-Po-hnXw \bn-®p. F∂m¬ Ahn-SpsØ aZy-]m-\m-k-‡-cmb Bfp-


I-fpsS \nc-¥-c-amb ]mXn-Iq-ey-]-cn-i-a-ßƒ aqew aZy-\n-tcm-[\w

]n≥h-en-°-s∏-´p.

tIm¨Kkv Kh¨sa‚ v ]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn C≥Uy-

bn-ep≈ Nne cmPy-ß-fn¬ aZy-\n-tcm-[\w \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Xncp-˛-

sIm-®n-bnse 13 Xmeq-°p-I-fn¬ AXp \S-∏m-°n-°-gn-™p. AXn¬

\mw kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ aZy-\n-tcm-[\w hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p

Kh¿sa‚ns‚ ia-tØ-°mƒ P\-ß-fpsS Bflm¿∞-amb kl-I-c-

W-Øn-\mWv ÿm\-sa∂p Ata-cn-°-bpsS ZrjvSm¥w \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-

°p-∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v Kh¿sa‚ns‚ Cu \bw XpS-cp-Ibpw AXp

hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p P\-ß-fpsS kIe Ign-hp-Ifpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-

Ibpw thWw.

GXm\pw sIm√-ßƒ°p-apºv Nnß-h-\Øv ]h¿Øn-®-Xp-t]m-se,

Cu ASpØ ImeØp ]pXp-∏-≈n-bnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw aZy-

h¿÷\w kw_-‘n® i‡n-bmb the-Iƒ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-

Xmbn CXn-\Iw \nß-sf-√m-hcpw Adn-™n-cn-°p-at√m. AXp-aqew

aZy-]-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ ]ecpw kpt_m[w ]m]n®p aZy-]m-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw

]n≥Xn-cn-™n-´p-ap-≠v. aZy-h¿÷-\-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬

1951 sk]v‰w-_¿ 12-˛mw XobXn ]pXp-∏-≈n-bn¬ h®v hnhn[ kap-Zmb

t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ \S∂ alm-tbmKw C≥Uy-bpsS

Ncn-X-Øn¬ Hcp \ho-\ A-≤ym-b-Øns‚ Bcw`w Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

aZy-]m-\-Øns‚ alm-hn-]-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn®v temI-Ønse F√m

aX-ßfpw i‡n-bmbn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. aZy-]m-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn

InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ D]-tZiw AXn-i-‡-am-Ip-∂p. ""\nß-fpsS lrZbw

AXn-`-£-W-Ømepw aZy-]m-\-Ømepw D]-Po-h-\-Nn-¥-I-fmepw `mc-

s∏-ń´v B Znhkw \nßƒ°p s]s´∂p IWn-t]mse hcm-Xn-cn-∏m≥

kq£n-®p-sIm-≈p-hn≥'' (hn. eqt°m. 2:34). ""Imam¿Øn-I-fn-epw,

ho™p-Ip-Sn-bnepw shdn-°q-Øp-I-fnepw aZy-]m-\-Ønepw [¿Ω-hn-cp-

≤-amb hnK-lm-cm-[-\-bnepw \S∂v PmXn-I-fpsS CjvSw ]h¿Øn-

®p-sIm≠p Imew t]m°n-bXp aXn'' (1 ]tXm 4:3). ""ho™p IpSn®p

aØ-cm-I-cp-Xv, AXn-\m¬ Zp¿∂-S-∏p-≠m-Ip-at√m'' (Ft^-ky¿ 5:18).

""aZy-]m\w At\-I-]m-]-ßƒ°p t]c-I-amWv'' (kZr-iy-hm-Iy-ßƒ

23:29-˛32). a\p-jy-h¿§sØ imco-cn-I-am-bpw, kmaq-ly-am-bpw, kmº-

Øn-I-am-bpw, km∑m¿§n-I-ambpw B≤ym-fln-I-ambpw ssZ\w-Zn\w A[x-

]-Xn-∏n-°p∂ Cu alm-hn-]-Øns\ ]msS hn]m-S\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p

\mw Ghcpw k¿∆m-fl\m ian-t°-≠Xv Ahiyw Bh-iy-a-tX.


AXns‚ ]ptcmK-a-\-Øn¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ \n¿t±-i-ß-fn-te°v \nß-

fpsS Gh-cp-sSbpw kXz-c-i-≤sb £Wn-®p-sIm-≈-s´.

1. Cu Zpjv]-cn-N-b-Øn¬ \n∂p hnc-an®v Pohn-°-p∂Xv DØ-a-sa∂

t_m[-tØmsS ssZh-Ir-]-bn¬ Bi-bn®v \mw Hcp ]pXnb \n›bw

sNø-Ww.

2. a\p-jys\ \∑-Xn-∑-I-fn-te°p \bn-°p-∂Xp kml-N-cy-am-I-

bm¬ Pohn-X-I-ao-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn \√ ]cn-X-ÿn-X-nIƒ D≠m-I-Ww.

aZy-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]co-£-Isf Ft∏mgpw Hgn-™p sImƒhm≥ Icp-

Xp-Ibpw ]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb ]h¿Ø\-ß-fn¬ D’m-l-]q¿∆w ]s¶-

Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\v AXn-bmbn ian-°-Ww.

3. hntijkµ¿`-ß-fnepw BtLm-j-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fnepw aZyw

\nt»jw _ln-jv°-cn-°-Ww. aZyw aqe-ap≈ D√m-k-Øn-\mbn Imw£n-

°p-Itbm t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-tbm, kΩXw sImSp-°p-Itbm sNbvI-

bns-√∂p \n›-bn-°-Ww.

4. CS-h-I-bnse GsX-¶nepw Npa-X-e-bp≈ ÿm\-ßƒ°pw \mb-

I-Xz-Øn\pw aZy-]∑msc \nb-an-°p-∂Xp Atbm-Ky-sa∂p s]mXp-P\m-

`n-]mbw ]N-cn-∏n®p _e-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

5. aZyw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n hr£-ßƒ sNØm≥ sImSp-

°p-Itbm aZy-jm∏p shbv°p-hm≥ ÿew A\p-h-Zn-°p-Itbm sNøm-

Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ F√m ]pc-bnS DS-a-ÿ-∑m-tcmSpw D]-tZ-in-°p-I-bpw,

AXXns‚ \ne-hn-ep≈ Imem-h-[n°p tijw CXp \n¿∫-‘-am-°p-

Ibpw sNø-Ww.

6. ASpØ aZy-jm-∏p-teew apX¬ \ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ Bcpw-Xs∂

aZy-jm∏p teew ]nSn-°p-I-tbm, \S-Øp-I-tbm \S-Øn-°p-I-tbm, aZy-

jm-∏p-I-fnse tPmen-I-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Itbm sNø-cp-sX∂p \nß-fpsS

kvt\l-tØmSp \mw KpW-tZm-jn-°p-∂p. CXp \n¿∫-‘-am-°p-∂-Xn\p

CS-h-I-tXmdpw k`mw-K-ßsf ]t_m-[n-∏n-°-Ww.

7. Ch-sb√mw ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn\v Hmtcm CS-h-I-bnepw Bh-

iy-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°-W-sa-∂pw, sshZn-Icpw Assh-Zn-

Icpw Dƒs∏sS Hcp IΩn‰n cq]h¬-°cn®v Cu ]ÿm-\-Øn\p

th≠ t\XrXzw \¬I-W-sa∂p \mw Adn-bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

C≥Uy-bn-sebpw B^n-°-bn-tebpw InkvXo-b-am¿§-Øns‚

hf¿®bv°p t\cn-ń-cn-°p∂ ][m\XS- -ß-fn¬ H∂p aZy-]m-\-am-


Ip∂p. BI-bm¬ aZy-]m-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ F√m

Aip≤ ]m]ßfn¬ \n∂pw \ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ th¿s]´v hn. k` -

ae-ta¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ Zo]w t]mse ]tim-`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw CX-c-

PmXn-Iƒ AXn-te°p BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-I-s´. Bflo-

b-]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS hnP-b-Øn\p th≠n \ap°p ]m¿∞n-°mw.

F√m-‰nepw D]-cn-bmbn k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øn¬ ic-W-s∏Smw.

ssZh-Ir-]-Iq-SmsX a\p-jy-]-bXv\w k -e-a-√-s√m. ssIkvX-h-cpsS

CS-bn¬ \n∂v F∂√ a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂p CuZri tæO-X-

Iƒ \oßn-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xn\p \ap°v Gh¿°pw ]Xym-i-tbmsS ]m¿∞n-

°p-Ibpw bXv\n-°p-Ibpw sNømw. k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚

Ir]bpw A\p-K-l-ßfpw \nß-sf-√m-h-tcmSpw IqsS kZm h¿≤n-®n-

cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂v, 1952 P\p-hcn 26-˛mw XobXn ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv

Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂v

30The Orthodox Syrian Church of the East

ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬

tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS


]nb-sc, 1952 s^_p-hcn 9˛\p tIm´bw Fw. Un. skan-\m-cn-

bn¬ h®p IqSnb tIm´bw `Zm-k\ ]Xn-[n-k-tΩf\Øn¬ `Zm-

k\ skI-´-dn-bmbn sXc-s™-SpØ H‰-πm-°¬ H.- sP. tam v

siΩm-»s\ \mw X¬ÿm-\Øv \nb-an-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS `Zm-k-

\-Ønse bph-P-\-k-am-P-Øns‚ P\-d¬ skI-´-dn-bmbpw At±lw

tPmen XpS-cp-∂-XmWv. `Zm-k-\-Ønse CS-h-I-kw-_-‘-amb Imcy-

ßƒ `Zm-k\ skI-´dn ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬

Bh-iy-amb kIe klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßfpw \nßƒ sNbvXp-sIm-

Sp-°-W-sa-∂pw, ]≈n-kw-_-‘-amb kIe dn°m¿Up-Ifpw `Zm-k\

skI- dn Bh-iy-s∏- m¬ ImWn-°-W-sa-∂pw, skI- -dn-bpsS \n¿t±-

i-ßsf CS-h-I-Iƒ kzoI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°-W-sa∂pw \nßfpsS

kvt\l-tØmSp \mw \n¿_-‘n-°p∂p.

\ΩpsS Zm-k-\-Ønse ]ptcm-K-a-\-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn ]h¿Ø\w

\S-Øp-∂-Xn\v \ΩpsS ]≈n-Iƒ saXm-k\ hcp-am-\-ßƒ icn-bmbn

\ΩpsS Bô-kn¬ FØn®pXc-W-sa∂pw 1951-˛¬ ssIap-Øv,


Zimwiw F∂n-h-bn¬ IpSn-»nI hcp-Øn-bn-´p≈ ]≈n-°m¿ AXv

FXbpwthKw Xo¿Øv Ab-®p-X-c-W-sa∂pw \mw \nßsf Hm¿Ωn-

∏n-°p-∂p.

1951-˛se sXc´v Ab-®p-X-cmØ ]≈n-°m¿ FXbpw thKw Ah

\ΩpsS Bô-kn-te°v Ab-®p-X-c-W-sa-∂pw, 1952-˛se `c-W-k-an-Xn-

°mbn `Zm-k\ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®p \ΩpsS tcJm-aq-e-amb A\p-hmZw

hmßn-®n-cn-°-W-sa∂pw \mw \nßsf Adn-bn-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-≤-Xn-bn-epƒs∏-Sp∂ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bph-

P-\-k-am-Pw, a¿Ø-a-dnbw h\n-Xm-k-am-Pw, k¨tU-kvIqƒ, ]m¿∞-

\m-tbm-Kw Ch \ΩpsS CS-h-I-I-fpsS Bflob]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

BWn-°-√p-I-fm-sW∂p \ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ a\- n-em°n ta¬]d-b-

s∏´ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw \S-∏n-em-°-W-sa∂pw

AXn\v \ΩpsS _lp-am-\-s∏´ ]´-°m¿ t\XrXzw \¬I-W-sa∂pw

\mw D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p. bph-P-\-k-am-Pw, h\n-Xm-k-am-Pw, k¨tU-

kvIqƒ, ]m¿∞\m-tbmKw F∂nh ÿm]n-°mØ A]q¿∆w Nne

CS-h-I-Iƒ \ΩpsS `Zm-k-\-Øn¬ Ds≠-∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn¬ \mw ZpxJn-

°p∂p. Ahn-sS-sb√mw Ah ÿm]n®p \S-∏n-em-°m≥ \mw KpW-tZm-

jn-°p∂p.

ASpØ hen-b-t\m-ºp-Im-eØv ]´-°m¿°mbn Hcp [ym\-tbmKw

\S-Ø-W-sa∂v \mw Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ _. ]´-°m¿ F√m-

hcpw ]≈n-s®-e-hn¬ AXn¬ h∂v kw_-‘n-°-W-sa∂p \mw Xmev]-

cy-s∏-Sp-∂p. [ym\-tbm-K-Øns‚ hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ ]n∂mse Adn-bn-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

Poh-Im-c-pWy-]-c-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \ΩpsS kIe CS-h-I-I-

fnepw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Ø-W-sa∂v \mw At\-I-]m-hiyw \nßsf Adn-

bn-®n-´p-≠v. Hcp CS-h-I-bpsS kPoh-amb e£Ww A\m-Ysc

InkvXobamb hn[-Øn¬ klm-bn-°pI F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. A\m-Y-

scbpw tcmKn-I-sfbpw ipiqjn-t°-≠Xv CS-h-I-bpsS Npa-X-e-bmbn

Gs‰-SpØv \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw AXn\v bph-P-\-k-amPw kIe klm-

b-ßfpw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂pw, Poh-Im-cp-Wy-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v

F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw km[p-P-\-kw-c-£-W- ≠v D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNø-

Wsa∂pw \mw BK-ln-°p-∂p......

ho≠pw ]nbsc! \ΩpsS k` henb Hcp ]bm-k-Øn¬Iq-Sn,

k`-bpsS P∑-kn-≤-amb kzmX-¥yØn\p th≠n kp[o-c-ambn \ne-

sIm-≈p∂ Hcp Ime-am-sW∂v \nßƒ°v F√m-h¿°pw Adn-bm-a-t√m.


sslt°m-SXn hn[n-aqew hn. k`-bpsS P∑-kn-≤-amb kzmX¥yw

\mw hos≠-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂p F∂pw, hn[n-aqew \mw tXmev°p-I-b√

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \mw hnPbw ]m]n-°-bmWv sNbvX-sX∂pw \mw a\-

n-em-°Ww. P∑-kn-≤-ambn hn. am¿tØm-Ωm-«olmbpsS k`-bv°p-

≠m-bn-cp∂ kzmX-¥ysØ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn At\-I-k-`-Iƒ

At\-I-X-c-Øn¬ \tΩmSp Iqc-ambn s]cp-amdn F∂Xv hn. k`-bpsS

20 \q‰m≠v NcnXw \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. At¥m-Iy-∑m¿ ]´Xz-ta-[m-

hn-Xzw-aqew \ΩpsS kzmX-¥ysØ C√m-bva-sN-bvhm≥ Ign™ Hcp

\q‰m≠v i‡n-bmbn ]h¿Øn-®p. F∂m¬ ssZh-Øns‚ A]m-c-

amb Icp-W-bm¬ ]cn-ip≤ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w aqe-ambn

\ΩpsS kzmX¥yw \mw hos≠-SpØp. Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en-°m-knw-

lm-k\w hn. am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-am-Wv. B knwlm-

k\w hn. am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS C≥Uy≥k-`bn¬ \mw ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n-

°-bm-Wv sNbvX-Xv. C≥Uy-bnse GI -tZ-io-b-k` F∂ \ne-bn¬

\ap°v henb Hcp ]Zhn D≠v. ]cn-]q¿Æ-amb hnI-k-\-km-≤y-X-

bp≈ C≥Uy-bnse GI- tZ-io-b-k` F∂ \ne-bn¬ C≥Uybn¬

kphn-ti-j-tLm-jWw i‡n-bmbn \S-tØ≠ Npa-Xe \ap-°mWv

D≈-Xv. Ct∏mƒ ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-W-bm¬ \ap°v e`n-®n- p≈ kzmX-

¥yhpw B kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ hnP-b-In-co-S-amb ]cn-ip≤ ImtXm-

en°m knwlm-k-\hpw AXns‚ kIe i‡n-Ifpw \ap°v ssZh-

Xncp-\m-a -a-l-Xz-Øn-\mbn ImgvN-sh-°mw.

hn[n-aqew ]q¿∆n-I-ambn \ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ ÿm]n-®n-´p≈

Nne ÿm]-\-ßƒ \ap°v \jvS -am -sb∂p ht∂-°mw. \mw

At»jwt]mepw Ass[-cy-s∏-tS≠ Bh-iy-an-√. G‰hpw Npcp-ßnb

Hcp Ime-b-f-hn¬ \ΩpsS ]cn-ip≤ knwlm-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠n H∂c-

e-£-Øn¬]cw cq]m-bpsS Ac-a-\bpw kzØp-°fpw hnizm-kn-I-fmb

\ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ°v D≠m-°m≥ km[n®p F∂Xv \ap°v A`n-am-\-

I-c-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ch IqSmsX At\-I-e£w cq]m-bpsS ÿm]-\-

ßƒ \ap°v D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm-

Xn-cp-a-\- p-sIm≠v Iev]n-®\p-h-Zn® B£≥IΩn-‰n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-

\-ß-sf-°p-dn®p \nßƒ F√m-hcpw Adn-™n-cn-°p-sa∂p \mw hniz-

kn-°p-∂p. B£≥IΩn-‰n-bpsS hn]p-e-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \mw

lrZ-b-]q¿∆w A`n-\-µn-°bpw \ΩpsS A`n-am-\-kvXw-`-amb ImtXm-

en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\pw hn. k`-bpsS sI´p-]-Wn-

°p-ambn hnizm-kn-I-fmb \ΩpsS kIe Bfp-Ifpw ssI Xpd∂p

kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In \ΩpsS ]W-∏n-cnhv FXbpw Du¿÷nXambn


\S-Ø-W-sa∂v F√m ] -°m-sc-bpw, ssI°m-c-∑m-scbpw CS-hI IΩn-

‰n-I-sfbpw CS-h-I-°m-scbpw \mw ]tXyIw Adn-bn°p-∂p.

F∂v, 1952- s^_p-hcn 20-˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-

bn¬ \n∂pw.

31sshZn-I\p \ntcm[\w



]nb-sc,

\ΩpsS `Zm-k-\-Øn-ep≈ an° ]≈n-I-fnepw k¨tU-kvIqƒ,

kvXo kam-Pw, bp-h-P-\-k-am-Pw, ]m¿∞-\-mtbmKw apX-emb Bflo-

b-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ i‡n ]m]n-®p-h-cp∂p F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn¬ \ap°v

AXn-bmb kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ Ct∏mgpw Npcp°w Nne CS-h-I-

I-fn¬ Ah Bcw-`n-°mØ-Xn¬ \ap-°p≈ AXn-c‰ k¶-SsØ \mw

Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw Imcy-\n¿∆-l-W-Øn-\mbn Aßn-s\-bp≈ CS-h-I-

I-fnse hnIm-cn-am-cpsS kXz-c-i-≤sb ho≠pw \mw £Wn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp-sIm-≈p-∂p.

\ΩpsS sshZn-I-cpsS ASpØ tbmKw Cu sk]v‰w-_¿ 6˛\p

hymgmgvN (21-˛1-˛127) ]pXp-∏-≈nbn¬ h®p \S-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. apºv \S∂

c≠v sshZn-I-tbm-K-ß-fnepw `qcn-]-£w sshZn-Icpw ]s¶-SpØp

F¶nepw k∂n-ln-X-cm-Im-Xn-cp-∂-h¿ Bsc-√m-am-sW∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw.

sshZn-I-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ sshZn-I¿ F√m-hcpw lmP-cm-Ip∂ hnj-b-

Øn¬ FXbpw Xmev]-cy-ap≈h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bph-P\-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Hcp

]tXyI tIm¨^-d≥kv sk]v‰w-_¿ 8˛\p i\n-bmgvN (23-˛1-˛127)

Fw. Un. skan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®p \S-Øp-hm≥ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m

CS-h-I-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kamPw skI-´dn Dƒs∏sS aq∂n¬ Ip-dbmsX

AwK-ßsf ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn ]d-™p-hn-Sp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ hnIm-cn-

amcpw a‰p Npa-X-e-°mcpw ]tXyIw i≤n-°-Ww. AXm-Xn-S-h-I-bnse

k¨tU-kvIqƒ ]h¿Ø-I¿°pw CXc A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-Iƒ°pw

AXn¬ kw_-‘n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Ønse a¿Ø-a-dnbw h\n-Xm-k-am-P-Øns‚ P\-


d¬ skI-´-dn-bmbn ]≈Øv ]mtd°Shn¬ an v Beokv amWn

_n.F. _n.‰n. sb C\nbpw Hcp Iev]\ D≠m-Ip-∂Xp hc-tØ-bv°v

\mw \nb-an-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂ hnhcw Adn-bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. h\n-Xm-

k-am-P-Øns‚ Hcp s]mXp-[ym-\-tbmKw Cu sk]v‰w-_¿ 13- \p apX¬

15-˛\p hsc-bp≈ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]≈-Øp-h®v \S-Øp-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-

®n-cn-°p∂p. Hmtcm CS-h-I-bn¬ \n∂pw kvXok-am-P-Øns‚ skI-

´-dn°p ]pdsa ct≠m aqt∂m AwK-ßƒ hoX-sa-¶nepw AXn¬ ]s¶-

Sp-°Ww. AXns‚ ]tbm-P\w AX hep-Xm-Wv. ]kvXpX [ym\-

tbm-K-Øn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn\p kam-P-mw-K-ß-sf-bpw, AXn-tebv°v

Ahsc t]m’m-ln-∏n®p hnSp∂-Xn\p sshZn-Itc-bpw, ]≈n-`-c-W-

k-an-Xn-tbbpw \mw ]tXyIw KpW-tZm-jn-°p-∂p. ta¬]-kvXm-hn®

F√m ktΩ-f-\-ß-fp-sSbpw hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ CtXm-sSm-∂n-®-b-°p∂

Imcy-]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ \n∂pw Kln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CuZr-iamb

]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb \S-Øn-∏n\p \nß-tf-h-cp-sSbpw

]m¿∞\Ifpw kl-I-c-W-ßfpw D≠m-I-W-sa∂v ho≠pw \nß-fpsS

kvt\l-tØmSv \mw \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂p.

kap-Zm-b-t°-kns‚ ]ncn-hn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]. ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm

Xncp-a-\- nse Iev]\ CXn-\Iw F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw Inń-°m-Wp-

at√m. Hmtcm ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw Bh-iy-s∏- n- p≈ XpI \n›n-X- Xob-

Xn-°Iw Gev]n-°-W-sa∂v Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \mw ]tXyIw Adn-

bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

ho≠p ]nb-sc,

k`-bpsS A`n-am\w ]pe¿tØ-≠Xv ][m-\-ambn sshZn-I-cm-Wv.

Ah¿ \ymb-c-ln-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-®m¬ k` A[x-]-Xn°pw. Ign-bp-

∂Xpw amXr-Im-]-c-ambn Pohn-°p∂ hnj-b-Øn-epw, \nb-am-\p-k-c-W-

a-√mØ Nne hnhm-l-ßfpw a‰pw \S-Øp∂ Imcy-Ønepw Nne

sshZnI¿ hfsc Ai-≤-cm-sW∂v k¶-S-tØmsS ]kvXm-hn-t°-≠n-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]mXn-b¿°okv hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ sshZy≥]-d-ºn¬ Ipdn-

bm-t°mkv IØ-\m¿ ASp-Ø-Im-eØv Aß-s\bp≈ Nne hnhm-l-

ßƒ \S-Øn-b-Xmbn´v Adn-bp-∂p. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈

Nne ]≈n-I-fn¬ Ibdn Abmƒ I¿Ω-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-bn´pw Adn-

hp-≠v. BI-bm¬ Abmƒ tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Øn-ep≈ \ΩpsS Hcp

]≈n-bnepw ]th-in®p I¿Ω-ßƒ \S-Øn-°q-Sm-sb-∂pw, Abm-sf-

s°m≠v \ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ bmsXmcp I¿Ωhpw \S-Øn-®p-Iq-Sm-sb∂pw

]. ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-a-\- nse \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw \mw \nß-

tfmSp Adn-bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.


F∂v, 1952 HmKÃv 24-˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬

\n∂pw.



]nb-sc,

Ign™ 20˛¬ ]cw h¿j-ß-fmbn Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ \ΩpsS Bfp-

I-fp-sSbpw ]tXy-In®v hnZym¿∞n-I-tfbpw Dt±-in®p Hcp CS-hI \S-

Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-∂Xv \nßƒs°-√m-h¿°pw Adn-bm-a-t√m. Hcp hnZym-

`ym-k-tI-µ-ambn Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ \ap°p kz¥-amb

Hcp ]≈nbpw tlmÃepw D≠m-tI-≠Xp FXbpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

D]cn hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\mbn \ΩpsS bphm-°-∑mcpw bph-Xn-Ifpw [mcm-

f-ambn AhnsS Xma-k-ap-≠v. IqSmsX DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cpw, hyh-km-bn-

I-fp-ambn Ipsd Bfp-Ifpw AhnsS ÿnc-Xm-a-k-ap-≠v. Ch-cpsS F√m-

h-cp-sSbpw Bflo-b-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn°p \ΩpsS Hcp ]≈n D≠m-tI-

≠Xp FXbpw AXym-h-iy-hp-am-Ip-∂p. AXn-\mbn \ΩpsS Nß-\m-

t»cn hnImcn ]n. kn. Ão^≥ IØ-\mcpw SÃn sI. F≥.

Nmt°mbpw, ]≈n-°-Ω-‰n-°mcpw Ahn-SpsØ CS-h-I-°mcpw AhnsS

]Tn-°p∂ \ΩpsS hnZym¿∞n-\o-hn-Zym¿∞n-Ifpw Bh-iy-amb ]h¿-

Ø\w \S-Øns°m≠ncn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \ΩpsS k`mw-K-ßƒ Cu ]≈n-

bpsS ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Kuchw a\- n-em°n th≠ klm-b-k-l-I-

c-W-ßƒ sNbvXpsImSp-°-W-sa∂p \mw BK-ln-°p-∂p. Nß-\m-

t»cn CS-h-Ibv°p kz¥-ambn hcp-am-\-Øn\p A[nIw Ign-hn-√m-Ø-

Xn-\m¬ \ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ Ahsc i‡n-°-\p-k-c-W-ambn klm-bn-

°-W-sa∂v \mw BK-ln-°p-∂p. Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ \ap°p ]q¿∆o-I-

ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂ kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n \ap°p \jvS-am-bn-t∏m-bXv \nß-

ƒ°p Adn-bm-a-t√m. B tZiØp Xs∂ ]pXp-Xmbn Hcp ]≈n D≠m-

Ip-∂Xv \ap°p A`n-am-\-I-c-am-Wv F∂pw \ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ kvacn-

°p-sa∂pw \mw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ssZhw \nß-fpsS ]b-Xv\-ßsf A\p-

K-ln-°-s´.

F∂v, 1952 HIvtSm-_¿ 8˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-

bn¬ \n∂pw.




\ΩpsS .... ]≈n hnIm-cnbpw tZiØv ]´-°mcpw ]≈n-ssI°m-

c∑mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn Is≠-∂m¬ \nßƒ°p hmgvhv.

]nb-sc,

B ]≈n-bnse Pq_nen ASpØv \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn \nßƒ s]mXp-

tbmKw IqSn \n›bw sNbvXv \sΩ Adn-bn-®n-´p-≠-t√m. Cu I\-I-

Pq-_nen BtLm-j-Øn¬ Pq_nen kvamc-I-ambn \nßƒ ]WnXp-

sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ kt≠-kvIqƒ sIńSw FXbpw s]s´∂v Xo¿°p-

I-bpw, Pq_nen IΩ-‰n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw a‰pw, th≠ kIe

]W-k-lm-b-ßfpw \nßƒ sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂v \mw

hniz-kn-°p-∂p. IqSmsX ]≈n°pth≠n Pq_nen kvamc-I-ambn

hy‡n-I-fm-bpw, IpSpw-_-ß-fmbpw t\¿®-Im-gv®-Iƒ ssZh-ap-ºmsI

ka¿∏n-°p-∂Xv FXbpw DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cu ]b-Xv\-Øn¬ \nß-

fpsS kIe A≤zm-\-ß-sfbpw ssZhw A\p-K-ln-°s´ F∂v \mw

]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

Cu Pq_nen BtLm-j-tØm-Sp-IqSn km[p-P-\-kw-c-£Ww IqSp-

X¬ hn]p-e-amb coXn-bn¬ AhnsS \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Du¿÷n-X-amb

Hcp ]h¿Ø\w IqSn D¬Lm-S\w sNø-W-sa∂pw \mw KpW-tZm-jn-

°p-∂p.


sf-√m-h-cpsS-taepw D≠m-bn-cn°-s´. BbXv ssZh-am-Xm-hmb hn. a¿Ø-

a-dn-bm-an-s‚bpw kIe ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cp-sSbpw ip≤n-a-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw

C¥y-bpsS Imh¬]n-Xm-hm-b -am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bp-sSbpw ]m¿∞-

\-I-fm¬ Xs∂.

F∂v, 1953 am¿®v 4˛mw XobXn ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-

dm-bn¬ \n∂pw.




No. 38

\ΩpsS .... ]≈nhnIm-cnbpw tZiØv ]´-°mcpw ]≈n-ssI-°mc-

∑mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn Is≠-∂m¬ \nßƒ°p hmgvhv.

]nb-sc,

tIm´bw `Z-mk\ CS-h-I-bpsS klmb saXm-\mbn am¿ Cuhm-

\n-tbmkv F∏n-kvtIm-∏msb \n. h. Zn. a. io. tamdm≥ am¿ _t -en-

tbmkv ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v ]cn-ip≤ knwlm-

k-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Iev]n®p \nb-an-®n-cn-°p∂ hnhcw FX-bpw kt¥m-

j-]p-c- cw \mw \nßsf F√m-h-scbpw Adn-bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]bpw A\p-K-l-ßfpw \nßƒ

F√m-h-cpsS taepw D≠m-bn-cn-°-s´.

F∂v, 1953 BKÃv 5˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬

\n∂pw.



No. 42

\ΩpsS .... ]≈nhnIm-cnbpw tZiØv ]´-°mcpw ]≈n-ssI-°mc-

∑mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn Is≠-∂m¬ \nßƒ°p hmgvhv.

]nb-sc,

\ΩpsS k` ]bm-k-ta-dnb Hcp hn]¬L-´sØ XcWw sNøp∂

Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ IcpW \ΩpsS k`-bn¬ D≠m-

Ip∂Xn\pw, imiz-X-amb Hcp kam-[m\w ssZhw \ap°v Xcp-∂-Xn\pw

\nßƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw apń-∏mbn ssZh-tØmSp ]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v

\mw \nßsf F√m-h-scbpw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS k -bpsS tim -

\-amb `mhn°v \nßƒ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw lrZ-b-]q¿∆-amb kl-I-c-

W-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ k`-bpsS imiz-X-amb \ne-\n¬-

∏n\pw ]ptcm-K-a-\-Øn\pw Bflo-b-amb Db¿® \ΩpsS F√m CS-h-


I-I-fnepw hy‡n-I-fnepw D≠m-tI-≠Xv FXbpw Bh-iy-am-Ip-∂p.

AXn-\m¬ BflnI-amb ]ptcm-K-a\w \ΩpsS F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw

D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v \ΩpsS ]´-°mcpw P\-ßfpw HsØm-cp-an®v ian®v

CS-h-I-I-fnse Bflo-b-]-h¿Ø\w IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\v

Hmtcm CS-h-I-°mcpw ap≥ssI FSpØv ]h¿Øn-°-W-sa∂v \nßsf

\mw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS `Zm-k-\-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Nne Imcy-ß-sf-°p-

dn®v Btem-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \ΩpsS `Zm-k\ s]mXp-tbmKw 1953

sk]v‰w-_¿ 23˛\p _p[-\mgvN 1 aWn°v tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏-

en¬ h®v ]. ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-a-\- nse al-\obm-≤y-£-

X-bn¬ IqSp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu Zm-k\ s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn-te°v sXc-s™-

Sp-Øn-´p≈ `Zm-k\ s]mXp-tbmK ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ]≈n-s®-e-hn-t∑¬

IrXy-k-a-bØv lmP-cmbn s]mXp-tbmK N¿®-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°-W-

sa∂v \mw \nßsf Adn-bn-°p-∂p.

`Zm-k\ s]mXp-tbm-K-Øns‚ t]mKmw

1. ]m¿∞\

2. an\n‰vkv hmb\

3. `Zm-k\ skI-´-dn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v

4. kap-Zmb ]ncnhv IW-°p-Iƒ

5. Zi-h-’-c-]-≤Xn ]ncnhv

6. A≤y-£≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ a‰v hnj-b-ßƒ

7. tIm´bw `Zm-k\ klmb saXms‚ ÿm\mtcm-lWw

˛ HIvkntbmkv sNm√pI


F√m-h-cpsS taepw D≠m-bn-cn-°-s´.

F∂v, 1953 sk]v‰w_¿ 10˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-

bn¬ \n∂pw.




\ap°v FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏´ \ΩpsS ]nb≥ ...... IØ\m¿°v

hmgvhv.

]nb-s\,

\ΩpsS `Zm-k-\-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-sf-∏‰n

Btem-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1953 \hw-_¿ 14˛\p IqSnb `Zm-k\ Iu¨-

kn-ens‚ ip]m¿i A\p-k-cn®v \ΩpsS `Zm-k-\-Øn-ep≈ ]´-°m-

cpsS Hcp tbmKw 1953 Unkw-_¿ 5˛\p i\n-bmgvN ]I¬ Hcp aWn°v

tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en¬ h®v IqS-W-sa∂v \mw \n›-bn-®n-cn-

°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \ΩpsS ]nb≥ ]≈n-sN-e-hn¬ IrXy-k-a-bØv tbmK-

Øn¬ lmP-cm-I-W-sa∂v \mw BK-ln-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS Zm-k-\-Øn¬

GIo-Ir-X-amb Hcp `cWw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Xmsg ImWp∂ hnj-

b-ß-sf-∏-‰n ]´-°m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂-Xn\v \mw AXn-

bmbn BK-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n \ΩpsS ]nb≥

]Tn-®p-sIm≠v hc-W-sa-∂pw, Zm-k-\-Øns‚ t£asØ ap≥\n¿Øn

tbmK-Øn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n®v k¿∆-kΩ-

X-amb \n›-b-ßƒ D≠m-°-W-sa∂pw \mw \nßsf F√m-h-scbpw

Adn-bn-°p-∂p.

Btem-N\m hnj-b-ßƒ

1. hn. k` ]pXnb Ie-≠¿ kzoI-cn-®-Xn¬ \n∂pw Bhn¿`-hn-

°p∂ ]pXnb ]iv\-ßƒ.

2. `Zm-k\ hcp-am-\-ß-fpsS GIo-I-cWw.

3. CS-h-I-∏-≈n-Iƒ ]. ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øn-te°v Fgp-

Xn-s°m-Sp-°pI.

4. CS-h-I-h-cp-am-\-Øn¬ GIo-I-cWw. ] m-cw, I¿Ω-ô-kv, \S-

h-g-°w, Ip¿∫m-\-∏-Ww apX-em-bh.

5. amtam-Zo-km, hnhmlw Ch-bn¬ k`-bpsS XXzw A\p-k-cn®v

]h¿Øn-°pI.

6. A\y-C-S-h-I-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿ \S-Øp∂ Ieym-W-ßƒ,

AXns‚ hcp-am-\-ßƒ.


7. CS-h-I-I-fpsS Bflob ]ptcm-K-a\w.

1) kt≠-kvIqƒ 2) a¿Ø-a-dnbw kamPw 3) bph-P-\-k-amPw 4)

]m¿∞-\m-tbmKw 5) Poh-Im-cpWy ]h¿Ø\w 6) I¨h≥j≥ 7)

[ym\-tbm-K-ßƒ 8) ss__nƒ ¢m p-Iƒ 9) hoSp-k-µ¿i\w.

8. ]´-°m-cpsS [ym\-tbmKw.

9. ]´-°m-cpsS ]T-\-¢m pIƒ.

10. Zi-h-’-c-]-≤Xn.

ssZhw A\p-K-ln-°s´


bn¬ \n∂pw.



]nb-sc, \ΩpsS ]nXm-hmb ]cn-ip-≤- Im-tXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-

a-\- p-sIm≠v NnIn-’-°mbn sh√q¿ Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ Fgp-s∂-≈n-

Øm-a-kn-°p-∂-Xpw, hnP-b-I-c-amb Hm∏-td-j≥ Xncp-a-\- n-te°v \S-

∂p-I-gn-™Xpw \nßƒ F√m-hcpw Adn-™p-Im-Wp-sa∂v \mw hniz-

kn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv sh√q¿°v Fgp-s∂-≈p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]mbn

]≈n-Iƒ°v Ab-®n-cp∂ Iev]-\-]-Imcw Xncp-a-\- nse tcmK-i-a-\-

Øn-\mbn ]´-°m¿ hn. Ip¿_m-\-I-fn¬ F√mw Xncp-ta-\n°v hn.

Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-°p-I-bpw, hnizm-kn-I-fmb \ΩpsS Bflob a°ƒ

]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa∂v \nßsf F√m-h-scbpw \mw Hm¿Ωn-

∏n-®ncp-∂p.

]pXnb Ie-≠¿ \mw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \Ωp-sS F√m

]≈n-I-fnepw 1954-˛-te-°p≈ ]pXnb `c-W-k-a-nXnsb ]≈n-s∏m-Xp-

tbmKw IqSn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I-bpw, ]≈n-s∏m-Xp-tbm-K- dn-t∏m¿ v \ap°v

Ab-®p-X-cn-Ibpw sNø-Ww. \ΩpsS F√m-]-≈n-I-fn-sebpw sXc-s™-

Sp-°-s∏´ ]pXnb `c-W-k-an-Xn°v \ΩpsS tcJm-aq-e-amb A\p-hmZw

hmßn-®n-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿_-‘-ambn \nßsf \mw Adn-bn-°p-∂p.

1953- se hm¿jn-I-sX-c- ns‚ c≠p-tIm-∏n-Iƒ F√m ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

\ΩpsS Bô-kn-te°v Ab-®p-X-c-Ww. AXn¬ H∂v \mw ]≈nI-

fpsS b-en¬ kq£n-°p-∂-Xpw, at‰-]Xn \mw ]cn-tim-[n®v \ΩpsS


AS-bm-f-tØm-Sp-IqSn \nß-fpsS ]≈n-dn-°m¿Un¬ kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn Xncnsb Ab-®p-X-cp-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. \ΩpsS saXm-k-\-

Iu¨knens‚ ip]m¿i A\p-k-cn®p 1954 apX¬ \ΩpsS F√m

]≈n-I-fnepw _UvP‰v ap≥Iqń Xøm-dm°n AXp-t]mse `cWw \S-

Ø-W-sa∂v \n¿_-‘-ambn \nßsf \mw Adn-bn-°p-∂p. IqSmsX

]≈n-s∏m-Xp-tbmKw ]m m-°p∂ _UvP-‰ns‚ c≠p-]-Xn-Iƒ \ΩpsS

F√m-]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \ap°v B∏o-kn-te°v Ab-®p-X-cn-Ibpw

\ΩpsS A\p-hm-Zw AXn\v hmßn-®n-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. _UvP-‰n¬

kap-Zm-b-]n-cn-hp-Iƒ saXm-k-\-h-cp-am-\-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-I-fpsS XpI-

Iƒ tN¿Øn-cn-°-Ww. ]≈n-s∏m-Xp-tbm-K-dn-t∏m¿´v, sXc´v, _UvP‰v

Ch-I-fpsS tIm∏n-Iƒ ]≈n-hn-Im-cn-amcpw ]≈n-ssI-°m-c-∑mcpw

tN¿∂v DSs\ \ΩpsS Bô-kn-te°v F√m ]≈-n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Ab-

®p-X-c-Ww.

]nbsc, Ct∏mƒ s]cp-\m-fp-IfpsS Ime-ß-fm-W-t√m. s]cp-\m-

fp-Iƒ \S-Øp-tºmƒ Hcp Imcyw \mw hnkva-cn-°-cp-Xv. s]cp-\mƒ

Znhkw P\-ßƒ ]≈n Bcm-[-\-bn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-Ibpw hn.

Ip¿_m\ Iq´-ambn A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ø° Hcp kml-Ncyw

\mw krjvSn-°Ww. s]cp-\m-fp-I-fpsS Xte-cm-Xn-bnse t]mKmw 8

aWn°v ap≥]mbn Xoc-Ø-°-hn[w ap≥Iqń \n›-bn-°p-I-bpw -Ah

`‡n-bmbn \SØp∂Xn\v ian-°bpw sNø-Ww. cmXn apgp-h≥ _l-

f-hpw, `‡n-hn-cp-≤-amb t]mKmapw D≠m-°n-bm¬ P\-ßƒ s]cp-

\mƒZn-hkw hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ Fßs\ kw_-‘n°pw? Cu Imcyw

CX¿ln-°p∂ Kuc-h-tØm-Sp-IqSn \nßƒ ho£n-°p-sa∂v \mw hniz-

kn-°p-∂p.

Ign™ Unkw-_¿am-k-Øn¬ \ΩpsS \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw

\ΩpsS am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-®s‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ \S-Ønb

]´-°m-cpsS c≠p-tbm-Kßfnepw `Zm-k-\-Øns‚ Bflo-bhpw

euInI-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-a-\-Øn-\p≈ Nne ]≤Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]´-°m-

cpsS A`n-]mbw \mw Bcm-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Btem-N-\m-hn-j-b-ß-sf-

°p-dn®v sFI-I-WvtT\ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ D≠m-bn- p≠v. Zm-k-\-Øns‚

hn]p-e-amb ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p DX-I-Ø-°-hÆw ]´-°m-cp-ambn H∂p-

IqSn Sn hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-°p-∂Xn\pw AhnsS ]m m-

°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ `Zm-k-\-s∏m-Xp-tbm-K-Øns‚ N¿®°p hnj-bo-`hn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw \mw \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ]´-°m-cpsS Hcp

tbmKw \ΩpsS am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkv saXm-®s‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬

1954 s^_p-hcn 3˛\p _p[-\mgvN ]Øp-a-Wn°v tIm´bw Fw. Un.


skan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v \S-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn¬ \ΩpsS Zm-k-\-Ønse

F√m ]´-°mcpw kw_-‘n-°-Ww. ]´-°m¿ F√m-hcpw ]≈n-s®-e-

hn¬ tbmK-Øn¬ IrXy-k-a-bØv lmP-cm-I-Ww. 1953 \hw-_¿ 27˛\p

\ΩpsS Iev]-\-bn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n®p

ho≠pw Cu tbmK-Øn¬ Btem-Nn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

F∂v, 1954 P\p-hcn 22-˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-

bn¬ \n∂pw.



\ΩpsS `Zm-k-\-Øn-ep≈ F√m ]≈n-I-fn-sebpw hnIm-cn-amcpw,

tZiØp ]´-°m-cpw, ]≈n-ssI-°m-c-∑mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn


]nb-sc,

\ΩpsS `Zm-k\ s]mXp-tbmKw IqSp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn `Zm-k\

hcp-am-\-ßƒ AS-®p-Xo¿°mØ ]≈n-°m¿ FXbpwthKw Sn hcp-

am-\-ßƒ \ap°v Ab-®p-X-c-Ww. `Zm-k\ s]mXp-tbmKw ASpØv

\mw hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-∂-Xm-Wv.

a¿Ø-a-dnbw kam-Pmw-K-ßƒ°mbp≈ ]cn-io-e\¢m v Cu

B≠nepw Ipgn-a-‰-Øp-h®v G]n¬ 4˛mw XobXn apX¬ 14˛mw Xob-

Xn-hsc \S-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. AtX-∏-‰n-bp≈ hni-Z-amb t]mKmw a¿Ø-

a-dnbw kamPw P\-d¬ skI-´dn F√m ]≈n-Iƒ°pw Ab®pXcp-

∂-Xm-Wv. Cu ]cn-io-e-\-¢m- n¬ \ΩpsS F√m ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

]Xn-\n-[n-Isf Ab-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv. ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°v ]cn-io-e-\-

¢m n¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn\v [\-k-lmbw ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \¬I-

W-sa∂v F√m ]≈n-°m-scbpw ]tXyIw \mw KpW-tZm-jn-°p-∂p.

]nb-sc, Ct∏mƒ t\mºns‚ ka-b-am-W-t√m. t\mºp aqe-ambn

ssZh-tØmSv \nc-∏m-Ip-∂-Xn\v \mw Bflm¿∞-ambn ian-°-Ww.

\sΩ ssZh-ap-ºmsI ka¿∏n-®n´v \ap-°p-th-≠n-bpw \ΩpsS k`-

bv°p-th-≠nbpw apń-∏mbn ]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v \nßsf \mw Hm¿Ωn-

∏n-°p-∂p. ssZhw A\p-K-ln-°-s´.


F√m-h-cpsStaepw D≠m-bn-cn-°-s´.


F∂v, 1954 am¿®v 22˛mw XobXn ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zbdm-

bn¬ \n∂pw.



]nb-sc,

ssZhw Xºp-cm≥ \sΩ `c-ta-ev]n-®n-cn-°p∂ `Zm-k-\-Ønse

\ΩpsS BSp-I-fpsS Bflo-b-]p-tcm-KXn Zn\w-tXmdpw ]pjvSn-]m-]n-

®pbcp-h-m≥ \mw ]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS CS-h-I-bn-ep≈ Hmtcm

hy‡n-bp-sSbpw Bflob hf¿® IqSn-t®-cp-tºmƒ CS-h-I-bpsS

hf¿® samØ-ambn km[n®pIgn-bpw. Cuhn[-ap≈ \ΩpsS ]nb-

a°-fpsS Db¿®bv°v hoSp-k-µ¿i\w ][m\ LS-I-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬

hoSp-kµ¿i\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v \ΩpsS ]´-°msc F√mw \mw KpW-

tZm-jn-°p∂p. C]-Im-c-ap≈ kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ CS-bs\ BSp-I-fpw, BSp-

Isf CS-b\pw t\cn¬ I≠v a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw lrZ-b-ßƒ XΩn¬

]I-cp-Ibpw sNøpw. Bfmw-]Xn i≤n-°p-tºmƒ Bfmw-]-Xn-bp≈

kphn-ti-j-th-ebpw \S-°pw. BSp-Isf t]cp-sNm√n hnfn-∏m\pw Ah-

bpsS i_vZw tIƒ∏m-\p-ap≈ ]‰nb Ah-kcw Aßs\ kam-K-X-am-

Ibpw sNøpw. hoSpk-µ¿i-\-Øn-\mbn \ΩpsS ]´-°m¿ t]mIp-

tºmƒ, Xocm-hym-[n-bp-≈-h¿, NnØ-`-a-ap-≈-h¿, A\m-Y¿, AwK-lo-

\¿, hn[-h-am¿ apX-em-b-h-cpsS t£aw Xm¬]-cy-ambn At\z-jn-

°Ww. C]-Imcw Zpcn-Xa-\p- -hn-°p-∂-h-cpsS t]cpw, ta¬hn-em-khpw

kµ¿i\w Xocp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS t]¿°v Ab-®p-X-cn-Ibpw thWw.

hoSp kµ¿i-\-Øns‚ t]mKm-apw, e£y-ßfpw t\c-sØ-Xs∂ CS-

h-I-P-\-ßsf Adn-bn-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. CXp kw_-‘n-®p≈

hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ GsX-√m-sa∂v ] -°m¿ \n›-bn-®p-sIm-≈-Ww. \ΩpsS

]nb- ]-´-°m¿°v CXv `mcn® Hcp tPmen Bbn-tØm-∂n-tb-°mw. Cu

`mcw \ΩpsS c£-I-\p-th≠n BI-bm¬ hln-°p-Ibpw kln-

°pIbpw sNøp-hn≥. kµ¿i\ tPmen-Iƒ DSs\ Bcw-`n-°bpw

HmKÃv amkw 24-˛mw Xob-Xntbm AXn-\p-aptºm Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-bpw,

t]mKkv A∏-t∏mƒ \ΩpsS Bô-knse \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v Adn-

bn-®p-X-cn-Ibpw thWw. CS-h-I -k-µ¿i-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw sNdnb

dnt∏m¿´v HmKÃv amkw Ah-km-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn ChnsS In´p-hm≥

Ab®p-X-c-Ww. \mtam \ΩpsS klmb saXm-®t\m Cu `Zm-k-\-


Ønse F√m ]≈n-Ifpw sk]v‰w-_¿ 1˛mw- Xob-Xn°p tijw

kµ¿in-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ t]mKmw ]n∂mse Xøm-dm°n \nßsf Adn-

bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

F∂v, 1954 Pq¨ 23-˛\p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬

\n∂pw

40hnZym¿∞n ]ÿm\w Pq_n-en°v Biwk

]nb-sc,

hnZym¿∞n-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Poh-\mUn \ΩpsS k`-bnse bph-

P\-ß-fm-W-t√m. Ah¿ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-k-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm-

\-s∏-´-hcpw tkh-\-a-\-ÿnXn°mcpamsW-¶n¬ amXta k`bv°pw

kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw Ah-sc-s°m≠p ]tbm-P\w e`n-°p-I-bp-≈p. \ΩpsS

k`-bpsS Cu hn]¬L-´-Øn¬ \ΩpsS bph-P-\-ßƒ t_m[-hm-∑m-

cm-bn, hnizm-k-ÿn-c-X-bp-≈-h-cm-bn, I¿tΩm-’p-I-cmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-

∂n-s√-¶n¬ k`-bpsS `mhn tim`-\-am-bn-cn-°-bn-√.

AXn-\m¬ \ΩpsS k`-bnse F√m bph-P-\-ßfpw k`m-kvt\-l-

Øm¬ \n¿∫-‘n-X-cmbn \thm-t∑-j-tØm-Spw, ssZhm-i-b-tØmSpw

ap≥t]m´p h∂v k`-mtk-h\w Xß-fpsS apZm-hm-Iy-ambn kzoI-cn®v

]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\v, Cu Pq_nen Ah¿°p t]cW \¬Is´ F∂

Biw-k-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn \n¿-Øp-∂p.

1958 G]n¬ 8˛\p Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂v.

kºm-Z-I¿: tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXma-kv,

tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSv


4Ubdn°pdn-∏p-Iƒ

1911

1086 Nnßw 1 -˛ Ct∂ Znhkw cmhnse Ip¿_m\ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

]mºm-Sn-°-≠-Øn-e-®≥ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. h´-ae A_lmw siΩm-

i\pw Icn-ß\ma‰-Øn¬ aØn-bqkv siΩm-i\pw ]Tn-°p-∂p-≠v. Icn-

ß-Wm-a-‰-Øn-e-∏q-∏≥ Chn-sS-Øs∂ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. \mS-I-im-e-bpsS

apI-fn¬ apdn-]-Wn-bm-Wv. F\n°v Hcp s]ńbpw ]Wn-bp-∂p. ISp-

t∏¬ A_lmw h∂p Hmtcm Imcy-ßƒ ]d™ Iq´-Øn¬ Hcp

tbmKw \S-Øn-bm¬ sIm≈m-sa∂v Rm≥ ]d-™-Xn¬ Xr]vXn-bmbn

kwkm-cn-®p. Ipa-cIw D]-tZ-in°v Hcp Fgp-Ø-b-®p.

Nnßw 4 (HmKÃv 20) i\n ˛ Ct∂ Znhkw Hcp aq∂n-t∑¬ Ip¿-

∫m\ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv ]pØ≥I-≠-Øns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-te-°p-

am-bn-cp-∂p. Abmƒ Hcp cq] X∂p. tN¿t°m-Wn¬ Nm≠n Ipsd

Acnbpw sIm≠p-h∂p X∂p. siΩm-®-∑m¿ ]Tn-°p-∂p-≠v. Bim-cn-

am-cn¬ Hcmsf ]Wn-Xp-≈p. aq∂n-t∑¬ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n-bXv Rm\pw,

sF°-c-∏-S-hn-e-®\pw ]mºm-Sn-°-≠Øn-e-®\pw Bbn-cp-∂p. Ipº-km-

c-°mcpw Ipsd-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IS-hpw-`m-KØv siΩm-®≥ tIm´-b-Øp-

\n∂pw h∂n-´p-≠v.

Nnßw 10 (HmKÃv 26) sh≈n ˛ Ct∂ Znhkw A_lmw siΩm-

®\pw a‰pw ]Tn-°p-∂p. Cc-hn-Ip-fØv Cń-b-hn-c-t®-´≥ acn®p sIm≠p-

h-∂p. Rm\pw ]mºm-Sn-°-≠-Øn-e-®\pw A_lmw siΩm-®\pw

amXyqkv siΩm-®\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ip¿∫m-\-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Rm≥

Xs∂-bmWv sNm√n-b-Xv. sNdnbaTØn-e-®≥ h∂n-cp-∂p. ]Xw h∂n-

cp-∂p. D®-tijw ]pfn-¥m-\Øv amWn-bpsS Hcp Ipńbpw acn-®p-

sIm≠ph-∂p.

Nnßw 14 (HmKÃv 30) sNm∆ ˛ Ct∂ Znhkw Bim-cn-am¿ Iń¬

]Wn-bp-∂p. Nmen¬ h¿Kokv Xń\p Iosg-bp≈ aÆv FSp-°p-∂p.

Nmt°m Hcp Ip∏n ]m\n Ing-°p-\n∂pw sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. ao\Sw

sIm®v Ipin-\n-tPmen \S-Øp-∂p. A_lmw siΩm-®\pw a‰pw ]Tn-

°p-∂p. A∏q-∏≥ ap‰w \∂m-°p-∂p. ]≈n-hI iºfw c≠p cq]

X∂p. sh≈p-°p-´-bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp kpJ-t°-Sp-Imcn kvXotbbpw


sIm≠v Ipsd Bfp-Iƒ h∂n-cp-∂p. ]d-°m-hn-e-∏≥ h∂v FS-ßgn

FÆ hmß-n-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn.

Nnßw 22 (sk]v‰w-_¿ 7) _p[≥ ˛ Ct∂ Znhkw k`-bn-ep-≠m-

bn-cn-°p∂ Ipg-∏-ßƒ°v Hcp \nhr-Øn-am¿§w Btem-Nn-°p-∂-Xn\v

]mºmSn ]≈ntaS-bn¬ Hcp tbmKw IqSn Nne \n›-b-ßƒ ]m m°n.

sNdn-b-a-T-Ønse hey®\m-bn-cp∂p AXnse A≤y-£≥. sF°-c-

∏-S-hn-e-®\pw IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Kmb-I-kw-L-°m-cn¬ Nnecpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. \mec aWn°v tbmKw ]ncn™p. A_lmw siΩm-®\pw

a‰pw ]Tn-°p-∂p.

Nnßw 24 (sk]v‰w-_¿ 9) sh≈n ˛ Ct∂ Znhkw apdn -]-WnX

Bim-cn-am¿°v k‘y-bv°p `£Ww sImSp-°p∂ Hcp-°-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂p. k‘ybv°p ]nW¿s°m-Sn-bnse t]c-∏≥, ISp-t∏¬ Bim≥,

sIm®n°m tPyjvT≥, Xe-bv°-e-®≥, siΩm-»-∑m¿, hey-tN-´≥ apX-

em-b-h-cpw, A©¬ amÃ¿, kvIqƒ hm[ym¿ apX-em-b-hcpw D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. Hs°-bpw `wKn-bmbn°gn-™-p. A_lmw siΩm-®\pw a‰pw

]Tn-°p-∂p. A∏w, Ah¬ apX-em-b-hbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F√mw AΩ-

bpsS hm’eyw \nanØw Bbn-cp-∂p.

hr›nIw 16 (Unkw-_¿ 1) ˛ Ct∂ Znhkw Ip¿∫m\ D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. sF°-c-∏-S-hn-e-®≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. Bimcn \mS-I-im-e-bn¬

CjvSnI CSp-∂p. sIm®n-°mbpw amt´¬ Cń-b-hn-cbpw klm-bn-°p-

∂p-≠v. Nmen¬ sNdn-bm\pw, aI\pw the-bv°p \n¬°p-∂p. Icn-ß-

\m-a‰w siΩm-®\p sNmdn-bpw, ]\n-bp-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]Tn-°msX Xmsg

InS-°p-∂p. A_lmw siΩm-®-\pw, sIm®p-sIm®pw a‰pw ]Tn-°p∂p.

Bim\pw a‰pw Im∏n sImSp-Øp. Icn-ß-\m-a-‰-Øn-e-∏q-∏≥ Ipfn-∏p-

cbv°v ]Wn-bp-∂p. hen-b-sIm-®p-tN-´≥ CjvSnIbv°pw IpΩm-b-

Øn\pw t]mbn.

1086 Ipw`w 12 ˛ Ct∂ Znhkw siΩm-i-∑mcpw a¿t°mkpw

tXmamkpw ]Tn-°p∂p. Nmt°m Ing-t°m´v t]mbn XncnsI h∂p.

Bim-∑m¿°v Im∏n- sImSpØp. t]mØ-t®- ≥ D®-hsc Ip»n\ntPmen

\S-Øn. sIm®p-I-Ø-\mcv h∂n-cp-∂p. Xd-bØv Hcmƒ acn-®p-t]mbn

F∂v tI´p. A©¬ amÃ¿ sshIn´v h∂n-cp∂p.

1912

1087 Nnßw 12 Xn¶ƒ: Rm\pw ISp-t∏-em-im\pw Xe-bv°¬ sIm®pw

IqSn Ihe-bv°¬ t]mbn sNdnbaT-Øn¬ hen-b-®s\ I≠v Zb-dm-


bpsS Imcy-sØ-∏‰n Btem-Nn-®p. A®s‚ adp-]Sn kt¥m-j-]-Z-am-

bn-cp-∂p.

hymgw 15 ˛ Ct∂ Znhkw s]mØ≥]pdw Fgp-Xn-®p.

sh≈n 16 ˛ s]mØ≥]p-dØn¬ t]mbn.

27 ˛ Bim-cn-sb-s°m≠p sIń-S-Øn\pw InW-dn\pw ÿm\w

ImWn®p.

I∂n 26 Ct∂-Zn-hkw ]mºmSnbn¬\n∂p Bep-hm-bn-te°p ]pd-

s∏´p. cmXn-bn¬ ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn®p.

27 cmhnse tIm´bw It®-cn-°-S-hn¬ \n∂p t_m´p-Ibdn Be-∏p-

gbv°p t]mbn. D®-tbm-Sp-IqSn Be∏p-g-bn¬ FØn. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw

sIm®n-bn-te°p ]pd-s∏- p. k‘y-tbm-Sp-IqSn sIm®n-bn-se-Øn. t_m v

hgn-at≤y Dd-®p-t]m-b-Xp-sIm≠p Xma-kn-®mWv FØn-t®¿∂Xv.

cmXn tIm´-bv°-IØv kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. bqZ∏≈n

c≠pw kµ¿in-®p.

1087 I∂n 28. t_mń¬ Fd-Wm-Ip-f-sØ-Øn. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw

Xoh≠n-bn¬ Bep-hm-bn°p t]mbn. 9 aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Bep-hm-bn-

se-Øn. ioa-d-ºm-∑m¿°mbn sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp∂ CSs°´pIƒ apdn-

a-‰Øp Xncp-ta-\nsb Gev]n-®p. AXn¬ H∂v ]. ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhmbv°v sImSp-°-W-sa-∂p≈ apdn-a-‰Øp Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n¿t±-

i-a-\p-k-cn®p Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm-∂n®p AXp _mhmbv°p ka¿∏n®p

A\p-Klw hmßn®p. 11 aWn-°p≈ h≠n-bn¬ _mhm Fgp-s∂≈n.

29 ˛ Ct∂-Zn-hkw hn. Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n, ]kw-Kn-®p. apdn-a-‰Øp

Xncp-ta-\nbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Nme dºm≥, HutK≥ dºm≥, hS-Ic

dºm≥, amWn-°-Ø-\m¿ apX-em-b-hcpw IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Fd-Wm-

Ip-f-sØØn Im°p A®s‚ ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p.

30 ˛ cmhnse sIm®n-bn-se-Øn. t_mń¬ Be-∏p-g-sb-Øn. Ahn-

sS-\n∂pw tIm´-b-sØ-Øn. h≠n-bn¬ ]mºmSn°p t]m∂p.

Xpemw 3 ˛ C∂v ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. shbn¬

Dd-®p-t]m-bXpsIm≠p at\m-c-a-bn¬ hni-an-®p. F√m-h¿°pw at\m-

c-a-bn¬\n∂pw tIa-amb `£Ww sImSp-Øp. Fw. G. A®\pw ]oen-

t∏m-®\pw tXm∏n-e-®-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Xpemw 13 ˛ aW¿Im-´p-]-≈n-bn¬ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-sNm-√n, ]kwKw


\SØn. ]≈n-bn¬ Xmakn°-W-sa∂p ]≈n-°m¿ \n¿_-‘n-®p.

Ip¿∫m-\bv°p ssIhn-d-b¬ D≠m-bn.

16 ˛ ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn-seØn Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠p

]e Imcy-ßƒ kwkm-cn-®p. At±lw hfsc tIm]n-jvT-\m-bn-´mWp

kwkm-cn-®-Xv.

18 \mev]Xp Znh-k-tØ°v Hcp t\mºv FSp-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®-X-

\p-k-cn®v Ct∂-Zn-hkw Bcw-`n-®p.

29 I£n-Xn-cn-hn¬ GXp-`m-KØp \nev°-W-sa∂p ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp

Btem-N\ \S-∂p. H∂pw Xocp-am-\n-°msX ]ncn-™p.

hr›nIw 8 ˛ hmI-Øm-\sØ dºm-®≥ h∂n-cp-∂p.

10 ˛ dºm-®\v Hcp Gh≥tKen kΩm-\n-®p.

25 ˛ tIm´bw sNdn-b-]-≈n-bn¬ Hc-Sn-e-lf \S-∂-Xmbn tI´p.

hr›nIw 27 ˛ tPm¿÷v NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Inco-S-[m-c-Ww B-bn-

cp∂p.

29 ˛ I√q∏md kztZin Hcp lnµp-k-\ym-kn- h∂pXma-kn-°p-∂p.

Abmƒ Hcp `‡\pw ⁄m\-ap-≈-h-\p-am-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p.

[\p 4 ˛ siΩm-i≥ ta¬aoi IqSp-X-embn shń-®-Xn\p Abm-

tfmSp \oc-k-s∏-´p.

6 ˛ ka-cn-bpsS A∏oep SÃn-I-sfbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn hn[n®p.

12 ˛ sNdn-b-aTw C∂p skan-\m-cn-bn¬h®p ]´w G‰p.

17 Ct∂-Zn-hkw IS-hpw- m-KØp siΩm-i\v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

saXm-®≥ ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬h®p IØ-\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

18 ˛ Im°p-fn-e-®≥ acn-®-Xmbn tI´p.

19 aq∂p Znh-k-tØ°v Hcp ]tXyI t\mºv FSpØp \S-Øp∂p.

20 ]mXm-f-th-Xmfw F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn\v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂Xv h∂p-

tN¿∂p.

23 ˛ ]tXyI aq∂p-t\mºp hoS-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ccp-]-Ø-©p-t\m-ºp-

ho-S-em-bn-cp-∂p. 10-˛15 t\¿®-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

27 ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn-se-Øn. Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn ]e Imcy-ßfpw


kwkm-cn-®p. Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠p X´p≈ Hcp apdn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-

s∂-¶n¬ AXns‚ Hcp aqe-bn¬ dºm-®\pw Hcp aqe-bn¬ Xncp-ta-

\nbpw Xma-kn-°mw. Hcp XpSw sh≈-sa-\n-s°-¶n¬ ]IpXn dºm-

®\pw F∂p Xncp-ta\n Iev]n-®p. Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠n-√.

AXn\p hey-Xn-cp-ta\n°njvS-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. sIm®-®≥ ]´-ta-‰-tijw

BZyw-sNbvX Hcp ipiqj Hcp Ipń-bpsS ih-a-S-°-am-bn-cp-∂p.

aIcw 1 ˛ C∂v sIm®-®s‚ ]pØ≥Ip¿∫m-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ih-e-

bv°p-t]mbn (hm-gq¿ 14-˛mw-ssa¬). a´-bv°-e-®\pw Fw.- F. A®-\p-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Fw. F. A®≥ ]kw-Kn-®p.

6 ˛ C∂v Ip¿∫m-\-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. a´-bv°-e-®-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

A®≥ ]kw-Kn-®p.

14 ˛ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ FØn Xma-kn-°p-∂p. ]mºmSn ]≈n-bnepw

I£n-h-g°p ]_-e-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn. dºm-®s‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ ap´p-

IqSmsX \S-Ø-W-sa∂p Xncp-ta\n A®s\ i´w-sI-ń-bn-cp-∂p.

Ip`w 3 ˛ \nc-WØp ]≈n-Iq-Zm-ibv°p t]mbn-cp-∂p. hey-Xn-cp-ta-

\nbpw A¬hm-dokv saXm-®-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

14 ˛ ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhmbv°v Ab-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp IØv

Fgp-Xm≥ Gev]n-®n-cp-∂Xv Fgp-Xp-∂p.

18 ˛ C∂p sIm®p-Ip-™p- ap-X¬t]¿ tXßm CSp-hn-°m\pw

s]mØp-sI- n-°m\pw skan-\m-cn-∏-d-ºn¬ h∂p. Ipsd tPmen-sbms°

sNøn®p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hntcm[w aqew apgp-h-\m-bn-√. aev]ms\ ]nSn-

®p-X-≈pI apX-em-bh sNbvXp. Xncp-ta\n aev]m-\n´v H∂p sImSp-Ø-

Xmbpw tI´p.

19 ˛ Xncp-h-√m-bn¬ \n∂pw Bfp-Isf £Wn-°m≥ Xncp-ta-\n-

t]mbn.

20 ˛ Xmg-Ø-ßm-Sn-°m¿ h∂p sXßns‚ s]msØ-Sp-Øp.

22 ˛ A¬hm-dokv saXm-®≥ k‘y-bv°p-tijw t]mIp-hm≥ Hcp-

ßp∂p.

27 ˛ C∂p-ap-X¬ Ipsd Bfp-Isf skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn∏n-®p-h-

cp∂p.

ao\w 5 ˛ skan-\m-cn, sNdn-b-]≈n apX-em-bh ]qń.

13 ˛ ]mXn-b¿°okv I£n-°mcpw Imh-en-´p.


15 ˛ Hcp bma-\-a-kv°mcw Fgp-Xn-h-cp-∂p.

20 ˛ Xncp-h√m B\-∏m-∏nsb ASn®v Bk-∂-a-c-W-\mbn InS-°p-

∂-Xmbn tI´p.

CShw 7 ˛ Ct∂-Zn-hkw A_vtZZv anin-lm-_mhm ]pd-s∏-´-Xmbn

At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp Iºn h∂p.

]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn

26 ˛ _mhm _mw•q-cn¬\n∂pw ]pd-s∏-´-Xmbn A®s‚ Iºn-In-ń.

29 _mhm-bpsS sIm®n-bn-te-°p-≈ bmXbv°p sIm®n Kh¿sΩ‚p-

hI tamt´m¿ Imdpw lPq-cnse in]m-bn-am-scbpw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cn-°p-

∂-Xmbn Iºn-h-∂p.

anYp\w 3 ˛ siΩm-i-∑m¿°v Dudm-dmbpw ipiq-j-°p-∏m-b-hp-an√m-

Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠p Xncp-ta\n hfsc tZjy-s∏-´p.

10 ˛ ipiq-j-°p-∏mbw C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠p Ipsd siΩm-i-∑m¿

at\m-c-abv°p IS-∂p-I-f-™p.

14 ˛ Xncp-ta\n _mhmsb ImWm≥ Fd-Wm-Ip-f-Øn-\p-t]mbn.

25 ˛ _mhmsb Kh¿sa‚pw P\-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°-cp-sX∂p tÃ‰p

skI-´-dn-bpsS Iºn h∂-Xmbn tI´p.

30 ˛ kz¥w ssI∏-S-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb \-akv°m-c-]p-kvXIw _b‚p-

sNbvXp Inń. hfsc ]b-Xv\n-®p-≠m-°nb Cu ]pkvXIw I≠n´pw

I≠n´pw sImXn AS-ßp-∂n-√.

I¿°-SIw 23 ˛ cmPn-bm-tem-N-\-°mbn saXm-®≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´-X-

\p-k-cn®v Ipcy\pw a‰pw h∂n-cp-∂p. tbmPn-°msX ]ncn-™p.

26 ˛ Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm-∂n®v ]cp-a-e-bv°p-t]m-bn. ChnsS h∂p

_mhmsb I≠p.

1088 Nnßw 1 ˛ ]cp-ae aq∂n-t∑¬ Ip¿∫-m\-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

ioa°mcmWv hn. Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n-bXv.

5 ˛ ]. _mhmsb ImWm≥ A\-h-[n-bm-fp-Iƒ h∂p-sIm-≠n-

cn°p∂p. _mhm Ahsc A\p-K-ln®v kt¥m-j-tØm-sS-bmWv ]ncn-

®-b-bv°p-∂-Xv.

19 ˛ Xncp-ta-\n ]cp-a-ebv°p t]mIp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn dºm-®\p


ÿm\w Xcp-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]d-™p. ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS BZysØ

]hrØn dºm-®-\n¬ BIs´ F∂pw a‰pw ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

25 ˛ sNdnbaT-Øn¬ hey-®-s\-I≠p ÿm\-ta-ev°p-∂-Xns\

kw_-‘n®p A`n-]m-b-ßfpw a‰pw AS-ßnb Hcp teJ\w sImSpØp.

Bemw-]≈n kvIqfns‚ ]Wn°p 4 cq]m sImSp-Øp.

30 ˛ apdn-a-‰Øp Xncp-ta-\nsb a]n-b-m\m-bmbn hmgn-°p-∂-Xp-kw-

_-‘n®v skan-\m-cn-bn-ep≈ siΩm-i-∑m¿°pw a‰pw Hcp Im∏n \SØn.

F√m-h¿°pw Xr]vXn-bm-bn. Im∏n°v Ht∂-ap-°m¬ cq]m sNe-hm-bn.

Nnßw 31 ˛ apdn-a-‰Øp saXm-®s\ a]n-bm-\mbm-bn hmgn®p. \nc-

WØp ]≈n-bn¬ h®v.

I∂n 6 ˛ ]Wn-°-c-®\pw ]oen-t∏m-kp-h-°oepw h∂n-cp-∂p.

]pkvXIw thKw FgpXn Xo¿°-W-sa∂pw _mhmsb ]mºm-Sn°p

sIm≠p-t]mI-W-sa∂pw a‰pw ]d-™p.

Xpemw 16 ˛ _mhmsb ImWp-∂-Xn\p ]cp-a-e-bv°p-t]m-bn. ssI-

apØn. kΩm-\-ßƒ ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm-bpsS apdn-bn¬ hbv°m≥

Iev]n-®p. A∂p _mhmbv°pw a‰pw am∂m¿ kvIqfp-Im-cpsS awK-f-

]Xw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 30-˛m-asØ hb- n¬ ÿm\-ta-ev°-W-sa∂p

ImtXmen-°m-_mhm kt¥m-j-ambn Iev]n-®p.

17 ˛ ]cp-ae s]cp-\mƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. ]. _mhmbpw ImtXmen°m

_mhmbpw dºm-®\pw IqsS aq∂n -t∑¬ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n.

_mhmbv°pw -a‰pw Fw.Pn.Fw. kvIqfp-Im-cpsS awK-f]Xw D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. sshZnItbmK-hp-ap-≠mbn-cp∂p. hey-sa-Xm-®≥ ]kw-Kn-®p.

F√m-hcpw Ic-™p.

1913

1913 HmKÃv 18: Ct∂-Zn-hkw ioa-I-Øp-I-fn¬ Nne-sX-gp-Xp-∂p.

Ip¿∫m\ XIvkm hn. ]tXm-kns‚ Iaw Fgp-Xp-hm≥ Bcw-`n-s®-

¶nepw ap≥]-d-™-Xns‚ tPmen- \n-anØw Dt]-£n-t°≠n h∂p. ioa-

IØp apgp-h\pw Fgp-Xn-Xo¿Øp. F\n°p Ip∏mbw Xbv°p-∂-Xn-

te-°p-≈-sX-SpØv _m°n sImSp-°-W-sa∂p ]d™v henb saXm-

®≥ Hcp ]h≥ X∂p. Rm≥ Fgp-Øp-tPmen \nanØw IS-bn¬

t]mbn√.


1914

1914 \hw-_¿ 18: Ct∂-Zn-hkw Ce-hp-°-Sp-∏n¬ I]ym-cpsS

AΩbv°p D]oivam Ign-°m≥ t]mbn. Sn kvXo Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX

acn-®p-t]m-bn. henb siΩm-»-≥, ao\Sw siΩm-i≥ apX¬t]cpw A∏q-

∏\pw IqsS Xma-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. aT-Øn-em-»m≥ Hcp ]hs‚ tamXncw

kΩm-\n-®p.

1915

1090 Nnßw 12 ˛ Ct∂ Znhkw hn. amXm-hns‚ hmßn-∏ns‚ s]cp-

∂mƒ (am-dm-\m-b) Bbn-cp-∂p. Rm≥ sX°≥ ]mºmSn ]≈n-bn¬

Bbn-cp-∂p. sF°-c-∏-S-hn-e-®\pw siΩm-i-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]mºm-

Sn-bn¬ ASn el-f-bp-≠m-b-Xmbn tI´p.

1918

1918 Pq¨ 14: Ct∂-Zn-hkw cmhnse hn. Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. ao\Sw,

sX°p- m-KsØ ]≈n-°q-S-Øn¬ t]mbn. a√-Ims´ Cń-bu-cmsb A\p-

tam-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\p IqSnb tbmK-Øn¬ A≤y£w hln-®p. Nnd-bv°¬

Ip™mWp Hcp tamXn-chpw Rm≥ Hcp hSnbpw kΩm-\n-®p. hSn°v

Bdp -cq] hne- h-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. CS-°c Ip™q™v F\n°p kΩm-\n-

®-Xm-Wv.

1918 \hw-_¿ 11, ]gbskan-\mcn: Ct∂-Zn-hkw Xncp-ta-\n-Isf

I≠v Bin¿∆mZw hmßn. henb Xncp-ta\n 21 cq]bpw I≠-\ms´

Xncp-ta\n 10 cq]bpw sNdn-b-a-T-Øn¬ kvIdnbm IØ-\m¿ 3 cq]bpw

Xncpa\ nse A\-¥n-c-h≥ ]oen-t∏mkv Iio»m 1 cq]bpw Cßs\

35 cq] Inń. Rm≥ CsXm∂pw Icp-Xn-t]m-b-X-√. ssZhw Cßns\

X∂-Xm-Wv. Icp-W-bp≈ ssZhw Ir]- sNbvXv Cu tZhm-e-b-]Wn

Ah-km-\n-°p∂Xphsc Cßs\ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-sc-sIm≠v Xcp-hn-°-s´.

Rßƒ ]Øp -a-Wn°v ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂p ]pd-s∏´p \mep

a-Wn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Zb-dm-bn¬ FØn.

1924

1924 am¿®v 11 (1099 Ipw`w 28 sNm∆): Ct∂ Znhkw at\m-ca

]Xw hn. ]n. Bbn h∂-Xn\v 2 cq]m 10 NIw 2 Imiv sImSp-Øp.

Cu∏≥ hiw Xncp-\-°-c°v 2 cq]m 14 NIw sImSp-Ø-b-®p. 2 ae-

bmf \a-kvIm-c- ]p-kvX-Ihpw, CS-ßgn sNdp-]-b-dpw, Ipsd IS-emkv


apX-em-b-hbpw hmß-n-∏n-®p. Bim-cn-am-cn-cp-hcpw sh≈-bn-Sp-∂p. Bim-

cn°v 1 cq]m sImSp-Øp. aØm-bnbpw A_-lmhpw IpΩmbw Iq´p∂p.

Bem-º-≈n¬ \n∂pw 4 ]m´ IpΩmbw sIm≠p-h-∂p. sF°-c-∏-S-hn-

e-®-s\ -Im-Wm≥ t]mbn. A®\v 1 cq]mbpw Ipsd Acn-bpw, Hcp

GØ-°p-ebpw kΩm-\-ambn sImSp-Øp. k‘y Ign™v ag \∂mbn

s]bvXp.

1924 am¿®v 18 (1099 ao\w 5 sNm∆): Ct∂ Znhkw cmhnse sF°-

c-∏-S-hn¬ A®s\ ImWm≥ t]mbn. Rm≥ AhnsS FØn-b-t∏mƒ

A®\v Aev]w izmkw amXta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. Rm≥ ]m¿∞\

Ign™v Zb-dm-bn-tebv°v aS-ßn-t∏m-∂p. Zb-dm-bn-seØn Aev]w Ign-

™-t∏mƒ A®≥ acn-®p-t]mbn F∂v Bƒ h∂p ]d-™p. GI-

tZiw 10 aWn Bbn-°m-Wpw. ho≠pw 3 aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn A®s‚

hońseØn c≠v sXivsaivØm Ign®v aS-ßn-t∏m-∂p. ]mºm-Sn-°≠w,

h√y-a-Æn¬, hb-e-∏-≈n¬, h´-a-e, aÆq-°-Sp-∏n¬ F∂o ]´-°mcpw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. h√y-a-Æn¬ A®≥ ]mºm-Sn-°-≠-Øn-e-®-t\m-sSm-∂n®v

Atßm´pw, tijw A®-∑m¿ Zb-dm-bn-te°pw t]m∂p. sNdn-b-a-T-Øn¬

kvIdnbm IØ-\m¿ k‘y-tbm-Sp-IqSn ChnsS h∂n-´p-≠v.

1924 am¿®v 19 (1099 ao\w 6 _p[≥): Ct∂ Znhkw A®-∑m-tcm-sSm-

∂n®v sF°-c-∏-S-hn-seØn 2 sXivsaivØm IqSn Ign-®p. A\-¥cw

IpS, Ipcniv apX-emb ]≈nkm[-\-ßtfmSpw, P\-°q-´-tØmSpw IqSn

A®s‚ arX-i-cocw ]mºmSn ]≈n-bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-bn. hgn-°p-

sh®v sNdn-b-a-T-Øn¬ sNdnb bmt°m_p IØ-\mcpw IqSn. ]≈n-

bn¬ h®v 2 sXivsa-ivØmbpw sNdn-b-a-T-Øn-¬ kvIdnbm IØ-\m-

cpsS ]kw-Khpw Ign-™v, A\-¥c NS-ßp-I-sf√mw \nh¿Øn®v aZv_-

lm-bpsS sX°p-h-iØv A®s‚ arX-i-cocw kwkvI-cn-®p. A®-∑m-

cpsS Im∏n ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ \n∂pw sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. F√mw

GI-tZiw 1 aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ah-km-\n-®p. 2 aWn-°p-tijw

tXm -bv°m- -®-t\m-sSm-∂n®v Rm≥ Zbdm-bn-te°v t]m∂p. A®≥ DS≥-

Xs∂ hoń-tebv°p t]mbn. I√m-im-cn-am¿ aqhcpw sh≈-bn-Sp-∂p.

aZv_-lm-bpsS apIƒ apgp-h\pw an\p-°n -Xo¿∂p.

1924 G]n¬ 5 (1099 ao\w 24 i\n): Ct∂ Znhkw cmhnse

kvIdnbm IØ-\m¿ hn. Ip¿∫m\ AW-®p. siΩm-i-\pw, Cu∏-\pw,

]oen-t∏mkpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aÆq-°-Sp-∏n¬ IØ-\m¿ h∂p Xma-kn-

°p-∂p. ac-bm-im-cn-am¿ Ip™-\pw, aI-\pw, sIm®p-a-I\pw IXIv ]Wn-

bp-∂p. I√m-im-cn-am¿ aZv_-lm-bpsS hS°p hisØ nØn°v an\p°v


IpΩmbw CSp-∂p. Ah¿°v 3 cq]m 3 NIw sImSp-Øp. Bem-º-

≈n¬ sIm®p sIm®p tN´s‚ hoń¬ \n∂v 1 N°bpw Ipsd \mfn-

tI-chpw sIm≠p-h-∂p. aØmbn IpΩmbw Iq´p-∂p.

1924 Pqembv 29 (1099 I¿°-SIw 14 sNm∆): Ct∂ Znh-kw, Rm≥

BZyw ]pØ≥ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√nb Znhkw Bbn-cp-∂p. aT-Øn-em-

im≥ h∂n-cp∂p. hg°v hfsc Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xmg-Ø-ßmSn

ssX∏-d-ºn¬ tXmΩm-®-\pw, eqt°m-®-\pw, sNdnbaT-Øn¬ kvIdnbm

A®\pw, sNº-I-ti-cn¬ sZkvtXmkv tN´\pw Hmtcm Fgp-Øp-Iƒ

Ab-®p.

1929

1929 s^_p-hcn 12 sNm∆: Ct∂-Zn-hkw tIm´-bØp \n∂p h∂n-

cp∂ Imtd¬ ]mºm-Sn-°-≠-Øn-e-®-t\mSpw h -ae A®-t\m-Sp-sam-∂n®v

]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ h∂p. henb saXm-®\pw Ipdn®n saXm-®\pw

_Y\n saXm-®\pw ]gbskan-\mcnbnep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∂-Zn-hkw

apgp-h\pw hfsc k¶-S-tØmSpw thZ-\-tbmSpw IqSn-bsX Ign-®p-Iq-

ń-b-Xv.

1929 s^_p-hcn 13 _p[≥: Ct∂-Zn-hkw sIm®p saX-®≥ hn.

Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. C∂v C∂-e-tØ-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ a\- -am-[m-\-ap≠v.

I≠-©nd tXmΩm A©p- cq]m hne-bp-≈Xpw at\m-l-c-hp-amb c≠p

sNcp∏p sIm≠p-h-∂p. henb Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v saXm≥ÿm\w

G¬°p-tºmƒ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp tam-Xn-chpw BZy

ImtXm-en°m _mhm D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Ipcnipw Hcp Nph∂ Ip∏m-

bhpw X∂p.

1104 Ipw`w 4 (1929 s^_p-hcn 15 sh≈n): Ct∂-Zn-hkw cmhnse

henb saXm-®\pw sIm®p saXm-®\pw _Y\n saXm-®\pw

bmt°m_p dºm\pw Rm\pw -IqsS at\m-c-abv°p t]mbn. henb

saXm-®≥ hn. Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. sIm®p saXm-®s\ ImtXm-en-°m-

bmbn hmgn-®p. A®-∑mcpw P\-ßfpw A\-h[nbmbn-cp-∂p. F√mw

Ign™v Rßƒ A©p aWn-tbm-Sp-IqsS ]gbskan-\m-cn°p

t]m∂p.

1104 Ipw`w 5 (1929 s^_p-hcn 16 i\n): Ct∂-Zn-hkw cmhnse

F√m-hcpw IqsS at\m-c-a-bv°p t]mbn. ImtXm-en°m _mhm hn.

Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. Fs∂bpw bmt°m_p dºm-s\bpw saXm-∑m-cmbn

hmgn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. henb saXm®\pw sIm®p saXm®\pw


D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂-e-tØ-Xnepw Ccń Bfp-Ifpw A®-∑mcpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. tbmK-Øn¬h®v ItÆmX sNdn-bm≥ Hcp tamXn-chpw hmf-

°S amØp-°pń Hcp sNdnb kΩm-\hpw \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. sIt¶-

aamb FXn-tc-evt]m-Sp-IqsS ]gbskan-\m-cn°p t]m∂p. cmXn shSn-

s°´pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

1104 Ipw`w 10 (1929 s^_p-hcn 21 hymgw), ]gbskan-\m-cn -˛ -

]mºmSn: Ct∂-Zn-hkw _mhm hn. Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. c≠p- a-Wn-tbmSp-

IqSn _mhm-tbm-sSm-∂n®v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn-te°p ]pd-s∏-´p. tIm´-

bsØ tbmKy-∑m-cmb ]ecpw bmXsb A\p-K-an-®n-cp-∂p. F´mw

ssaen¬ ]mW-ºSn Ipń-bpsS hoń¬ Im∏n Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xn¬ kw_-

‘n-®p. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´p ]mºm-Sn, ao\Sw apX-emb Ing-°≥

]≈n-°m-cpsS FXn-tc¬∏p ÿe-amb HºXmw ssaen¬\n∂v FXn-

te¬t∏m-sS bmX ]pd-s∏-´p. ]mºmSn Kh-s◊‚p kvIqfns‚ ]Sn-

°¬ sIńAe-¶-cn-®n-cp∂ ]¥-en¬ ]th-in®v ssh.Fw.kn.F.

°mcpsS awK-f-]Xw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´v Bdp-

a-Wn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Zb-dm-bn-seØn Ing-°≥ CS-h-I-°m¿ ]tXyIw A®-

Sn®p Xøm¿ sNbvXn-cp∂ awK-f-]Xw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

tbmK-Øn¬h®v Xmg-Ø-ßmSn Cu. sF. eqt°mkv kz¿Æ …o_m

kΩm-\-ambn \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbmKm-\-¥cw ]m¿∞-\bpw A\-

¥cw _mhm-bpsS Bin¿∆m-Zhpw AXn-\p-tijw shSn-s°´v apX-em-

b-hbpw Ign™v P\w ]ncn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F´mw ssaen¬h®p

\S-Ønb Im∏n kZy-bn¬h®v I∂p-Ip-gn-bn¬ Ip™q™v Ah¿Iƒ

Hcp Ipcn-ip-ame kΩm-\n-®p-sh-∂Xv ]kvXm-hy-am-Wv.

1929 Unkw-_¿ 8: Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Ct∂-Zn-hkw cmhnse ImtXm-

en°m _mhm hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bvs°m-cp-ßn. 7 aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn sshtkm-

bnbpw ]Xv\nbpw A\p-N-c-∑mcpw Ip¿∫m\ ImWp-∂-Xn-\mbn h∂p.

Rß-fmWv ssIsIm-SpØv Ahsc kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Ah¿ ]≈n-bn¬

]th-in-®p. DS≥Xs∂ ad \o°p-Ibpw hn. Ip¿∫m\ Bcw-`n-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. Rm≥ Ah-cpsS ASp-°¬ Aev]w sXt°m-´p-amdn

Ing-°p-h-i-Ømbpw Ah¿ Ccp-hcpw ]Sn-™m-dp-h-i-Ømbpw Ah-tcm-

Sp-IqsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂-h¿ hS-°p-`m-KØv c≠p \nc-bm-bp-amWv Ccp-∂-

Xv. F√m-hcpw Agn-°-I-Øm-Wn-cp-∂-sX-∂p-≈Xpw ]kvXm-hy-amWv.

Rm≥ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ Ccn-°bpw Rm≥ FWo-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿

FWo-°bpw sNbvXp. Ip¿∫m-\-bm-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv C∂sØ

Ip¿∫m\ ]Xn-hp-t]m-se-bp-≈Xp amX-a-√, sshtkm-bn-tbbpw `mcy-

tbbpw kw_-‘n-®p≈ Hcp kvtXmX-Ip¿∫m-\-bm-sW∂pw a‰pw kn.

Fw. tXma p siΩm-i≥ Cw•o-jn¬ Hcp sNdnb ]kwKw sNbvXp.


Ip¿∫m-\-m\-¥cw ImtXm-en°m _mhm aZv_-lm-bn¬ \n∂pw Cd-

ßn-h-∂p. ]ń¬ _b‚p-sNbvX Hcp kpdn-bm\n Ip¿∫m\ XIvkm

]`p-hn°pw Hcp kpdn-bm\n B≠p-XIvkm ]`p-hn\pw kΩm-\n-°p-

Ibpw ]`p-hn-t\bpw a‰pw Bin¿∆-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. alm-dmWn

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]≈n°p ImgvN-sh-®-Xmb sh≈n-°p-cnipw sshtkm-

bnsb ImWn-®p. ap≥ sN-bvX-]-Imcw Rm≥ sshtkm-bnsb Imdns‚

ASp-°¬ hsc sIm≠p-sN-√p-Ibpw ssIsIm-SpØp bmX Ab-bv°p-

I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. sshtkmbn F√m-hn-[-Ønepw kt¥m-jn-®mWp

t]mbXv.

1947 P\p-hcn

1122 [\p 25 hymgmgvN (1947 P\p-hcn 9) ... Ct∂ Znhkw cmhnse

\mec aWn°p ]≈n-bn¬ t]mbn ]m¿∞-\bpw A\-¥cw hn. Ip¿∫m-

\bpw sNm√n. IÆm-Øp-Ip-gn-bn¬ Ff-b-Ωbpw I∂p-Ip-gn-bn¬ Ip™q-

™ns‚ Cfb ktlm-Z-cnbpw aI≥ ...- Ip-™ns‚ `mcybpw h∂p.

tIm´-bn¬ \n∂p Ipsd kmam-\-ßƒ sIm≠p-h-∂p. Hmen-°c Ip™q-

™ns‚ c≠mw aIs‚ hncp∂p ]am-Wn®p GXm\pw kmam-\-ßfpw

sIm≠p-h-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw Im∏n sImSp-Ø-b-®p. tImtc-®s‚ aqØ

aI\pw Afn-b\pw `mcy-bpsS tN´-Øn-bpsS `¿Ømhpw tImtc-®s‚

AΩm-bn-∏\pw IqSn Cu hgn h∂p. Hmen-°c hncp-∂n\p tijw

A∂Ω Ipsd Acnbpw ao\pw a‰p km[-\-ß-fpw ...

1122 [\p 26 sh≈n (1947 P\p-hcn 10) ˛ -Ct∂ Znhkw cmhnse

A©p aWn°v ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Ign-®p. ]m¿∞-\m-\-¥cw hn. Ip¿-

∫m\ sNm√n. dnt_-°mbpw thsd H∂p-c≠p kvXoI-fp-ap-≠m-bn-

cp∂p. Ipdn-bmbpw siΩm-i\pw ipiq-j-Icm-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Da-bm-‰p-Ic ]≈n IqZm-ibv°v sN√-W-sa∂v ImWn-®-b-®n-cp∂

FgpØp Inń. sN√p-∂-Xn\v km[n-°n-s√∂v ]≈n-°msc Adn-bn-t°-

≠-Xn\v _mhm-bpsS siΩm-is‚ t]¿°v aØmbn hiw Fgp-Xn-b-

b®p. \msf ChnsS h®p -IqSp∂ amt\-PnwKv IΩ-ń-°m-cpsS kZy-

bpsS Bh-iy-Øn-te°v Ipsd ssXcv hmßp-∂-Xn\v Hmen-°c t]mØ-

®\p sImSp-∏m≥ Ipdn-bm-bp-sSbpw tXmΩm-bp-sSbpw ssIhiw Ipsd

Imiv sImSp-Ø-b-®p. dnt_°m Chn-sS-bp-≠v. ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬

IØ-\m¿ h∂n-cp-∂p.

1957

1957 am¿®v 19 (Imcm-∏pg ]≈n): Ct∂-Zn-hkw cmhnse \a-kvImcw

\S-Øn. sIm®v Xma-kn-°p-∂p (tbm-l-∂m≥ dºm-®≥). Nma-°me

Ip™pIp™v h∂n-cp-∂p.


siΩm-i≥ Zb-dm-bv°p-t]mbn. Acn apX-emb km[-\-ßƒ

FSpØp sImSp-Øp. AhnsS hntijw H∂p-an√ F∂v Abmƒ h∂v

]d-™p. tUm. kt¥mjv ]pX≥ (tUm. amXyqkv tPm¿Pv) Pn√m

Bip-]-Xnbn¬ \n∂p h∂p ]cn-tim-[n®p. £oWw IqSp-X¬ BWv.

\nc-W-Øp-Im-c≥ Hcmƒ \√ ÿncX C√msX ChnsS h∂v ]m¿-

∞n®v ChnsS Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

(s]m^. sI. Fw. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬

\n∂pw; ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥, ]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n-\nepw

]mºmSn IØo-U¬ ]p\¿ \n¿ΩmW kvac-Wn-I-bnepw ]kn-≤o-I-

cn® Ub-dn°pdn∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSv kam-l-cn-

®Xv.)


Zfw 3

Kpcp kvac-W-Iƒ


1Hcp Xncn™p t\m´w

^m. ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥

Hcp i\n-bm-gvN -Znhkw GI-tZiw aq∂p-a-Wn-°mWv Rm≥ s]mØ-

ºp-d-Øp- sN-√p-∂Xv. Fs‚ ssIbn¬ aZv_-lm-bn¬ ipiq-jbv°v

CSm-\p≈ Ip∏mbw D≠v. Rm≥ A∂v ]mºm-Sn-∏-≈n-bn¬ ipiq-

jbv°v kw_-‘n®p hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Rm≥ sN√p-tºmƒ am¿

KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n apdn-bpsS hmXn-en-\-SpØp Itk-c-bn¬ Ing-

t°m- - n-ap-J-ambn Ccn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. Xqhm-ebpw Xmt°m¬Iq- hpw

tXmfn¬ Cńcp∂p. Rm≥ ssIap-Øn. ""kuJyw BtWm'' F∂v

Ft∂mSp tNmZn-®p. ]n∂oSv hnh-c-ßƒ F√mw Rm≥ ]d-™p.

Hcp Znhkw ChnsS aZv_-lm-bn¬ ipiq-jn-°p∂Xn-\p≈ BK-

l-tØmSp IqSn h∂-Xm-sW-∂pw, \msf ]mºm-Sn-∏-≈-nbn¬ IS-hpw-

`m-K-Ø-®s‚ Xh-W-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ctßm´p t]m∂-sX∂pw Adn-

bn-®p. Xncp-ta\n F\n°v ]e-lm-c-ßfpw a‰pw X∂p.

sshIn´v tNmdp-X-cp-hm≥ aØm-bn-t®-´s\ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]nt‰-

Zn-hkw hnip≤ Ip¿_m\ Ign™v t]mIp-hm≥ Hcpßptºmƒ Xncp-

ta\n Cßs\ Iev]n-®p. ""Ct∏mƒ Ah-[n-°m-e-am-W-t√m. \o ChnsS

Xma-kn-°p-I. h√Xpw ]Tn-°m-a-t√m. ]≈n-bn¬ [q]w-ho-ip-Ibpw

sNømw.'' Rm≥ kΩ-Xn-®p. hoń¬sN∂v ]nXm-hns‚ A\p-a-Xn-tbm-

Sp-IqSn ]nt‰-Zn-hkw Rm≥ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS-IqsS Xma-kw-Xp-S-ßn. ]Xw

hmbn-®p-tIƒ∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Fs‚ ][m\ tPmen.

kvIqƒ Xpd-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]nt‰-Zn-hkw Rm≥ hoń¬ t]mIp∂

Imcyw ]d-™-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n Cßs\ Iev]n-®p. ""\o Chn-sS-\n∂p

kvIqfn¬ s]mbvs°m-≈p-I. \mep-aWn hnSp-tºmƒ ]Xhpw FSp-

Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂m¬ aXn-b-t√m.'' Aßs\ Rm≥ Zb-dm-bn¬ Xma-

kn-®p-sIm≠v kvIqfn¬ t]mbn-Øp-S-ßn. Nne Znh-k-ß-fn¬ kvIqfnse

hnti-j-ß-fpw, A[ym-]-I¿ X√p∂ Imcy-ß-fpw, kvIqƒ amt\-P¿

Icn-ß-Wm-a-‰-Øn¬ sIm®p-tIm-c -Im¿t∂m-sc-∏-‰nbpw tNmZn-°pw.

kvIqfn¬ \n∂p Xma-kn-®p-h-cp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ Xncp-ta\n hg-°p-

]d-bpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. henb ag-bpw, CSn-bp-ap≈ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬

Xncp-ta\n Rm≥ ht∂m-sb∂v IqsS-°qsS At\z-jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.

CSn-ap-g°w Xncpta-\n°v hfsc `b-am-bn-cp-∂p.


Hcn-°¬ Rm≥ kvIqfn¬ \n∂p hcm≥ Aev]w Xma-kn-®p-t]mbn.

Xncp-ta\n Fs∂ Xnc°n Ing-°p-h-isØ tK‰n-¶¬ Cdßn \nev°p-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Rm≥ Xncp-ta-\nsb AI-se-h®v I≠-s∏mtg sNcp∏v

Ducn d_¿tXm-´-Ønse hf-°p-gn-bn¬ C´p. IqsS-bp≈ Rß-fmcpw

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ASpØv sNcn-∏p-[-cn-®p-sN-√pI ]Xn-hn-√m-bn-cp∂p.

A∂p Xma-kn-®-Xn\p Xncp-ta\n Fs∂ iIm-cn-®p. apSn \o´p-∂Xpw

Xncp-ta-\n°v Xosc CjvS-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

Fs∂ ]cn-N-b-am-bXp apX¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Ft∂mSv ]tXyI

Xm¬]-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn\v ImcWw apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬

]mºm-Sn-∏≈nsb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®-h-cn¬ Hcmƒ Fs‚ ]nXm-a-ls‚

]nXm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX Fs‚ heyΩ hfsc ]mb-am-bn, Iq\p

h∂v \S-°m-Xm-bn´pw hSnbpw IpØn-∏n-Sn®v henb t\mºnepw a‰pw

]m¿∞-\bv°pw D]-hm-k-Øn-\pambn Zb-dm-bn¬ FØp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

knIvkvØpt^m-an¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ F\n°v siΩm-ip-]´w Xcp-

hm≥ Xncp-ta\n BK-ln-®p. hnhcw Ft∂mSp ]d-™p. Rm≥ BK-

ln-°p-∂Xv Hcp A®-\m-I-W-sa-∂m-sW∂p adp-]Sn \¬In. F∂m¬

Fs‚ hoń¬ AXn-\p≈ kmº-Øn-I-tijn C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬

BKlw k^-e-am-Ip-∂-Xn\p ]bm-k-am-sW∂v Adn-bn-®p. ""Ipt™,

Ign-hp-I-sfms° ssZhw Xcp-∂-Xm-Wv.'' CXm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

s]s´-∂p≈ adp-]-Sn. Xncp-ta\n XpS¿∂p: ""Rm≥ ]´w Gev°p-tºmƒ

Fs‚ hoń¬ Imcy-amb hcp-am\w H∂pw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXmhv Xma-

kn-bmsX acn-®p. At±lw acn-°p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øn\p Fs∂-°p-

dn®p Ipsd-sb√mw ]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F\n°v Imev°p-∏m-b-ap-

≈-t∏mƒ IΩoiv C√, IΩo-ip-≈-t∏mƒ Im¬°p-∏m-b-an-√. Aß-

s\-bm-bn-cp∂p Fs‚ ÿnXn. Ahn-sS-\n∂p Poh-\p≈ ssZhw Fs∂

Cuhn-[-Øn-em-°n. AXp-sIm≠v \ncm-i-s∏-tS-≠.'' Fs‚ ]nXm-hn-

t\bpw hnfn®v Xncp-ta\n hnhcw ]d-™n´v F\n°p ]´w-X-cp-hm≥

\n›-bn-®p. Aßs\ Hcp F´p-t\m-ºns‚ \memw-Zn-hkw Rmb-dmgvN

Xncp-ta\n F\n°v tImdq-sbm- ÿm\w \evIn. hnip≤ Ip¿_m-\-

at≤y Xncp-ta\n ]kwKn®p. ""CXp ]mºmSn°mcpsS Bh-iy-Øn\p

sNbvX-X-√. Fs‚ kz¥ Bh-iy-Øn\v sNøp-∂-XmWv; Bcpw ]bm-

k-s∏-tS-≠.''

]ns∂bpw Rm≥ kvIqfn¬ s]mbvs°m-≠n-cp-∂p. [mcmfw ]Tn-

°p-hm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw, Zb-dm-bnse tPmen-I-sf√mw Rm≥

IrXy-ambn sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.


kvIqfn¬ \n∂p h∂m-ep-Ss\ ]Xw hmbn-®p-- tIƒ∏n-°p-I, XpS¿∂v

k‘ym-\-a-kv°m-cw, AXn-\p-tijw sshIn´v thZ-]p-kvXIw hmbn-

®p-tIƒ∏n-°p-I, `£-Wm-\-¥cw kqØmdm \a-kv°mcw, Ubdn

FgpØv Ch-I-gn-™v ]Øp-aWn BIptºmgmWv Rm≥ ]Tn-°p-hm≥

XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. ]mXn-cm-\-a-kv°m-c-Øn\p Xncp-ta\n IrXyw 12-˛\v Fgp-

t∂-ev°pw. AXv apdn-bn-en-cp∂v cl-ky-am-bn-´m-Wv. t\mºp-Im-eØv

aq∂-cbv°pw \men\pw ]≈n-bn¬t]mbn \a-kv°mcw XpSßpw. \a-

kv°m-c-Øn-\p-tijw A\p-Xm-]-Øns‚ akp-aqd-Iƒ hmbn-®p-tIƒ∏n-

°-Ww. AXp-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ Bd-c, Ggv aWn-bm-Ipw. XpS¿∂v Xncp-

ta\n h∂v Im∏n IpSn-®m-ep-Ss\ Fgp-Øp-Iƒ°v adp-]Sn Fgp-X-Ww.

AXpw Ign™v H≥]-Xp-a-Wn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Rm≥ kvIqfn¬ t]mIpw.

¢mkv C√mØ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS-IqsS ]e- ÿ-eØpw

bmX-sN-øp-Ibpw sNøpw.

Rm≥ kvIqƒss^-\¬ ]co£ ]m m-b-tijw Xncp-ta\n Iev]n-

®-X-\p-k-cn®p Rm≥ ]T\w XpS¿∂n-√. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS IqsS-\n∂v

Ipsd kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-®p. Xma-kn-bmsX F\n°p I»o-im-]´w Xcp-

hm≥ Xncp-ta\n BK-ln-®p. ]. ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta-\nsb

hnhcw Adn-bn-®p. ]. _mhm-Xn-cp-ta\n Iev]n-®-X-\pk-cn®v Rm≥

_lp. tbm-l-∂m≥ aev]m-\-®s‚ ASp-Øp-sN∂v kphn-tijw X¿÷-

a -sN-øm\pw XIvkm-bnse Ia-ßƒ ]cn -io -en -°m\pw Hcp

h¿jtØmfw sNe-hm-°n. Xncp-ta-\n°v hnip≤ Ip¿_m-\ -sNm-√p-

hm≥ £oW-am-b-t∏mƒ 1957 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ F\n°v Xncp-ta\n sshZn-

I-]´w X∂p. G‰hpw HSp-hn¬ Xncp-ta\n F\n-°mWv ]´w \¬In-

bXv. AXn-\p-tijw B¿°pw Hcp ]´hpw sImSp-Øn-´p-an-√. c≠p

aq∂p h¿j-°mew Rm\pw ]. Xncp-ta-\nbpw IqSn amdn amdn Zb-dm-

Nm-∏-en¬ hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta\n \h-]qPm¿-

∏Ww sNbvX AtX Xob-Xn-bn¬Øs∂ 1960-˛¬ G‰hpw HSp-hn-

esØ hn. Ip¿_m-\bpw sNm√n.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS IrXy-\njvT Fs∂ hf-sc-tbsd BI¿jn-®n- p≠v.

IrXy-ambn Ubdn Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn¬ hfsc IWn-i-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p

At±lw. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ kzbw Fgp-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ imcocn-

I-ambn £oW-am-bn-°-gn-™-t∏mƒ H∏-ap≈ Bsc-s°m-s≠-¶nepw

Fgp-Xn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kpdn-bm\n ssI∏S ]tXyIw

FSp-Øp-]-d-tb≠ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. A®-Sn-bm-sWt∂ tXm∂q! Xqh¬,

ajn-bn¬ap°n Fgp-Xp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv.


£oW-am-b-t∏mƒ apX¬ Zb-dm-bnse c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ F√mw Xncp-

ta\n Fs∂ Gev]n-®p. Rm≥ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

Btem-N-\-]-Imcw c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ \S-Øn-h-∂p. Nne-t∏m-sg√mw Xncp-

ta\n Iev]n°pw ""F√m Imcy-ßfpw ]mtdt´ saXm-®-t\mSv Btem-

Nnt® \S-Ømhq'' F∂v.

1961 apX¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Hm¿Ω-°p-dhpw Akp-J-ß-fpw IqsS°qsS

h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. A∂p-ap-X¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v bmsXmcp hn[-Ønepw

tIm]-tam, tZjytam Atijw C√m-bn-cp∂p F∂p-am-X-a√ ]e-tcbpw

""Ipt™'' ""aIt\'' F∂p-am-X-amWv hnfn-®p-h-∂-Xv. Znh-khpw Ipd-

™Xv \mep-]m-h-iy-sa-¶nepw GsX-¶nepw Imcy-tam¿Øv Xncp-ta\n

Ic-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ hm¿≤IyØn¬ At±lw ZpxJn-X-∑m-cn¬

Xe-h-\mb am¿ _¿ku-amsbt∏mse Bbn-cp-∂p.

£oWw IqSp-X-embn XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒap-X¬ \a-kvImcw apdn-bn¬

h®m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ Rmb-dm-gvNbpw CS-Zn-h-khpw ]≈n-bn¬h∂v

hn. Ip¿_m-\-b-\p-`-hn-°pw. hfsc £oW-ap-s≠-¶n¬ amXta ]≈n-

bn¬ hcm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bp-≈p. ]≈n-bn¬ h∂m¬ Hcp ad-hnbpw C√.

\a-kv°m-c-Øn\pw adhn kw`-hn-°p-I-bn-√. ""CS-hn-SmsX ]m¿∞n-

∏n≥'' F∂v At∏m-kvtXm-e≥ ]d™ncn°p-∂-]-Imcw Nne-t∏mƒ

D®-\-a-kv°m-c-hpw, k‘ym-]m¿∞-\bpw \mepw A©pw ]mhiyw

\S-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Akp-J-am-b-t∏mƒap-X¬ \me-©p-h¿j-w Xncp-ta-

\nbpsS F√m Imcy-ßfpw Rm≥ Xs∂-bmWv \S-Øn-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.

cmhnse Zn\-N-cy-Iƒ°p-tijw \a-kv°mcw; Ggp-a-Wn°v Im∏n-

sIm-Sp-°pw. A\-¥cw Xncp-ta\n Itk-c-bn¬ InS-°pw. F´p-a-Wn-tbm-

S-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Iń-en¬ InS∂v H∂p ab-ßpw. H≥]-Xp-a-Wn°v Fs¥-

¶nepw acp-t∂m, tSmWnt°m sImSp-°pw. 12-˛\v \a-kv°m-cw. XpS¿∂v

D®- -£-Ww. AXn-\p-tijw InS-∂p-d-ßpw. c≠p-a-Wn°v Fgp-t∂-ev°p-

tºmƒ Fs¥-¶nepw ioX-f-]m-\obw IpSn-°p-hm≥ sImSp-°pw. aq∂p-

a-Wn°v ]mepw t_m¨hn-‰bpw sImSp-°pw. \mep-a-Wn°v Im∏nbpw

]e-lm-c-ßfpw \evIpw. 5˛\v Ipfn-∏n-°pw. 5.30-˛\v \a-kv°m-cw. AXn-

\p-tijw Nne-t∏m-sfms° Rm≥ ssItb¬]n-Sn®v ap‰w-h-gn \S-Øp-

Itbm ho¬sN-b-dn¬ Ib-‰n-s°m≠v t]mhpItbm sNøpw. F´p-a-

Wn°v AØmgw \evIpw. sshIn´v DuWn-√. ]m¬, sdmń, _nkvI‰v

Ch-bmWv ]Xn-hm-bn´v Ign-°p-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v kqØm-dm- I-g-n™v InS-

°pw. Cßs\-bm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Hcp Npcp-ßnb Zn\-N-cy.

`£-W-sa√mw Rm≥ kv]qWn-se-SpØp sImSp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.


Aev]w Ign-®-tijw ""C\nbpw Fs‚ Ip™v Ignt®m'' F∂v ]d-bp-

am-bn-cp-∂p. Rm≥ \n¿_-‘n®p Ign-∏n-°pw. At∏m-sgm∂pw tZjy-

s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. aXn-bm-hp-tºmƒ Xp∏n-°-f-bpw. At∏mƒ Rm≥

\ndpØpw. Nne-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n ASp-Øp-\n¬°p-∂-h-tcmSpw

Iev]n°pw. ""Cøm-fmWv Fs‚ Im∏n-°m-c≥'' F∂v. Xncp-ta\n

Ct∏mgpw Poh-t\m-Sp-IqSn Ccn-°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv F\n°p tXm∂n-t∏m-

Ip-∂-Xv. ""IØ-\m®m'' F∂p≈ hnfn-tIƒ°p-∂Xv F\n°v hfsc

ck-I-c-am-bn-cp∂p.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS BK-l-]-Imcw ]h¿Øn-∏m≥ F\n°p km[n®p

F∂mWv Fs‚ hnizm-kw. Xncp-ta\n Imew-sNbvX G]n¬ 4˛mw

XobXn Rmb-dmgvN cmhnse Rm≥Xs∂ hn. Ip¿_m-\ -sNm-√n. Xncp-

ta-\n°v hn. Ip¿_m\ sImSp-Øp. kpt_m-[-tØmsS Imkm-bn¬\n∂p

hn. Ip¿_m\ Xncp-ta\n A\p-`-hn-®p. Ipcn-ip-h-c-bv°m≥ ian-®p. B

RmbdmgvN cmXn-bn¬ ]. Xncp-ta\n Imew-sN-bvXp. Poh≥ t]mIp∂

\nan-jw-h-scbpw Rm≥ sh≈w sXm´p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Xncp-

ta\n Imew-sN-øp-∂-Xn\p aq∂p-Zn-hkw apºv G‰hpw HSp-hn-embn

Ft∂mSp kwkm-cn-®p. ""Ipt™, ssZhw Ip™ns\ A\p-K-ln-°s´''

F∂v. Rm≥ kwXr-]vX-\m-bn.

Xncp-ta-\n°v Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymkw ss]adn Xe-Øn¬

amXta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p-sh-¶nepw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ A©p-h¿jw

]Tn-®p. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n, a´-bv°¬ aev]m-\-®≥ F∂n-h-cm-bn-

cp∂p skan-\m-cn-bnse At±-l-Øns‚ aev]m-∑m¿. A∂v Xncp-ta-

\ntbmsSm∏w ISp-hpw- m-K-Ø-®≥, ]mºm-Sn-°-≠-Øn¬ hey-®≥ F∂n-

h¿ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ ]Tn-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n°v 14 Dw ]mºm-

Sn-°-≠Øne-®\v 9 Dw ISphpw`mK-Ø-®\v 7 Dw hb- m-bn-cp∂p ]mbw.

F√m Xn¶-fm-gvNbpw ]mºm-Sn-bn¬ \n∂v \S∂v tIm´-b-sØ-Øpw.

sh≈n-bmgvN aS-ßn-t∏m-cpw.

ck-I-c-amb B bmX-I-sf-∏‰n Xncp-ta\n hfsc Xam-i-bmbn ]d-

bp∂ Hcp Imcy-ap-≠v. ISp-hpw-`m-K-Ø-®-t\mSv apt∂m´p \S-°m≥ ]d-

bp-tºmƒ ]pd-tIm´p \S-°pw. skan-\m-cn-bnse ]T\w Ign™v ]mºm-

Sn∏≈nbn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºm-gmWv ag-s]-ømsX h‰n-h-c≠ th\¬°m-

eØv P\-ßƒ IpSn-sh-≈-Øn-\mbn tIgp-tºmƒ aq∂p Znhkw ]≈n-

bn¬ D]-hmkw \SØn ag-s]-øn-®-Xv.

]. Xncp-ta-\n°v ]£narKm-Zn-I-tfm-Sp≈ kvt\lw F√m-h¿°pw Adn-

bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]mhp-Iƒ°pw a‰pw Xncp-ta\n Xs∂ s\√v sImSp-°p-


am-bn-cp-∂p. Zb-dm-bn¬ s\√n-s√-¶n¬ Zqsc \n∂pw s\√v sIm≠p-h∂v

sImSp-°pw. Xncp-ta\n F√m-Zn-h-khpw ]m¿∞-\-I-gn™v aZv_-lm-bpsS

P\m-e-Iƒ AS-bv°p∂ i_vZw tIƒ°p-tºmƒ ]mhp-Iƒ ]d∂ph∂v

]≈n-ap-‰-sØ-Øpw. Xncp-ta\n hcp-∂Xv B ka-b-Øm-sW-∂-h-bv°-

dnbmw. Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠m-ep-S≥ Ah Nnd-In- -Sn®v kt¥mjw ]I-Sn-

∏n-°pw. Ah Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ico-c-Øn¬ h∂n-cn-°pw.

]mhp-Isf IqSmsX Im°-Iƒ°pw [m\yhpw dkv°pw _nkv°-

‰p-sams° \¬Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\-t±-lw ]tXyI Imc-Whpw ]d-

bm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Genbm Zo¿L-Z¿in°v acp-`q-an-bn¬ ssZh-\n-tbm-

K-a-\p-k-cn®v A∏w sImSp-ØXv; AXp-t]mse h\m-¥-c-ß-fn¬

ssIkvXhk\ym-kn-am¿°v ssZhw Blmcw sImSp-°p-∂Xv Im°-

Iƒ aptJ-\-bm-Wv. AXp-t]mse a‰p P¥p-°-tfmSv At±-l-Øn-\p-

≠m-bn-cp∂ kvt\l-]-I-S-\-Øn\v At\Iw DZm-l-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. Poh-

Pm-e-ßsf kvt\ln-°p-hm-\p≈ Ignhv alm-]-cn-ip-≤-∑m-cm-b-h¿t°

km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p. Ct∏mgpw At\Iw Im°-Iƒ ChnsS hcm-dp-≠v.

k`m-Imcy-ß-fnepw a‰pw At±-l-Øn\v hfsc Xo£vW-X-bm-bn-

cp∂p. apdn -a -‰sØ H∂mw ImtXm-en°m _mhm-tbmSv hfsc

kvt\lhpw _lp-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]. _mhm Xncp-ta-\n-bmWv At±-

l-Øn\v I»oim ]´hpw dºm≥ ÿm\hpw \¬In-b-Xv. _mhm Xncp-

ta-\n°v At±-l-tØmSpw AXn-c‰ kvt\l-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]mºmSnØncp-

ta-\n-sb∏‰n A∂v _mhm ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv˛ Fs‚ dºm-®≥ F∂m-bn-

cp-∂p. taS-am-k-Øn¬ apdn-a‰Øp _mhm-bpsS im≤-s∏-cp-∂m-fn\v

Xncp-ta\n ]mºm-°p-S-bn¬ t]mIp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

dºm-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ipd-®p-Imew ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-

kn®p. A∂v ]cp-a-ebv°p t]mIp-∂p-sh-∂-dn-™-t∏mƒ ]mºm-Sn-bn-

ep≈ Bfp-Iƒ apgp-h≥ ZpxJn-®p. ]mb-am-b-h-scms° Ic-™p. Bdp-

am-ksØ ]cp-a-e-hm-k-Øn-\p-tijw At±lw XncnsIt]m∂p.

F∂m¬ F√m- h¿jhpw Hcm-gvN-°m-e-tØmfw ]cp-a-ebv°p t]mbn

D]-hmkw FSp-°p∂ ]Xnhv Xncp-ta-\n-°p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. D]-hmkw

Ign™v AhnsS \n∂p t]mcp-tºmƒ Ahn-sS-bp-≈-h¿s°√mw Im∏n

\¬Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta\n siΩm-i-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]cp-ae Xncp-

ta-\nsb I≠n-´p-≠v. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv hf-sc-tbsd `‡n-bm-

bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

k`m-kvt\lw hfsc Xo£-vW-am-bn-cp-∂p. Zb-dmbpw AXns‚

hkvXp-h-I-Ifpw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kz¥-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ At±lw


Imew-sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv 1960-˛¬ hkvXp-h-I-Isf√mw k`bv°v Fgp-

Xn-s°m-SpØp. FX Hm¿Ω-°p-d-hp≈-t∏m-gm-sW¶nepw At±lw ]d-

bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. "Fs‚ Imew Ign-bp-tºmƒ F√mw kpdn-bm-\n-k-ap-Zm-

b-Øn-\m-bn-cn-°Ww.'

kam-[m-\-Øn¬ hf-sc-tbsd ipjv°m¥n Imń-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta-

\n°v tI v F∂p tIƒ°p-∂-Xp-Xs∂ hnj-a-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Xncp-ta\n BZy-Im-eßfnsems° tIm]n-jvT\m-hm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-

¶nepw ]mb-am-bn-°-gn-™t∏mƒ tZjy-sams° amdn. Ft∂mSv hf-

sc-tbsd kvt\l-am-bn-cp-∂p.

hey-_mhm ioa-bn¬ k`m-k-am[m-\-sØ-∏-‰n kwkm-cn-°m≥

sN∂-t∏mƒ ae-¶-c-bnse saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-sc-∏‰n ]d-™-t∏mƒ

At]w ]mXn-b¿°okv ]. _mhm Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv tNmZn-®p.

"KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ F¥n\p sIm≈mw?'

]. _mhm Xncp-ta\n ]d-™p.

"]cp-ae am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Ign-™m¬ CXbpw Hcp ]cn-ip-

≤≥ ae-¶-c-bn-en-√.'

Cu kw`m-jWw sNdnbaT-Øn¬ kvIdn-bm- I-Ø-\m-cpsS "bdp-

itew bmXmhn-h-cWw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Kpcp-hmb aT-Øn-em-im-t\mSv At±-l-Øn\v

XnI™ BZ-chpw kvt\l-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hn\pw IpSpw-_mw-K-

ßƒ°pw AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ kvt\lhpw `‡nbpw Xncn®v injy-

t\m-Sp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Bims‚ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠m-

ep-S≥ Im¬sXm´v hµn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.

Zo\m-\p-I-º-bpsS aq¿Øna-Zv`m-h-am-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS BK-

l-]q¿Øo-I-c-W-amWv A`-b-`-h≥. At±lw Imew sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-

apºv ]Wn Bcw-`n-®-Xm-sW-¶nepw AXv ]q¿Øn-bmbn ImWp-hm≥

Xncp-ta-\n°v km[n-®n-√. F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ap∏Xmw ASn-b-¥n-

c-Øn\v A`-b-`-h≥ DZvLm-S\w sNøp-hm≥ km[n-®p.

kmbm-”-ß-fn¬ hni-a-Øn-\mbn Zb-dm-ap-‰-Øp≈ amhn≥Np-h- n¬

Xn-cp-ta\n Ccn-°p-tºmƒ t\sc FXn¿h-i-Øp-b¿∂p-\n¬°p∂

Im´m≥Ip∂p I≠v At±lw AhnsS t]mI-W-sa∂v BKlw ]I-

Sn-∏n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ ]ß-S-∏-≈n-bn¬ t]mb-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n


Xs‚ BKlw km[n-®p. Im´m≥Ip-∂ns‚ s\dp-I-bn¬\n-∂p-sIm≠v

Zbdmbpw ]cn-k-chpw t\m°n-°-≠p.

t\mºp-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Xncp-ta\n hf-sc- t\-c-sØ-Xs∂ ]≈n-

bn¬t]mbn ]m¿∞n-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. B Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]`m-

X-]m¿∞\ aq∂p-a-Wn-°m-cw-`n-°pw. Ip¿_m-\-k-a-bØv Nne ][m-

\-`mK-ßƒ hcp-tºmƒ At±lw Ic-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Ip¿_m-\bv°p apºp≈ Hcp°w hfsc Nn´-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F√mw

\∂m-b-dn-bm-sa-¶nepw Hmtcm Ip¿_m-\-bp-sSbpw Xte∂v XIvkmbpw

a‰pw FSpØv hmbn®p t\m°n Iao-I-cn-®p-h-bv°pw.

1948-˛¬Xs∂ Xs‚ I_¿apdn ]WnXv I_-dp-≠m°n AXn\p

apI-fn¬ Iń¬ sIm≠p-t]m-bn´v AhnsS Ccn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-

cp∂p. Xncp-ta\n Nne-t∏m-sgms° ]d-bm-dp≈ Imcy-amWv, `qan-bnse

NqSv CX ITn-\-am-sW-¶n¬ \c-I-Ønse NqSv FX ITn-\-am-bn-cn-

°psa∂v. ""kz¿§w ]cn-ip-≤-∑m¿°p-≈-Xm-Wv. F\n°v kz¿§-Ønse

G‰hpw XmgsØ A‰Øv Hcp XWp-∏p≈ ÿew Inń-bm¬ aXn-bm-

bn-cp-∂p.''

\ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ t\mºp-sIm≠pw \a-kv°mcw sIm≠pw

t\Snb Bfl-i‡n amX-am-bn-cp∂p ]. ]mºm-Sn- Xn-cp-ta-\n°pw ssI-

apX-embn D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. GI-tZiw 16 h¿j-°mew At±-l-tØm-Sp-

IqSn Xma-kn®v ipiq-jn-°p-hm≥ `mKyw kn≤n® F\n°v Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤n-bpw, ]m¿∞-\-bn-epw, t\mºnepw D≈ \njvTbpw

t\cn v a\-kn-em-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n- p-≠v. ]m¿∞-\-bn¬ IqSn At±lw

ssZh-Øns‚ apJw Z¿in-®n -cp -∂p. temI-tØ-°mƒ A[nIw

ssZhsØ kvt\ln-®n-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n Zo\-Z-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p. 1962

Unkw-_¿ 8˛mw-Xo-bXn Xncp-ta-\n°v Zbdm-bn¬h®v I¥oem ipiqj

\S-Øn. B ipiq-jm-at≤y HutK≥ am¿ XotamØn-tbmkv Xncp-

ta\n (]. _tk-en-tbmkv HutK≥ _mhm Xncp-ta-\n) ]kw-Kn-®-t∏mƒ

"Ct∏mƒ Poh-t\m-sS-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw ùan-I-amb bmsXm-∂n-s\-

∏-‰nbpw Nn¥n-°m-sX, kz¿§-Øn-te°v bmX sNøp∂ Hcp Xncp-ta-

\n-bmWv Ct±-lw. \ΩpsS k`-bn¬ CXp-t]mse thsdmcp Xncp-ta\n

C∂v C√. Rß-sfms° ùan-I-Im-cy-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw IqSn Nn¥n-°p-

∂-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ct±-l-am-Is´ ac-W-Øn-\mbn Hcp-ßn-°-gn-bp-∂p'

F∂v ]d™p.

ac-W-sØ-∏-‰n-bpw, ac-W-\m-gn-I-sb-∏-‰nbpw Ft∏mgpw Hm¿°-W-

sa∂v Xncp-ta\n F√m ]kw-K-Ønepw ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. "ac-W-ap≠v

\n\-s°-∂Xv Hcn-°epw ad-s°m√' F∂ ]Zy-`m-K-hpw, ac-Ww, \ymb-


hn-[n, tam£w, \cIw Cu 4 Imcy-ßfpw \mw Ft∏mgpw Hm¿Øn-cn-

t°≠XmsW-∂p≈ hkvXpXbpw ]kw-K-Øn¬ FSpØp ]d-bp-am-

bn-cp-∂p.

A¤p-X-ßƒ \nd-™-Xm-bn-cp∂p B [\y-Po-hn-Xw. bmZr-—n-I-am-

bn-´m-sW-¶nepw ac-W-Øns‚ IrXy-k-a-bw-t]mepw At±-l-Øns‚

hm®n¬ Ipdn-®p-Im-Wn-®n-cp-∂p. ac-W-Øn\v GXm\pw BgvN-Iƒ°v

apºv At±lw Xs∂ Ah-km-\-ambn ssh≥Up-sN-bvXn-cp∂ t]m°‰v

hm®v 2 aWn 35 an\n-‰p-Iƒ Ign-™ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n›-e-am-bn. Xncp-

ta\n Imew sNbvXXpw G]n¬ 5˛mw XobXn 2.35-˛-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

\nc-h[n hy‡n-Iƒ°v Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬IqSn tcmK-ku-Jyhpw

A¤pX klm-b-ß-fpw e`n-®n- p-≠v. Cu A]q¿∆i‡n s]mØ-ºpdw

ae-bpsS \ndp-I-bn¬ h\-at≤y ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb ]¿Æ-im-e-bnse

X]skm∂p amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xmt_m¿ae As∂mcp sImSp-wIm-Sm-

bn-cp∂p. B h-\-Øn¬ h\y-ar-K-ß-sf-t∏mepw `b-s∏-SmsX IpSn¬

sIń ]m¿°p-hm≥ bu∆-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ Cu tbmKn°p Ign-™p.

C∂v A`-b`-h≥, _me-`-h≥, kmt¶-XnI hnZy-m`ym-k-tI-µw,

sk≥S¬ kvIqƒ BZn-bmb ÿm]-\ßfp≈ ChnSw ]´-W-Xp-ey-

am-Wv.

tIcfw Z¿in-®n-´p≈ a\pjykvt\ln-I-fn¬ AZzn-Xo-b-\m-bn-cp∂p

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n. kmaq-ly-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ H∂pw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n-√. F-∂m¬ a\p-jy-kvt\-l-t]-cn-X-\mbn At±lw a‰p-≈-

h¿°p hmcn-s°m-Sp-Øp. "sImSp-°p-t¥mdpw GdnSpw' F∂ B]vX-

hmIyw FX A\z¿∞-am-bn-cp∂p Cu Znhy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬. ASpØp

sN∂-h¿ F√mw Xn-I™ kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. CX

A[nIw sImSpØ-h¿ thsd C√ F∂p Xs∂ ]d-bmw. Bcp-amcp-a-

dn-bmsX Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p At±lw \n¿hrXn t\Sn-bn-cp-

∂Xv. IqsS-bp-≈-h-c-dn-bmsX 100 cq]m t\m´p-Iƒ bmN-I¿°p sImSp-

Øn-´p≈ Hcp Zm\-io-e-\m-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n F∂v t\cn´v

Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hne-tb-dnb D]-lm-c-ßƒ e`n-®-Xp-t]mepw

At±lw Zm\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. ]pX-bv°m≥ H∂p-an-√msX h∂-h\v

Xs‚ ]p-X∏v FSp-Øp-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p≈ kw`-h-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. ]Tn-

°m≥ ]W-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v ]Ww \¬In ]Tn-∏n-®p. Hcn-°¬ AØm-g-

Øn-\p≈ Acn amXta D≈q F∂-dn-™n´pw AsX-SpØv ]mh-

ßƒ°p sImSp-Øp. F∂m¬ Xma-kn-bmsX Hcp Nm°v Acn-bp-ambn

Hcmƒ Zb-dm-bn-se-Øp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

[\m-Vy-sc-t∂m, ]mh-s∏-´-h-sct∂m hnth-N-\-an-√m-bn-cp∂p At±-

l-Øns‚ s]cp-am-‰-ßƒ°v. F√m-h-cnepw Htc hy‡nXzw Z¿in-°p-


hm≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™p. Cu A]q¿h kao-]-\w, bYm¿∞

Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-hpI Ffp-∏-amb Imcy-a-√. al-Ømb BZ¿i-ßƒ

]kw-Kn-®-Xn-e√; ]h¿Øn-®-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

Pohn-X-hn-P-bw. Cu ]cn-ip-≤≥ kzPo-hn-X-Øn-eqsS hc-®p-Im-Wn®

al-\o-b-amb amXr-I-Iƒ hcpw-X-e-ap-dbv°v ]tNm-Z\w \¬Is -sb∂v

]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

(ae-¶-c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv sldmƒUv, 1989 G]n¬ 7)

kn. Pn. cma≥]n≈ (aT-Øn-em-im≥)


II

Nne \n¿t±-i-ßfpw

bmYm¿∞y-ßfpw

]m¿∞-\bpw t\mºpw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Ønse ][m\ LS-

I-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬IqSn Xncp-ta\n Poh-\p≈ ssZh-Øns‚ apJw

ImWp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ]bm-k-Ønepw

IjvS-∏m-Snepw klm-\p-`qXnbp≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n Ah¿°v

hmcn-s°m-SpØp Ahsc klm-bn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ t]mbn Ign-bp-

tºmƒ Ahsc Hm¿Øp Ic-bp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Zb-dm-bnse

]mhn\p s\√p sImSp-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ AhnsS hcp∂

Im°bv°pw ]ń°pw `£Ww sImSpØv AXn¬ Xncp-ta\n kt¥m-

jn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp ka-bØv Zb-dm-bn¬ 13 ]q®- hsc D≠m-bn-

cp∂p. ASp-Øp≈ hoSp-I-fn¬\n∂pw ]ń-Wn-bmbn hcp∂ ]ń°pw

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS tai-bn¬\n∂v A∏-Øns‚ \pdp-°p-Iƒ In´p-am-bn-

cp∂p. Ahbpw Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSpw kvt\l-Ønepw A\pk-c-W-Ønepw

Ign-™n-cp-∂p. Hcp ka-bØv Hcp s]¨]ń AXns‚ Ip™ns\

ISn®p sIm≠p-h∂v Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWn-®Xv Cu teJ-I≥ t\cn¬

I≠-Xm-Wv. "\ns‚ Ip™ns\ sIm≠p-h∂v Fs∂ ImWn-°-W-sa∂v'

Xncp-ta\n B s]¨]-ń-tbmSv ]d™p. AX-\p-k-cn®v AXp ]h¿-

Øn®p. a\p-jy-s\-°mƒ \µn-bp-≈-XmWv Cu ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ F∂v

At±lw ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

"IØ-\m-c®m Cu Ip∂w-Ip-fw-Im¿ \ΩpsS Bƒ°m-cm-Wv. Ah¿

Ft∏mƒ h∂mepw Ah-sc-∏‰n Hcp Icp-X¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww' F∂v

Xncp-ta\n Ft∂mSv ]d-™Xv Rm≥ Hm¿°p-∂p. hntZ-in-I-fmbn hcp-

∂-h¿°v £Ww sImSp-∏m\pw Ah-cpsS Xma-k-Øn\pw a‰pw th≠

kuI-cy-ßƒ sNbvXpsImSp-°p-∂-Xn\pw Xncp-ta\n AXoh X¬∏-c-

\m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-Xs∂ Nne ka-bØv Ah¿°v £Ww hnfºn

sImSp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ip∂w-Ip-fsØ Bƒ°mcpw AXp-t]mse Xncp-

ta-\n-tbmSv Xm¬]-cy-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

1956˛¬ Zb-d-mbn¬ Ce-IvSn-kn‰n Inń-b-t∏mƒ Ip∂w-Ip-fØp \n∂v

Hcp hy‡n ]≈n-bnse hb-dn-ßn-\p≈ kIe sNehpw hln®v Ahn-

sS-\n∂pw AXn-\p≈ Bfns\ sIm≠p-h∂v tPmen sNøn-®Xv Hm¿-

°p∂p. "Fs‚ I_-dp-¶se hnf°v shbv°epw [q]w shbv°epw


apS-°-cp-sX∂v' Xncp-ta\n I¬]n-®Xv Hm¿°p∂p. ]nXm-°-∑msc Hm¿-

°bpw Ah-cpsS I_-dp-¶¬ t]mbn ]m¿∞n-°bpw sNøp-∂Xp Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn-

bn-cn-°p∂ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ°v Ia-ambn

t]mhpI, ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-dp-¶¬ t]mbn B≠n¬

HcmgvN t\mºv BN-cn®v Ccn-°p-I, Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS CS-h-I-∏-≈n-bmb

]mºmSn hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ t]mbn Ipd-™Xv aq∂p Znhkw D]-h-kn-

°pI F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Nne ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-bnse c≠m-asØ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS I_-dp-

¶¬ [q]w hbv°m-sXbpw aWn ASn-bv°m-sXbpw ]m¿∞\ C√m-

sXbpw InS-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Xncp-ta\n Hm¿Øp ZpxJn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

At±-l-Øn-s‚bpw IqSn ]m¿∞-\-bpsS ê-ambn AhnsS am‰-ßƒ

h∂-Xn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Bflmhv kt¥m-jn-°p-sa-∂p-≈Xv Xo¿®-

bm-Wv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS BK-lw-t]mse Chn-sSbpw I_-dp-¶se c≠p

t\c-hp-ap≈ [q]w hbv]n\v hogvN h∂n-ń√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v

kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. Cu teJ-I\v ]´w Xcp∂ Imcyw ]. _tk-en-tbmkv

Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-tbmSv ]d-™Xv, Zb-dm-bnse Imcy-ßƒ

t\m°p-hm\pw Fs‚ Imew Ign-bp-tºmƒ Fs‚ I_-dp-¶¬ [q]w

h-bv°p-hm\pw hn. Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-hm\pwth≠n-bm-Wv Rm≥

Cbmƒ°v ]´w sImSp-°p-∂-Xv F∂mWv. A√msX Cbm-fpsS ho´p-

Im¿°p-th-≠ntbm ]mºm-Sn-°m¿°p-th-≠ntbm A√ F∂pw hy‡-

am°n. 1957 P\p-hcn amk-Øn¬ Rm≥ I»oim ]´w G‰p. A∂p

apX¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS BKlwt]mse ]h¿Øn-®p-h-cp-∂p.

"Rm≥ ico-c-]-Imcw \nßsf hn´p t]mbmepw Bflm-hn¬ \nß-

tfmSv ASp-Øn-cn-°pw' F∂p≈ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A¥y-I-ev]\

Ct∏mgpw Rm≥ Hm¿°p-∂p. B ]pWy-hms‚ ]m¿∞\ \ap°p

tIm´-bm-bn-cn-°-s´.

(]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, 2000 P\p-hcn)


III

Xmt_m¿ ae-bnse

ap\n-ti-jvT≥B¿j-`m-c-X-Ønse al¿jn-am¿ X]- p-sIm≠p t\Snb Bfl-

i‡n amX-am-bn-cp-∂p, ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nbv°pw ssIap-X-embn

D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. GI-tZiw 16 h¿j-°mew At±-ltØmSpIqSn Xma-

kn®v ipiq-jn-°p-hm≥ `mKyw kn≤n® _e-lo-\-\mb F\n°v Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤n-bpw, ]m¿∞-\-bn-epw t\mºnepw D≈

\njvTbpw t\cn v a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n- p-≠v. ]m¿∞-\-bn¬IqSn

At±lw ssZh-Øns‚ apJw Z¿in-®n-cp-∂p. temI-tØ-°mƒ A[nIw

ssZhsØ kvt\ln-®n-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n Zo\-Z-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ip∂w-Ip-fw-Im-tcmSv Xncp-ta-\n°v hfsc Xm¬]-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿

Ft∏mƒ h∂mepw Hcp ]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ D≠m-h-W-sa∂v ]e-

t∏mgpw ]d-bm-dp≠mbn-cp-∂p. Ip∂w-Ip-fw-Im¿ Xncp-ta-\n°v ssIXpd∂v

ImgvN-Iƒ sIm≠p-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ap∏Xmw ASn-b-

¥n-c-Øn\v ]∏Sw Ip∂w-Ip-fw-Im-cpsS hI-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpw, Ip∂w-Ip-fhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w kphn-

Zn-X-am-Wv. GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°v apºv B \mń¬ ]S¿∂p ]nSn®

]I¿®-hym-[n-bn¬ \n∂pw At±lw \¬Inb hnSp-X-emWv B _‘-

Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w.

Hcp tπKp-_m[

Ip∂w-Ip-fØv tπKv acWw Xmfi-h-\rØw sNbvXp. ]Xn-tcm-[-

\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw NnIn-’-Ifpw B[p-\nI coXn-bn¬ hnI-kn-®n-ń-√mØ

Imew. Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-\n∂pw e`n® òI-c-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, AhntSbv°v

IS∂psN√p-∂-Xn\v ]e kmaqly ]h¿Ø-I-tcbpw ]n≥Xn-cn-∏n-®p.

]s£ samtfm-°m-bnse IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-te°v kzta-[bm Cd-

ßn-s®∂ m. Uman-b-s\-t∏mse ]mºmSn am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-

t∏m-eoØm Cu amc-I-tcm-K-Øns‚ a[y-Øn-tebv°v kp[o-c-\mbn

IS-∂p-sN-∂p. ssIap-X-embn D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv ]m¿∞\ amXw. tcmK-

Øn\v kap-Zm-b-t`-Z-an-√-t√m. Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp≈ kIe aX-ÿ-tcbpw

tcmKw ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p. bmsXmcp hnth-N-\hpw IqSmsX Cu al¿jn

tijvT≥ tcmK-_m-[n-Xsc kµ¿in®v ]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v


Bizmkw ]I¿∂p sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]≈n-I-fn-sem∂v tπKv

tcmKm-ip-]-Xn-bm°n am‰n sIm®n k¿°m-cns\ Gev]n®p. hni-a-c-

ln-X-amb Hcp ITn-\m-≤zm-\-am-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta\n \n¿∆-ln-®-Xv. A¤p-

X-I-c-ambn tcmK-_m[ Xntcm-[m\w sNbvXp. ac-W-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬

\n∂pw, ]m¿∞-\-bpsS i‡n-aqew ]etcbpw At±lw hnap-‡-cm°n.

A[n-Ir-X¿ hfsc \n¿_-‘n-s®-¶nepw Cu alm-b-Xv\-Øn-\n-S-bn¬

Hcp ]Xn-tcm[ IpØn-sh-bv]n\pw At±lw hiw-h-Z-\m-bn√. F¶nepw

Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-\n∂pw Xncn-®p-t]m∂ Znhkw At±lw IpØn-shbv]v

FSp-Øp. Cu kmwI-an-I-tcmKw kz¥w \mSn-t\bpw ]oUn-∏n-°p-hm≥

CS-bm-°-cp-sX∂v IcpXn.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]m¿∞-\m-^-e-ambn ]e A¤-p-X-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-

´p-≠v. ]Sn-™m-td-°c ]n. kn. G_-lm-ans‚ ktlm-Z-cnsb ]d-hq-

cn¬ hnhmlw Ign-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Ah-cpsS ]pX-\m-Wv tUm. tdmbn.

At±lw sNdp-Xm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp ]\n h∂p. ]\n h¿≤n®v

h√mØ Ah-ÿ-bn-se-Øn. At∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n Imcm-∏pg Nm∏-en-

ep-≠v. Hcp Znhkw ]Sn-™m-td-°c ]p∂-®≥ h∂v Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv

hnhcw ]d-™p. Xncp-ta\n Hcp Ip∏n-bn¬ sh≈w hmgvØn-s°m-Sp-

Ø-tijw ]d-™p, "hnizm-k-tØmsS Cu sh≈w sImSp-Øm¬ aXn.

tcmKw amdn-s°m≈pw.'

Xncp-ta\n hmgvØnb sh≈w sImSpØv A©p an\n´p Ign-™-

t∏mƒ Ipń IÆp- Xp-d-∂p. c≠p Znh-k-Øn-\Iw ]\n ]q¿Æ-ambn

Ipd-™p. ]n∂oSv Ipń-bpsS amXmhv Zb-dm-bn¬ h∂v D]-h-kn-°m-

dp≠v.

[\m-Vy-sc-t∂m, ]mh-s∏-´-h-sct∂m hnth-N-\-an-√m-bn-cp∂p At±-

l-Øns‚ s]cp-am-‰-ßƒ°v. F√m-h-cnepw Htc hy‡nXzw Z¿in-°p-

hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p.

""taS-bn¬ IpSn-sIm≈pw h≥ [\m-Vy-\m-Is´

]mfbpw Nn√n-t°mepw t]dn bmNn®p hgn

\ofth \S-∂n-Sp-an-c∏m-fn-bm-hs´

kn≤-\m-an-t±-l-Øn-\-ev]hpw t`Z-an√

_≤-Iu-XpIw c≠p-t]-cnepw Htc-`mhw.''

(a-lm-Ihn ]pØ≥Imhp amØ≥ Xc-I≥)

Cu A]q¿∆ kao-]\w bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-hpI Ffp-∏-

amb Imcy-a-√. al-Ømb BZ¿i-ßƒ ]kw-Kn-®-Xn-e-√, ]h¿Øn-

®-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-hn-P-bw.


Cu ]cn-ip-≤≥ kzPo-hn-X-Øn-eqsS hc-®p-Im-Wn® al-\o-b-amb

amXr-I-Iƒ hcpw-X-e-ap-dbv°v ]tNm-Z\w \¬I-s´s-b∂v ]m¿∞n-

°p-∂p.

(]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, 1991 G]n¬)

]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥

siΩm-i≥

]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥

IØ-\m¿

]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥

dºm≥


IV

\njvT-bp≈ alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥

1965 G]n¬ 5˛\p 36˛mw Rmb-dmgvN sshIn´v BWv Xncp-a-\- p-

sIm≠v Imew sNbvX-Xv. B Rmb-dm-gvNbpw Xncp-ta\n hn. Ip¿∫m\

A\p- -hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu teJ-I≥ hn. Ip¿∫m\ sNm√nb Imkm-

bn¬ \n∂pw, Xncp-ta\n hfsc Hm¿Ω-tbm-Sp-IqSn hn. Ip¿∫m\ A\p-

`-hn®v Ipcnip hc-®Xv Ct∏mgpw Hm¿°p-∂p. hn. Ip¿∫m\ sNm√p-

hm≥ £oW-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ImeØpw, ]e-t∏mgpw Xte-Zn-hkw

kqØmdm \akvImcw Ign-bp-tºmƒ "Xm≥ \msf hn. Ip¿∫m\

sNm√n-s°m-≈p-I, F\n°v £oW-amWv' F∂p ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-

¶n-epw, cmXn ]m¿∞-\bv°v hcp-tºmƒ Rm≥ Xs∂ sNm√n-s°m-

≈m-sa∂p ]d-bp-I-bpw, Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v sNm√p-tºm-sgms° hn.

bmt°m-_ns‚ Iaw Xs∂ sNm√p-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bv°p≈ Hcp°w

hn. hkvX-ßƒ kq£n-°p-∂-Xv, ipiq-j-I≥ hn. aZv_-lm-bn¬

s]cp-am-dp-∂Xv BZn-bm-bh hf-sc-tbsd \njvT-tbm-Spw, Nn´-tbmSpw

IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ipiq-j-°msc Ip∏mbw CSmsX Hcn-°epw hn. aZv_-

lm-bn¬ ]th-in-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bn-√. Rßƒ hn. aZv_lm

ASn-®p-hr-Øn-bm-°p-∂Xpw Ip∏mbw C´p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p. hn. Ip¿-

∫m\ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-hsc ]pd-Pm-Xn-°m-cp-ambn kwkm-cn-∏m≥ ]mSn-s√-

∂m-bn-cp-∂p Xncp-ta\n ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. sshIn v kqØmdm \a-kvImcw

Ign-™m¬ ]ns‰-Zn-hkw hn. Ip¿∫m\ Ignbp-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ Bbm-

k-Øn\v XS w h∂m¬ Xncp-ta\n in£n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. 3 t\mºnse

_p[-\mgvN D®-bv°pw, ZpxJ-i-\n-bmgvN D®-bv°p≈ hn. Ip¿∫m\

Ign-bp-∂-Xp-hsc ]≈n-bn¬ Xs∂ Ccn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

Nn´. ]m¿∞-\-bv°pw, t\mºn-\pw, Ipºn-So-en\pw Hs° Xncp-ta\n

hf-sc-tbsd ]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. k‘y-\-a-kvImcw 5.30 aWn-

bv°mWv F∂p ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw 5 aWn°p Xs∂ Xncp-

ta\n ]≈n-bn¬ FØp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fć aWnbv°v kqØmdm \a-

kvIm-chpw, cmXn 12 aWn°v ]mXn-cm-bpsS ]m¿∞\ cl-ky-am-bpw,

Xncp-ta\n \S-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 4 aWn°v ]≈n-bn¬ t]mbn cmXn,

]`mXw F∂o bma-]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Ign™v clky ]m¿∞-\-

bv°mbn hn. aZv_-lm-bn¬ ]th-in-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ ]m¿∞-

\-bn¬ apgp-In -Ign-bp∂ kz`mhw, F√m-h¿°pw Zm\w sNbvXv Ahsc


Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kz`m-hw, km[p-°-tf-bpw, ]bm-k-Øn¬ Ign-bp-

∂-h-tcbpw ImWp-tºmƒ AhcpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bmbn

Ahsc Hm¿Øp Ic-bp∂ kz`mhw CXv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Hcp ]tXy-

I-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Hm¿Ω-Ip-d-hp≈ ka-bØv ]m¿∞\ ]e Bh¿Øn \S-Øp-sa-

∂-√msX ]m¿∞\ apS-°p-I-bn-√. Xncp-a-\-kp-sIm≠v H‰bv°v Ccn-

°p-tºmƒ ]e Bh¿Øn sNm√p∂ Hcp ]mńs‚ Cuc-Sn-Iƒ Rm≥

Hm¿°p-∂p.

"]m]n Rm\Xn ]m]n Rm≥

]m]n-I-fn¬ apº≥ Xs∂

]m] hntam-N-It\ \osb≥

]m]w Hgn-®-cpƒ sNø-Wta.'

Hcp ]cn-ip-≤≥ ]mSnb ]m´m-sW∂v ]d-™p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p ]e-

t∏mgpw CXv ]mSn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

ASp°pw Nn´-bp-ap≈ Hcp Pohn-X-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xv.

Ubdn FgpXp∂Xn¬ hfsc IrXy-\njvT ]men-®n-cp-∂p. BZy-Im-e-

ß-fn¬ Xncp-ta\n kz¥w ssI∏-S-bn¬ Ubdn Fgp-Xnbncp∂p. Ah-

km-\-am-b-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n ]d-™p- X-cpw. Rßƒ Fgp-Xpw.

Xncp-ta\n Imew-sNbvX 1965 G]n¬ 5˛\p hsc-bp≈ Ub-dn-Iƒ

Cu teJ-I≥ kq£n-®n-´p≠v. Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ ]≈n-bpsS

]Wn-°mcyßfmWv Ub-dn-bn-e-[n-Ihpw. ]kvXpX ]≈n s]mfn®p

]Wn -bp∂ Cu ka-bØv CXns‚ ]Wn -bn¬ F√m-hcpw

Bflm¿∞ambn kl-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v kvt\l-tØmsS Hm¿∏n-°p-∂p.

CXp- aqew Xncp-ta\nbpsS A\p-K-l-ßƒ [mcm-f-ambn e`n°-s´ F∂v

]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

(]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈‰n≥, 1989 G]n¬)


V

Zb-tdm-bqtkm PohnXw \bn®

]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n

Zb-dmb hX-Øns‚ Iao-I-c-Ww- ˛ I\ym-hX PohnXw, temI-

Øn¬ \n∂-I-∂p≈ XymK-]-c-amb PohnXw ˛ InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚

Bcw`w apX¬Xs∂ I≠p-h-cp-∂p. acp-`q-an-I-fnepw, Ip∂p-Ifnepw,

Kpl-I-fnepw H‰-bmbpw c≠pwaq∂pw t]¿ Hcp-an®pw k\ym-k-Po-hnXw

\bn-®n-cp-∂p. ]. am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv _m¿ F_mbm ]d-bp-∂Xv

I¿Øm-hns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-tijw \qdp h¿j-ßƒ Ign-™-t∏mƒ

apX¬ Zb-dm-b-hXw A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-hsc I≠p-h-cp-∂p F∂mWv.

\memw \q‰m-≠p apX-emWv Zb-tdm-bqtkm Iao-Ir-X-ambn Bcw-`n-

®n-´p-≈-Xv. \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ At\-Im-bncw \n¿Ω-ecpw sXc-s™-

Sp-°-s∏- -h-cp-amb k\ym-kn-Iƒ acp- q-an-I-fnepw h\m-¥-c-ß-fn-epw D]-

h-kn®pw ]m¿∞n®pw Xß-fpsS Bbp v Ign®pIqń-bn-cp-∂p. Cu

Zb-dm-hm-kn-I-fmb Nne¿ hb-en¬ Irjn-tPm-en-Iƒ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-

cp-∂p. a‰p Nne¿ tXm´-Irjn sNbvXp-t]m-∂p. a‰p Nne¿ Bim-cn-∏-

Wnbpw thsd Nne¿ sIm -Iƒ s\bvXpw Ip∏m-b-ßƒ Xbv®pw tPmen

sNbvXp-h-∂n-cp-∂p. Ch-cpsS hkvXw efn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]™n-

sImt≠m Iºn-fn-tcmaw sImt≠m s\bvX Ip∏mbw [cn®p CS-s°´v

sIńbpw inc- n¬ Ip_mtØm (aw-kv\- vk) [cn-°p-Ibpw ssIbn¬

hSn ]nSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. `£Ww hfsc eLp-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

Nne¿ Znh-k-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ Blmcw Ign-®p-t]m-∂p. a‰p Nne¿ aq∂p

Znh-k-ß-fntem A©p Znh-k-ß-fntem Hcn-°¬ amXw `£Ww Ign-

®n-cp-∂p. Zm\-[¿Ω-ßƒ \S-Ønbpw ]mh-ßsf klm-bn®pw ]£n-

ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ°p t]mepw `£Ww sImSpØpw ]m¿∞-\-bnepw

t\mºnepw Ah¿ PohnXw Ign-®p-Iqń. C]-Im-c-ap≈ ITn\ hXm-

\p-jvTm-\-Øn¬IqSn Bflob B\µw A\p-`-hn-®n-´p≈ Zb-dm-b-°m-

cpsS Pohn-X-amWv ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n kzoI-cn-®-Xv.

1885 G]n¬ 5˛mw XobXn P\n® kvacy-]p-cp-j\v 21˛mw hb- n¬

1906 Pqsse amkw 8˛mw XobXn ]mºmSn henb]≈n-bn¬h®v apdn-

a‰Øn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n I»o»m]´hpw

]nt‰-Zn-hkw dºm≥ ÿm\hpw \¬In. dºm≥ÿm\w e`n-®-Xns‚

]nt‰-Zn-hkw ]pØ≥ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. ae-¶ck`-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬

CX- sN-dp-∏-Ønse dºm≥ÿm\w kzoI-cn® NcnXw ImWp-I-bn√.


dºm-\mb tijw At±lw ]mºmSn ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-k-am-cw-`n-®p.

am¿ bqlm-t\m≥ amwZm-\-bpsS Pohn-X-am-XrI At±lw ]n≥]-‰n.

t\mºv, ]m¿∞\, D]-hmkw F∂o ]mX-I-fn¬IqSn ]bmWw

sNbvXp. k`-bpsS Iev]n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ t\mºp-I-ƒ°p ]pdta Nne

]tXyI t\mºp-Ifpw At±lw BN-cn®p h∂n-cp-∂p. F√m t\mºp

Znh-k-ß-fnepw At±lw k‘y-hsc D]-h-kn-®n-cp-∂p. t\mºn-s\-∏‰n

hn. ]nXm-°-∑m¿ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv ""t\mºm-Ip∂ Bbp-[-Øm¬

\ap°v bp≤w sNømw. anin-lm-bn¬ ]q¿Æ∑m-cmb t\mºp-Im¿ AXn-

\m¬ hnP-bn-I-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv ZpjvS-t\mSp AXn-

\m¬ t]mcm-Sn. ae-ap-I-fn¬h®v tami AXn-\m¬ sh◊ ]m]n®p.

Genbm AXn-\m¬ cY-Øn¬ Btcm-lWw sNbvXp. \oXn-am-∑m¿

AXn-\m¬ tijvT-cm-Ip-Ibpw kl-tZ-∑m¿ IncoSw [cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. AXns\ \ap°v \¬In-b-h≥ hmgvØ-s∏-´-h-\m-Ip∂p.'' C]-

Im-c-ap≈ t\mº-\p-jvTm-\-Øn¬°qSn Xncp-ta\n Bflm-hn¬ i‡n-

s∏- p.

`mc-Xob al¿jn-am-cpsS Kpcp-Ipe hnZym-`ym-k-co-Xn-bmWv Xncp-

ta-\nbpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]mºmSn ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmgpw

AhnsS\n∂pw s]mØ≥]p-dØv Zb-dm-bn¬ h∂v Xma-kn-°p∂

ImeØpw siΩm-i-∑mcpw Ipń-I-fp-ambn ]e-cpw, IqsS Xma-kn®v ]Tn-

°p-Ibpw ipiq-jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-∂n-cp-∂p. sIm√-h¿jw 1086

Ipw`w 12˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse Hcp Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

""Ct∂ Znhkw siΩm-i-∑mcpw a¿t°mkpw tXmamkpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

Nmt°m Ing-t°m´v t]mbn XncnsI h∂p. Bim-∑m¿°v Im∏n-

sImSpØp. t]mØ-t®-´≥ D®-hsc Ip»n\ntPmen \S-Øn. sIm®p-I-

Ø-\mcv h∂n-cp-∂p. Xd-bØv Hcmƒ acn-®p-t]mbn F∂v tI´p. A©¬

amÃ¿ sshIn´v h∂n-cp∂p.''

]m¿∞-\-bn¬ IqSn ssZh-Øns‚ apJw Z¿in® Hcp ]pWy-hm-

\mWv ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n. "]m¿∞-\sb tIƒ°p-∂-h-\mb Xm≥

]m¿∞n-®p-sh-¶n¬ ]m¿∞n-t°-≠-h-\mb \o ]m¿∞n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬

\o FhnsS sN∂p \n¬°pw. CS-hn-SmsX ]m¿∞n-°p-hn≥, a\p-jy\v

apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°m-hp∂ Bibw ssZhw amX-am-Wv, Fs∂ Cu \ne-

bn¬ B°n-bXv Poh-\p≈ ssZh-am-Wv.' F∂n-]-Imcw Xncp-ta\n

]kw-K-Ønepw A√m-sXbpw ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssZhm-ibhpw ]m¿-

∞-\-bp-am-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ssIap-X¬. Imt\m-\nI ]m¿∞-

\bv°p ]pdta Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS clky ]m¿∞\ it≤-b-am-bn-cp∂p.

hn. aZv_-lm-bn¬ ]th-in®v hS-°p-h-isØ P\-ens‚ Xmsg ]p¬∏m-


bn¬ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v cl-ky-]m¿∞\ bmaw-tXmdpw D≈Xv apS-

ßmsX \S-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w ssI∏-S-bn¬ FgpXnb kpdn-bm\n

]pkvX-I-Øn¬ hfsc hne-tb-dnb ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ AS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.

am_q-Knse am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kns‚ ]m¿∞-\, am¿ C·m-Øn-tbm-

kns‚ satam-Iƒ, Hmtcm Znh-k-sØbpw bmaw-tXm-dp-ap≈ cl-ky-

]m¿∞-\-Iƒ F∂nh AS-ßnb B ]pkvXIw Xncp-ta-\n°v Poh-

\m-bn-cp-∂p. clky]m¿∞-\-bv°p-tijw kpdn-bm\n thZ-]p-kvXIw

hmbn-°pw. ]m¿∞-\-bpsS Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n Gß-e-Sn®p

Ic-bp-∂Xv Cu teJ-I≥ ]e-t∏mgpw I≠n-´p-≠v.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kpdn-bm\n ssI∏-S-bn¬ D≈ ]pkvX-I-Ønse Hcp

]m¿∞-\-bpsS ]cn`mj:

]≈n-bpsS hmXn¬°¬ h®p≈ ]m¿∞\

Zo¿L-£-a-bp-≈-h\pw A\p-K-l-ap-≈-h-\p-amb Rß-fpsS I¿Øm-

ho-tim-an-inlm, Rm≥ sNbvX Fs‚ tZmj-ß-sfbpw Fs‚ Xe-

bpsS ta¬ I-tc-dnb Fs‚ ]m]-ß-sfbpw Rm≥ G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p.

\ns‚ hn. tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ ]th-in-∏m≥ Rm≥ tbmKy-\-√. \ns‚

Zb-hp-sIm≠v A\p-Xm-]-Øns‚ hmXn¬ F\n°p Xpd∂p Xc-W-ta.

Pohn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmb \ns‚ hn. \maw \nanØw \ns‚ ASp-°-tebv°v

HmSn-h∂v c£-s∏-´-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Fs∂bpw \o B°-W-ta.

BtΩ≥.

CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ ]e ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw Cu ssIsb-gpØv ]pkvX-

I-Øn¬ D≠v. Cu ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ ]eXpw ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-

ta\n D]-tbm-Kn® ]pkvX-I-Øn¬\n∂pw ]I¿Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Zo\m-\p-Iº

a\pjykvt\ln-bmb ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-∏‰n kvt\l-km-µ-

amb kvac-W-Iƒ ]e-cp-sSbpw a\- n¬ Xßn-\n¬°p-∂p-≠m-hpw.Xncp-ta\n AXym-k∂\ne-bn¬ iøm-h-ew-_n-bmbn Ign-bp∂ Znh-k-

ß-fn¬ At\Iw ]mh-ßƒ B tcmK-i-ø-°-cn-In-eqsS IÆp-\o¿hm¿Øp-sIm≠v IS∂pt]mbn-´p-≠v. IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hsc ImWp-tºmƒ

B \√ ia-dn-b-°m-cs‚ lrZbw B¿Z-am-bn-Øo-cpw. B¿ZX Nne-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS s]mń-°-c-®n-embn amdpw. òI-c-ßtfm Zb-\o-

b-ßtfm Bb ]X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ hmbn®ptI´m¬ t]mepw B B¿Z-am-\-k≥ s]mń-°-c-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. klm-b-Øn-\mbn kao-]n-°p∂

]mh-s∏-´-h-tcmSp≈ A\p-Iº Nne-t∏mƒ kIe kmam\y ]cn-[n-I-tfbpw AXn-ew-Ln-°pw. Hcn-°¬ ssIs∏ń X∏n-b-t∏mƒ \mW-b-


Øp- p-I-sfm∂pw Inń-bn-√. Inń-bXv Hcp tamXn-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. bmsXm∂pw

aSn-°msX tamXn-c-sa-SpØv bmN-I\p sImSp-Øp. Adn™pw Adn-bm-sXbpw \qdp- cq]m t\m´p-Iƒ FSpØp ]mh-ßƒ°v sImSp-Øn-

´p≈ kµ¿`-ß-fp-≠v. "s]mX-bv°m-s\m-∂p-an√' F∂v ]d-™n-´p≈-h¿°v Xncp-ta\n D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠ncp∂ ]pX-∏p-Iƒ sImSp-Øn- p≠v.

Hcn-°¬ Hcp IpjvT-tcmKn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS k∂n-[n-bn¬ sN∂p. _o`-’-amb B icocw I≠v Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS a\- -en-™v, Abmsf

ssI°v ]nSn®v \S-Øn, apdn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v Hcp Iń-en-¬ Ccp-Øn-b-tijw kar-≤n-bmbn ]e-lm-c-ßƒ sImSp-Øp. Xncp-ta\n [\-

klmbw \¬In. Xncp-ta\n hnZym-`ymkw sNøn-®n-´p≈ ]e bph-P-\-ßfpw D∂X _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fmbn ]i-kvX- \n-e-I-fn¬ C∂v Pohn-

°p-∂p-≠v.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS klm-\p- qXn a\p-jytcmSp amX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]£n-

ar-Km-Zn-I-tfm-Sp-t]mepw Af-h‰ `qX-Zb At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.Acn-bpsS Zu¿_eyw sIm≠v Zb-dm-bnse \nXy-hr-Øn°v sRcp°w

t\cn´ kµ¿`-ß-fnepw Im°-I-tf-bpw, ]mhp-I-sfbpw Acn hmcnhnXdn Xo‰p-∂-Xn¬ Xncp-ta\n D’p-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. "Genb Zo¿L-Z¿-

insb t]m‰nb \√-h¿' F∂ \ne-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Im°-Isf Xncp-ta\n Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv; \njv°-]S Pohn-I-fmb ]mhp-I-sf-bpw. Zb-

dm-bpsS ASp-sØmcp hońse ]ń Hcp kµ¿`-Øn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsStai-°-cp-In-embn ap‰Øp h∂p \n¬°pI ]Xn-hm-°n. ssI sIm≠v

sXmSmØ \√ ao≥ Ij-W-ßfpw H∂m-¥cw ]e-lm-c-ßfpw At±lwhmcn-bn´p sImSpØp. Zb-dm-bnse Xma-k-°m¿ ]ńsb HmSn-°p-hm≥

\S-Ønb ia-ßƒ Xncp-ta-\nsb tIm]n-jvS-\m-°n. Xma-kn-bmsX ]ńs]‰p. "\ns‚ Ip™ns\ IqsS sIm≠p-h-cWw' F∂p Xncp-ta\n

Xncp-hmbv samgn-™p. B \n¿t±iw a\- n-em-°n-bn-t´m, Ft¥mASpØ -h-c-hn¬ Hcp Ip™ns\ IqsS ISn-®p-]n-Sn®p sIm≠m-bn-

cp∂p ]ń h∂-Xv. AXoh k¥p-jvS-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ Xncp-ta\n hn`-h-k-ar-≤-amb Hcp k¬°mcw Xs∂ \S-ØpI D≠m-bn.

efn-X-Po-hn-Xw, Zo\m-\p-I-º, AXn-Yn-k¬°mcw, ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-fmb PohPm-e-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ kvt\lw, XymK-k-∂-≤-X, Zmcn-Zyw, ]m¿-

∞-\, D]-hm-kw, Bfl-X-]\w F∂nh Xncp-ta\n Pohn-X-co-Xn-bm-°n.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Zb-tdm-bqtkm hX-Ncy k`bv°pw \mSn-\pw \m\m-

PmXn aX-ÿ¿°pw A\p-K-l-]-Z-ambn C∂pw A\p-`-h-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p-∂p.

(]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈‰n≥, 1998 G]n¬)


VI

B≤ym-flnI ssNX-\y-Øns‚

]XoIw

""temI-tØ-°mƒ A[nIw ssZhsØ kvt\ln® Cu Xncp-ta\n

Xs∂-t∏m-se-Xs∂ Xs‚ Ab¬°m-c-t\bpw kvt\ln-°-W-sa∂v

\sΩ ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. hnizm-kn-Iƒ acn-®mepw Pohn-°p-sa-t∂m¿°Ww.

Al-tdm≥ acn®v Xs‚ P\-tØmSp tN¿∂-Xp-t]mse Xncp-ta\n C∂v

kzP-\-tØmSv tN¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.'' ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-

d-S-°-th-f-bn¬ ]. ImtXm-en°m _mhm HutK≥ ]Y-a≥ Xncp-a-\-

p-sIm≠v Iev]n®v ]kvXm-hn® hm°p-I-ftX Ch.

ac-WsØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ At±lw Zo¿L-Imew Hcp-ßn-

bn-cp-∂p. Pohn-X-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ I_dpw I_¿ap-dnbpw ]Wn-I-gn-∏n®v

B apdn-bn¬ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v Zo¿L-amb ]m¿∞-\bpw, GIm-¥-

[ym\hpw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ][m\ [ym\-hn-jbw ac-

Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. acWw ]e¿°pw òXn-P-\-I-amb Hcp

hkvXp-X-bm-Wt√m? F∂m¬ ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

IÆp-Iƒ Z¿in-®Xv ac-W-Øns‚ Ccp≠ Xnc-»o-e-bv°-∏p-d-Øp≈

Ah¿Æ-\o-b-amb ]Im-i-t[m-cWn Bbn-cp-∂p. hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬ hf-

sc-tbsd Be-ky-hn-t[-b-\m-bn, A¬∏w Hm¿Ω-°p-d-thmsS Ign-™p-

Iq-Snb thf-bnepw ac-W-sØ-∏-‰n-bpw, ac-Wm-\-¥c Ah-ÿ-sb-∏-

‰nbpw At±lw ]t_m[-\-ßƒ \¬In-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

]mºm-Sn-bnse ]pcm-X-\-amb Icn-ß-Wm-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Hcp

imJ-bmb aqe-°c IpSpw-_-Øn-emWv kvacy-]p-cp-j≥ qPm-X-\m-bXv.

aqe-°c io. Nmt°m-bp-sS-bpw sh≈-t°m´v ioaXn Cf-®n-bp-sSbpw

A©masØ aI-\mb Xncp-ta\n sIm√-h¿jw 1060 ao\w 24˛mw

XobXn Rmb-dmgvN P\n-®p. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ kmº-Øn-I-ambn hnj-

a-Øn¬ Ign-bp-∂-h¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. sNdp-∏Imew, hey-Ω-bp-sS- IqsS

]mºmSn ]≈n-bpsS kao-]-Øp≈ aqe-°c ]≈n-Ømsg hoń¬ Ign-

®p-Iq-ń. aT-Øn-em-ims‚, Bim≥ ]≈-n-°q-S-Øn¬\n∂v kmam-\y-

⁄m\w B¿÷n® Ipdn-bm-t°m-kv, B≤ym-flnI hnizmkw \nd™

Hcp _me-\m-bn-cp-∂p. heyΩ ioaXn DWn-®n-bpsS ssZh-`-‡nbpw

sIm®p-a-I-\n-te°v [mcm-f-ambn ]I¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. B ImeØv

]mºmSn ]≈n-bpsS `c-W-®p-a-X-e-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv ]≈Øv


]md∏p-dØv IØ-\m-cpw, Ipa-c-IØv sIm®p-I-f-Øn¬ IØ-\mcpw

IqSn Bbn-cp-∂p. Ipdn-bm-t°m-kns‚ ]≈n Bcm-[-\-bn-ep≈ Xm¬-

∏cyw I≠p-sIm≠v ta¬∏-d™ sshZn-I¿, _mes\ aZv_-lm-bnse

ipiq-j-I-\m-°n-Øo¿°p-I-bpw, A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX ]´w sImSp-

°-W-sa∂v BK-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

sshZn-I-ÿm\w G¬°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kmº-Øn-I-_p-≤n-ap´v apJm-

¥ncw ]nXmhv BZyw kΩ-Xn-®n-s√-¶nepw ]n∂oSv Xm¬]cyw ImWn°p-

-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. ""F\n°v Im°p-∏mbw D≈-t∏mƒ IΩoiv ImWp-

I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. IΩo-ip-≈-t∏mƒ Im°p-∏mbw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-

sS-\n∂pw Fs∂ Cu ÿm-\-tØ°p sIm≠p-h-∂Xv Poh-\p≈

ssZhw AtX'' F∂n-ßs\ Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v Iev]n-°p-∂Xv Cu

teJ-I≥ ]e-t∏mgpw tIń-´p-≠v.

sIm√-h¿jw 1074˛m-am-≠n¬ ]mºmSn ]≈n-bn¬sh®v IS-hn¬ am¿

AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n At±-l-Øn\v siΩm-ip-]´w \¬In.

XpS¿∂v tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv

aev]m≥, Ce-hn-\m-a-Æn¬ kvIdnbm aev]m≥, N°-c-°-S-hn¬ Hutk∏v

IØ-\m¿ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂pw sshZn-I-]-T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. sIm√-

h¿jw 1031 I¿°nSIw 13˛mw XobXn ]mºmSn am¿ bqlm-t\m≥ ]≈n-

bn¬h®v IØ-\m-cp-]-´-hpw, AXn-\-SpØ Znhkw dºm≥ ]Z-hnbpw

kzoI-cn®v ]nt‰-Zn-hkw hn. ]pØ≥ Ip¿_m-\bpw sNm√n-s°m-≠mWv

Xncp-ta\n Xs‚ B≤ym-flnI Pohn-X-Øn-te°v ]th-in-®-Xv. XpS¿∂v

]mºmSn ]≈n-bn¬ Xs‚ Xmakw Bcw-`n-®p. h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Koh-dp-

Kokv Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]nb-¶-c-\m-bn-cp∂p Ipdn-bm-

t°mkv dºm≥. dºm-®s‚ kpdn-bm\n ssI∏-S-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-

sIm≠v ioa IØp-Iƒ°v adp-]Sn Fgp-Xn-°p-∂Xv At±-l-sØ-s°m-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

]mºmSn ]≈n-bnse Xmakw k`-bnse I£n-h-g-°p-aqew _p≤n-

ap-´mbn tXm∂nb dºm®≥ 12 G°-tdmfw hcp∂ ImSp-]n-Sn® s]mØ-

ºpdw Ip∂v aT-Øn-em-im≥ \n∂pw hnebv°p hmßp-Ibpw sIm√-

h¿jw 1085 I¿°n-SIw 15˛mw XobXn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv kl-Zm-

bpsS s]cp-\mƒ Zn\-Øn¬ Zb-dm-bpsS inem-ÿm-]\w \S-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Xs‚ GIm¥ ]m¿∞\mPohn-X-amWv At\-Isc Cu

ÿe-tØ°v BI¿jn-®-Xv. ]m¿∞-\-bmepw D]-hm-k-Ømepw

At±lw Znh-k-ßƒ Ign-®p-Iq-ń.

]q¿Æ-hn-izm-k-tØmsS ]m¿∞n-°p-∂-h¿°v ssZhw Ft∏mgpw


kao-]-ÿ-\m-sW∂v At±lw hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. bmsXmcp Imc-W-h-

imepw bma-]m¿∞-\-Iƒ At±lw apS-°n-bn-cp-∂n-√. bmX-bn-em-bn-

cp-∂mepw IrXy-k-a-bØv ]m¿∞\ \S-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Imt\m-\nI

]m¿∞-\-Iƒ°ptijw, cl-ky-Øn¬ IÆo-scm-gp-°n ]m¿∞n-°pI

F∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp Zn\-N-cy-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]m¿∞-\-bn¬ Bsc-

¶nepw Hc-£cw sX‰n-®m¬ At∏mƒXs∂ AXp Xncp-Øp-Ibpw

Abmsf in£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ aZv_-lm-bnse ipiq-j-bn-epw, s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw

F√mw hfsc `‡n-\n¿`-c-amb Hcp amXrI \ap°v Z¿in-°p-hm≥

Ign-bpw. t\mºm-N-c-W-Øn¬ Atß-b‰w \oXn-bp≈h\m-bn-cp∂p

At±-lw. C∂p ImWp∂ Zbdm Nm∏-ens‚ ]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-bXv 3

h¿jw sIm≠m-Wv. Cu aq∂p h¿j-°m-ehpw k‘y-hsc At±lw

D]-h-kn-®n-cp-∂p.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Zbdm Pohn-X-Øn¬ BZy-h-km\w hniz-ÿ-X-

tbmsS Zmky-hrØn A\p-jvTn-®p-t]m-∂ ""s]m´≥'' 1971 Pqsse 28˛mw

XobXn \ncym-X-\m-hp-Ibpw Chn-sS-Øs∂ ih-kw-kvImcw \S-Øp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. ""kz¿§w Ds≠-¶n¬ Ch\p In´p-sa∂v'' Xncp-ta\n

]e-t∏mgpw ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Zb-dm-bn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-IWw

GI-tZiw 65 h¿j-Øn\p apºv \S∂ Hcp kw`hw Hcp ZrIvkm£n-

bn¬ \n∂pw tI´ hnhcw NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

Xncp-ta\n dºm-®-\mbn s]mØ-ºp-dØv Xma-k-n°p∂ ImeØv

Ißg hb-e-∏≈n-bnse GI-tZiw 70 hb v ]mbw hcp∂ Hcp

kvXo°v `qtXm-]-Zhw _m[n-®p. ]e NnIn-’-Ifpw \S-Øn-bn´pw

kpJw Inń-bn-√. B kvXosb Ah-cpsS a°ƒ Imf-h-≠n-bn¬

s]mØ-ºp-dØp sIm≠p-h-∂p. Hcm-gvN-°mew ChnsS Xma-kn®v

t\mºv FSp-°p-hm≥ dºm-®≥ \n¿t±-in-®p. ]I¬ ChnsS ]≈n-bn¬

Ccn-°pIbpw sshIn v ChnsS ASp-Øp≈ NmtcmsØ hoń¬ t]mbn

Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ChnsS Xma-kn-°p-tºmgpw ]≈n-bn¬ h®v

H∂p- c≠p ]mhiyw `qtXm-]-Zhw D≠m-bn. \me©v Bfp-Iƒ ]nSn-

®mepw hfsc i‡n-bmbn _lfw D≠m-°n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. dºm-®≥

ASpØpsN√p-tºmƒ CXv A·n-bmWv Atßm´p t\m°p-hm≥

F\n°v ]bm-k-amWv F∂p- ]-d™p Ic-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcm-gvNsØ

D]-hm-k-Øn-\p-tijw Imcy-amb kuJyw In´msX Ah¿ Chn-sS-


\n∂pw aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. t]mIp-∂-hgn Ah-cpsS _‘-Øn¬s∏´ ]d-

°m-hnse Hcp hoń¬ Ah¿ A∂v Xma-kn-®p. cmXn-bn¬ Ah¿°v

Hcp kz]v\-Øn¬ Xncn®v Zb-dm-bn-tebv°v t]mIp-hm≥ Btcm ]d-bp-

∂-Xmbn tXm∂n. AX-\p-k-cn®v ]nt‰ Znhkw cmhnse Xncn®v Zb-dm-

bn¬ sIm≠ph-∂p. dºm-®≥ Ah-cpsS Xe-bn¬ ssIsh®v ]m¿∞n-

°p-Ibpw Ah¿ kuJy-ambn Xncn-®p-t]m-Ibpw sNbvXp.

(ae¶-c-k` amkn-I, G]n¬ 1984)

]mºm-Sn-Øn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS hnizkvX tkh-I-\m-bn-cp∂ D∏qń¬ tXma-kn\p

(s]m´≥) Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm ]mcn-tXm-jnIw

\¬Ip-∂p. amXyqkv am¿ Cu-hm-\n-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm, tUm. tPm¿Pv

tP°-_v, m. ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ F∂n-h¿ kao]w.


2s]mØ≥]p-d-tØbv°v

De-l-∂m≥ h¿Kokv hS-Ic

Xncp-ta\n dºm-®-\mbn ]mºm-Sn-∏-≈-n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒ Rm≥

]≈n-hm-Xn¬°¬ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v kvIqfn¬

]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ aT-Øn-em-im-t\mSv At±lw hf-sc-tbsd ASp∏w

]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F√m Imcy-ßfpw Bim-t\mSv At±lw ]d-bp-am-

bn-cp-∂p.

F√m Znh-khpw \mep aWn°v kvIqƒ hn´m¬ Bim∑m¿°pw

Ipń-Iƒ°p-sa√mw Xncp-ta\n Im∏n sImSp-°pw. h´-ae A®-\m-bn-

cp∂p Xncp-ta-\nsb ipiq-jn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. At±-lsØ IqSmsX hf-sc-

bm-fp-Iƒ kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-°m≥ AhnsS Xma-kn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

IqSmsX CS-h-I-bn¬ Xs∂-bp≈ Nne¿ cmXn-bn¬ ]≈n-bn¬ t]mbn

InS-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bcp sN∂mepw Fs¥-¶nepw sImSp-°msX

hnSp-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

B Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv I£n-Ø¿°w h¿≤n-®-Xv. BZy-Im-eØv

Hcp-an®p \n∂-h¿ Ccp-tN-cn-I-fn-embn \n¬°p-∂Xv I≠-t∏mƒ Xncp-

ta-\n°v AXy-[n-I-amb ZpxJw tXm∂n. Nne¿ At±-lsØ ]≈n-bn¬

Ib-‰m-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ ian-®p. AX-dn-™-t∏mƒ aT-Øn-em-im≥ ]d-™p,

"dºm-®≥ tIkn\p t]mI-≠, F\n°v s]mØ≥]p-dØv Htc-°¿

ÿe-ap-≠v. AhnsS ]pc -sh®p Xma-kn°mw.' At∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n

]d-™p. "F\n°v Ip∏mbw Xbn-∏n-°m≥t]mepw ]W-an-√, ]ns∂-

ßs\ ]pc -hbv°pw.' "kmc-an√; ]W-ap-≠m°mw' F∂p-]-d™v

Bim≥ kam-iz-kn-∏n-®p.

]n∂oSv Bim≥ kz¥-ambn ]Ww apS°n B ÿew dºm-®s‚

t]cn¬ Fgp-Xn-h-®p. B B[mcw dºm-®s‚ ssIbn¬ sImSp-°p-

tºm-gmWv At±lw Adn-bp-∂-Xv.

ÿew \ndsb ImSm-bn-cp-∂p. ImSp-sX-fn®v Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn Hcp

Hme-∏pc sIń. c≠p Znh-kw-sIm≠v ]pc-bpsS ]Wn-Xo¿∂p. XpS¿∂v

]I-se√mw s]mØ≥]p-dØpw cmXn-bn¬ ]mºm-Sn-∏-≈n-bn-ep-ambn

Ign-™p. Ipin-\n-°m-c≥ s]m´≥ Bbn-cp-∂p.


Hcp Znhkw D®-k-a-bØv Rm\-hnsS FØn. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS D®-

`-£Ww Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. A°m-eØv hfsc ]bmkw A\p-`-h-s∏-

ń-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n°v DÆm-\p≈ tNmdv amXta D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p-≈p. At±lw A¬]w tNmdv Ign-®-tijw Fs∂ hnfn®v tNmdp-

Æm≥ Iev]n-®p. Xncp-ta\n hni-∂n-cn-°-W-at√m Ft∂m¿Ø-t∏mƒ

F\n°v ]bmkw tXm∂n. ]s£ At±-l-Øns‚ Iev]\ \nc-kn-

°p-hm≥ BIp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Rm≥ tNmdp-≠p.

A[n-I-Imew Ign-bpw-apºv Hme-∏p-c-tbm-Sp-tN¿∂v Hcp apdn ]WnXp.

]Xn-hp-t]mse ]I¬ Ahn-sSbpw cmXn ]mºm-Sn-∏-≈n-bn-ep-ambn

Ign™p. ]n∂oSv Hcp sNdnb ]≈n ]Wn-bm-\p≈ Btem-N-\-bm-bn.

A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Im´p-X-Sn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp Xm¬°m-enI

]≈n-bp-≠m-°n.

]≈n-∏-Wn-°m-h-iy-amb km[-\-ßƒ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS _‘-Øn¬-

s∏´ Bfp-Ifpw CS-h-I-bnse a‰v Bƒ°mcpw kuP-\y-ambn \¬Ip-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. H∏w ]Wn-sb√mw sNbvXXpw Ah¿ X-s∂. A∂v XSn-

Ifpw a‰v km[-\-ß-fp-ambn s]mØ≥]pdw tI‰w Ib-dn-h-cp∂ Bfp-

Iƒ°v ]gw Ipe-tbmsS Xncp-ta\n \¬Ip-∂Xv I≠n-´p-≠v. ]g-°p-e-

Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿ ImgvN-bmbn \¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

]≈n ]Wn-bp-hm-\mbn ]ncnhv \S-Øn. BZyw aZv_lm ]Wn-Xp.

]Wn-°m-h-iy-ap≈ ]Ww Bfp-Iƒ sIm≠p-t]mbn sImSp-°p-am-bn-

cp-∂p. Hcn°¬ Zb-dm-bn-te-bv°p≈ hgn shń-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. 40 t]tcmfw ]Wn -sN-øm-\p-≠v. Ah¿s°√mw D®bv°v

`£Ww sImSp-°-Ww. F∂m¬ A∂v Zb-dm-bn¬ Acn H´p-an-√m-bn-

cp-∂p. Xncp-ta\n h√msX hnj-an-®p. AIse ]cn-N-b-ap≈ Hcp tdj≥

IS-bn-tebv°v t]mIp-hm≥ Adn-bm-hp-∂-h-cmcpw Ahn-sS-bn-√. Rm≥

At∏m-g-hnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F\n°pw tdj≥IS Adn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hnjaw I≠v F\n°pw ]bmkw tXm∂n

F¶nepw, Xncp-ta\n Ft¥m \n›-bn-®p-d-®-Xp-t]mse s]m´-t\mSv Idn-

sh-bv°m≥ Iev]n-®p. kabw IS-∂p-t]m-bn. Rßƒ hnj-an®p \n¬-

°p-tºmƒ Btcm Hcmƒ Ahn-tSbv°p Ip∂v Ib-dn-h-∂p. Abm-tfm-

sSm∏w hmey-°m-c≥ Ft¥m Npa-∂p-sIm≠p hcp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

BK-X¿ hmI-Øm-\w-Im-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apºn¬

NpaSv XmgvØn-h-®p. c≠-c∏d Acn-bpw, ao≥ Idn-bpw, ]g-hp-am-bn-

cp∂p AXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. B Acn- sh-®mWv A∂v ]Wn-X-h¿°v


DuWp sImSp-Ø-Xv. hmI-Øm-\w-Im-c-\mb hmey-°m-c\v sImSp-°p-

hm≥ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ssIbn¬ ]W-an-√m-™n´v ]≈n-bpsS `fim-c-

s∏ń Xpd∂v AXn¬\n∂v ]W-sa-SpØp sImSp-Øp.

s]mØ≥]p-dØv \n∂v A[nIw AI-se-b-√msX Xma-kn-°p∂

Hcmƒ Hcp Znh-kw -h∂v Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠v ssIap-Øn. Abmƒ

Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv Zb-dm-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw ]Wn-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂v At]-

£n-®p. Imc-Ww, Abmƒ `mcy-tbbpw Ipń-I-tfbpw t]m‰m≥ hnj-

an-°p-∂p. hoń-emsI Zmcn-Zyw. Pohn-°m≥ bmsXmcp hgn-bp-an-√. a‰p-

≈n-SØv Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Iqen-∏-Wn°v t]mIm-sa∂p h®m¬, D∂X

IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n-®-Xn-\m¬ A`n-am\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-an-√.

Abm-fpsS ssZ\ym-hÿ I≠v Xncp-ta\n Xs‚ ssIs∏-ńbpw

a‰pw ]W-Øn-\mbn ]c-Xn. F∂m¬ A∂v Hcp ss]km-t]mepw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂n√. Zm\-io-e-\mb Xncp-ta\n H´pw aSn-®n-√, sXmgp-Øn¬ \n¬-

°p∂ Id-h-∏-ip-hns\ Agn-®p-sIm≠p s]mbvs°m-≈m≥ Abm-tfmSp

]d-™p. BK-X≥ AXp-tI´v `b-∂p. Xncp-ta\n ]m¬ Ip-Sn-°p∂

]ip-hns\ Agn-®p-sIm≠p t]mIp-hm≥ Abm-fpsS a\- -\p-h-Zn-®n-√.

DS≥ Xncp-ta\n s]m -t\mSv ]ip-hns\ Agn®p sImSp-°p-hm≥ Bh-

iy-s∏-´p. F∂n´pw BK-X≥ ]ip-hns\ kzoI-cn-®n-√. HSp-hn¬ Xncp-

ta-\n -Xs∂ ]ip-hns\ Agn®v Abmsf G¬]n-®p. hnd-bv°p∂ Ic-

ß-tfmsS ]ip-hns‚ Ib¿ Xncp-ta\nbn¬\n∂v hmßn Abmƒ t]mbn.

B ]ip-hns‚ ]m¬ hn‰v Abmƒ a°sf ]Tn-∏n-®p. Ah¿ D∂X

hnZym- ymkw t\Sn. C∂-h-sc√mw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-cmbn Ign-

bp-∂p.

Hcp k‘ym-k-a-bØv Xncp-ta\n F√m-h-cp-sam∏w IqSn-bn-cn-°p-

tºmƒ "tX\pw ao\pw injy-∑m-cpsS £-W-am-Wt√m' F∂v ]d™p.

AhnsS IqSn-\n-∂-h-cn¬ Hcmƒ AXv a\- n¬ Ipdn®n´p. Abmƒ

kmº-Øn-I-ambn hfsc ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc ]bm-

k-s∏-´mWv Pohn®pt]m∂-Xv. F¶nepw Xncp-ta\n ]d-™-Xmb

InkvXpin-jy-∑m-cpsS `£Ww At±-l-Øn\v ImgvN-sh-bv°p-hm≥

Abmƒ Xocp-am-\n-®p.

t\csØ Im\dm (I¿Æm-S-I) bn¬ \ns∂t∂m sIm≠p-h∂ tX≥

hoń¬ kq£n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ipa-c-IØv sN∂v Icn-ao\pw hmßn

s°m≠p-h∂v ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øn. CXp-Iq-SmsX h´-b-∏hpw ]qh-º-ghpw

IqSn Ip´-bn-em°n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS k∂n-[n-bn-se-Øn.


Xncp-ta\n AXp- I≠v k¥p-jvS-\m-bn. lrZbw kvt\lw sIm≠v

\nd-™n-cn-°p∂ At±lw Abm-fpsS Xe-bn¬ Xs‚ Xrss° h®-

\p-K-ln-®p. s]mSp-∂-\sh sshZyp-Xm-LmXw t]mse-sbt¥m Xs‚

inc p apX¬ ]mZw-hsc IS∂pt]mIp-∂-Xmbn Abmƒ°p tXm∂n.

A[nIw \mfp-Iƒ Ign-bpw-aptº Abm-fpsS aqØ- ]p-X≥ Kƒ-

^n¬ t]mIp-I-bpw, ]n∂oSv B IpSpw_w hfsc A`n-hr≤n ]m]n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C∂v kmº-Øn-I-ambn hfsc Db¿∂ \ne-bn-em-

W-h¿.

Hcn-°¬ Zb-dm-bnse d_¿sh-´p-Im-c≥ Ipsd jo‰v Is´-Sp-Øp.

Ahs‚ Ifhv I≠p-]n-Sn-®-h¿ Ahs\ ]nSn-®p-sIń Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

apºn¬ sIm≠p-sN-∂p. Xncp-ta\n F¥mWv sNøm≥ t]mIp-∂-sX∂v

t\m°n F√m-hcpw BImw-£-tbmsS ImØp-\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv.

Xncp-ta\n Ipsd ]Ww -IqSn Ahs‚ ssIbn¬ sImSpØv Ahs\

]d-™-b-bv°m≥ Hcp-sº-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv! jo‰v I´-h≥ ]›m-

Ø-]n-®p. C\n-sbm-cn-°epw tamjvSn-°n√ F∂-h≥ ]Xn-⁄-sb-SpØp.

as‰m-cn-°¬ s]mØ≥]p-dsØ IpØn-d-°-Øn¬h®v Xncp-ta\n

k©-cn-®n-cp∂ Imdns‚ t_°v \jvS-s∏-´p. A¤p-X-sa∂p ]d-b-s´,

bmsXm-c-]m-bhpw IqSmsX h≠n- \n-dp-Øp-hm≥ ssUh¿°p km[n®p.

Bcv ImWp-hm≥ sN∂m-ep-ap≈ Ipi-e-an-Xm-Wv, "kuJy-amtWm?'

AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ t\mºpw ]m¿∞-\bpw D≈-h-cmbn Pohn-°-

W-sa∂v F√m-h-tcbpw D]-tZ-in-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

(ae-¶-c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv sldmƒUv, 1989 G]n¬ 7. X-øm-dm-°n-

bXv: tPm¨ I°mSv)


3hni-°p∂ InkvXp-hns\ tXSn

h¿Kokv I°mSv

F\n°v 16 hb v ]mb-ap-≈-t∏m-gmWv Rm≥ kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-°p-

hm≥ Zb-dm-bn¬ FØp-∂-Xv. A∂v hf-sc-t∏¿ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ASp-

°¬ kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-°phm≥ hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ipiq-j-bn¬ IqSp-∂-

h-sc√mw kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-°-Ww. ImcWw Ia-ß-sf√mw kpdn-bm-\n-

bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Xte-Zn-hkw ipiq-j-°m-sc√mw Zb-dm-bn¬ t]mbn

InS-°-W-sa∂v \njv°¿j-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv \∂mbn ]Tn-

®n-s√-¶n¬ Xncp-ta\n \√ in£ \¬Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fw. kn. Ipcym-

t°mkv dºm≥, Nqc-∏m-Sn¬ A®≥, ]md-bv°-e-®≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿

A°m-eØv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS injy-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

ipiq-jbv°v IqSp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-bm-bn-cp∂p cmhnse

]≈n- hr-Øn-bm-°p-I, aZv_-lm-bn¬ hncn-°pI F∂n-h-sbm-s°.

hfsc `‡n-tbmsS amXta Hmtcm∂pw sNømhq F∂v At±-l-Øn\v

\n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-bv°-IØp Ib-dn-°-gn™m¬ kwkm-cn-

°mt\ ]mSn-√. As√-¶nepw Xncp-ta\n Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n-s°m-≠n-cns°

kwkm-cn-°m≥ Bcpw ss[cy-s∏-Sp-I-bpan√.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Zm\-ioew Fs∂ hfsc BI¿jn-®n-´p-≠v. Bcp-

h-∂mepw £Ww sImSp-°-W-sa∂v \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p. n£-°m¿

h∂m¬ ]≈n-bnse h©n-bn¬ \n∂v ssIbn¬ In´p∂ ]Ww FX-

bmtWm AXbpw \¬Ipw. FX-sb∂v FÆn t\m°p∂ ]iv\ta

C√.

Hcn-°¬ Hcp ]mh-s∏´ s]Ïp-ńsb hnhmlw Ign-∏n-°m≥ ]W-

an-√m-™v Ah-fpsS ]nXmhv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS k∂n-[n-bn¬ FØn-b-

t∏mƒ At±lw Hcp ]h≥ kΩm-\n-®-Xv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Zm\-io-e-

Øn\v aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

A°m-eØv ]mºmSn, ao\Sw ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ hnf-hp-I-

fpsS Hcp ]¶v Xncp-ta-\n°v ImgvN-bmbn \¬IpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

AXn-\m¬ [mcmfw km[-\-ßƒ Zb-dm-bn¬ FØpw. AsX√mw AXp-


t]mse Zm\-[¿Ω-ambn At±lw \¬Ipw.

hkvX-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v hkvXw, `£-W-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v `£Ww;

F∂p- th≠ Zm\-[¿Ω-Øn¬ AK-K-Wy-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.

Hcn-°¬ I∂p-Ipgn sI. sI. tXmakpw At±-l-Øns‚ aI-fpw,

aI-fpsS `¿Ømhpw Xncp-ta-\nsb ssIap-Øm≥ h∂p. ssIapØn

Ipi-e-]-iv\-ßƒs°√mw tijw Ah¿ Im∏n IpSn-®p. XpS¿∂v Ah¿

aS-ßn-t∏m-Im≥t\cw Xncp-ta\n Ft∂mSp tNmZn-®p, "F∂-XmSm Ch-

¿°v sImSp-°p-∂Xv?'

Rms\-¥p- ]-d-bm≥. Rm≥ \n»-_vZX ]men-®p. Xncp-ta\n AI-

tØbv°p Ibdns®∂v Hcp Hm´p-sam-¥bpw, Hcp ssSw]o-kp-sa-SpØv

Ah¿°v kΩm-\-ambn sImSp-Øp. IeymWw Ign™v Xncp-ta-\nsb

ssIap-Øm≥ hcp∂ \h-Z-º-Xn-Iƒ°v Hmtcm ]pkvXIw kΩm-\-

ambn \¬IpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ ]m¿∞-\m-Po-hnXw hfsc ]kn-≤-am-Wv. \S-°p∂

hgnbnem-sW-¶n¬t∏mepw B IrXy-k-a-bØv AhnsS \n∂p-sIm≠v

]m¿∞n-°pw. Ggp -bm-a-ß-fnepw ]≈n-bn¬ t]mbn ]m¿∞n-°pw.

Bsc-¶nepw tcmKambn InS-°p-∂-Xmbn Adn-™m¬ Ah-cpsS hoSp-

I-fn¬ t]mbn ]m¿∞n-°pw. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]m¿∞-\-aqew At\-

I¿°v kuJyw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. A∂v Zb-dm-bn¬ ap‰-a-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-

∂Xv Hcp lnµp kvXobm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS ssIbn¬ Hcp hWw

h∂v Ie-i-emb thZ-\bpw a‰p-ap-≠m-bn. Xncp-ta\n Ah¿°p-th≠n

]tXyIw ]m¿∞n-®p. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX hWw ]q¿Æ-ambpw

Icn-™p.

Cßs\ ]m¿∞-\-bnepw Zm\-[¿Ω-Ønepw a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Ønepw

AK-K-Wy-\mb BNm-cy-∑m¿ hnc-f-am-Wv. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Ah-

cn¬ aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-am-sW-∂ -Im-cy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an-√.


bXv: tPm¨ I°mSv)


4Cu sNdn-b-h-cn¬ B¿s°-¶nepw

]n. kn. sF∏v ]√m´v

Rm≥ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ F√m Znh-khpw kvIqfn¬ t]mbn-

cp-∂Xv Zbdm hgn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ft∂m-sSm∏w Fs‚ Ab¬°mc\pw

IqSn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Rßƒ ]Xn-hmbn Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠v ssI

apØpw. Hcp-hn[w \∂mbn ]m´p-]m-Sp-am-bn-cp∂ Rßƒ c≠p-t]cpw

Xncp-ta-\nsb ]m´p- ]mSn tIƒ∏n-°pw. Rß-fpsS ]m´p-tI´v Xncp-ta\n

kt¥m-jn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Rßƒ°v Xn∂m≥ Fs¥-¶nepw

Xcpw.

Cu ]Xnhv XpS-cp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv Fs‚ ]nXmhv acn-®-Xv. Aßs\

IpSpw-_-`m-c-ßƒ Fs‚ tXmfn-em-bn. XpS¿∂v ]Tn-°p-hm≥ F\n°v

Ign-bm-Xm-bn. X≥aqew ]Xn-hm-bp≈ Zb-dm-bn¬t]m-°pw \ne-®p.

Fs∂ ImWm-Xm-b-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n Fs∂-∏‰n At\z-jn-®p. Fs‚

]nXmhv acn-®-Xn-\m¬ Rm≥ ]T\w \ndpØn F∂v a\- n-em-°nb

At±lw Fs∂ Hcm-sf-s°m≠p hnfn-∏n-®p. Hcp Znhkw Rm≥ t]mbn

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ssIap-Øn. Ft∂m-S-t±lw ]d-™p, "Rm≥ ôkv

Xcmw, \o ]Tn-t®mfq.' F∂m¬ ho´p-Im-cy-ßƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ a‰m-cp-an-

√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ XpS¿∂p ]Tn-°m≥ F\n°v km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

Ip¿∫m-\-I-a-Ønse ]m´p-Iƒ ]Tn-°m≥ kt¥m-j-amtWm Fs∂-

t∂mSv Xncp-ta\n tNmZn-®p. sNdp-∏-Ønte kwKo-X-Øn¬ Iº-ap-≠m-

bn-cp∂ Rm≥ AXn¬ hf-sc-tbsd kt¥m-jn-®p. A∂p apX¬ Rm≥

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS injy-\mbn Bcm-[-\-I-a-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn.

Bdp- amkw Ign-™-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n Ft∂mSv Ip∏mbw Xbv]n-°p-

hm≥ Iev]n-®p. Aßs\ Rm≥ aZv_-lm-bn¬ Ib-dn. Rm≥ ipiq-

jbv°v Ib-dp-tºmƒ 18 t]¿ aZv_-lm-bn¬ ipiq-j-bn¬ IqSp-∂-h-

cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hmb-\-bntem ]m¿∞-\-bntem Fs¥-¶nepw sX‰p-

h-∂m¬ B \nanjw ASn-°pw. F√mw hf-sc-tbsd i≤n®v ]h¿Øn-

®-Xn-\m¬ Fs∂ Hcn-°¬t]mepw X√nbn-ń-√.

]. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Zo\m-\p-Iº hfsc ]kn-≤-am-Wv. AXv ]e

Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw t\cn´v ImWp-hm\pw A\p-`-hn-°p-hm\pw F\n°v

Ign-™n-´p-≠v.


Hcn-°¬ Hcp IpjvT-tcmKn Zb-dm-ap-‰sØ Atim-I-a-c-Øn≥Np-h-

ń¬ h∂p \n∂p. Xncp-ta\n AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Abmƒ Xncp-ta-

\n-tbmSv `n£ bmNn-®p. "F¥m AhnsS \n¬°p-∂Xv ASpØp hm.'

Abmƒ AXp tIń´pw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ASp-tØbv°p sN√m-Xn-cp-∂-

Xn-\m¬ Xncp-ta\n Fgp-t∂-‰p-sN∂v B IpjvT-tcm-Kn-bpsS ssII-

fn¬ ]nSn®v Abmsf Itk-c-bn¬ sIm≠n-cp-Øn. Abmƒ°v Bh-

iy-amb ]Whpw £-W-km-[-\-ßfpw sImSp-Ø-Xn-\p-tijw Abmsf

ssI]n-Sn®v tK‰n-¶¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn hn´p. Abmƒ \S∂p ad-bpw-

hsc t\m°n-\n-∂p. Abmƒ t]mbn-°-gn™v Xncn-®p-h∂ Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS IÆp-Iƒ \nd-s™m-gp-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

s]mØ≥]p-d-Øn\v ASpØv Xma-kn-°p∂ Hcp sslµ-hkvXo

]ń-Wnbpw Zmcn-Zyhpw kln-°m-\m-hmsX Hcn-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ h∂v

I™n shbv°m≥ Acn tNmZn-®p. A∂v AØmgw hbv°p-hm-\p≈

Acntb D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. Xncp-ta\n s]m´s\ hnfn®v D≈ Acn

apgph≥ B kvXo°v sImSp-°p-hm≥ Iev]n-®p. Acnbpw hmßn B

kvXo Zb-dm-bpsS hf∏v IS-°pw-aptº Hcp Ieym-W-ho-´p-Im¿

Acnbpw, ao≥I-dnbpw, hmg-°p-ebpw a‰p km[-\-ß-fp-ambn Zb-dm-

ap‰-sØ-Øn-°gn-™n-cp∂p!

as‰m-cn-°¬ Fdn-ImSv F∂ ÿe-Øp≈ Hcp lnµp s]mØ≥]pdw

Ip∂ns‚ Ncn-hn¬ Icn-ºn≥Im¬ shń-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

h√msX Zmln® Abmƒ sh≈w IpSn-°p-hm≥ Ahn-sS-sa√mw At\z-

jn-®p. F∂m¬ Ahn-sS-sbßpw hoSp-Itfm InWtdm Is≠-Øp-hm≥

Abmƒ°v Ign-™n-√. HSp-hn¬ Abmƒ At\z-jn®v Zb-dm-ap-‰-

sØØn. Ahn-SpsØ InW-dp -I≠v AXn¬\n∂v sh≈w tImcn-

IpSn®p. Xncp-ta\n Abmsf I≠ DS≥ hnfn-®p. hnh-c-ß-sf√mw tNmZn-

®-dn-™p. Abmƒ°v GØ-∏-ghpw ]e-lm-c-ßfpw sImSp-Øp. Abmƒ

A∂v aS-ßn-t∏m-b-Xn-\p-tijw GØ-hmg \´v BZysØ hmg-°pe

Xncp-ta-\n°v ImgvN-bmbn sIm≠p-h-∂p.

hn\-bhpw Xmgvabpw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ssIap-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. BZ-cn-

t°-≠-hsc th≠-hn-[-Øn¬ BZ-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ]. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]m¿-

∞-\m-Po-hn-X-amWv At±-lsØ AXn-c‰v ssNX-\y-\m-°n-Øo¿ØXv.

Zb-dm-∏≈n ]Wn-Xp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ aq∂p- h¿j-°m-e-tØbv°v Hcp-

t\cw amXw `£Ww Ign®v D]-h-kn®v ]m¿∞n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

At±-lw.

F√m Znh-khpw cmXn c≠p- a-Wn -hsc amXta Dd-ßp-am-bn-cp-


∂p≈-p. c≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Fgp-t∂‰v ]m¿∞n-°pw. ]m¿∞-\ Ign™v

hfsc t\cw Gß-e-Sn®v Ic-bp-∂Xv Rm≥ tIń-´p-≠v. B ]m¿∞\

Ign™v Fs∂ hnfn-°pw. Xncp-ta\n Iń-en¬ Ccp-∂v, At±-l-Øns‚

Im¬®p-h- n¬ Fs∂ CcpØn Fs‚ Xe ]nSn®p aSn-bn¬sh®v Fs‚

Xe-bn-eqsS Xtem-Sn-s°m≠v Hmtcmtcm Imcy-ßƒ ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°pw. IrXyw \me-cbv°v ]`m-X-\-a-kvIm-c-Øn-\mbn ]≈n-bn¬

t]mIpw. \a-kvImcw Ign-bp-tºmƒ Rß-sf-√m-hcpw aS-ßn-t∏m-∂p-

I-gn-™m-epw Xncp-ta\n ]≈n-°-I-Øp-Xs∂ Ccn-°pw. hf-sc-t\cw

Ignt™ ]pdØp hcn-I-bp-≈-p. B ka-b-sØms° aZv_-lm-bn¬

]Z-hn-bn¬ ap´p-IpØn \n∂v Gß-e-Sn®v Ic™p ]m¿∞n-°p-I-bmWv

]Xn-hv.

]m¿∞-\m-k-a-bsØ IrXy-\n-jvT-bn¬ Xncp-ta\n IWn-i-°m-c-

\m-bn-cp-∂p. GXv D∂-X-∑m-cp-ambn kwkm-cn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-

¶nepw icn, bmX-bn-em-sW-¶nepw icn, IrXy-k-a-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ ]m¿-

∞n-°pw. At±-l-Øns‚ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬\n-∂p≈ X¿÷a hfsc

]kn-≤-am-Wv. kpµ-c-amb ]Z-hn-\ym-k-ß-fmWv Ah-bn¬ ImWp-I.

tcmKw aq¿—n-®-t∏mƒ 1965 am¿®v 11˛mw XobXn aµncw Bip-]-Xn-

bn¬ t]mbn. B Rmb-dmgvN cmhnse \a-kvIm-c-Øn-\p-tijw

Fs∂bpw A®-∑m-scbpw hnfn®v ]d-™p. "F\n°v Xosc kpJ-

an√, Ft¥m Akp-J-sam-s°-bp-≠v. ssZh-CjvSwt]mse-bm-I-s´.

Ip™p-ßsf, \nß-sfs∂ ad-°-cp-Xv. I≠mepw temIm-h-km-\-

tØmfw Rm≥ \nß-tfm-Sp-Iq-sS-bp≠v F∂p≈ B Xncp-h-N\w \nß-

tfmSpw IqsS.'

A®-∑m-tcm-Smbn ]d™p, "\nßƒ At\ym\yw kvt\l-ap-≈-hcpw

\√ \S-Ø-bp-≈-hcpw amXr-Im-Po-hn-X-ap-≈-hcpw Poh≥sh-bvt°-≠n-

h-∂mepw If-hp-]-d-bmsX kXyw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hcpw Bbn-cn-°Ww.'

21˛mw XobXn k¬In-b-Iƒ, ]m¿∞\, t\mºv, D]-hmkw F∂n-

h-sb-∏‰n Iev]n-®-tijw Ahn-Sp∂v ]d-™p, "A\p-K-ln-°-s∏´ ssZh-

a-°sf! Rm≥ ico-c-]-Imcw \nßsf hn´p-t]m-bmepw Bflob-

]Imcw F∂pw \nß-tfm-Sp-Iq-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.''

Ft∂m-Smbn ]d-™p, "\osbs∂ Hcn-°epw ad-°-cp-Xv. F\n-°p-

th≠n ]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøWw.'

28˛mw XobXn Fs∂ hnfn®p. Rm≥ hnfn- tI-´p. "Fs‚ aI-\-t√,

\n\-s°s‚ A\p-Klw A√msX Cu ]mh-s∏´ Rm≥ \n\-s°-¥p-

X-cp∂p.'


]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hnizÿ tkh-I-\mb

D∏qń¬ tXmakns‚ (s]m´≥) I_dnSw

(]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-dn-S-Øns‚ hS-°p-h-iØv).

G]n¬ 4˛mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN cmXn 2.55˛\v At±lw Imew-

sN-bvXp. B Ah-km-\ -\n-anjØnepw Fs‚ ssI At±-l-Øns‚

ssIbn¬ ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

I_-d-S°w Ign™v B I_-dn-¶¬ BZy-ambn sagp-Ip-Xncn IØn-

®Xv Rm\m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂pw B ]cn-ip-≤s‚ B kvt\l-[-\s‚ I_-

dn-S-Øn¬ F√m Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw apS-ßmsX Rm≥ t]mIp-∂p.

Ahn-Sp∂v ]Tn-∏n® Bcm-[-\-I-a-ß-fm¬ hn. Bcm-[-\-bn¬ kw_-

‘n-°p-∂p.


bXv: tPm¨ I°mSv)


5ac-W-sØ-∏‰n amXw Nn¥n-°p∂

alm-Nm-cy≥

^m. ]n. ]n. Koh-dp-Ko-kv

""ac-W-ap-s≠-\n-s°∂sXmcn-°epw ad-s°m-√.''

hm¿≤-Iy-k-l-P-amb Be-ky-Øn\p hnt[-b-\mbn A¬]w Akm-

[m-cW-amb Hm¿Ω-°p-d-thmsS Ign-bp∂ ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\n, Xs∂ kµ¿in-°m≥ hcp-∂-hsc Xm≥ sNdp-∏-Øn¬ ]Tn®

Cu Km\-i-Iew sNm√n-t°ƒ∏n-°p-hm≥ ad-°m-dn-√. A©p an\n´p

kabw At±-l-tØm-sSm-∂n®v sNe-h-gn-®m¬ A©p ]mh-iy-sa-¶nepw

ac-W-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Znhy-k-tµiw At±-l-Øn¬\n∂v tIƒ°m-Xn-cn-

°n-√. ""Ft∏m-gp-tam¿t°≠ \mep Imcy-ßfp≠v. ac-Ww, \ymb-hn[n,

tam£w, \cIw'' F∂v At±lw IqsS-°qsS ]d-bp-∂Xp tIƒ°p-

tºmƒ B ]cn-ip-≤s‚ a\- n¬ hym]-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ GI-

Nn¥ ac-W-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ac-Wm-\-¥-cm-h-ÿ-sb-∏-‰nbpamsW∂v

B¿°pw ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

tIm´bw `Zm-k\ CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n

sIm. h. 1060 ao\w 24˛\p Rmb-dmgvN ]mºmSn aqe-°c IpSpw-_-

Øn¬ `qPmXw sNbvXp. 14˛m-asØ hb- n¬ kz¥ CS-h-I-bmb

]mºmSn henb]≈n-bn¬ h®p IS-hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-

ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂v At±-l-Øn\v siΩm-ip]´w Inń. 21˛m-asØ hb-

n¬ I»o»m ÿm\hpw dºm≥ÿm-\hpw e`n-®p. Cu ÿm\-e_v[n-

Iƒ Xte-Zn-h-khpw ]nt‰-Zn-h-k-hp-ambn D≠m-bXv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-

X-Ønse Hcp ]tXyI kw`-h-am-Wv. _meyw apXte `‡m-tK-k-c-

\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw dºm-\mbn kpZo¿L-Imew henb]≈n-bn¬ Xma-

kn-®p. 1104 Ipw`w 30˛mw XobXn tIm´bw Fw.Un. skan-\m-cn-bn¬

h®v Ct∏m-gsØ ]. ImtXm-en°m _mhm-Xn-cp-ta\n Ct±-lsØ

saXm≥ÿm-\-tØ-°p-b¿Øn.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ""Xmt_m¿Kncn'' F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvX

C∂sØ am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zbdm, ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hµy-

Kp-cp-`q-X-\mb aT-Øn¬ Bim≥ F∂ sslµ-h-]-amWn \¬Inb

ÿeØv 1089˛¬ ]Wn Bcw-`n-®p. ]mºmSn, ao\Sw Ic-I-fn-ep≈


At\-I-am-fp-I-fpsS \n¿t√m- -amb kl-I-c-W-tØmSpIqSn 1098˛¬ Zb-

dmbpw ]≈nbpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n tIm´bw `Zm-k\ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn 30

h¿j-tØmfw kvXpXy¿l-ambn `cWw \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS ]cn-]m-h-\-amb hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ apºn¬ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-SmØ

]iv\-ßƒ H∂p-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta\n Hcp h¿j-°mew ]cp-ae

skan\m-cn-bpsS `c-W-km-cYyw hln-®n-´p-≠v. 1110˛¬ cq]-h¬°-cn®

ImtXm-en-°m-\n-[n-bpsS SÃn Xncp-ta-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

t\´-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv tIm´-bsØ Imcm-∏pg Nm∏¬. Pohn-®n-cn-°p-

tºmƒ Xs∂ kvamc-I-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Akm-[m-cW-am-W-t√m.

B Akp-e` mKyhpw Xncp-ta-\n-°p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ imiz-X-kvamc-

I-amWv, ]mºmSn Fw.Pn.Fw. sslkvIqƒ.

]cn-ip-≤-\mb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A¤p-X-kn-≤n-I-sf-∏‰nbp≈ ]e

IY-I-fp-ap-≠v. Ip∂w-Ip-fØv ]cs° tπKv tcmKw _m[n®v ssZ\w-

Zn\w At\-I¿ acn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n AhnsS Fgp-∂≈n

]m¿∞n-°p-I-bpw B alm-amcn s]mSp-∂-\th A]-Xy-£-am-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Ip∂w-IpfØv aßm´v ]≈n-∏p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ F´p-]Øv InW-

dp-Iƒ Ipgn-∏n-®n´pw sh≈w In´msX \ncm-i-bn¬ Ign-bp-tºmƒ Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS ÿm\-\n¿Æ-b-a-\p-k-cn®v Hcp InW¿ Ipgn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNdnb XmgvN-bn¬ Xs∂ kpe-`-ambn sh≈w In´p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]m¿∞-\-aqew kuJyw ]m]n-®n-´p≈ tcmKn-I-fpsS

A\p- -h-km-£y-ßƒ A\-h-[n-bp-≠v. Xncp-a-\- nse ]m¿∞-\m-Pohn-

Xhpw hX-\n-jvTbpw ssZhm-i-b-hp-amWv Cu kn≤n-I-fp-sS-sb√mw

\nZm-\w. "CS-hn-SmsX ]m¿∞n-°pI' F∂ D]-tZiw Hm¿Ω-i‡n

hf-sc-tbsd \jvS-s∏´ Cu hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬t∏mepw Xncp-ta\n A£-

cw-]Xn ]men-®p-t]m-cp-∂p. Gen-bm-hns‚ ]pX∏v Geo-isb A¤p-

X-kn-≤n-I-fp≈ ]hm-N-I-\m-°n-Øo¿Ø-Xns\ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-am-dv

]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p≈ Hcp Aw-i-

hSnbpw ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-°p-≠v.

C∂v Xncpta\n AXy¥w £oWn-X-\m-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw ]c-k-lmbw

IqSmsX `£-Ww-t]mepw Ign-°m-dn-√. At±-lsØ ]cn-N-cn-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p∂Xv dh. m. ]n. kn. tbml-∂m-\m-Wv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A`n-

em-j-a-\p-k-cn®pw ]. _mhm Xncp-a-\- nse I¬]\]Im-chpw ae-

¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k -bnse alm-Nm-cy-∑m¿ F√m-hcpw

tN¿∂v Unkw-_¿ 8˛mw XobXn i\n-bmgvN 1.30˛\v Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

I¥o-em-ip-iqj \n¿h-ln-°p-I-bm-Wv.

(ae-bmf at\m-ca, 1962 Unkw-_¿ 2)


6]mºmSn am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkpw

]cn-ip≤ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw

^m. tP°_v aW-en¬

""temIw XmX ktlm-Z-c¿ PmXn-bXpw Xd-hm-Spw, BsI-bp-t]-

£n-t®-ip-hn-\mbn acWw kvt\ln®, kl-tZ∑msc kZm-Imew,

kvacWw sNbvhXp \t∂-‰w.''

ka-kr-jvSn kvt\lw, Zmln®pw hni∂pw Ccn-°p-∂-h¿°v Zm\w

\¬Ip-I, B¿Z-X, Zm\-Z¿Ωw, Zb F∂n-hbv°p ]pdsa ssZh-`-‡n,

hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-fn¬ \njvT F∂nh Hcp a\p-jy-\n¬ hnfßn \ns∂-

¶n¬ B Bsf Hcp ssZhnI a\p-jy-\mbn \mw ImWp-∂p. Cu

hninjvS KpW-ßƒ HØn-W-ßnb Hcp ]pWy tZl-am-bn-cp∂p

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n F∂Xv \mw F√m-hcpw hniz-kn-°p∂ Hcp kXy-

am-Wv.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb At±lw dºm-®-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ 1916

apX¬ I≠p ]cn-N-b-ap-≠v. 1925 Pqsse apX¬ Rm≥, ae-¶ck`m

`mkp-c≥ h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS skI- -dn-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ dºm-

®≥ ]e-t∏mgpw At±-l-Øns‚ Kpc-phm-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWp-

hm≥ ]cp-a-ebnepw tIm´-bØpw h∂n-´p≈ Ahk-c-ß-fn¬ IqSp-

X¬ ASp-Ø-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v Ign-™n-´p-≠v. 1929 s^_p-hcn 16˛\p

At±lw tIm- bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en¬ sh®v ta¬∏- -ÿm\w G‰p-

I-gn™v IqSp-X¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂Xn\pw km[n-®n-cp-∂p. BZy-ambn Rm≥

At±-l-Øns‚ Xma-k-ÿ-e-amb ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-

dm-bn¬ t]mbXv 1932 henbt\mºp Ime-Øm-Wv. Rm\pw tIm -bsØ

Hcp am\y-\pw IqSn Fs‚ CS-h-I-∏-≈nbn¬ sh®v t\mºp hoSn-°-

gn™p \S-Øp∂ Hcp hnhml IqZmi £Wn-°p-hm≥ t]mb-Xm-Wv.

At±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp-hns\ ipiq-jn-°p∂ Bƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xncp-

ta-\n°p Ft∂mSv IqSp-X¬ hm’-eyhpw _lp-am-\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-

∂Xmbn, Ft∏mgpw, h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-ti-jhpw A\p-

`-h-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

Hcp Zb-dm-b°m-c-\mbn Bbp p Ign®p Iq´-W-sa-∂- \n-›-b-

tØmSp IqSn At±lw Zbdmb ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®p (d-ºm≥ ÿm\w).


]mºmSn henb]≈n-bpsS _wKvfm-hn¬ Xma-kn®psIm≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ

BWv 1909˛¬ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-bn¬ hcn-Ibpw

k`-bn¬ Ie-l-ßƒ krjvSn®p h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb 1911˛¬

apS°n hg-°p-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv. dºm-®≥ k`-bpsS

]pcm-X-\-amb BNm-c-ß-fnepw \S-]-Sn-I-fnepw \njvT-bp-≈-h\pw

t_m≤y-ap-≈-h\pw A‘-ambn hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂-h\pw Bbn-cp-∂Xp

sIm≠v ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-s\bpw a‰pw hfsc _lp-am-\hpw Ah-cpsS

]hr-Øn-I-ƒ icnbpw ssZhn-I-hp-am-sW∂p Gsd-°psd hniz-kn-®n-

cp∂ Bfpw Bbncp∂n´pw, At±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp-hm-bn-cp∂ h´-t»-

cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsbbpw At±-l-Øns‚ \S-]-Sn-I-sfbpw ]q¿Æ-ambn

A\p-I-cn®p hniz-kn®pw t]m∂ncp∂ Bfp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1909˛¬ Bcw-

`n®v 1911˛¬ cq£-amb kap-Zmb Ie-l-Øn¬ ]mºmSn hen-b-

]≈nbnse c≠v CS-h-I-∏-´-°m¿ XΩn-ep≈ hy‡n-]-c-amb iXp-X-

sb-°qSn KWn®v B ]≈n-bnepw kap-Zmb hg-°ns‚ I£nXncn-hp-

≠m-bn. dºm-®≥ Hcp hnj-a-k-‘n-bn-em-bn. ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

]h¿Øn-Isf [n°-cn-°-mtam Kpcp-hns‚ \ne-]m-Sns\ Dt]-£n-°mtam

F∂p≈ Nn¥ kmXzn-I-\mb dºm-®s\ hnj-an-∏n-®p. At±lw

]m¿∞-\-bn¬ apgp-In. sshZn-Im-`yk-\-ßƒ°v dºm-®≥ ]thin®

]mcwÌmew apX¬ Kpcp-hmb h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb F√m-hn-[-

Ønepw A\p-k-cn-®pw, hniz-kn®pw _lp-am-\n®pw t]m∂n-cp-∂p.

hnizmk kwc-£-I\pw, k`-bpsS XXz-ßfpw kXy-ßfpw apdp-sI-

]n-Sn®pw ]Tn-∏n®pw Ccp∂ Bfpw, ]pdsa ]cp-a-e-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bp-sS IqsS

]cp-a-e-bn¬ Xma-kn®v At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂p kI-ehpw lrZn-ÿ-am-

°n-b-h-\p-amb Kpcp-hns‚ \ne-]mSv sX‰m-bn-cn-°bn-√, Kpcp-hns\ H‰n-

s°m-Sp-°p-∂Xp icn-b-√, At±-l-tØmSp A\p-Iq-en®p \n¬°mw

F∂p Xs∂ Dd-®p. kztZ-in-I-fmb Hcp `mK-Øns‚ shdp∏pw A\n-

jvShpw kºm-Zn-t°≠ F∂p Xocpam-\n-®mWv s]mØ-ºpdw F∂

ÿew hmßn Ahn-tS°p Xmakw am‰n-b-Xv. Zbdm Pohn-X-Øn\p

G‰hpw DX-Inb ÿew. AhnsS sIń-S-ßƒ, ]≈n BZn-bmb ÿm]-

\-ßfpw ASn-°Sn Db¿∂ph∂p. BZy-Im-eØp bmsXmcp hcp-am-\hpw

C√msX kvt\ln-Xcpw At±-l-tØmSp `‡n-bp-≈-hcpw \¬Ins°m-

≠n-cp∂ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ sIm≠p sNehp \S-Øp-Ibpw, ÿm]-\-ßƒ

\n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcv Ft∏mƒ AhnsS sN∂mepw ap∂ta

Im∏ntbm as‰-s¥-¶n-eptam IpSn-°m≥ sImSp-∏n-®nt´ sN∂ Imcy-

sØ-∏‰n kwkm-cn®n-cp-∂p-≈q. ap≥ ]kvXm-hn®]Imcw 1932˛¬ Rm≥

BZy-ambn AhnsS sN∂Xv ]mºmSn ]≈n-bpsS ASp-Øp _ n¬

sN∂v AhnsS\n∂p \S∂v Ip∂pw aebpw Ib-dn-bm-Wv. sN∂p Ib-


dn-b-t∏mƒ the-°m-c≥ IpSn-°p-hm≥ sIm≠p-h-∂p X∂p. ]n∂o-SmWv

kwkm-cn-®-Xv. Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠p ssIap-Øm≥ sN√p-tºmƒ ]p©n-

cn -tbmSp IqSn -bp≈ ssIapØn°epw "kuJy-at√' F∂p≈

tNmZyhpw FX-amXw B\µw D≠m-°p-sa∂v A\p-`-hn-®-dn™

At\Iw t]¿ D≠v.

Xncp-ta-\n°p sshZn-I-cmb GXm\pw injy kº-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah-tcmSv hfsc kvt\l-am-bn-cp-∂p. AtX-k-abw \√ in£-W-Øn¬

\bn-°bpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apS-°n\p tijw

1911˛¬ Fw.-Un.- sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ sh®p \S∂ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-

j≥ ]mºmSn Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®-s\bpw ta¬∏´ÿm\-tØ°p

Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-bn¬ 1912˛¬ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w

]p\x-ÿm-]n-®p. apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ _mhmsb ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn ÿm\m-

tcm-lWw \S-Ønbtijw ]n∂oSv ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-°-s∏-

´Xp tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS hmI-Øm\w Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivko-

t\mkv Bbn-cp-∂p. AXv 1925 sabn¬ \nc-W-Øp -sh-®m-bn-cp-∂p. B

hmgvN-tbm-sSm∏w ta¬∏- -°m-c-\mbn ]mºmSn dºm-®s\ hmgn-°p-hm≥

Hcm-tem-N\ \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbpw dºm-®≥ AXn¬\n∂pw \n¿_-‘-

ambpw Hgn-™p-am-dn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbpw Adn-™n-´p≠v. c≠mw ImtXm-

en°m 1928 Unkw-_-dn¬ Imew sNbvXp. ASpØ ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn

1929 s^_p-h-cn-bn¬ I√m-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-

kns\ tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏en¬ sh®v ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn

hmgn-°p-hm≥ \n›-bn-®-t∏mƒ H∂p c≠p ta¬∏-´-°m-sc-°qSn hmgn-

°-W-sa∂v Btem-N-\-bp-≠m-bn. ]mºmSn Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®s‚

t]cmWv F√m-hcpw \n¿t±in-®-Xv. h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw kΩ-Xn®p.

B hnhcw ASp-∏hpw kvt\l-hp-ap≈ tIm´-bsØ GXm\pw am\y-

∑m¿ At±-lsØ \n¿_-‘-ambn Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw \nc-kn®p.

At±-l-Øn\p dºm-\mbn PohnXw \bn®p Ign-™-m¬ aXn-sb-∂p≈

A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ Dd®p\n∂p. Fw.Un. skan-\m-cn-bn¬ At±-lØns‚

Kpcp-hm-bn-cp∂ amΩ≥am∏n-fbpw \n¿_-‘n-®n´pw hgn-s∏- n-√. Cu hnh-

c-ßƒ Adn™ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n At±-lsØ ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-

bn¬ hcpØn I¬∏n-®n´pw At±lw hgn-s∏-Sp-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®-t∏mƒ

""P\-ßƒ dºm-®s\ sFI-I-WvtTy\ sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. \ap°pw

dºm-®≥ ta¬∏-´°m-c-\mIphm≥ BKlamWv. P\-Øns‚ i_vZw

ssZh-Øns‚ i_vZ-am-Wv. AXv \nc- n-°p-∂Xv icn-b-√. ssZhw F√m

i‡nbpw Ignhpw \¬Ip-sa∂v hniz-kn®p hgn-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv th≠Xv.

AXn-\m¬ k`-bpsS Cu Bhiyw kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v I¬]-\-bmbn


]d-bp∂p'' F∂p Iev]n-®-t∏mƒ At±lw A\p-k-cn-°p-I-bmWp

sNbvX-Xv.

Kpcp-hns‚ Iev]-\bpw BK-lhpw

ta¬∏-´-°m-c-\mb tijw tIm´bw saXm-k\ `c-W-Øn\p \nb-

an-°-s∏-´p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]m¿∞\mPohnXw `Zm-k-\-Øn¬

]I¿∂p sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. At±lw Hcp _ncp-Z-[m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√.

kmam\y hnZym-`ym-kta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. henb ]mkw-Kn-I-\m-bn-

cp-∂n-√. ]≈n-I-fn¬ At±lw k©-cn-®n-cp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ ]m¿∞-

\-sbbpw D]-hm-k-sØbpw Ah- aq-e-ap≈ ssZhnI A\pKl-

sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ KpW-tZm-j-am-bn-cp∂p ]I¿∂p sImSp-Ø-ncp∂Xv.

[\y-amb Pohn-X -am-Xr-Ibpw kzk-tlm-Z-c-ßsf∂-hn[w F√m-h-

scbpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ kz`mh

sshinjvSyhpw At\-I¿°pw \√ am¿§Z¿i-I-am-bn-cp∂p. H∂n-s\-

°p-dn®pw temI-k-l-P-amb BIp-e-Xtbm lrZ-b-`m-ctam Xncp-ta\n-

°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ssZh-Øns‚ Xr°-øn¬ kI-ehpw ka¿∏n®v

kwXr-]vX-\mbn Pohn® ]pWy-mflmhm-bn-cp∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw ]e¿°pw

FX-bmWp sImSp-°p-∂-sX∂v i≤n-°msX Iøn¬ In´p∂ kwJy

kuP\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.

ae-¶ck`-bpsS Hcp ][m\ P\-hm-k-ap≈ Ip∂wIpfw ]´-W-

Øn¬ `b-¶c tcmK-amb tπKp-_m-[-bp-≠m-b-t∏mƒ ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta\n ssZh-\n-tbm-K-sa-∂-hn[w AhnsS HmSnsbØn ]≈n-I-fnepw,

tcmK-_m-[nX `h-\-ß-fnepw t]mbn ]m¿∞\ \SØn tcmK-i-a-\-

Øn\p hgn-sbm-cp-°n. B tcmKw \nt»jw ian-®-t∏mƒ amX-amWv

Xncp-ta\n Ip∂w-Ip-fØp \n∂p aS-ßn-b-Xv. Cß-s\-bp≈ At±-l-

Øns‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ssIh-∂n-´p≈ F√m-‰nepw Imcp-Wy-hm-\mb

ssZh-Øns‚ AZr-iy-amb \S-Øn∏pw Imhepw At±-l-Øn\v

Ft∏mgpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. ac-Wm-\-¥cw

At±-l-Øns‚ a≤y-ÿX At\-I-scbpw A\p-K-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p∂p. ]e ÿm]-\-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ \ma-Øn¬ D≠mbn

]S¿∂p ]¥-en-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. B ssZhnI ]nXm-hns‚ \qdm-

aXv P∑ iXm_vZn sIm≠m-Sp∂ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚

a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ A`bbmN\ A`y¿∞n®psIm≠v Fs‚ Cu

]_‘w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-s´.

(aW-en¬ A®s‚ Hcp t\m´p-_p°n¬ \n∂pw tPmbvkv tXm´-

bv°mSv Fgp-Xn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv.)


7kmXzn-I-\mb Xncp-ta\n

^m. ]n. Fw. ^nen-t∏m-kv, ]ptØ- p-I-Sp-∏n¬

Zo\m-\p-Iº

Xncp-ta\n dºm-\mbn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬ Xma-kn®p

hcp∂ BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Bg-ta-dnb Ahn-SpsØ InW-dp-Iƒ an°-

t∏mgpw ipjv°-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ip∂n≥Ncn-hn-ep≈ InW-dp-I-fn¬

\n∂pw Ipf-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw sh≈w tImcn Npa-∂p-sIm≠p h∂mWv

Zbd-mhm-kn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hgnkuIcyw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-

cp∂ A°m-eØpt]mepw Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWm≥ AhnsS h∂pw

t]mbp-an-cp-∂-h¿ hfsc A[n-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. klm-b-ßƒ tNmZn-∏m≥

FØp-∂-hcpw Ipd-h-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®≥ Xs‚ Bi-a-Øn-te°v, \S∂p Ipg-™v,

Zmln®p £oWn®v hcp-∂-hsc ImWp∂ amX-bn¬ Fgp-t∂‰p sN∂v

BZ-c-thmsS Ah¿°v Im¬ Igp-Ip-hm≥ sh≈hpw Im∏n, Nmb, Iqƒ

Un¶v As√-¶n¬ a‰v GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]m\o-bhpw sImSpØv Ah-

cpsS Zmlw ian-∏n®tijw £pØv ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ th≠Xp

sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

hni-°p-∂-h¿°v ]e-lm-c-ßfpw ]g-ßfpw CjvSw-t]mse hmcn

hmcn sImSp-°p-∂Xpw Rm≥ t\cn´p I≠n-´p-≠v. A∂v Xncp-ta-\nsb

ImWm≥ sN√p-∂-h-scms° ]g-ßtfm ]e-lm-c-ßtfm sIm≠p-h∂v

Xncp-ta-\n°v ImgvN sImSp-°p-∂Xv ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. "\ns‚ A∏sØ

sh≈-Øn-t∑¬ Fdn-bpI, AXv \n\°v At\-I- a-S-ßmbn XncnsI

e`n°pw' F∂p≈ ss__nƒ hmIyw B£-cn-I-ambn \nd-thdn

I≠Xv Zb-dm-bn¬ sh®m-bn-cp-∂p. as‰m-cp-Ø≥ hni∂p s]mcn-bp-

∂Xv Xncp-ta-\n°v Hm¿°m≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp kwKXn Bbn-cp-∂p.

ipiq-j-bnse \njvT

]≈n-bn¬ ipiq-j-bv°mbn sshIn´p \n¬°p∂ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

ipiq-j-°m-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂-h¿ hn. Ip¿∫m\ Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc

hfsc `b-∏m-tSmSpw, XnI™ A®-S-°-tØmSpw IqSntb s]cp-am-dp-

I-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. aZv_-lm-bn¬ hcp-Øp-∂ sX‰v Xncp-ta\n


Atijw sh®p s]mdp-∏n-°p-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ASnbpw CS-Øp-ssI-

sIm-≠p≈ CSnbpw hmßm-Ø-h¿ hfsc Npcp-°-am-bn-cp-∂p. F√mw

ssZhm-eb ipiq-j-bpsS Xo£vW-X-bn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXv

Bcpw Ak-¥p-jvSn-tbmsS ho£n-®-Xp-an-√.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kvt\lw

Xs∂ kvt\ln®p ipiq-jn-°p-∂-hsc Xncp-ta\n Af-hn-√msX

kvt\ln-®n-cp-∂p. B¿°pw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kao-]Øv ss[cy-ambn

IS-∂p-sN∂v Imcy-ßƒ kwkm-cn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.

tkh-\-k-∂-≤X

Xncp-ta\n dºm-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ XmgsØ Ipgn-bn¬ \n∂v sh≈w

sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\v s]m´-t\bpw a‰p At¥-hm-kn-I-sfbpw klm-bn-

°p-∂-Xn\pw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Rß-fpsS IqsS Xncp-ta-\nbpw

sh≈w Npa-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv Zbdm ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ C∂p

ImWp∂ sIm∂sXßp-Iƒ shdpw Ipgn-t°Sp amdmØ ssXIƒ

Bbn-cp-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw Im´pXo ]S¿∂p ]nSn®v sXßn≥ssX IØn

\in-®n-´p-≠v. Xo X√n-s°-Sp-Øm\pw sh≈w Hgn-°m\pw Xncp-ta\n

Rß-fpsS IqsS h∂p klm-bn-®Xv Rm≥ Hm¿°p-∂p-≠v. AXp-

t]mse Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ia-Ømepw klm-b-ßƒ aqehpw At\Iw

s]Ïp-ń-I-fpsS hnhmlw \SØns°mSp-Øn-´p-≠v. `n£-°m¿°v

t]mepw t]m°-‰n-ep-≈Xv FÆn-t\m-°msX hmcn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂Xp I≠n-

´p-≠v. \qdp cq]m- t\m-s´t∂m ]Øp- cq]m t\ms´t∂m t\m°msX

IÆ-S®p hmcn-s°m-Sp-°p∂Xn\v At±-l-Øn\p bmsXmcp t\m´hpw

C√m-bn-cp-∂p.

Zb-dm-bn-te°v Bh-iy-ap≈ D∏v, apf-Iv, Acn, Im∏n-s∏m-Sn, N°c

apX-em-b-sX√mw Xe-®p-a-Smbn sIm≠p-h-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Ipń-°pfw

I]ym-tcmSpw, BwKy `mj-bn¬ amXw Imcyw Kln-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-

am-bn-cp∂ s]m´-t\mSpw At±-l-Øn\p XnI™ kvt\l-hm-’-ey-

ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Bg-ta-dnb ssZhhnizmkw

Xncp-ta-\n°v temI-⁄m\w Ipd-hm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw temI-\n-b-¥m-

hns\ At±-l-Øn\v \√ hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw hm¿≤-

Iy-Ønepw £oW-Ønepw FØn Xs∂ \S-°m≥ ]bm-k-am-bn-cp∂

ImeØv Hcp Znhkw Cubp-≈-hs‚ ssIØm-ß-en¬ Xncp-ta\n ]≈n-

bpsS ]Sn-™mdp hi-ap≈ \S-h-gn-bn¬ \n¬°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]eXpw


kwkm-cn® Iq´-Øn¬ At±lw Ft∂mSp ]d™ Hcp hmIyw Rm≥

Ct∏mgpw Hm¿°p-∂p.

""Fs‚ IØ-\m-c-®m, Cu ImWp-∂-sXms° Bcp-≠m-°n-b-XmWv.

k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZhw sNbvX-Xm-Wv'' F∂mWv At±lw Xncp-hmbv

samgn-™-Xv. At±lw km£m¬ ssZhsØ A\p-`-hn-®-dn-™-h\pw

ssZhsØ [cn-®-h\pw Bbn-cp-∂p. A©mw Xp_vtZ-\n¬ ssZhsØ

[cn-®-h-\mb Hcm-sf-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Xncp-ta-\nbpw ssZhsØ

[cn-®-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

]m¿∞-\m-\n-c-X≥

sNdp-∏-Im-e-ß-fnepw hm¿≤Iy Zi-bn¬t∏mepw ]m¿∞-\m-k-abw

Xnc°n bma bma-ß-fn¬ ]m¿∞\ \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ PmK-cq-I-\m-bn-

cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n.

]e-t∏mgpw 11 aWn-t]mepw Bbn- n-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ D®-\-a-kvIm-c-Øn\v

ka-b-am-bn-ń-t√-sb∂v At±lw Xnc-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Aßns\ \m\m-]-Im-c-Ønepw XnI™ kmXzn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p Xncp-

ta-\n. ""Abu Ben Adam, may his tribe increase'' F∂v Ihn ]mSn-b-Xp-

t]mse ssZh-kvt\-lhpw a\p-jy-kvt\-lhpw \nd™ a\p-jy¿ [mcm-

f-ap-≠m-I-s´-sb∂p \ap°pw ]m¿∞n-°mw.

(]mºmSn Xncpta\n P∑-i-Xm_vZn kvac-Wn-I, 1984)


Zfw 4

PohnXhpw Z¿i\hpw


1a≤y-ÿ-X-bm¬ tcmK-im¥n

]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬

Fs‚ Im≥k¿ amdn-sb∂v ZrV-ambn

Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p

Koh¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv

I¿Øm-hmb InkvXp P\-°q-´sØ D]-tZ-in-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-

tºmƒ Nne Bfp-Iƒ ]£-hmXw ]nSn® Hcp a\p-jys\ InS-°-

bn¬ FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. Ahs\ AIØp sIm≠p-sN∂v apºn¬

sh∏m≥ ian-®p. ]pcp-jmcw tlXp-hmbn hgn-Im-Wm-™n´v ]pc-ta¬

Ibdn HmSp \o°n Ahs\ InS-°-tbmsS \Sp-hn¬ InkvXp-hns‚

apºn¬ Cd-°n-h-®p. Ah-cpsS hnizmkw I≠n´v InkvXp "a\pjym,

\ns‚ ]m]-ßƒ tamNn-®p-X-∂n-cn-°p-∂p-'sh∂p ]d-™p. ]n∂o-Sv, ""Fgp-

t∂‰v InS-°-sb-SpØp hoń-te°p t]mI F∂p Rm≥ \nt∂mSp ]d-

bp∂p''sh∂p ]d-™p. DS≥ Ah≥ kuJyw ]m]n®v Ah≥

Im¨sI Fgp-t∂‰v Xm≥ InS∂ InS° FSpØv hoń-te°v t]mb-

Xmbn ss__n-fn¬ hn. eqt°mkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ChnsS

]£-hm-X-°m-cs‚ hnizmkw I≠n-´-√, ]XypX Ahs\ sIm≠p-

sN-∂-h-cpsS hnizmkw I≠n- mWv I¿Ømhv tcmK-im¥n \¬Ip-∂Xv.

Hcmƒ°p-th≠n a‰p≈h¿ ]m¿∞n®mepw I¿Ømhp I\n-bp-sa∂v

Cu kw`hw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ""F∂n¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂-h≥ acn-®mepw

Pohn-°pw. Pohn-®n-cp∂v F∂n¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂-h≥ Bcpw acn-°-bn√.''

F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ InkvXp-hns‚ ]t_m-[-\sØ Bkv]-Z-am°n Hcp

hnizm-kn°p ac-W-an-s√∂pw ""acn-®p-t]m-b-h¿'' F∂p km[m-cW

]tbm-Kn-°m-dp-s≠-¶nepw ico-c-Øn¬\n∂v th¿s]-´-h¿ F∂p

amXta AXp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-t°-≠-Xp-≈p-sh∂pw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

k` ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. acn-®p-t]m-b-h¿ AZr-iy-sc-¶n¬Ø-s∂bpw Poh-

t\m-Sn-cn-°p-∂-h-sc-t∏mse Ahcpw k -bnse AwK-ß-fm-sW∂pw Poh-

t\m-Sn-cn-°p∂ Hcmƒ as‰m-cmƒ°p-th≠n ]m¿∞n-®m-ep-≠m-Ip∂

êw Xs∂ acn-®p-t]mb Hcmƒ Poh-t\m-Sn-cn-°p∂ Hcmƒ°p-th≠n

]m¿∞n-®mepw e`y-am-sW-∂p-amWv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-kw. Hcmƒ

X\n-°p-th≠n Xs∂-Øm≥ ]m¿∞n-°p-tºmgpw Abmƒ°p-th≠n


as‰m-cmƒ ]m¿∞n-°p-tºmgpw ssZh-Ir] e`n-°p-∂p. ico-c-Øn¬

\n∂pw th¿s]-´p-t]mb ]cn-ip-≤-∑m¿ I¿Øm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS hkn-°p-

∂p-sh∂pw Ah¿ ico-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂-h¿°p-th-≠nbpw ]m¿∞n-°p-

∂p-sh∂pw hniz-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. ""Rßƒ°p-th≠n At]-£n-t°-

Wta'' F∂v Ah-cpsS a≤y-ÿXbn¬ i-c-W-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ic-W-

s∏-Sp-∂h¿ Ah-cpsS a≤yÿ]m¿∞\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS

Iq´m-bva-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-∂p. Ahsc A\p-I-cn-°m≥ _m≤y-ÿ-cmbn

amdp-∂p. ""\nß-tfmSp ssZh-h-N\w ]kw-Kn®p \nßsf \S-Øn-b-

hsc Hm¿Øp-sImƒhn≥, Ah-cpsS Pohm-h-km\w Hm¿Øv Ah-cpsS

hnizmkw A\pI-cn-∏n≥'' F∂v F_m-b-te-J\ I¿Ømhv hnizm-

kn-Isf D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n ico-c-]-Imcw th¿-

s]-´p-sh-¶nepw C∂pw Pohn-°p-∂p. At±lw ico-c-Øn-en-cp-∂-t∏mƒ

a‰p-≈-h¿°p-th≠n ]m¿∞n-®-Xp-t]mse C∂pw ]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. B

]cn-ip-≤s‚ ]m¿∞\ ên-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hns‚ a≤y-ÿ-

]m¿∞-\-bn¬ icWw ]m]n-°p-∂-h¿ At\-I-cm-Wv.

Rm≥ Imcm-∏pg am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Nm∏-en¬ hnIm-cn-bmbn 1973

apX¬ 1985 hsc ]h¿Øn-®n- p-≠v. 1978˛¬ F\n°p amc-I-amb tcmKw

]nSn-s]-´p. BZyw Imcn-Ømkv tlmkv]n-‰-en¬ Fs∂ AUvan‰p

sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv tIme-t©cn tlmkv]n‰ente°p am‰n. ho≠pw Imcn-

Ømkv tlmkv]n-‰-en¬ ]th-in-∏n-®p. AhnsS h®v tcmKw I≠p-

]nSn-®p. Im≥k¿ BWv Fs∂ Im¿∂p-Xn-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p

hy‡-am-bn. Rm≥ h√mØ Hcp am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øn-t®¿∂p.

tcmK-tam-N\w Akm-[y-am-sW∂v F√m-hcpw IcpXn. Imcn-Øm-kn¬

\n∂pw aZm-kn-ep≈ AU-bm¿ Im≥k¿ C≥Ãn-‰yq-ń-te°v Fs∂

sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\¬∏w apºv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sshZnI skan-

\m-cn-bn¬ Fs‚ kl-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂ m. sI. Fw. Ae-Ivkm-

≠¿ Fs‚ ASpØp h∂p tNmZn-®p. ""A®m Ct∏mƒ A®s‚ a\-

n¬ F¥p tXm∂p∂p?'' Rm≥ adp-]Sn \¬In: ""hn. tbml-∂ms‚

kphn-tijw 11˛mw A≤ymbw 40˛mw hmIy-amWv Fs‚ a\- n¬ hcp-

∂-Xv. hniz-kn-®m¬ \o ssZh-Øns‚ alXzw ImWpw.'' ""Aß-s\-

Xs∂ Icp-Xn-s°mƒI'' F∂p ]d™v Fs∂ Biz-kn-∏n-®-ti-j-

amWv A®≥ ]m¿∞n-®-Xv. _‘p-an-Xm-Zn-Iƒ F√m-hcpw IqSn Fs∂

AhnsS \n∂v bmX-bm-°n. CXn-t\m-SIw NnIn-’-bn-\-Øn¬ Xmßm-

\m-hmØ Hcp kwJy sNe-hn-´p- I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. ]Ww ISw hmßn-

®mWv Imcn-Ø-mknse _n√S®-Xv. AU-bm¿ Im≥k¿ C≥Ãn-‰yq-

ń¬ FØnb DSs\ ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øn-btijw ][m\ tUmIvS¿


Ft∂mSp ]d™p: “Father, you must be admitted immediately, You neednot pay anything, We will do our best, The rest is in the hands of God(^mZ¿, Xm¶sf DS≥Xs∂ AUvan-‰v sNbvtX Xocq. A-ßv NnIn-

’bv°v H∂pw-Xs∂ Xtc-≠. R-ßƒ Ign-hns‚ ]c-am-h[n ian-

°mw. _m-°n-sbms° ssZh-Øns‚ Ic-ß-fn-em-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv)''

XpS¿∂v ""Iotam-sX-dm∏n'' F∂ So‰vsa‚ v XpSßn. s]s´∂v Fs‚

apSnbpw aoibpw sImgn-™p-t]m-bn. XmSn-bn¬ aq∂p aoi -amXw Ah-

ti-jn-®p. c£-bn-s√-∂p≈ \ne-bn-te°v \oßn. c≠mw-L´ So‰p-sa‚ v

\n¿ÆmbIw (Critical) Bbn-cp∂p. Rm≥ At_m-[m-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn

kn¶nßv tÃPn-se-Øn. ac-W-tØmSp a√n´p XpS-ßn. ]Øp-an\n-‰n-

\Iw dnk¬‰m-Ipw F∂p tUmIvS¿am¿ IqsS-bp-≈-hsc Adn-bn-®p.

\mń-te°v Fs‚ ihw sIm≠p-h-∂m¬ sNtø≠ Imcy-ßfpw ih-

kw-kvImcw kw_-‘n-®p≈ F√m Iao-I-c-W-ßfpw kplr-Øp-°ƒ

CXn-t\m-SIw sNbvXp-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. t_m[-a‰p InS-∂n-cp∂ F\n°p

s]s´∂v Hcp Z¿i-\-ap-≠m-bn. \mep hnip-≤-∑m¿ Fs‚ ASpØp

\n¬°p∂p! Ah-cn¬ Hcmƒ ""F¥m InS-°p-∂Xv? Fgp-t∂-‰n-cn°v''

F∂p ]d™v Fs∂ ]nSn-s®-gp-t∂¬]n-°p-∂Xv Rm≥ I≠p. \mep

t]cpw s]s´∂v A]-Xy-£-cm-bn. ac-W-Øn¬\n∂pw Dbn¿sØ-gp-

t∂-‰-h-s\-t∏mse kpt_m-[-ap-≈-h-\mbn Rm≥ Fgp-t∂-‰n-cn-°p-∂Xp-

I≠v Rm\pw ASp-Øp-≈-hcpw A¤p-X-]-c-X-¥-cm-bn. F\n°p

kuJyw kn≤n-®n-cn-°p∂p! 1978 sabv amk-Øn-emWv NnIn-’-bm-cw-

`n-®-Xv. A¤p-X-sat∂ ]d-tb-≠q, 1978 \hw-_¿ apX¬ F\n°p

ho≠pw hn. Ip¿_m-\-b¿∏n-°p-hm≥ km[n-®p. c≠p- h¿j-ßƒ°p-

tijw ]cn-tim-[-\bv°p Rm≥ AU-bm-dn¬ sN∂-t∏mƒ ap≥]-d™

\n¿Æm-b-I-L-´-Øn¬ Fs∂ NnIn-’n® tUm. kp_-aWykzman

Ft∂mSp tNmZn®p? “Father how are you?” (^m-Z¿ Atßbv°v Fß-

s\-bp≠v?). Rm≥ adp-]Sn ]d™p: “I am in good health” (F-\n°p

\√ Btcm-Ky-ap-≠v). At∏mƒ At±lw ]d™p: “Father, I am verypleased to see you in good health. Now, I believe in prayer” (^m-Z¿,

Xm¶ƒ°v \√ Btcm-Ky-ap-s≠∂p ImWp-∂-Xn¬ Rm≥ AXoh

k¥p-jvS-\m-Wv. Ct∏mƒ Rm≥ ]m¿∞-\-bn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂p). A]m-

c-amb ssZh-Ir] F\n°p e`n-®p. amc-I-amb tcmK-Øn¬ \n-∂mWv

F\n-°p tamN\w e`n-®-Xv. ItaW apSnbpw aoibpw Infn¿Øph∂v

Rm≥ apºsØ ÿnXn-bn-se-Øn-t®¿∂p. 1979 am¿®n¬ F\n°p

dºm≥ÿm\w e`n-®p. 1985˛¬ saXm≥ ÿm\Øv FØn-t®¿∂p.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Nm∏-en¬ hnIm-cn-bmbn ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p-tºm-gmWv F\n°p Im≥k¿ ]nSn-s]-´-Xv. ]pWy-hm-\mb


Xncp-ta\n F\n-°p-th-≠n ]m¿∞n-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v F\n-°p-

d-∏p-≠v. Rm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ a≤y-ÿ-]m¿∞-\-bn¬ ic-W-s∏-´p-

sIm-≠m-Wn-cp-∂-Xv. ]m¿∞-\-bpsS i‡n-bm¬, hninjym ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]m¿∞-\-bm¬ F\n°p tcmK-im¥n e`n-®-Xmbn

Rm≥ ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-°p-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Nm∏-en¬ ]h¿Øn®

F\n°v B ]cn-ip-≤s‚ AZr-iy-I-c-ß-fm-ep≈ A\p-Klw e`n-®p.

At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Øns‚ saXm≥

BIp-hm≥ km[n-®Xpw Cu A\p-Klw H∂p-sIm≠p amX-am-Wv.

""\oXn-ams‚ i≤-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]m¿∞\ ssZhw tIƒ°p∂p.''

]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nbpw Imcm-∏pg

Nm∏epw

75 h¿j-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-kva-c-W-I-fp-ambn Imcm-∏pg Fcp-Øn-°¬

Ip∂n≥]p-dØv Hcp sh≈n-\-£-Xw-t]mse Im¥n-hn-X-dp∂ Imcm-

∏pg am¿ Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv tZhm-e-

b-Øns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS ]n∂nse s]m≥I-c-ßƒ ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tS-Xm-sW∂ hkvXpX ]Np-c-]-Nmcw t\Sn-bn-´p-≈-X-√.

kap-Zmb tIkn-s\-Øp-S¿∂p tIm´-bsØ ]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b-ß-

fmb sNdnb]≈n, Ipcn-ip-]-≈n, ]pØ≥]≈n F∂o tZhm-e-b-ßƒ

AS-bv°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fnse hnizm-kn-Iƒ hn. Ip¿_m-\-

bn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn\v AI-se-bp≈ ]gbskan-\m-cn, am¿

Genbm Nm∏¬ F∂n-h-sb-bmWv Bi-bn-®-Xv. hml\kuIcyw ]cn-

anXambn-cp∂ ImeØv P\-ßƒ XßfpsS k¶Sw ]gbskan-\m-cn-

bn-seØn ]cn-ip≤ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\nsb

Adn-bn-®p. ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv, ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv Btem-

N\ \S-Øn. kmº-ØnI]bm-k-ap≈ Ime-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Bsc-¶nepw

Zm\-ambn ÿew \¬Ip-∂-]£w ]≈n ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥ssI-

sb-Sp-°m-sa∂v ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Adn-bn®p. AXn≥]-Imcw ÿew

`Zm-k\ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbmb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t]cn¬ Fgp-Xn-s°m-

Sp-Øp.

]cn-ip≤ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS ta¬t\m- -Øn-emWv ]Wn ]ptcm-K-an-®Xv.

BZy-L-´-Øn¬ Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn Hme-ta™ Hcp sjÕpw Hcp

InWdpw \n¿Ωn-®p. 1939 sk]v‰w-_¿ 2˛mw XobXn ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv

IqZmi \SØn am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Nm∏¬ F∂p \ma-I-cWw sNbvXv

hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p.


D∏q-ń¬ bmt°m_v IØ-\msc ]≈n-bpsS Npa-Xe G¬]n-®p-sh-

¶nepw ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n- Ia-ambn Chn-sS-sb-Øp-Ibpw

hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-

hns‚ ]m¿∞-\bpw a≤y-ÿ-Xbpw aqew kuJy-ßfpw A\p-K-l-

ßfpw A¤p-X-ßfpw e`n-®-h¿ Cu ]tZ-iØv Gsd-bp-≠v.

1938˛¬ tZhm-ebw HmSp-ta™v \ho-I-cn-®p. ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\n- ]e h¿j-ß-fnepw lmim ipiq-j-Iƒ°pw P\-\-s∏-cp-∂m-

fnepw ]cn-ip≤ ]cpae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp-∂mƒ Znh-k-ß-

fnepw Znh-k-ß-tfmfw Imcm-∏pg Nm∏-en¬ Xma-kn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]≈n-bpsS ]Ya hnIm-cn-bmbn ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n- I¬∏n-

®m-°n-bXv h´-°p-t∂¬ amXyqkv Iio-»-msb-bm-Wv (]-cn-ip≤

amXyqkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm). ^m. tUm. Sn. sP. tPmjz,

^m. Fw. hn. tPm¿Pv (Ko-h¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kv), ^m. sI.

sI. amXyqkv (am-Xyqkv am¿ _¿W-_m-kv) F∂n-h¿s°√mw tij-

amWv 1973˛¬ Cu tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ hnIm-cn-bmbn Rm≥ \nb-an-°-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kt≠-kvIqƒ sIń-S-Øns‚ ]Wn-bm-cw-`n-®Xv C°m-e-

Øm-Wv. B ka-bØv F\n°v Im≥k¿ tcmKw ]nSn-s]- p (1977˛78 ¬).

tcmK-kuJyw e`n®v dºm-\mbn aS-ßn-h∂ F\n°v ]cp-ae skan-

\m-cn-bpsS Bflob Npa-X-ebpw \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu Ime-b-f-

hn¬ Imcm-∏p-g-bn¬ ]≈n ]Wn-b-W-sa∂v IqsS-°qsS kz]v\w ImWp-

am-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-bn-te°p Ib-dn-h-cp-hm≥ icn-bmb hgn-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-

sIm≠v ]≈n-]-Wn°v aSn-®p. hgn In´p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]Wn-bm-cw-`n-

°m-sa∂p a\- n¬ ]m¿∞n-®mKln®p. Hcn-°epw hgn Xcn-s√∂p

]d™ kn.Fkv.sF. kvIqƒ DS-a-ÿ≥ ]n∂oSv hgn \¬Im-sa∂v

kΩ-Xn-®p. ]Icw kvIqfns‚ aXn¬ sIń-s°m-Sp-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-

s∏-´p. AsXmcp ip`-kq-N-\-bmbpw ssZh-\-S-Øn-∏mbpw I≠p. ]cn-

ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS a≤y-ÿ-X-bmWp e`n-®-sX∂p hniz-

kn-°p-∂p. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv ]≈n-]Wn Bcw-`n-®-Xv. ap≥ hnIm-cn-

am¿°p e`n-°m-Xn-cp∂ henb \ntbmKw `b-tØmSpw ]m¿∞-\-tbm-

Sp-amWv Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. ssIh-i-samcp XpI-bp-an-√m-sX-bmWp ]cn-ip≤

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS ]≈n-bpsS HmSv Cf-°n-b-Xv. ]cn-ip≤ Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ F√m Imcy-ßfpw IqZmi hscbpw ssZhm-

\p-K-l-tØmsS \S-∂p. 1987 am¿®v 28, 29 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ ]cn-ip≤

_ -entbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-

bpsS ][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ IqZmi \S-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS Cu ]≈n ]Wn-XXv F\n°p henb A-\p-K-l-Øn\p


Imc-W-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. 1985˛¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbm-bn. HmKÃv H∂mw

XobXn ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-Øo-cp-hm≥ A\p-

Klw e`n-°p-Ibpw ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn-seØn Nm¿s÷-Sp-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. ]mºm-Sn-bn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Imcm-∏pg Nm∏-en-t\-°mƒ sNdnb

Nm∏-em-bn-cp∂p Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. B Nm∏epw ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-

bp-hm-\p≈ `mKyw ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ F\n°p e`n-®p. AtXm-Sp-IqsS

tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Ønse an° ]≈n-Ifpw ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-hm-\n-S-

bm-bn.

Imcm-∏p-g-°msc ]m¿∞-\bpw t\mºpw D]-hm-khpw ioen-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn¬ Gsd ]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-√. ImcWw as‰m-∂-√, Cu Bcm-

[\m kaq-l-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-°-√n-´Xv ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-

bmsW-∂p-≈-Xp- X-s∂-bm-Wv. s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fn¬ Cu CS-h-I-bn¬

sN≠-ta-fhpw _m‚pw Icn-a-cp∂v ]I-S-\-ßfpw Dt]-£n-®p. Hcp

XhW sN≠-°msc hnfn-®p-h-cp-Øn. A∂v tafw \S-Øm-sX-Xs∂

Ah¿°v Rm≥ ]Ww \¬In ]d-™-b-®p. C∂pw Cu ]Xnhv Ah¿

XpS¿∂p-t]m-cp-∂p-≠v. F\n°p Im≥k¿ _m[n® ImeØv ]cn-ip≤

]cpae Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSpw ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSp-ap≈ a≤y-

ÿ-X-bn¬ Cu CS-hI \S-Ønb ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ F\n-t°sd ss[cyw

\¬In. ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-c-\mbn Cu

tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ ipiqj \S-Øm-\n-S-bm-b-Xn¬ F\n°v A`n-am-\hpw

kt¥m-j-hp-ap-≠v.

(ae-bmf at\m-ca, G]n¬ 12, 2009)


2hnip-≤n-bpsS \dp-a-e¿

s]m^. ss\\m≥ G_lmw(dn-´. sshkv Nm≥k-e¿, Im¨]q¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n)

Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤n-bpsS tIµ-_nµp Nn¥-bnepw hm°nepw ]hr-Øn-

bnepw ssZthjvSw A\p-k-cn-°pI F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚

k¬KpW kºq¿WX Ipsd-sb-¶nepw D≈-h-sc-bmWp \mw ]cn-ip-

≤-∑m-cmbn Icp-Xp-I. Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ,

ssZthjvSw amXw sNø-W-sa∂v BK-ln-®n-cp∂ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n. ÿm\-tamlw At±-l-Øn\v Xosc C√m-bn-cp∂p.

]p∂qkv dºm-t\mSpw (]n-∂oSv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m

_mhm) Koh¿Kokv dºm-t\mSpw (]n-∂oSv _Y-\n-bnse am¿ Cuhm-

\n-tbm-kv) H∏w 1911˛¬ saXm≥ÿm-\-tØ°v At±lw Xnc-s™-Sp-

°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ 1929˛¬ amX-amWv At±lw saXm-\mbn A`n-

jn-‡-\m-b-Xv. ta¬]-´-ÿm-\-tØ°p tbmKy-\mbn a‰p-≈-h¿ Icp-

Xn-sb-¶nepw AXp ssZth-jvS-am-sW∂p t_m[yw h∂-Xn-\p-tijw

amXta At±lw B ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°m-sa∂p kΩ-Xn-®p≈p F∂p

]d-™p-tI-ń-´p-≠v.

ta¬]-´-ÿm-\-tØmSp Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kao-]-\hpw Ct∏mƒ Nne

Bfp-I-fp-tS-Xmbn tIƒ°-s∏-Sp∂ kao-]-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw

Nn¥y-am-Wv. Im≥hm-knßpw thm´p-]n-Sn-Øhpw km[m-c-W-am-sW∂pw

Aß-s\-bp≈ a’-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ a\- n-√m-bvI-bm¬ A¿l-

X-bp-≈-hcpw A\p-tbm-Py-cp-amb Nne-sc-¶nepw ]pd-tIm´p amdn-\n¬°p-

I-bm-sW∂pw tIƒ°p-∂p-≠v.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]m¿∞-\bpw D]-hm-khpw \nd™ Pohn-

X-sØ-∏‰n ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√. A]m-b-km-[yX IW-°m-°msX tπKv

_m[n-X-amb Ip∂w-Ip-fØp t]mbn Xma-kn®v ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw ipiq-

j-Ifpw \S-Øn-bXv s]mXpsh Adn-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. km[m-c-W-°m-

tcm-Sp-t]m-ep-ap≈ kvt\l-a-kr-W-amb At±-l-Øns‚ AXn-Yn-k¬-

°mc kz`m-h-sØ-∏‰n ]e¿°pw Adn-hn-√m-bn-cn-°mw. hnhn[ Bh-

iy-ß-fp-ambn kao-]n-®n-cp∂ F√m-h-scbpw At±lw kvt\l-tØmsS

kzoI-cn-®p. kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw th≠-h¿°p Ign-hXp \¬In. ]m¿-

∞\m klmbw th≠-h¿°p-th≠n D]-h-kn®p ]m¿∞n-®p.


At±-l-Øns‚ ]m¿∞-\-bm¬ kam-[m-\hpw kt¥m-jhpw e`n®

]ecpw Zqc-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂p IrX-⁄X Adn-bn-°m≥ s]mØ≥]p-

dØv FØp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWp-∂-Xn\pw hm°p-Iƒ tIƒ°p-∂-Xn\pw At±-

l-tØmSp kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw F\n°v Ah-kcw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Xncp-

ta\n \ne-bv°¬ I¨h≥j\p hcp-tºmgmWv At±-lsØ BZy-

ambn ImWp-∂-Xv. I¨h≥js‚ kam-]-\-Zn-h-ksØ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

Bio¿hm-Zhpw A\p-K-l-h-N-\-ßfpw Hcn-°epw ad-°-Ø-°-X-√. IqSn-

bn-cp∂ F√m Bfp-I-sfbpw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-ß-sfbpw Ah-cpsS

hoSp-I-sfbpw kwcw-`-ß-sfbpw ssZhw A\p-K-ln-°p-∂-Xn\pw tcmK-

ß-fn¬ \n∂pw IjvS-∏m-Sn¬\n∂pw Ah-scbpw \mSn-s\bpw ImØp-

sIm-≈p∂Xn\pw th≠n-bp≈ `‡n-\n¿`-c-amb A\p-K-l-h-N-\-ßƒ

Ct∏mgpw sNhn-I-fn¬ apg-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

]n∂oSv Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn hy‡n-]-c-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw

Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]e ][m\ L´-ß-fnepw Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠v A\p-

K-l-ßƒ hmßn-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-®n- p-≠v. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kz¿§ob

a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ ho≠pw A`bw ]m]n-°p-∂p.

(ae-bmf at\m-ca, G]n¬ 11, 2004)

Ae-Ivkn-tbmkv am¿ tXthm-tZmtkymkv, HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øn-

tbmkv, ]. Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm, ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n,

tXmΩm am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv. ]n≥\nc-bn¬: Zm\n-tb¬ am¿

]oeIvkot\m-kv, amXyqkv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kv, ]tXmkv am¿ HkvXm-

Øn-tbm-kv, amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-

tkymkv.


3Bfl-hn-ip-≤n-bpsS B¿÷hw

tUm. kndn-bIv tXmakv(ap≥ sshkv Nm≥k-e¿, Fw. Pn. bqWn-th-gvkn‰n)

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Sp≈ a≤y-ÿ-]m¿∞\ Rß-fpsS IpSpw_-

]m¿∞-\-bpsS `mK-am-bXv F∂p apX¬°msW∂p IrXy-ambn ]d-

™p-Iq-Sm. F¶nepw AΩ-bpsS tIm´bw ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-

Øn-em-hWw Aßs\ h∂-Xv. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS NnXhpw hoń-

ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta\n k¿h¿°pw kz¥-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xp

kXyw.

]cp-a-e-bnepw ]mºm-Sn-bn-epw ]pWy-kn-≤n-sIm≠p hnizm-kn-I-fpsS

hnizm-k-am¿Pn® Xncp-ta-\n-am¿ t]cp-sIm≠p KotKm-dn-tbm-kp-am-cm-

bn-cp-∂p. ]cp-ae sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta-\nsb buh-\-Øn¬Xs∂ `‡¿

hnip-≤-cpsS KW-Øn-epƒs∏-SpØn I≠n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta\n _mey-Øn¬Xs∂ ssZh-Øns‚ hgn-bmWp kz¥w hgn-sb∂p

Xncn-®-dn™ ]pWy-]p-cp-j-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

\ntbm-Kw-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n, ]ptcm-ln-

X\pw. `‡n-sIm≠pw `mKyw-sIm≠pw ta¬∏-´-ÿm-\-Øns‚ A\p-

K-l-hp-am¿÷n-®p. XnI®pw km[m-cW kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ P\n®p

ùXnI ]cn-an-Xn-I-sfsb√mw AXn-h¿Øn-®v, Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb

Bflob Hu∂-XysØ ]m]n® Akm-[m-cW hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ DS-

a-bm-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n A∂pw C∂pw A¤p-X-ßƒsIm≠v Xs‚

`‡-cpsS Pohn-X-ß-fn¬ kPoh km∂n-[y-ambn \n¬°p-∂p.

kz¥-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ Zm¿Vy-am-bn-cp∂p F∂pw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

hm°p-I-fpsS i‡n. Ahn-SpsØ I¬]-\-Iƒ°p hP-Im-Tn-\y-am-Wp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \oXnbpw kXy-hp-am-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hm°p-

Iƒ°p \nXyw Imh-em-fp-Iƒ. \oXn-bpsS ]mX-bn¬ amXw \S∂

kXym-t\z-jn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n. Xs‚ \ma-Øn¬ ]d-bp-hm\pw

]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw kzin-jy¿°v A[n-Imcw \¬Inb ssZh-]p-X≥

kzin-jy-cpsS ssIsh-bv]ns‚ ]n≥Xp-S¿®-hgn ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°pw

ss«ln-Im-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ i‡n \¬In-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xn\p Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-cpsS km£yw amXw aXn-bm-Ipw.


]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS bYm¿∞-_ew ssZh-Øn-¶-ep≈ Bg-

amb hnizm-khpw ssZh-ap-ºmsI At±-l-a¿∏n-®n-cp∂ IÆp-\o-tcm-

sS-bp≈ ]m¿∞-\-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]m¿∞-\bpw Zo\m-\p-I-ºbpw CXp-

t]mse ka-RvP-k-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-hm≥ km[n® kmXznI tbmKn-

h-cy-∑m¿ hnc-f-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ sImSp-°p-∂-

Xn-em-bncp∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kt¥m-jw. Zm\sØ At±lw Hcp

Pohn-X-I-e-bm°n. BwKe alm-IhnbpsS hm°p-I-fmWp Xncp-ta\n

Pohn-Xw-sIm≠v A\z¿∞-am-°n-b-Xv. “It blesseth the one who givesthan one who receives.”

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ip¿_m-\bpw hnip≤ Bcm-[-\bpw hnizm-

kn-Iƒ°v Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb Hcp Bflo-bm-\p- -h-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ip¿_m-

\-bn¬ At±lw kzbw hnkva-cn®p ebn®p tN¿∂n-cp-∂p. kz¿§ob

ZqX-∑m-tcmSp tN¿∂p kz¿§-\m-Y\v Bcm-[\ ka¿∏n-°p-I-bm-sW∂

t_m[-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ip¿_m-\-b¿∏-Ww. ]. ]mXn-

b¿°okv _mh-mbpsS km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ Ip¿_m-\-b¿∏n-®-t∏mƒ

_mhm-bpsS km∂n≤yw hnkva-cn®p Xm≥Xs∂ I¿Ør-]m¿∞\

sNm√n-b-Xn¬ ]n∂oSp tJZw ]d™ Xncp-ta\n Aeu-In-I-amb

Bflob \n¿hr-Xn-bn¬s∏´p t]mb-Xp-sIm-≠m-W-ßs\ kw`-hn-®-

sX∂v G‰p-]-d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXm-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n. temI-

Øn-em-bn-cn-s°-Xs∂ Bflo-b-ambn kz¿§o-bm-\p-`hw tXSp∂ kz`m-

h-am-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS khn-ti-j-X.

k\ym-k-tbmKw ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°p P∑-kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. _mey-

Øn¬Xs∂ ssZh-hgn I≠p. buh\w ISpØ Bflob in£-W-

Øn¬ ]tim-`n-X-am-°n. ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ]uV-h¿j-ß-fm-Is´

ITn-\-amb XymKhpw IjvS-∏m-Spw-sIm≠p Xncp-ta\n [\y-am-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

Xncp-ta\n Hcn-°epw H∂pw ssIbn¬ Icp-Xn-bn-√. ssZh-Øn\p

sImSp-Ø-Xn\pw ssZhw sImSp-Ø-Xn\pw Xn-cp-ta\n IW°p kq£n-

®-Xp-an-√. InńbXpw FSp-ØXpw sImSp-ØXpw _m°n-bm-bXpw At±-

l-Øn\v Hcn-°epw \n›-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-an-√. Bh-iy-ßƒ°-\p-

k-cn®p Xncp-ta-\n°p e`n-®p. Bh-iy-°m¿s°√mw Xncp-ta\n Bh-

iyw-t]mse sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]nt‰-∂-tØ-°p-≈-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v

Hcn-°¬t∏mepw Xncp-ta\n BIp-e-\m-b-Xp-an-√.

kam-[m-\-Øns‚ ZqX-\m-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n ]≈n-h-g-°p-I-fn-

sems° a≤y-ÿ-\m-bn. NqtS-dnb X¿°-ßƒ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hm°p-


I-fm¬ Bhn-bm-bn. X¿°-ß-fp-≈n-S-sØms° A\pc-RvP\Øns‚

A¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-hm\pw Xncp-ta-\n°p A\m-bmkw Ign-™p.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°v A¤-p-X-I-c-amb \nK-lm-\p-Kl i‡n-bp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xpw kXyw. ]t£, Xs‚ Ichpw …o_mbpw A\p-

K-ln-°p-hm-\m-bn-´-√msX Xncp-ta\n Hcn-°¬t∏mepw Db¿Øn-bn-ń-√.

km¥z\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kt¥m-jw. Xs∂

FXn¿Ø-h-tcmSpw A\m-bmkw £an-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\p

Ign™p. ]I-bpw hntZz-jhpw Xncp-ta-\n°v F∂pw A\y-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kl-Po-hn-I-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]-\-Øn¬ PmXn-t`-Ztam aX-t`-Ztam At±-

lsØ kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p-an-√. BZn-hm-kn-I-tfm-Sp-t]mepw Bfl-_‘w

]pe¿Ønb Xncp-ta-\n°p ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒt]mepw CjvS-tXm-g-cm-bn-

cp-∂-t√m.

Kpcp- ‡n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apJ-ap-Z-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xs∂ A£cw ]Tn

∏n® Bim-t\mSp amX-a√ At±-l-Øns‚ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfmSpw Xncp-

ta\n A¥yw-hsc Bg-amb BZ-chp ]pe¿Øn.

Hcn-°epw bmsXm∂pw Xncp-ta-\nsb `b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√. ]I¿®-

hym-[n-bpsS aq¿≤-\y-Ønepw Ip∂w-Ip-fØp t]mbn k¿h-scbpw

Biz-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ss[cy-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX Xncp-ta-\n°p

tπKv tcmKn-Isf ipiq-jn-°p-hm\pw `b-ta-Xp-ap-≠m-bn-√. Xncp-ta\n

Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-Im¿°v as‰mcp ^mZ¿ Uman-b-\mbn. Bb-Xp-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°p-ti-jhpw Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-Im¿°p Xncp-ta\n

C∂pw ]nb-¶-c≥ Xs∂.

Pohn-®n-cp∂ Ime-a-Xbpw Xncp-ta\n k¿h¿°pw kz¥-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Ct∏mƒ kz¿§-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw Xncp-ta\n \ap°p a≤y-ÿ≥

Xs∂. ImesØ AXn-h¿Øn® Bflo-b-tX-P- pw.

(ae-bmf at\m-ca, G]n¬ 3, 2003)


4Xt]m-[-\-\mb ]pWy-]p-cp-j≥

^m.- Sn.- sP.- tPmjzm

]pWy-]p-cp-j-\mb ]mºmSnØncp-ta\n (Ip-dn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KntKm-

dn-tbm-kv) Imew sNbvXn´p \m¬]Xp h¿jw Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ct∏mgpw B ]cnip-≤-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hfn-a-ßmØ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ P\-

lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn \n¬°p-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ I_-dnSw

C∂p `‡-P-\-ßƒ°v Hcp Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-µ-am-Wv. X]vX-lr-Z-b-ß-

fp-ambn hs∂-Øp-∂-h¿ B ]pWy-k-t¶-X-Øn¬ Bizm-k-Øns‚

Bfl-kv]¿i\w Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p.

1885 G]n¬ 5˛\p P\n-®v, F¨]Xp hbkv ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip∂ 1965

G]n¬ 5˛-\v, Xs‚ P∑-Zn-\-Øn¬X-s∂, Xs‚ \nXy-hm-k-Øn-te°p

IS∂pt]mIm-\p≈ `mKyw At±-l-Øn\p kn≤n-®p. B [\y-Po-hn-X-

Øn-te°p \mw Xncn-™p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ A\ym-Zr-i-amb ]e kn≤n-

Ifpw \mw AhnsS Is≠-Øp∂p.

h\m-¥-c-ß-fnepw Kncn-irw-K-ß-fnepw ]¿W-ime sIń X]- -\p-

jvTn-°p∂ `mc-X-Ønse al¿jn-]pw-K-h∑m-cp-sSbpw aW-em-c-Wy-ß-

fnse Kpl-I-fnepw ]md-∏n-f¿∏p-I-fnepw Xt]m-\n-c-X-cmbn Ign™

]uckvXy ssIkvX-h-kn-≤-∑m-cp-sSbpw PohnXssien ka-\z-bn-∏n-

®-Xm-bn-cp∂p B ]nXm-hns‚ B[ym-fln-I-X.

]m¿∞-\bpw D]-hm-khpw A\p-[ym-\-hp-am-bn-cp∂p B Pohn-X-

Øns‚ apJ-ap-Z. i_vZmbam\-amb temI-Øn¬\n-s∂m-gn-™v, ]im-

¥-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ kz¿Ko-b-]n-Xm-hp-ambn kwk¿Kw sNøp-

hm≥ B lrZbw Ft∏mgpw shº¬sIm≠p. AXn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-

cp∂p ImSp-]n-Sn-®-pIn-S∂ s]mØ≥]pdw Ip∂ns‚ s\dp-I-bn¬ Hcp

IpSn¬sIń AhnsS Xs‚ k\ym-k-Po-hnXw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. At±lw

]n¥p-S¿∂ ITn-\-amb D]-hm-km-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ Xs‚ ]m¿∞\m-\p-

`-hsØ ]cn-]p-jvSn-s∏-Sp-Øn.

]cp-aeØncp-ta-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Bcm-[y-]p-cp-j≥;

h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n At±-l-Øns‚ amXr-Im-tbm-Ky-\mb Kpcp-\m-Y-

\pw. Kpcp-`‡n F¥v, Fßs\ F∂p≈ kXyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-Ø-cp-

∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS [\y-Po-hn-Xw. kpdn-bm\n mj-bn¬ Ah-

Kmlw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ At±lw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ Iptd-°mew a¬]m-


\mbn ]h¿Øn-®p. B hn⁄m\Zo]-Øn¬\n∂p sImfp-Øn-sb-SpØ

]Im-i-[m-c-Iƒ Gsd-bm-Wv. Ah-cn¬ Hcm-fmWp sIm®nbpsS Imew

sNbvX bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm.

kvacy-]p-cp-js‚ Bcm-[-\-bnep≈ GIm-K-Xbpw \njvTm-]q¿h-

amb A\p-jvTm-\hpw Bscbpw BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. kwKo-

Xm-fl-I-sa∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-X-√, F¶nepw `‡n-km-µ-am-bn-

cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ipiq-j-Iƒ. At±-l-Øns‚ ]`m-j-W-ß-fn¬

hmKvt[m-c-Wn-sbm-∂p-an√; ]Xn™ kzc-Øn¬, Hmtcm hm°pw

Xq°nt\m°n ]d-bp∂ ]XoXn Bbn-cp-∂p. k¶o¿Æ-ß-fmb thZ-

im-kvX-ßtfm XmXzn-I-kn-≤m-¥-ßtfm H∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ ]ta-

b-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Bflob Pohn-X-Øn\v A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-ß-fmb

]mtbm-Kn-I-Im-cy-ßƒ lrZ-b-Øn¬ X´pwhn[w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. t\mºn-s‚bpw ]m¿∞-\-bp-sSbpw Zm\-[¿Ω-Øn-s‚bpw

Bh-iy-IX At±lw Bh¿Øn®v A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]\n\o¿Ip-kpaw t]mse ]cn-ip-≤-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚

lrZbw; alm-km-Kcw t]mse AXn-hn-im-e-hpw. PmXn-aX Nn¥-Iƒ°-

XoXamb Hcp am\hZ¿i\w At±lw ]pe¿Øn. F√m-hcpw Xs‚

kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-ß-fmWv F∂p-I-cp-Xn. At±-l-Øns‚ kvt\lw

a\p-jy-cn¬ amXw HXp-ßn-\n¬°p-∂-X-√. ]£narKm-Zn-I-fn-te°pw

Xcp-e-Xm-Zn-I-fn-te°pw AXp hgn-s™m-gp-In. Xncp-ta\n ap‰-Øn-dßn

Hcp sNdnb i_vZw hbv°p-tºmƒ ]d-s∂-Øp∂ ]m°ƒ, B

ssIIfn¬\n∂p e`n-°p∂ t`mPy-ßƒ arjvSm-∂-ambn `pPn®p Xncp-

ta-\n-°p-Np‰pw \rØw-h-bv°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]Ir-Xnsb NqjWw sNbvXp

\in-∏n-°p∂ C∂sØ kwkvImcØn\v ]Ir-Xn-tbmSp ka-c-ks-∏´p

Pohn® B [\y-Po-hnXØn¬ \n∂v Gsd ]Tn-°m-\p-≠v.

kvt\l-hm¬k-ey-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ AXn-Yn-k¬°m-c-Ønepw

Zm\-[¿Ω-Ønepw ]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]uckvXyk`m-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬

AXn-Yn-Isf BZ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ai-c-Wsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw

AXp-ey-ÿm\w \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.

B ]mc-ºcyw B[p-\nI L´-Øn¬ G‰hpw A[nIw shfn-s∏-Sp-

Ønb Bfm-bn-cp∂p hµyXncp-ta-\n. B Ip∂p Ib-dn-s®-√p∂

B¿°pw £oW-a-I-‰p-hm-\p≈ `£-W-]m-\o-b-ßƒ AhnsS Hcn-

°epw apS-ßn-bn-ń-√. apS°phm≥ At±lw kΩ-Xn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

Zm\-[¿aw sNøp-tºmƒ FÆn-t\m-°msX AXyp-Zm-c-ambn At±lw

\¬In. Ip∂p-I-bdn t¢in®p sN∂-h¿ k¥p-jvS-lr-Z-b-cm-bn-´mWv

AhnSw hn´p-t]m-∂n-´p-≈-Xv. ""hmßp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ sImSp-°p-∂Xv


DØaw'' F∂p≈ tbip-\m-Ys‚ A\pim-k\w ]q¿W-ambn A\p-

k-cn® Bfm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-ta-\n.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]c-kvt\-l-Øns‚ as‰mcp apJ-am-bn-cp∂p Zo\m-

\p-Iº. Ah-i-X-bnepw \ncm-i-bnepw Ign-bp-∂-hsc kµ¿in®p klm-

bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ D¬kp-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ip∂w-Ip-fØp amc-I-amb tπKp-

_m-[-bp-≠m-b-t∏mƒ Ahn-sS-bp≈ P\-ßsf Biz-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

ss[cy-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ambn Ahn-sS-sbØn. `h\wtXmdpw Ib-dn-

bn-dßn ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ \S-Øn. B alm-am-cn-bn¬\n∂v tZi-hm-kn-

Isf c£n® Imcyw C∂pw Ah¿ IrX-⁄-X-tbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p.

H∂c amk-°mew Xncp-ta\n A∂v AhnsS Xma-kn-®-ti-j-amWp

]mºm-Sn°p aS-ßn-b-Xv.

]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p Xncp-ta\n ]tNm-Z-\hpw t]m¬km-

l-\hpw \¬In. kmº-ØnI klmbw Bh-iy-s∏´ F√m-h-scbpw

ssI Ab®p klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw ]Tn®p ka¿∞cmbn

kaq-l-Øn¬ D∂Xÿm\-ßƒ Ic-ÿ-am-°n-b-Xm-bn-´-dn-bmw. Ah-

sc√mw Xß-fpsS Db¿®bv°p Imc-W-`q-X-\mb Xncp-ta-\nsb BZ-c-

]q¿∆w kvacn-°p-Ibpw B I_-dn-¶¬ IS-s∂-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

aq∂p hymg-h-´-°mew tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Øns‚ AP-]m-e\w

At±lw \S-Øn. AXv Hcp `c-W-ta-[m-hn-bpsS ]mS-h-tØm-sS-b-√,

kvt\l-\n-[n-bmb Hcp ]nXm-hns‚ hm¬k-ey-tØmSpw at\m-`m-h-

tØm-S-p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-t°-kp-I-fp-≠m-bm¬, B ]nXm-hns‚ kuay-

k-ao-]-\-Øn¬ thKw ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp∂p.

BZ¿i-kp-µ-chpw A\p-I-c-W-tbm-Ky-hp-amb B [\y-Po-hnXw

A‘-Imcw ]c-Øp∂ C∂sØ kaq-l-Øn¬ ]Im-i-tKm-]p-c-ambn

]cn-e-kn-°-s´.


5]mºmSnØncp-ta-\nbpw

]uckvXy Bflo-b-Xbpw

^m. -tUm. -_n. -h¿§okv

Hcp ta¬∏-´-°m-cs‚ ][m\ tbmKy-X-I-fn-sem∂p thZ-imkvX

]cn-⁄m-\-am-sW∂p ssIkvX-h-k-`-Iƒ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. AXns‚

am\-Z-fi-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Hcp thZ-imkvX _ncp-Z-am-Wv.

kmam\y hnZym- ymkw amXw kn≤n-®n-cp∂ Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ KntKm-

dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n thZ-imkvX _ncp-Z-[m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. thZ-

imkvX-Ønepw k`m ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ Ah-Km-lsØ AwKo-

IrX k¿h-I-em-ime _ncp-Z-Øns‚ amXw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-

bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv icn-b-√. XmØzn-I-amb Adnthm bp‡nkl-ambn

InkvXob XXz-ßƒ N¿® sNøm-\p≈ ]mK-¤ytam A√ thZ-

imkvX ]cn-⁄m\w. _u≤n-I-amb Adn-hn-t\-°mƒ Hcp PohnX-

ssi-en-bm-Wp thZ-im-kvXw.

"Xntbm-tem-Knb' (thZ-im-kvXw) F∂ Ko°v ]Z-Øn\v "ssZh-

sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]Xn-]m-Z-\w, AYhm hni-Zo-I-cWw' F∂¿∞w

\¬Imw. _u≤n-I-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-ambn amXw thZ-im-kvXsØ

]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. ""thZ-im-kvX⁄s\-¶n¬ \o kXy-ambpw

]m¿∞n°pw; kXy-ambn ]m¿∞n-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \o thZ-im-kvX-

⁄-\mWv '' F∂p k\ym-k-]n-Xm-hmb Fhm-tK-dn-bkv (\memw

\q‰m≠v) ]d-bp-∂Xp thZ-im-kvX-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]uckvXy ImgvN-

∏m-Sns\ ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂p. Cuiz-cm-\p-`hw a\p-jy¿°p e`y-am-

Ip-∂Xp ]m¿∞-\-bn-eq-sS-bmWv. AXns‚ mK-amb ]Xn-]m-Z-\-amWp

thZ-imkvX KŸ-ßƒ.

Cuiz-cm-\p-`-h-Øns‚ kºq¿ÆX shfn-s∏-Sp-∂Xp hy‡n-Po-hn-

X-ß-fn-em-Wv. kvt\lw, emfn-Xyw, hn\-bw, \njvI-f¶amb Cuizc

`‡n F∂n-h-bpsS kuc`yw \nd™ PohnXssien Ah-ew-_n-®-

h-cmWv Cuiz-cm-kvXn-Iy-Øns‚ G‰hpw i‡-amb sXfn-hv. ""Hcp

hm°ns\ as‰m-cp-hm-°p-sIm≠p Jfin°mw; F∂m¬ Hcp Pohn-

XsØ Jfin-°p-hm≥ GXp hm°n\p km[n°pw'' F∂v Hcp

k\ymk-]n-Xmhv tNmZn-°p∂p. hm°p-I-fnepw Bi-b-ß-fnepw IqSn


Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip∂ thZ-im-kvXsØ kam\ kao-]-\-Øn¬ IqSn

Jfin-°p-hm\pw hna¿in-°p-hm\pw Ign-t™°pw. thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-Iƒ

Ah-ew-_n-®Xv Cu am¿§-amWv. F∂m¬, efn-X-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en-

bn-eqsS ]I-S-am-Ip∂ thZ-im-kvXsØ Jfin-°p-hm≥ Hcp thZ-

imkvX-Øn\pw Ign-bp-I-bn√. Cu thZimkvX PohnXssien Ah-

ew-_n® Hcp hµy-]n-Xm-hmWp ]mºmSnØncp-ta-\n.

Bg-amb Cuiz-cm-\p-`hw Pohn-X-ssi-ensb cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn,

hm°p-Iƒ°-Xo-Xamb Hcp thZ-imkvX at\m-`mhw krjvSn-°p-∂p.

bYm¿∞amb Cuiz-c-⁄m\w kn≤n-°p∂ hy‡n hmNm-e-\m-ImsX

\n»-_vZ-\m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. ss__n-fn¬ tbm_ns‚ KŸ-Øn-ep-S-\ofw

hmNme-\m-b tbm_ns‚ NnX-amWv \mw ImWp-∂Xv. Ah-km-\-`-mK-

Øn¬ ssZhw ]Xy-£-\mbn t\cn´p kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ tbm_v

\n»_vZ-\m-bn-Øo-cp∂p. bYm¿Y Cuizc Z¿i\w hy‡n-I-fn¬ D≠m-

°p∂ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wn-Xv.

\n»-_vZ-\mb thZ-im-kvX-⁄-s\-∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ C∂sØ

temI-Øn\v Hcp ]t£, ]bm-k-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ko°v-˛-em-‰n≥ ]mc-º-

cy-ß-fn¬ thZ-imkvXw hna¿i-\mfl-I-ambn ]Tn-t°≠ Hcp

hn⁄m\ imJ-bmWv. AX-\p-k-cn®v, bp‡nkl-ambn hmKv[m-Sn-

tbmsS Bib-ßƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hmWp thZ-im-kvX-

⁄s‚ tijvTX. thZ-imkvXw ]Tn-°p-hm-\pw, ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw,

Fgp-Xp-hm\pw, ]kwKn-°p-hm\pw, N¿® -sN-øp-hm-\p-ap≈ hnj-b-am-

sW-∂p≈ Nn¥-bv°-Snÿm\w CXm-Wv. F∂m¬, AXn¬ \n∂p

hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp kao-]\w kpdn-bm-\n-˛-Ko°v ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kzbw XmgvØn a\p-jys‚ _e-lo-\-Xbn¬ hn\bm\zn-

X-\mbn ]¶p-tN¿∂ ssZh-]pXs‚ c£m-]-≤Xn N¿®-sN-øm-\p-≈-

X-√, t\sc adn®p Pohn-X-ssien-bmbn kzoI-cn-°m-\p-≈-Xm-sW-∂p≈

Nn¥-bmWv Cu kao-]-\-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X. Cu Nn¥-bn¬\n∂v

Dcp-Øn-cn-™-XmWp InkvXob k\ym-k-]-ÿm-\w.

`mc-X-Ønse Ejn-hcy-∑m¿°pw Cuiz-cm-\p`qXn-bpsS ]Xn-]m-Z-

\-sØ-∏‰n kam-\-amb ImgvN-∏m-SmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. bp‡n-k-l-

amb ]kvXm-h-\-I-sf-°mƒ Pohn-X-ssi-en-bmWv Cuiz-cm-kvXn-Iy-

Øns‚ sXfn-sh∂v Ahcpw Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂p. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n\p

apºp≈ ae-¶-c-k-`sb Cu thZ-imkvX Z¿i\w Bg-ambn kzm[o-

\n-®n-cp∂p. BZna ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Ko°v-˛-em-‰n≥ ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn-se-

t∏mse ]kn-≤-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im¿ D≠m-Im-Xn-cp-∂-Xns‚ ImcWw

Cu ]›-mØ-e-Øn¬ thWw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥.


hn⁄m\imJ-sb∂Xn-s\-°mƒ Pohn-X-ssi-en-bm-bn-´mWp ae-

¶-c-bn¬ thZ-imkvX ]mc-ºcyw Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS ssIamdn-bn-cp-∂Xv.

B ssIam‰-Øn\p Xt±-io-b-amb Hcp ssien D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

]m›mXy a≤y-]q¿∆ tZi-ß-fn-se-t∏mse thZ-imkvX ]T-\-tI-µ-

ßƒ `mc-X-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. `mc-Xob KpcpIpe coXn-bn-ep≈

a¬∏m≥ hoSp-Iƒ Bbn-cp∂p C∂m-ńse thZ-imkvX ]cn-io-e\

tIµ-ßƒ. Ejnkam-\\-mb Hcp a¬∏ms‚ IqsS Xma-kn®p ]m¿∞-

\m-io-ehpw ssZh-km-∂n≤y t_m[-tØmsS Bcm-[\ \bn-°m-\p≈

]cn-io-e-\-hp-amWv sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ t\Sn-bn-cp-∂Xv. a¬∏m-

\n¬\n∂p hnj-b-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Km-l-sØ-°mƒ Bflo-b-Po-hn-X-

ssi-en-bmWp injy-∑m¿°p e`n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. B al-Ømb ]mc-º-cy-

Ønse Hcp ]t£, Ah-km-\sØ IÆn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p ]cp-aeØncp-

ta-\nbpw ]mºm-Sn-Øn-cp-ta-\n-bpw.

\n»-_vZ-amb PohnXw B ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ apJ-ap-Z-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

kwkm-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xp amX-a√ \n»-_vZ-X. emfn-Xyhpw hn\-bhpw

Bflob ]Iz-Xbpw AXns‚ Zriy-`m-h-ßfmWv. Xnc-t°m, _l-f-

ßtfm, Im]-Sytam, ]i-kvXn-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ hyK-X-tbm, _mly-

amb ‡n]I-S\-ßtfm C√m-Ø-XmWp \n»-_vZ-amb PohnXw. ]uc-

kvXy-k-`-bnse hnip≤∑mcn¬ _lp `qcn-]-£hpw \n»-_vZ-cmbn

Pohn-®-h-cm-Wv. temIZrjvSn-bn¬ Ah¿ _e-lo-\cpw \n -lm-bcpw

Bbn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS \n -lm-b-mhÿ kºq¿Æ ssZhm-i-b-Øn¬

\n∂v Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS _e-lo-\m-h-ÿsb ssZhw

Hcp henb Bflobi‡n-bmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn.

BZn-a-k-`-bnse ]e ]nXm-°∑mcpw CØ-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ B PohnXssien kzoI-cn® Hcp k\ymk-

]nXm-hmWp ]mºmSnØncp-ta-\n. At±lw Hcp hm‹n Bbn-cp-∂n-√.

Xnc-°p≈ Pohn-X-ssien Bbn-cp-∂n√ At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xv. ]nXmhmw

ssZh-Øns‚ \n»-_vZ-X-bn¬\n∂v A\m-Zn-bn¬ P\n-°p-Ibpw kzbw

XmgvØn Ncn-XØn¬ a\p-jys‚ _e-lo-\-X-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-bnØo-

cp-Ibpw sNbvX ssZh-]p-Xs‚ Pohn-X-ssien A\p-I-cn® B Xm]-

k-tijvTs‚ ktµiw Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ C∂sØ Xe-ap-dbv°p

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ km[n-°p-∂p-t≠m.


6]cpae \n∂v Ip≠d hgn

]mºmSn°v

^m. Ipdnbmt°mkv amWn I∂pIpgnbn¬

amdp∂ kmaqlyhyhÿbn¬, ]sØmºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥y-

]mZØn¬, Hcp ]pXpbpKØntebv°p ae¶ck`sb ssI]nSn®p-

b¿Øm≥ Pzen®pb¿∂ Bflob tXPkmWv ]. ]cpae Xncpta\n

F∂ NmØpcpØn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKmdntbmkv saXmt∏m-

eoØm. \ncWØns‚ saXmt∏meoØm Bbn hmgn°s∏´v ]n∂oSv

sIm√w, Xpºa¨ Zmk\ßfpsS IqSn CSb\pw AknÃ‚ v ae¶c

saXmt∏meoØmbpambn \nban°s∏´ ]. ]cpae Xncpta\n At±l-

Øns‚ `cWX¥⁄XbpsS t]cne√ Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv, adn®v Hcp

]m¿∞\m a\pjy\pw Bflob tXPkpambn BWv.

]. ]cpae Xncpta\nbpsS Bflob ]mcºcyw \ne\n¿Øphm-

\mWv ]mºmSn t]ga‰Øv Ipdnbmt°mkv dºms\ am¿ KotKmdn-

tbmkv F∂ ÿm\\maØn¬ 1929 s^_p-hcn 16-˛\p saXmt∏m-

eoØm ÿm\Øp hmgn®Xv. kaImenI tcJIf\pkcn®v ""].

]cpae Xncpta\nbpsS hSnbpw apSnbpw …o_mbpw am¿ KotKmdn-

tbmkv F∂ ÿm\\mahpw \¬In Bflob ]n≥Kmanbmbn hmgn®''

Ipdnbmt°mkv dºm≥ k`bpsS IW°pIq´¬ sX‰n®n√. ""].

]mºmSn Xncpta\n'' F∂ t]cn¬ ]n∂oSv Adnbs∏´ At±lw ].

]cpae Xncpta\nbpsS bYm¿∞ Bflob ]n≥KmanbmsW∂p

Imew sXfnbn®p. F∂m¬ ChscØΩn¬ IqńbnW°p∂ IÆn

]uckvXy ImtXmen°mbpw ae¶c saXmt∏meoØmbpambncp∂

]. _tkentbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXob≥ BsW∂ hkvXpX an°-

hcpw i≤n®nń√.

]. ]cpae Xncpta\nbpsS Zo¿LIme injy\pw ]n∂oSp ]cpae

skan\mcn amt\Pcpambncp∂ Ipdn®n I√mt®cn ]p∂qkv dºm\v

1898 \hw-_¿ 24˛\v tIm-´bw ]g-bsk-an-\mcnbn¬sh®v IØ\mcp

]´hpw 1898 \hw-_¿ 27˛\p AhnsSsh®pXs∂ dºm≥ ÿm\hpw

\¬InbXv ]. ]cpae Xncpta\nbmWv. 1911 sk]v‰w-_¿ 7˛\v taev]-

´ÿm\tØ°p Xncs™Sp°s∏´ ]p∂qkv dºms\ 1912 sk]v‰w-


_¿ 8˛\v ]cp-ae skan\mcnbn¬sh®v At¥ymJybpsS ]. C·m-

Øntbmkv A_-vtZZv ainlm ZznXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kv sIm√Øns‚

saXm\mbn hmgn®p. apdn-a‰-Øn¬ ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm (]n∂oSv ae¶cbnse H∂mw ImtXmen°m ].

_tkentbmkv ]ueqkv ]Ya≥), ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿

Znh-∂m-tkymkv ae¶c saXmt∏meoØm F∂nhcmbncp∂p kl-

Im¿ΩnI¿. saXm≥ ÿm\m`ntjIthfbn¬ Xs‚ ]p∂qkv F∂

\maw Dt]£n®v Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂ ]. ]cpae

Xncpta\nbpsS AtX \maw kzoIcn® At±lØn\v Kpcphns‚

AwihSnbpw \¬In.

]. ]cpae Xncpta\nbpsS cWkoabn¬s∏´ sIm√Øns‚ saXm-

t∏m-eoØmbmbn hmgn°s∏´ Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-

t∏meoØm Ip≠d Bÿm\am°n `cWw Bcw`n®p. AXn\m¬

At±lw ""Ip≠d sIm®psaXm®≥'' F∂dnbs∏´p. ANntcW

\ncWw, Xpºa¨ CShIIfpsS `cWwIqSn At±lØn¬ h∂p-

tN¿∂tXmsS ]q¿Æambpw At±lw ]. ]cpae Xncpta\nbpsS

`cW ]n¥pS¿®°mc\mbn. 17 h¿jßƒ°ptijw 1929 s^_p-

hcn 15˛\p tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏en¬sh®p At±lsØ ].

_tkentbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXob≥ F∂ t]cn¬ ]uckvXy

ImtXmen°m Bbn hmgn®p. ]nt‰∂mWv At±lw A≤y£\mb

]. F∏nkvt°m∏¬ kp∂ltZmkv ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\nsb F∏nkv-

t°m∏m Bbn hmgn®Xv. A∂p ssIamdnb ]. ]cpae Xncpta\nbpsS

AwihSn Ct∏mgpw ]mºmSn Zbdmbn¬ kq£n®n´p≠v.

Hcp ]m¿∞\m a\pjys‚ ˛ Bflob tXtPmtKmfØns‚ ˛

km∂n≤yw k`bv°v A∂v AXy¥mt]£nXambncp∂p. cW]mho-

Wytam ]kwK]mShtam sXfnbn°mØ ]mºmSn Ipdnbmt°mkv

dºms‚ `‡nbnepw ]m¿∞\mi‡nbnepw kpdnbm\n ]mfinXy-

Ønepw k`bv°v ]q¿Æhnizmkambncp∂p. AXn\m¬ ]mºmSn

dºms\ Bflob ]n≥Kmanbmbn hmgn°phm≥ k`bv°v c≠ma-

sXm∂p BtemNnt°≠n h∂n√ F∂XmWv hmkvXhw. ]. _tk-

entbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXob≥ ImtXmen°msb 1934 Unkw-_¿

26˛\p tIm´bw Fw.Un. skan-\mcnbn¬ IqSnb ae¶c Atkm-kn-

tb-j≥ ]. h´t»cn¬ Xncpta\nbpsS ]n≥Kmanbmbn ae-¶c saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm ÿm\tØ°p sXc-s™-SpØp. AtXmsS At±l-

Øns‚ Npaense cW`mcw ]Xn∑Sßmbn. AtXmsS ]pent°mń¬

am¿ tPmk^v Zoh∂mtkymkv A©ma≥ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-

Ømbv°v ]. ]cpae Xncpta\n F]Imcambncpt∂m AtXt]mse


]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXob\p ]m¿∞\bpsS Dd® ]n≥_ew \¬Ip∂

i‡nZp¿§ambn ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n amdn.

tIhew ]m¿∞n°p∂ ]n¥pW°mc≥ F∂ \nebn¬ amXa√

]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXob≥ _mhm, ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\nsb I≠Xv;

adn®v k`bpsS hnizÿ\mb Iehd°mc≥ F∂ \nebnemWv.

AXn\memWv 1937˛se BZy ImtXmen°m \n[nkw`cW IΩn‰n-

bpsS A≤y£\mbn ""kzØpw kºmZyhpan√mØ'' ]. ]mºmSn

Xncpta\nsb \ntbmKn®Xv. dmhpkmln_v H. Fw. sNdnbms‚

hm°pIfn¬ ""... h∂pIbdn. kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \n[n h∂p

Ibdn. icocw tamt´m¿Imdn¬ HXp-°n, a\ p BIm-iØv Dd-∏n®v,

A\p-K-l-h¿jw ae-bn¬ \n∂v h¿j-\-Zn-Isf-t∏mse \mep- Zn-°n-

tebv°pw Xp≈n-®p s]bvXp-sIm≠v ˛ tIm´-bw -`-Zm-k\ CS-h-I-

bpsS ]cn-ip-≤-\mb am¿ Ko-tKm-dn-tbmkp saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-

\-kp-sIm≠v ˛ \n[n-°-Ω-ń-bpsS ]kn-U≠v ˛ h∂p-I-b-dn. `qan-bn¬

sh≈hpw, \n[n-bm-∏o-kn¬ t\m°n-\n-∂-h-cpsS a\ pw sXfn-™p.

...'' CXmbncp∂p ae¶ck`bv°v ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\nsb°pdn®v

A∂p≠mbncp∂ Imgv®∏mSv.

k`bpsS hnizÿ\mb Iehd°mc≥ F∂ \nebn¬Øs∂-

bmWv ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\nsb ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXob≥ _mhm

IW°m°nbncp∂Xv. Xs‚ sNdpXpw hepXpamb bmXIfpsS ka-

bØv X\n°p]Icw ]gbskan\mcnbn¬ Xmakn®v AXns‚ Npa-

Xe \SØm≥ Fev]n®ncp∂Xv ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\nsb Bbncp∂p.

Hcp ]cn[nhsc sshZnIm`yk\Øns‚ DØchmZnXzhpw ]. ]mºmSn

Xncpta\nbn¬ \n£n]vXambncp∂p. At±lsØ∏‰n ]. Koh¿Kokv

ZznXob≥ _mhmbv°p≠mbncp∂ hnebncpØ¬ At±lhpw

At¥ymJymbpsS C·mØntbmkv At]w ]Ya≥ _¿tkmapw

XΩn¬ kndnbbnse tlmwkn¬ sh®p \S∂ kw`mjWØn¬

\n∂pw hy‡amWv. klbmXnI\mbncp∂ sNdnbaTØn¬

kvIdnbm aev]m≥ tcJs∏SpØnb kw`mjWw.

""... ]mXnb¿°okv _mhm:˛ Aß-s\-bp-≈ A-[n-Imcw sImSp-

Øm¬ Cu I»oim kvIdn-bm-sbt∏me-p≈hsc (sNdnbaTØn¬

kvIdnbm aev]m≥) P\-ßƒ Xnc-s™-SpØp sIm≠phcpw. ]´w

sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\-hn-Sp∂p \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-Ip-Ibpw sNøpw. At∏mƒ

Rm≥ ]nd-In-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Ahn-StØ°p _e-am-Wv.''

ImtXmen°m _mhm:˛ ""Rß-fpsS tZiØv Chn-SsØt∏mse

sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-hsc P\-ßƒ Xnc-™-Sp-°m-dn-√.''


]mXn: _mhm:˛ ""KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ F¥n\p sIm≈mw?''

ImtXm: _mhm:˛ ""]cp-ase Imew sNbvX am¿ Ko-tKm-dn-tbm-kn-

\p-tijw CX- ]-cn-ip-≤-\mb Hcmƒ B tZi-Øp-≠m-bn-ń√.''

]mXn: _mhm:˛ ""At±l-Øn\p h√Xpw Adn-bmtam?''

ImtXm: _mhm:˛ ""F\n-°-dn-bm-hp-∂-sX√mw At±-l-Øn\pw

Adnbmw...''

tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakns‚ hm°pIfn¬, Xs‚ Imt\m≥ ˛

kpdnbm\n ]mfinXywsIm≠p At]w ]mXnb¿°okns\ ""hnd-

∏n®'' hy‡nbmWv C]Imcw km£ys∏SpØp∂Xv F∂p Xncn®-

dnbptºmgmWv AXns‚ ]m[m\yw a\ nemIp∂Xv.

kz¥w taev]´hmgvN HgnsI ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXob≥ _mhm \S-

Ønb ImtXmenbv°mbv°SpØ F√m ipiqjIfnepw ko\nb¿

saXmt∏meoØm F∂ \nebn¬ ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n klIm¿-

ΩnI\mbn. 1930 \hw-_¿ 3˛\p ]cp-ae skan-\mcnbn¬ sh®p ]pØ≥-

Im-hn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\m-kv, 1933 sabv 25˛\p Xncph√

_Y\n Ac-a\bn¬sh®p hmf-°p-gn-bn¬ tPmk^v am¿ tkth-dn-

tbm-kv, 1938 G]n¬ 7˛\p I≠-\mSv I¿tΩ¬ Zbdmbn¬ sh®p

Ae-Ivkn-tbmkv am¿ tXthmtZm-tkym-kv, 1940 sabv 6˛\p amth-en-

°c ]pXn-b-Imhp ]≈nbn¬sh®p tXmΩm am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv,

1953 sabv 15˛\p tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏en¬sh®p ]tXmkv

am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kv, amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, amXyqkv am¿

AØm-\m-tkym-kv, Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\m-kv, amXyqkv am¿

Iqdn-tem-kv F∂nhcpsS taev]´ÿm\mtcmlWßfnepw ]gb

skan-\m-cn-bn¬sh®p 1932 G]n¬ 22-˛\pw 1951 G]n¬ 20-˛\pw \S-

Ønb hn. aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-I-fnepw ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n klIm¿-

ΩnI≥ Bbncp∂p.

]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n Ft∏mgpw ImtXmen°msb ta¬ÿm\nbmbn

_lpam\n®ncp∂p. Xm≥ Ft∏mgpw tXmfn¬ [cn°p∂ ""Xmt°mepw

Xqhmebpw'' _lpam\kqNIambn am‰msX kzKpcphmb ]. h´t»-

cn¬ Xncpta\nbpsS apºnse∂hÆw ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXob≥ _mhm-

bpsS k∂n[nbnepw ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n ]thin°n√mbncp∂p.

1964 P\phcn 3˛\v ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXob≥ _mhm ""XpScp∂ hm\h-

_enbn¬ klIm¿ΩnI\mIm≥'' CltemIhmkw shSn™p. ]nt‰-

h¿jw F]n¬ 4˛\p ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n At±lsØ A\pKan®p.

B \oXnam∑mcpsS ]m¿∞\ \ap°v tIm´bmIs´.


7efnXw ˛ B Pohn-Xhpw hN-\hpw

^m.- tPm-k v Ipdn-bm-t°m-kv

]m-ºm-Sn-°-≠-Øn¬

1885 G]n¬ 4˛\v ]mºmSn t]g-a-‰Øv Hcp almkn≤≥ P\n-®p.

t]cv Ipdn-bm-t°mkv. _me-\mb Ipdn-bm-t°mkv, ]≈n-°m-cy-ß-fn¬

AXoh i≤m-ephpw ]mºmSn am¿ bqlm-t\m≥ henb]≈n-bnse

\nXykµ¿i-I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. B≤ym-flnI Pohn-Xw, Bcm-[-\-bnse

]m´p-Iƒ, ]≈n-Im-cy-ß-fnepw Bcm-[\I¿Ω-ß-fnepw ImWn® Xm¬-

]cyw Ch-sbms° FSp-Øp-]-d-tb≠ hnti-j- Imcy-ß-fmWv F∂v

Fs‚ ]q¿∆n-I¿ ]d™ptIń-´p≠v. 1899 s^_p-hcn 5˛\v t]g-a-

‰Øv Ipdn-bm-t°m-kn\v 14˛masØ hb- n¬ tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS

]utemkv am¿ AØm\m-tkymkv ]mºmSn ]≈n-bn¬ h®v tImdqtbm

]´w sImSp-Øp. A°q-´-Øn¬Øs∂ ]mºmSnI≠-Øn¬ H. kn.

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv IØ-\mcpw, IShpw`mKØv AeIvk¥-tbmkv tIm¿-

F∏n-kvtIm-∏mbpw siΩm-ip-]´w kzoI-cn-®p.

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i≥ sshZnI ]T\w tIm´bw ]gbskan-

\mcn-bn¬ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®p. 1906 Pqsse 28˛\v ]mºmSn ]≈n-bn¬ h®v

sshZn-I-\mbn. ASpØ Znhkw dºm-\mbn. 1906 Pqsse 30˛\v \h-

]q-Pm¿∏Ww \S-Øn. Cu aq∂v Znh-k-ßƒ ]mºmSn tZiØv s]cp-

∂mƒ ]XoXn Bbn-cp-∂p.

AXn-\p-tijw dºm-®≥ ]mºmSn ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p-h-cp∂

\mfp-I-fn¬ k`bn¬ I£nhg°v cq£-ambn. AXn¬ dºm-®≥

AXoh -Zpx-Jn-X-\mbn. GIm-¥-X-bn¬ Ign-®p-Iq-´p-hm≥ BK-ln-®p.

AXns‚ ê-ambn s]mØ≥]p-dw-Ip∂v s]mØ≥]pdw Zbdm Bbn

amdn. 1923 P\p-hcn 20˛\v AhnsS tZhm-ebw IqZmi \S-Øn. 1929

s^_p-hcn 16˛\v Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®≥, am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv

F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-\mbn A`n-jn-‡-\m-bn. ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-a-e-Xn-cp-

ta-\n-bpsS Awi-h-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-

∂-Xv. t\mºpw ]m¿∞-\bpw D]-hm-k-hp-ambn \nc-¥cw Ign-™n-

cp∂ Xncp-ta\n Hcp alm-kn-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A¿lsc Adn™p klm-

bn®p ]T-\-Im-cy-ßfn¬ t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. ZpxJn-X¿°v Bizmkw

\¬In [\y-cm-°n.


1965 am¿®v 21 Rmb¿ ˛ hen-sbmcp P\-°q´w. ssI ap-Øm-\mbn

F√m-hcpw h∂ kabw ssZhta A\p-K-ln-°pI F∂p-≈Xv Xncp-

ta\n sNm√n-sIm-Sp-°bpw F√m-hcpw G‰p-sN-m√p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]m¿∞\, t\mºv, D]-hmkw apX-em-b-hsb kw_-‘n®v Aa¿®-

bmbn I¬∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. At±lw Iev]n®p ˛ A\p-K-ln-°-

s∏´ a°sf Rm≥ ico-c-]-Imcw \nßsf hn´pt]mbmepw Bflob

]Imcw F∂pw \nß-tfm-Sp-Iq-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. F√m \∑-I-sfbpw

]tXyIw Hm¿Øp-sIm-≈-Ww. Fs∂ ad-°msX F\n-°p-th≠n

]m¿∞n-°-Ww. ]m¿∞-\, t\mºv, k¬]-h¿Øn-Iƒ, £a, kXyw,

kZvh-N-\-ßƒ apX-em-b-hsb°pdn®v ]tXyIw hnh-cn®v ]d™

tijw ho≠pw ˛ Cu tI´p \n¬°p∂ \nßƒ \nß-fpsS ]n∂m-

se-bp≈ tIƒ°m-Ø-h-tcmSv ]mºmSn saXm-®≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ

Cß-s\-sbms° \nß-tfmSv ]d-™n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ah-tcmSpw \nßƒ

]d-tbWw F∂pw Iev]n-®p.

1965 G]n¬ 4˛mw XobXn D®-Xn-cn-™-t∏m-tgbv°pw tcmK-ÿnXn

aq¿—n-®p. aWn-°q-dp-Isf Ah-ti-jn-®n- p≈q F∂v tUmIvS¿am¿ A`n-

]m-b-s∏-´p. cmXn-bpsS bma-ßƒ -C-g-™p-\o-ßn. ]´-°mcpw P\-°q-

´hpw tN¿∂v bma-]m¿∞-\-Ifpw ac-W-k-a-bsØ ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw

IÆp\o-tcmsS I¿Ørk-∂n-[n-bn¬ ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

cmXn 2 aWn- I-gn™v ]mtd´v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n

Bk-∂-a-c-W-\mb Xs‚ tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-cs‚ s\‰n-bn¬ dqivam

hc®p. IrXyw 2.35˛\v B Bflmhv tcmKm-Xp-c-amb ico-c-Øn-s‚

_‘-\-Øn¬ \n∂v hgpXn Bflo-b-Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ ASn®v A\-¥-bn-

te°v Db¿∂p. ]mºmSn Zb-dm -tZ-hm-e-b-Ønse ZpxJa-Wn-\mZw Cu

hntbm-K-hm¿Ø hnfw-_cw sNbvXp. Xncp-ta\n D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-

cp∂ hm®pw \ne-®p-t]m-bn. AXns‚ ka-bhpw IrXyw 2.35 Bbn-

cp∂p.

Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-h® \mfp-Iƒ apX¬ Fs‚ hońepw Np‰p-

]m-Sp-I-fnepw "]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n' F∂ \maw hfsc i‡-ambn

kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. hoSns‚ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Fs‚ hen-b-Ω-bpsS

hm°p-I-fn¬ dºm-\mbpw Xncp-ta-\n-bmbpw hoń¬ kµ¿in-°p-∂Xpw,

]mºmSnI≠-Øn¬ H. kn. Ipcym-t°mkv IØ-\m-tcmSv Hcp-an®v k`m-

tI-kp-I-fpsS Ah-tem-I-\hpw CS-hI `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fpsS X¬-

ÿnXnbpw ]c-kv]cw ]¶n-Sp-∂Xpw Icn-s∏ńIm∏n IpSn-°p-∂Xpw,

hgn-bm-Xbv°v sImXpºv Iodn-s°ń Hcp-°p-∂Xpw ]d-™p-tI-ń-´p≈

Nne bmYm¿∞y-ß-fm-Wv.


t\mºpImeØv G‰hpw CjvS-ap-≈-Xns\ h¿÷n-°Ww F∂v Xncp-

ta\n i‡-ambn D]-tZ-in-®n-cp-∂p. A]-Imcw X\n°v CjvS-ap≈ apcn-

ßbv°m sIm≠p≈ hn`-h-ßƒ ]cn-ip≤ t\mºn¬ Dt]-£n-°m≥

Xncp-ta\n Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p. Ip∂n≥]p-dØv Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWp-hm≥

sN√p-∂-h¿°v Fs¥-¶nepw sImSpØphnSpI Fs∂mcp ]mc-ºcyw

C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

th\¬ ITn-\-am-Ip∂ ka-bØv I_-dn-¶se a≤yÿ ]m¿∞\

Gsd A\p-K-l-amWv. Fs‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb Pohn-X-Øn¬ ag-bv°p-

th≠n a≤y-∞X AW®v, 2007˛se Hm¿Ωs]cp-∂mƒ ]Z£n-W-

Øn¬ Awi-hkvXw [cn®v apgp-h≥ ka-bhpw ag \\™v ]s¶-Sp-

Ø-Xpw Cu ka-bØv ]tXy-Iambn kvacn°p-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

a≤y-ÿ-X-tbmsS InW¿ IpØn AXnse sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn®v I_-

dp-¶¬ ]mt®m¿ t\¿®-bmbn At\-I¿ ka¿∏n-°p-∂Xv Z¿in-®n-´p≠v.

I_-dp-¶se ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ At\-I¿°v ]n≥X-e-ap-dsb \¬In-bn-

´p≠v. D∂X \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ tPmen-Iƒ e`n-®n- p≠v, tcmKkuJyw

At\I¿°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. B I_-dnSw At\-I¿°v BizmkamWv.

].- ]m-ºmSn Xncp-ta\n ImewsN-bvXn´v Aº-Xp -h¿jw ]n∂n-Sp∂

Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ae-¶ck`m a°ƒ -HutZymKnI "]cn-ip≤' ]Jym-

]\w ]Xo-£n-°p-I-bm-Wv.


8]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n:

Nne hmI-Øm\w kvac-W-Iƒ

hn∂n sI. tImin

ag s]øn√

]. ]mºm-Sn- Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Bfl-an-X-ßfn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p hmI-

Øm-\w ssIX-bn¬ h¿°n®≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ -sI.-

kn.- h¿Ko-kv. I£n-h-g°v i‡-am-bn-cp∂ B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]cn-

ip≤ k`-tbm-Spw, ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Sp-ap≈ hnt[-b-

Xz-Øn-t‚bpw kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw ê-ambn h¿°n-®≥ ap°m¬

G°¿ ÿehpw Hcp sNdnb Nm∏epw hne- hm-ßmsX ]cn-ip≤

Xncp-a-\- n\v sIm√-h¿jw 1119-˛¬ Fgp-Xn-s°m-SpØp. sk‚ v tPm¿Pv

F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ hmI-Øm\w ]pØ≥N-¥-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-amb

Cu tZhm-ebw ssIX-bn¬∏≈n F∂ t]cn¬ C∂v s]mXpsh Adn-

bs∏Sp∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv ]pXp-°n-∏-WnX hn.- tZ-hm-e-b-Øns‚ 1959

sabv 5˛\v \S∂ IqZm-i-I¿Ω-Øn-\mbn FØn-t®¿∂ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv, HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kv, amXyqkv am¿

Cuhm-\n-tbmkv, amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv F∂o taev]-´-

°m¿°v ‡ym-Z-c-hp-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn Hcp henb kzoI-cWw ]pØ≥N¥

Ih-e-bn¬\n∂pw ]≈n-bn-te°v Iao-I-cn®p. F∂m¬ F√m-h-scbpw

\ncm-i-cm-°p∂hn[w Imdpw ag-t°mfpwsIm≠v A¥-co-£-amsI

\nd™p. P\-ß-fpsS hnj-am-hÿ a\- n-em°nb Xncp-ta\n BIm-

i-tØ°v …o_m FSpØv hmgvØn ss[cy-ambn \S-t∂mfq F∂p

Iev]n-®p. F√m-h-scbpw AXn-i-bn-∏n-°pw-hn[w kzoI-cWw ]≈n-bn¬

FØp-∂-X-phsc ag -amdn\n∂p.

sshZy-\mb Xncp-ta\n

F√m-h-cnepw tijvT≥ tbip-In-kvXp-hm-sW∂v Dd® hnizmkw

Xncp-a-\- n-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬Øs∂ tcmKi-a-\-Øn-\p-th≠n

Xncp-ta\n hmgvØn-X∂ sh≈w ]ecpw Huj-[-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-

cp∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A¥y-\n-an-j-Øn-\p Ipd-®p-\mƒ aptº aZv_-

lm-bn¬h®v hmgvØn Hcp Ip∏n-sh≈w h¿°n-®\p \¬In-s°m≠v


Cu Ip∏n-bnse sh≈w XocmsX \nd-®p-sIm-≈m≥ Iev]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

h¿°n®s‚ c≠m-asØ aI≥ Ah-dm-®≥ CSbv-°nsS t_m[-

£-b-Øm≥ _p≤n-ap-ń-bn-cp-∂p. km[y-amb sshZy-k-lm-b-ß-sf√mw

A°m-eØv \¬In-sb-¶nepw AXp-sIm-s≠m∂pw bmsXmcp ]tbm-

P-\hpw D≠m-bn-√. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Ah-dm-®s\

Zb-dm-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]mIbpw, Iptd-\mƒ AhnsS Xma-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw,

Ah-dm-®\v B tcmKm-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂p tamN\w D≠m-hp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

A¥y-\n-an-j-Øns‚ AS-bmfw

Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn Bg-Øn¬ _‘-s∏-ń-cp∂ h¿°n-®≥ ]mºmSn

Zb-dm-bn-te°v Xncp-ta-\n°v Bh-iy-amb Acn-bpw a‰v km[-\-km-a-

Kn-Ifpw Ia-ambn FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ]tXyIw Xbm-dm-°nb

(H-‰-∏p-gp-°≥) Acn-bmWv Zb-dm-bn¬ FØn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ].- Xncp-ta\n

ImewsNøm-dm-b-Xn-s‚ kqN\ h¿°n-®\p e`n-®p. Zb-dm-bn-te°v

sImSp-°p-hm-\p≈ Acn°v th≠ s\√v ASp-∏n¬ sh®-t∏mƒ Hcp

ASp-∏p-I√v ]nf¿∂v sNºv sNcn-bp-Ibpw, Pew Hgp-Int∏mhpIbpw

sNbvXp. F∂mepw H‰ s\¬a-Wn-t]mepw Xmsg-t]m-bn-√. B \nanjw

h¿°n-®≥ Xncp-ta-\n-°p-th≠n C\n Bcpw IjvS-s∏tS≠ F∂p

]d-™p. AsX-¥m-sW∂p h¿°n®s‚ kl-[¿ΩnWn A∂mΩ Xnc-

°n-b-t∏mƒ sNºv InS-°p∂Xv I≠nt√ Xncp-ta-\n°v C\n H∂n-

s‚bpw Bhn-iy-an-s√-∂-Xns‚ ap∂-dn-bn-∏m-Wn-sX∂v ]d™v DS≥-

Xs∂ ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn-te°v ]pd-s∏-´p. GXm\pw \nan-j-ßƒ Ign-

™-t∏mƒ hmI-Øm\w hen-b-]-≈n-bnse hnImcn ]-≈n-b-Sn-bn¬ ]oen-

t∏mkv IØ-\m¿ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Kpcp-X-cm-hÿ ]d-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n

ssIX-bn¬ h∂p. F∂m¬ AXn-\p -apºpXs∂ ]mºmSn- Zb-dm-bn-

te°v ]pd-s∏´ h¿°n-®\v Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A¥y-\n-an-j-ß-fn¬ Xncp-

ta-\nsb ipiq-jn-°p-∂-Xn\pw, F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw `mK-`m-°m-Ip-

∂-Xn\pw km[n-®p. I_-d-S-°-Øn-\p-ti-j-amWv h¿°n-®≥ ]n∂oSv

kz`-h-\-Øn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-bXv.

a\- -dn-bp∂ Xncp-ta\n

hmI-Øm\w HmWm v hoń¬\n∂pw Xncp-ta-\n°v Bh-iy-amb hmg-

°pe-bpw, ]e-lm-c-ß-fp-ambn c≠p Npa-´p-Imsc Ab®p. Zb-dm-bn¬

FØn-t®¿∂ Ah¿°v Im∏n-sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]Xn-hp-t]mse Xncp-ta\n


s]m´-t\mSp ]d-™p. Im∏n-s∏m-Snbpw ]©-km-cbpw Xo¿∂ hnhcw

s]m´≥ Xncp-ta-\nsb Adn-bn-®p. F¶nepw hni-an-®-Xn-\p-tijw

amXta XncnsI t]mImhq F∂v Xncp-ta\n Npa- p-Imsc \n¿_-‘n®p.

Aev]ka-b-Øn-\p-tijw ]pXp-∏≈n I∂p-Ip-gn-bn¬ \n∂p sImSp-

Øp-hn-´ Im∏n-s∏m-Snbpw ]©-km-cbpw, ]e-lm-c-ßfpw a‰p km[-\-

km-a-Kn-Ifpw Zb-dm-bn¬ FØn. DS≥Xs∂ Npa-´p-Im¿°v Im∏n-bpw,

sIm≠p-h∂ ]e-lm-c-ßfpw Xncp-a-\ v \¬In. Npa-´p-Im-cn¬ Hcm-

fmb ]m∏≥, Xm≥ Ign® ]e-lmcw Xs‚ a°ƒ°p sImSp-°m≥

km[n-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂v a\- n¬ BK-ln-®p. Im∏n-IpSn Ign™p

t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßnb ]m∏-t\mSv c≠v Ce ]dn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ Xncp-

ta\n Bh-iy-s∏-´p. Xncp-ta\n Ce- hmßn AI-Øp-sN∂v ]e-lm-c-

ßƒ s]mXn™v a°ƒ°v sImSp-°m≥ ]d-™p ]m∏\v \¬In-. Xs‚

a\ dn™ Xncp-ta\n, ]pWy-hm-f≥ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v ]n∂oSv ]m∏≥

hmI-Øm-\sØ ]e hoSpIfnepw km£o-I-cn-®ncp∂p.

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n tXm´-bv°mSv am¿ At]w tZhm-eb A¶-W-Øn¬

sshZn-I-tcm-sSm∏w. CSØp \n∂pw: ]tc-X-cmb πm∏-d-ºn¬ sI. sI. tPm¿Pv

IØ-\m¿, hS-°pw-]m-SØv hn. Sn. G_lmw IØ-\m¿ (]n∂oSv tImsd-∏n-

kvtIm-∏m), ]ptØ-´p-I-Sp-∏n¬ oen-t∏mkv IØ-\m¿, ao\Sw aÆq-°Sp∏n¬

IØ-\m¿, ssIX-fm-hn¬ tP°_v IØ-\m¿.


9AhcptSbpw Fs‚bpw

hni∏v H∂p Xs∂-

km_p hS-Ic

]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n ta¬]-´-ÿm\tØ°p Db¿Ø-s∏´p

tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-Xe G‰p-I-gn™tijhpw Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS Bÿm\w s]mØºpdw Zbdm Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv

Zb-dm-bn-tebv°v CS-sØm-≠p-I-sfm-gnsI a‰p hgn-I-sfm∂pw C√m-

bn-cp-∂p. saXm-\m-b-tXmsS tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Ønse ]≈n-I-fnse

]e-hn[amb hnj-b-ßƒ°p A®∑mcpw ]≈n-ÿm-\n-Ifpw Xncp-ta-

\nsb \nc-¥cw kµ¿in-t°≠ Bhiyw t\cn-´p. Ah¿ ]mºmSn

]≈n-bpsS kao]w a™mSn Aº-e-Øns‚ sskUn-ep≈ sXm≠n-

eqsS hfsc hnjaw]nSn®p \S-∂pI-b-dnbmWv Zb-dm-bn¬ FØn

Imcy-ßƒ \S-Øn-t]m-∂Xv. AX-s√-¶n¬ ao\-S-Øp-\n∂pw AtX- Xcw

CS-sØm-≠p-Iƒ Xm≠-Ww.

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hml-\-amb hn√ph≠n t]mepw ]mºm-

Sn-bn¬ IShpw`mKsØ A®s‚ hoń-emWv kq£n-®n-cp∂Xv. AhnsS-

\n∂pw Xncp-ta-\nbpw Zb-dm-bn-tebv°p \S-∂p-I-b-dp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

]Xnhv. hn√ph≠n°v sI´m≥ Xncp-ta-\n°v kz¥-ambn aqcn-Iƒ C√m-

bn-cp-∂p. tIm´-b-Øn\p t]mtI-≠n-h-cp-tºmƒ -hn√ph≠n°p sI-´m-

\p≈ aqcnsb Btcm-sS-¶nepw ISw-hm-ßn-bm-bn-cp∂p bmX- sN-øm-

dp-≈Xv. Xncp-ta-\n- bm-X-sN-øptºmƒ h≠n-°m¿ aqcn-Isf D]-Z-hn-

°m≥ kΩ-Xn-°-pam-bn-cp-∂n-√. 36 h¿jw tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Øns‚

CS-b≥ B-bn-cp∂ ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°v Hcn-°epw kz¥-ambn

Hcp tamt´m¿ hml\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Hcp _m¶nepw A°u≠pw

C√m-bn-cp-∂p.

bm-X-mZp-cn-X-sØ°p-dn®p ]ecpw ]bmkw Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒ Bemw-

º≈n ˛ Ce-s°m-Sn™n hgn-bn¬\n∂pw Zb-dm-bn¬ hml\w FØp-

∂hn[w Hcp hgn sh´p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p Btem-Nn-®p XpS-ßn. CXn-

\mbn Xncp-ta\n c≠p ]mhiyw Zbdm-bn¬ ]cn-k-c-hm-kn-I-fpsS

tbmKw hnfn-®pIqń. CXn¬ [mcm-fw-t]¿ kw_-‘n-®p. ÿew


DS-a-Iƒ bmsXmcp ]Xn-^-ehpw IqSmsX hgn°p≈ ÿew Xncp-ta-\n°v hn´psImSp-°msa∂p kΩ-Xn-®p.

]ns‰-Znhkw hgn-sh´p XpS-ßm-\mbn ]Øn-cp-]-Xp-t]¿ h∂p.- Fs‚h-ey-∏\pw Nma-°m-e- A®s‚ ]nXmhpw Xe-bv°se A∏-®\pwIm™n-c-Øpw-aq-ń-tebpw I√-sS-am-°-sebpw A∏-®-∑mcpw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS IqsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ h-gn-sh-´p -Xp-Sßn. F√m-hcpw Zb-dm-bn¬h∂v D®bv°p `£Ww Ign-°Ww F∂v Xn-cp-ta\n I¬∏n®p. F∂n´v Fs‚ hey-∏-s\-bpw- IqńZb-dm-bn¬ sN∂p ]Øn-cp-]-Xp- t]¿°v D®bv°v DuWp- si-cn-bm-°Ww F∂v s]m´≥ tN´-t\mSp ]d-™p. s]m´≥ tN´≥ ssI-ae¿Øn ImWn-®p. Acn-bpw Idn-km-[-\ßfpw Zb-dm-bn¬ H´pan√.DSs\ Fs‚ hey-∏-t\mSpw Iq´-tcmSpw -DuWn\v Bh-iy-ap≈ km[-\-ßƒ ao\-S-Øp- I-S-bn¬ t]mbn DSs\ hmßn-sIm-≠p-h-cWw F∂vXncp-ta\n Iev]n-®p. ao\-Sw-hsc \S-∂p-t]mbn Xe-®p-a-Smbn km[-\-ß-fp-ambn hcp-tºmƒ kabw Gsd sshIpw. sNºn¬ sh≈w Hgn®vXobpw IØn®tijw Ch¿ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSp Imcyw ]d-™p. AXn\vssZhw \SØpw F∂p amXw Xncp-ta\n adp-]Sn ]d-™p.

kabw IS∂pt]mIpI-bm-Wv. hgn-sh-´p-Im¿ DuWn-s\-Øm\p≈ka-b-ambn. F¥p sNø-W-sa-∂-dn-bmsX kI-ecpw hnj-an®p \n¬-°pI-bm-Wv. At∏mƒ ]pXp-∏-≈n-bn¬\n∂p hmg°mem Ip-Sp-w_-Ønse Nne¿ h-∂ptN¿∂p. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w hmey-°m¿ Xe®p-a-Smbnaq∂p Nm°v Acnbpw Idn-Ifpw Idn-t°m-∏p-I-fp-w sIm≠p-h-∂n´p-≠v.Ch-sb√mw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ap∂n¬ Cd-°n-h-®p. -D-Ss\ Xncp-ta\nAXn¬ \n∂pw Bh-iy-Øn\v Acn- sh-≈-Øn-¬ CSm≥ ]d-™p.hmg-°m-em-°m¿ sIm-≠p-h∂ Idnkm[-\-ßƒ klnXw hgn-sh-´p-Im¿°v kp`n-£-amb `£Ww sImSp-Øp.

]t£ hmg-°m-em-°m¿°v CXn¬ kz¬∏w hnj-a-am-bn. Xncp-ta-\n°v I™n- Ip-Sn-°m-\mbn´v s\√v ]tXyIw ]pgpßn DW°n kz¥-am-bn IpØn Acn-bm°n sIm≠p-h-∂-XmWv. AsX-SpØv hgn-sh-´p-Im¿°v DuWpsImSp-ØXv Ah¿°v kln-®n√. Ah¿ sNdn-b-tXmXn¬ ]cn-`-hw- Im-Wn-®p. Xncp-ta\n hnhcw Adn-™p.- A-h-sc-apdnbn-te°p hnfn-∏n®p. F∂n´v Ah-tcmSp ]d™p. a-°sf Fs‚hni∏pw Ah-cpsS hni∏pw H∂m-W v. (]n-S-en-bn-bn¬ sXm´p -Im-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v) ` -£WØn\p cpNn Chn-sS-hs-ctb D≈p. `£Ww ]nS-en°p Xmtg°p t]mbm¬ AXv shdpw ae-amWv. Zb-dm-bn-te-°p≈hgn-shń £oWn® B km[p-Iƒ Ign-®Xv Rm≥ Ign-®-Xmbn Icp-Xn-t°m-Ww. Cßs\ D]-tZ-in®v Xncp-ta\n hmg-°m-em°msc A\p-

K-ln®p ]d-™-b®p.

(te-J-Is‚ ]nXm-a-l≥ hS-Ic ]m∏-®\n¬ \n∂pw e`n® hnhcw)


10ssaem-∏q-cn-te°v

Hcp Xo¿∞bmX

]n. F. tPm¨ t]ga‰w

]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm∏w Fs‚ sNdp-∏-Im-eØv

\S-Ønb c≠v bmX-I-fpsS Hm¿Ω-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw kvarXn-afi-eØn¬

]®∏v hncn-°p-∂p. Ah NphsS hni-Zo-I-cn-°-s´.

1. aZmkv bmX

1955 P\p-hcn ]Xn-s\´mw Xob-Xn-bmWv ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta\n Xs‚ ùXnI Pohn-X-Ønse G‰hpw Zo¿L-amb bmX Bcw-

`n®Xv. AXv aZm-kv hscbmbncp∂p. B bmX-bn¬ ]. Xncp-ta-\nsb

A\p-K-an-°m≥ F\n°v `mKyw e`n-®p. As∂\n°vv 16 hbkv ]mb-

ap-≠v. ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv aZmkv kµ¿in-®Xv AXn\p Xte h¿jw

\S-Ønb Ipafn ˛ h≠≥taSv bmXsb XpS¿∂mWv. AXn-]-Im-c-

amWv.

1954˛se ISpØ th\¬°m-eØv Fs‚ ]nXmhpw ]. Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS ktlm-Z-c-]p-X-\p-amb t]g-a-‰Øv ]n. sP. G_lmw (sIm®v)

s]m-Ø≥]p-dØv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ASpØv ]Xnhp kµ¿i-\-Øn-

s\Øn. th\¬®q-Sns‚ B[n-Iy-Øm¬ hnidn ssII-fn-¬ amdn-

amdnsb-SpØv ]cn-ip≤ Xncp-ta-\n- hoipIbmWv. At∏mƒ Fs‚

]nXmhv Xncpta\ntbmSv kΩ-X-am-sW-¶n¬ Xm≥ ]e-N-c°v hym]mcw

\S-Øn-h-cp∂ ssltd©nse AW-°-c-bn¬ t]mbn Ipd®p Znhkw

Xma-kn-°m-sa∂pw, th\¬®q-Sn¬\n∂pw Bizm-k-am-Ip-sa∂pw

]d™p. Xncp-ta\n B At]£ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw k¥X kl-Nm-

cn-I-fn¬ Hcm-fmb Nma-°m-em-bnse Ip™q™p tN´-t\m-sSm∏w

(Ct∏m-gsØ Nma-°me kn. F. h¿Kokv A®s‚ ]nXm-hv) Fs‚

]nXm-hns‚ AW-°-c-bn-ep≈ ]oSn-I-ap-dn-bn¬ HcmgvN Xma-kn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu kµ¿i-\-th-f-bn-em-Wv C∂sØ CSp°n `Zmk\ IØoU-

emb Ip¶ncns∏ń sk‚ v tXmakv CShIbpsS ]Ya tZhmebØn\v

I√n´Xv. ]n∂oSv Ipa-fn-bnse hyh-kmb ]ap-J-\mbn hf¿∂ IpØ-


X-bn¬ tXmam-®≥ F∂ BfpsS AW-°-c-bn-ep≈ Nmb-∏o-Sn-IbpsS

IqZm-ibpw Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ]. Xncp-ta\n \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂p. C∂pw

Xs‚ a‰p _lp-\ne sIń-S-ßƒs°m∏w Cu Hm-e-ta™ ]oSnI

Hcp kvamc-I-ambn AhnsS tXmam-®s‚ IpSpw_w kq£n-®n-´p≠v.

]n-∂oSv 1956 Unkw_¿ 21˛\v Cu ]≈n-bpsS IqZm-ibpw ]. Xncp-ta-

\n- \n¿∆-ln-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. sF°c∏Shn¬ siΩmi\pw (]n∂oSv

]n. ]n. Koh¿Kokv IØ\m¿) Rm\pamWv A∂v Xncpta\n-

tbmsSm∏ap≠mbncp∂Xv.

hniam\¥cw aS-°-bm-X-bn¬ Ipa-fn-bn¬\n∂pw Xan-gv\mSv AXn-

¿Øn IS∂v Ipd®p aptºm´p t]mbn. AhnsS \n∂v Xmsg Xan-gv\m-

Sns‚ hnimeamb `mK-ßƒ Xncpta\n ImWp-I-bp-≠m-bn. At∏mƒ

]. Xncpta\n ]d™p,--- Aßs\ ]m≠nbpw I≠p. CXp tI´ Fs‚

]nXmhv kΩ-X-am-sW-¶n¬ ASpØh¿jw aZn-cm-inbnepw t]mImw

F∂v ]Xn-h-Nn-®p. t\m°s´ F∂v ]. Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]d-™p. Cu

kw`-h-amWv F\n°v ]. Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm-∏-ap≈ BZy bmXbv°v

]nt‰h¿jw hgn Xpd-∂p- X-∂-Xv.

ae-¶-c-k`m ÿm]I-\mb hn. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS I_dn-

¶seØn A\p-Klw ]m]n°p-hm≥, am¿tØmΩm ]mc-º-cy-Ønepw

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS P∑-kn-≤-amb kzmX-¥yØnepw A`n-am-\n-®n-cp∂

]. Xncp-ta\n BK-ln-®p. B BK-l-]q¿Øo-I-c-W-ambn 1955 P\p-

hcn 18˛\v sNm∆mgvN ]. Xncpta\nbpsS ssaem-∏q¿ Xo¿∞bmX

Bcw`n®p. amS-bv°¬ tPmk^v A®≥, ]. Xncpta\nbpsS h¬ke

injy-\mb ]√m´v sF∏v tN´≥, Fs‚ ]nXmhv, Rm≥ F∂nh¿

Bbn-cp∂p s]m-Ø≥]p-d-Øp-\n∂pw hmgq¿ kztZ-in-bmb Ip´-∏≥

F∂ Cugh ktlm-Z-cs‚ hmS-I-°m-dn¬ bmX Xncn® kwL-Øn-

ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]co£ Bk∂ambXn\m¬ Fs∂ sIm≠pt]mIp-

∂Xn¬ Fs‚ ]nXmhv FXn¿∏v ]ISn∏n®p. ]t£ ]. Xncpta\n,

]co£bn¬ H∂pIn¬ Pbn°pw, As√¶n¬ tXm¬°pw. F\n°v

CXbpw hbkmbn´mWv aZncmin hsc t]mIm≥ ]‰p∂Xv. Ah\v

sNdp]mbØn¬ Inńb Cu `mKyw IfbcpXv F∂p ]d™v

Fs∂bpw Iqń.

Cu bmX-bpsS hnh-c-a-dn™v Nne hnizm-kn-Iƒ h≠n-s]-cn-bm-¿

sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bpsS Xd-°√nSo¬ I¿Ωw bmXbpsS BZy

Znhkw cmhnse ]. Xncp-ta-\n-sb-s°m≠v \n¿∆-ln-∏n-®p. AhnsS

\n∂pw ]`mX`£Whpw Ign®v bmX XpS¿∂p a[pcbnseØn

hnian®p.


a[p-c-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ ]kn-≤-amb a[pc ao\m-£n- t£Xw

]. Xncp-ta-\n- kµ¿in®p. t£X-Øn-\p-≈n-te°v Imense sNcp∏v

Agn-®p-am‰n amXta ]th-in-°p-hm≥ ]mSp≈q F∂v t£Xm[nIm-

cnIƒ \n¿t±-in®p. At∏mƒ CXv tIc-f-Øn¬\n∂pw h∂ Hcp ap\n-

bm-sW∂pw, sNcp-t∏m-Sp-IqSn ]th-in-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa∂pw

Fs‚ ]nXmhv At]-£n-®p. F∂m¬, ]. Xncp-ta\n Fs‚ ]nXm-

hns\ hne-°n. GXp ÿeØv sN∂mepw Ahn-SpsØ BNmcacym-

Z -Iƒ A\p -k-cn -°p -hm≥ \mw IS -s∏-´ -h -cm -Wv F∂t±lw

Iev]n®p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Cu adp-]Sn C∂pw Fs‚ ImXp-I-fn¬

apg-ßp-∂p. sNcn∏v Agn-®p-am‰n D≈n¬ ]th-in® ]. Xncp-ta\n IuXp-

I-tØmsS F√mw t\m°n-°m-Wp-Ibpw AhnsS k]vX-kz-c-ßƒ

tIƒ∏n-°p∂ I√n¬ ASn®p t\m°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXn-

\p-tijw a[p-c-bn¬ \ΩpsS ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kwLw P\p-hcn 19˛\v Xrin\m-∏-≈n-bn¬ FØn. AhnsS DtZym-

Km¿∞w Xmakn®ncp∂ ImewsNbvX ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ sIm®pXncp-

ta-\n-bpsS ktlm-Z-c\pw, Ct∏mƒ sNß-∂q¿ `Zm-k-\m-[n-]-\mb

tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]nXrk-tlm-Z-

c\pamb sI. ‰n. ^nen∏ns‚ (]oent∏m®≥) AXn-Yn-bm-bmWv ].

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Xma-kn-®-Xv.

AhnsS\n∂pw P\p-hcn 21 ˛\v sshIn´v aZm-kn¬ FØnb Xncp-

ta\n AhnSpsØ kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. ]nt‰∂v i\n-

bmgvN sshIp-t∂cw CS-h-I-bnse ÃUn Ivfmkn¬ ]m¿∞-\-sb-

∏‰n ]. Xncp-ta\n it≤-b-amb Hcp ]kwKw \S-Øn. 23-˛mw XobXn

Rmb-dmgvN AhnsS ]. Xncp-ta\n hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p.

XpS¿∂v ssaem-∏q-cn¬ hnip≤ tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS I_-dnSw kµ¿in-

°p-Ibpw [q]-a¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXtijw Nn∂aebnep≈ tZhm-

ebhpw kµ¿in-®p. aZmkn¬ tcmKiøbn¬ hnian°p∂ Znhyio

Sn. Pn. tImin IØ-\msc kµ¿in®v ]. Xncp-ta\n ]tXyI ]m¿-

∞\ \S-Øn.

A∂p sshIp-t∂cw aZmkv kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-bpsS A¶-W-Øn¬

]. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS _lp-am-\m¿Yw Hcp Nmb-k¬°mcw \S-Øn.

hnImcn ^m. kn. kJ-dn-b (]n∂oSv kJdnbm am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv

saXmt∏meoØm), io. tUhnUv hn. tPm¿Pv F∂n-h¿ ]kw-Kn-®p.

A\-¥cw ]. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS adp-]-Sn- ]-kw-Khpw \S-∂p. 24- mw XobXn

]. Xncp-ta-\n- aS-°-bmX Bcw-`n-®p. tImbºØq¿ hgnbmWv


aSßnbXv. aS-°-bm-X-bn¬ tImb-º-Øq¿ XSmIw Biaw kµ¿in-

°p-Ibpw AhnsS Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bn¬

h∂v Ac-a-\-bn¬ Hu-tK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncpta\ntbbpw

(]n-∂oSv ]. Hu-tK≥ ]Ya≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm) kµ¿in® tij-

amWv Hcm-gvNbne[nIw \o≠p-\n∂ bmX XncnsI s]m-Ø≥]p-dØv

Ah-km-\n-®Xv. ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n tIcfw hn´p \SØnb GI

bmXbmWv CXv. G‰hpw Zo¿LbmXbpw.

2. aW¿ImSv ]≈nbn¬

CsXmcp lkz bmX-bm-bn-cp-∂p. k`m-X¿°w aq¿—n-®n-cp∂ Ime-

b-f-hv. Cu kabw aW¿ImSv hn. a¿Øadnbw ]≈n-bn¬ Akp-

JsØ XpS¿∂v hni-an-®n-cp∂ ]mXnb¿°okv I£nbnse aoJm-

tb¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\nsb kµ¿in-°-W-sa∂v ]. Xncp-

ta-\n-°v BK-l-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn®v bmX ]pd-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Cu kabw F\n°pw IqsS t]mIp-hm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠mbn.

]≈n-ap-‰Øv FØn-b-t∏mƒ ]. Xncp-ta-\n- Ft∂mSp ]≈n-ta-S-bn¬

t]mbn AhnsS D≈ Btcm-sS-¶nepw ]mºm-Sn-bnse Xncp-ta\n h∂n-

´p≠v, Chn-SpsØ Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWm≥ h∂-XmWv F∂p ]d-bp-

hm≥ I¬]n-®p. AX-\p-k-cn®v Hm-ô-kn¬ IS∂psN∂ Rm≥ shń-

°p-t∂¬ sIm-®-®-t\mSv (]n∂oSv Ipdnbmt°mkv tIm¿F∏nkv-

t°m∏m) hnhcw ]d-™p. A®≥ h∂v Xncp-ta-\nsb kzoI-cn-°p-

Ibpw, ]≈n-ta-Sbn-te°v B\-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am¿ Zoh-∂m-

tkymkv Xncp-ta-\nbpambn Ipi-e-]-iv\-Øn\pw ]m¿∞\bv°pw

tijw ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n Xncn®v s]m-Ø≥]p-d-tØ°v t]mcp-

Ibpw sNbvXp.


11hnZysIm≠p i‡amb ]mºmSn

tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv

tIcfØnseXs∂ hnIkzc Kmaßfn¬ H∂mWv tIm´bw Pn√-

bnse ]mºmSn F∂Xn¬ c≠p]£an√. hneÿncX C√mØ d_¿

HgnsI Imcyamb a‰v hmWnPyhnfItfm, CXc Dev]∂ßtfm,

]IrXnkºtØm, hnt\mZk©mc km≤yXItfm C√mØ ]mºmSn

]t£ kmºØnIambn apºn´p \nev°p∂ Hcp tIcfob KmaamWv.

CXc tIcfob Kmaßtf°mƒ A[nIw hnZKvZ ˛ A¿≤hnZKvZ

(Skilled & Semi-skilled) sXmgnemfnIsf krjvSn°phm\pw Ib‰paXn

sNøm\pw ]mºmSn°p km[n°p∂p F∂XmWv Cu Db¿®bpsS

]n∂nse bYm¿∞ ImcWw. Akqbmhlamb AØcsamchÿ

kwPmXambXn\p ]nºn¬ Hcp Zo¿LNcnXap≠v.

sX°pwIq¿ cmPhwiØns‚ Bÿm\ambncp∂ sh∂naet°m-

´bv°v kao]ÿambncps∂¶nepw ]mºmSn°v a≤yImeNcnXØn¬-

t∏mepw CSw]nSn°m≥ Ign™nń√. ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m≠n¬ ]pXp-

∏≈n AßmSn°p≠mb hf¿®bpw ]mºmSnsb kv]¿in®n√. ]pcm-

X\t£Xw, \ºqXncn C√ßƒ, Aºehmkn IpSnbncp∏pIƒ F∂n-

hbpsS A`mhw Cu hkvXpX icnhbv°p∂p. sNdph≈n°mhv

t£XØnse ]XnjvTt]mepw 1650˛1700 ImeL´Øn¬ amXamWv

\S∂Xv F∂mWv hmbvsamgn hg°w (s]m^. F≥. C. tIih≥

\ºqXncn, sX°pwIq¿ NcnXhpw ]pcmhrØhpw, tIm´bw, 2014,

]pdw 152˛3). tIcfØnse ]mcºcy tZikw⁄bmb Ic F∂

ASnÿm\Øn¬ ]cnKWn®m¬ ]mºmSnbn¬ s\¬Irjn°v A\p-

tbmPyamb ]mSßƒ XmcXtay\ hfsc IpdhmWv. s\¬Irjnbpw

AXns‚ ]m´hpw ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ \ºqXncn˛tIµoIrX

kmaqlyhyhÿ ]mºmSnbn¬ DSseSp°msX t]mbXn\p Imc-

Whpw CXp Xs∂bmWv. Hcp AßmSn cq]oIrXamhp∂Xn\p≈

hmWnPy˛KXmKX ]m[m\yhpw ]mºmSn°v C√mbncp∂p. Cu

]›mØeØn¬\n∂p ]cntim[n®m¬ ]mºmSnbpsS hnIk\w

IcIrjn AYhm \mWyhnfIfpsS DXv]mZ\Øn¬ \n∂msW∂p

tcJIfpsS ]n≥_ean√msX Xs∂ a\ nem°m≥ km[n°pw.

]mºmSnsb∏‰n e`yamb BZy enJnXtcJ 1816˛1821 ImeØv


_nójv ]´mfØnse e^v. hm¿Uv, e^v. tIm¿W¿ F∂nh¿ Xncp-

hnXmwIq¿ ˛ sIm®n cmPyßfn¬ \SØnb hniZamb k¿thbpsS

dnt∏m¿´mWv. AX\pkcn®v, ]mºmSnbpsS kao]ÿamb hnPb]pcw

]hrØnbnse ...Aab∂q¿, Xncph©nbq¿, Ab¿°p∂w, Bcy-

]mew F∂nh (]tXyIn®pw BZytØXv) e`qbnjvSamb Xmgvhc-

Ifn¬ Aßnßmbn InS°p∂ henb \mb¿ KmaßfmWv. ... Ch¿

Xs∂ ]mºmSn ]hrØnsb hnhcn°p∂Xv ... ]mºmSn D]hn`mKw

s]mXpsh hepXmsW¶nepw AXn¬ F´p Kmaßtf D≈p.

Hmtcm∂pw AXy¥w ZcnZhpamWv. ]mºmSnbpw Ic∏pSbpw ao\Shpw

amXta Aßs\b√mXp≈p. Ah hnimeambn InS°p∂hbpw,

[mcmfw IhpßptXm∏pIƒ D≈hbpamWv. Cu ]hrØnbnse

][m\ hnf CXmWv. Db¿∂ ]tZißfn¬ CXns‚ hnfhn\v DX-

Ip∂ ÿew [mcmfambp≠v. ]Sn™md≥ ]tZißƒ Aev]w Xpd-

kmbn°nS°p∂hbmsW¶nepw Cu `q`mKØns‚ BIbp≈ `mhw

ImSp]nSn®XmWv. ... C°meØmhWw ]mºmSn ]hrØn°t®cn

]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n®Xv.

]mºmSn ]hrØnbnse F´p KmaßfpsS samØØnep≈

ÿnXnhnhc°W°pw e^v. hm¿Upw tIm¿Wdpw \¬Ip∂p≠v.

AX\pkcn®v BsI hnkvXo¿Æw ˛ 13. 2. 1 NXpci ssa¬. s\¬-

°rjnbpsS hnkvXo¿Æw ˛ 1. 0. 2. NXpci ssa¬. hoSpIfpsS

FÆw ˛ 458. P\kwJy ˛ 1,427. Chcn¬ \mb∑m¿ ˛ 557, InkvXym-

\nIƒ ˛ 317. CXn¬ ]mºmSnbpsS amXw IW°v e`yas√¶nepw

]tZiØns‚ Hcp GItZi NnXw e`n°p∂p≠v.

Npcp°Øn¬ ]mºmSn ]hrØnbpsS samØØnep≈ AXy¥w

ZcnZamb Ahÿbn¬\n∂pw ]mºmSn, Iqtcm∏S, ao\Sw ]tZisØ

Db¿Øn \n¿Øp∂Xv IapIp IrjnbmsW∂p hy‡w. AXn\p Cu

]tZisØ \kmWn IpSntb‰hpambn _‘ap≠v. e`y-amb hnh-c-

ßƒ sh®v 1720-˛30 Imew- ap-X¬ ]cn-an-X-am-sb-¶nepw ]mºm-Sn-bn¬

\kmWn A[n-hmkw D≠v. ]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥y]mZw-

apX¬ AßmSnIfpsS hf¿®bn¬ A\p`hs∏´ apcSn∏mWv (Stag-nation) \kmWnIsf \mWyhnfIfpsS Irjnbntebv°p Xncn®Xpw,

AXn\mbn `qan tXSn ]pXnb Bhmkÿeßfn¬ Ah¿ FØn-

s∏´Xpw. ]mºmSnbnse BZyIme \kmWn IpSntb‰hpw CØc-

Ønemhmt\ hgnbp≈p. ]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠ns‚ a≤yØn¬ kw`-

hn® XncphnXmwIqdns‚ cq]oIcWhpw A\¥c cmjvSob ]cnWm-

aßfpw tIcfØnse \ºqXncn˛tIµoIrX kmaqlyhyhÿsb


XI¿Øp. AtXmsS Ipe[¿ΩØns‚ ]cnc£ \jvSs∏´ \km-

WnIƒ°v hym]mcØn\p]cn CXc Pohk‘mcWam¿§ßƒ

Is≠tØ≠n h∂p. kzm`mhnIambpw Ah¿ Irjnbntebv°p

Xncn™p. 18˛19 \q‰m≠pIfpsS k‘nbnse \kmWn IpSntb‰ß-

fpsS ]›mØew Cu kmaqly ]cnWmaamWv.

ASbv° \q‰m≠pIfmbn C¥ybn¬ Hcp D]t`mKhkvXphmWv.

AXns\ Hcp Kuchamb hmWnPyhnfbmbn am‰nbXn¬ U®pIm¿°v

hensbmcp ]¶p≠v. ]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠ns‚ ]IpXn apX¬ Xs∂

tIcfØnse ASbv° Ah¿°v ][m\s∏´ Hcp Ib‰paXnhkvXp

Bbncp∂p. tImgnt°mSv, ImbwIpfw, ]pd°mSv AßmSnIfn¬ \n∂p

tiJcn°p∂ ASbv°, KpPdmØv, sImtdmafi¬ Xocw, a[pc,

ioe¶ XpSßnb ÿeßfn¬ U®pIm¿ hn]W\w \SØn (MarkusP. M. Vink, The Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East IndiaCompany and the Nayaka Satate of Madurai in the sevanteenth Century,Leiden, 2015). Ib‰paXn h¿≤n®tXmsS kzm`mhnIambpw ASbv°m-

bpsS Bhiyhpw h¿≤n®p. AßmSn_‘nXcmb \kmWnIƒ°v

Cu kph¿ÆmhkctØ°pdn®v hy‡amb hym]mc[mcW D≠m-

bncp∂p. AXn\m¬ Ah¿ IapIp Irjnbntebv°p Xncn™Xn¬

Akzm`mhnIambn H∂pan√.

tXmÍrjn \km-Wn-Iƒ°v Hcp \h-kw-cw`w Bbn-cp-∂n-√.

sImtfm-Wn-b¬-˛]q¿h \km-Wn-Iƒ Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, sXßv tXm∏p-I-

fpsS DS-a-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂v k©m-cn-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ch

c≠pw hmWnPy hnf-I-fm-Wv. CØcw tXm∏p-Isf A∂sØ kwhn-

[m-\-Øn¬ Irjn F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-\m-hn-√. \km-Wn-IfpsS Ipe-

[¿Ω-amb hym]m-c-Øns‚ ew_-kw-tbm-P-\-amWv (Vertical intagration)\mWy-hn-f-Ir-jn. s\¬h-b-ep-Iƒ AXoh ]cn-an-X-amb ]mºm-Sn-bn-

te-bv°p≈ \kmWn IpSn-tb‰w Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xp Xo¿®bmbpw

\mWy-hn-f- ˛ ][m\ambpw IapIv ˛ Ir-jn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´m-Wv.

e`yamb hnhcßƒsh®v ]mºmSn ]hrØnbn¬ \kmWn A[n-

hmkw Bcw`n°p∂Xpw Zo¿LImew hnIkn°p∂Xpw ]mºmSn,

ao\Sw, Iqtcm∏S IcIfnemWv. ]sØmºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ ]mw`-

Øn¬ AhnSw ZmcnZyØn¬\n∂pw IcIbdnbXns‚ ImcWhpw

as‰m∂√.

ChnsS \ºq-Xn-cn-˛-tI-µo-IrX kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ- Im¿jnI A[n-

jvTnXa√mbncpt∂m F∂ \ymbamb Hcp kwibw Db¿∂p hcmw.

B hyhÿnXnbn¬ D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\p≈ `£y-hn-f-Iƒ°mWv


]mapJyw \¬In-bn-cp∂Xv. I¿jI sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw I¿j-Icpw

apX¬ P∑nbpw tImbvabpw hsc-bp-≈-h-cpsS \nXy-hr-Øn-°-∏pdw

\ºq-Xn-cn-˛-tI-µo-IrX Im¿jnI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ- Fs¥-¶nepw D¬∏m-

Zn-∏n-®n-cpt∂m F∂Xv kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-Wv. AtXkabw \kmWn

Im¿jn-I-hrØn an®-[\w D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp hyh-kmb ]In-b-

bmbncp∂p. tIc-f-Ønse Irjn-bpsS tIhe D]Poht\m]m[n F∂

kz`mhamWv t`Z-s∏´v ChnsS Hcp hyh-km-b-ambn amdp-∂-Xv. Xß-

fpsSbpw Xß-fpsS sXmgn-em-fn-I-fptSbpw D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\p≈ `£y-

[m\yw \km-WnIƒ Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂n√ F∂√ CXn-\¿∞w.

ap≥Xq°w hym]m-c-aq-eyap≈ hnf-Iƒ°m-bn-cp∂p F∂p amXw. Cu

]cnWma]Inb A\p_‘ sXmgn¬°mcptSbpw BinX PmXnI-

fpsSbpw PohnX\nehmcw sa®s∏SpØpw. BXy¥nIambn AXv

]tZisØ s]mXpkaqlØns‚ kmºØnI \nehmcw apgph-

\mbpw Db¿Øpw. ]mºmSn, ao\Sw, Iqtcm∏S IcIsf CXc ]tZi-

ßtf°ƒ sa®s∏SpØnbXv Cu kmaqly ]InbbmWv. Ccp]Xmw

\q‰m≠ns‚ ]Yam¿≤Øn¬ IapIv, d_dn\p hgnamdnsb¶nepw

C∂pw ]mºmSnbpsS Im¿jnI kºZvhyhÿ tXm´hnfIfn¬ A[n-

jvTnXamWv.

]mºmSnbpsS hnIk\Øn\p klmbn® as‰mcp LSIw KXmKX

kuIcyamWv. sImSpcmdv D¤hn°p∂Xv ]mºmSnbnemsW∂pw, ...

Cu ÿew F√mbvt∏mgpw t_m´phgn ]m]yamWv ... F∂pw hm¿Upw

tIm¿Wdpw tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. A°meØv ]mºmSnbn¬ Hmcv

(D∏psh≈w) Ibdpambncps∂∂ ckIcamb hnhchpw k¿th

dnt∏m¿ńep≠v. sImSqcmdns‚ XocØp Xs∂bp≈ ]pXp∏≈n

AßmSn k¿th°meØpw kPohamWv. tIm -bsØ Aßm-Sn-I-fpsS

Imcyhpw hyXykvXa-√. Npcp°Øn¬ ]mºmSnbnse hmWnPy hnf-

Iƒ ]pXp∏≈n, tIm´bw, Nß\mt»cn, ]pd°mSv, ]n∂oSv Be∏pg

F∂o hn]WnIfn¬ FØn°m\p≈ kpKaamb Pe]mX \nehn-

ep≠mbncp∂Xpw ]mºmSnbpsS hnIk\Øn\p A\pIqe LSIß-

fmbn.

KXmKX cwKØv ]mºmSn°p≠mb ASpØ IpXn®pNm´w

tIm´bw apX¬ ap≠°bw hscbp≠mbncp∂ \S∏mX sI. sI.

tdmUmbn hnIkn®Xpw Ipafnhsc \o≠XpamWv. 1861˛1869 Ime-

ØmWv Imfh≠n KXmKXØn\p A\ptbmPyambhn[Øn¬

tIm´bw˛Ipafn tdmUv \n¿Ωn°p∂Xv. KXmKX kuIcyw h¿≤n®p

F∂Xp amXa√, tIm´bØn\pw ASpØ ]gb A[nhmk


tIµamb Im™nc∏≈n°pw GXm≠v a≤y`mKØp≈ ]mºmSn

Cu ]mXbnse Hcp ][m\ CSØmhfambn amdn. sI. sI. tdmUv

]Wnbptºmƒ ta¬t\m´w hln®ncp∂ _nójv DtZymKÿ¿ IqSm-

caSn®p Xmakn® ÿeamWv C∂v ]n.U_yp.Un. Hmôkv ÿnXn-

sNøp∂ IqSmc°p∂ v. tdmUp]Wn°nsS acn® sXmgnemfnIsf

kwkvIcn® ÿeamWsX Imf®¥bv°p kao]ap≈ sX≈n®phSv.

]mºmSnbn¬ IpSntbdnb \km-Wn-I-sf√mw h≥InS Irjn-°m-

cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p [cn-t°-≠-Xn-√. h≥InS hym]mcn-Ifpw sNdp-InS

I®-h-S°mcpw A\p-_‘ Bin-Xcpw Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn-tebv°p

Xncn-™-t∏mƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXv hyXykvX Xe-ß-fnepw kmº-

ØnI \ne-hm-c-Ønepw Bbn-cn-°pw. AXn-\m-¬ Ah-cn¬ h≥InS ˛

CS-Øcw ˛ sN-dp-InS I¿j-I-cpw, ]m´-Ir-jn-°mcpw apX¬ Dgn-bhpw

hncp-Ønbpw hsc kzoI-cn-®-hcpw D≠m-Ipw. Ime-]-hm-l-Øn¬ Ah-

cn¬ ]ecpw \ma-amX I¿j-Icpw XpS¿∂v I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-

fp-ambn amdn. ]t£ AXp ]n¬°me Ncn-X-am-Wv. apgp-h≥ \km-

Wn-Ifpw hmWn-Py-hrØn ]msS Dt]-£n-®p-an-√.

]mºmSnbn¬ \kmWn IpSntb‰w Bcw`n®v \qdp h¿jßƒ°p

tijw 1821˛emWv ]mºmSn∏≈n ÿm]nXamIp∂Xv. CXv hy‡am-

°p∂ ]e hkvXpXIfp≠v. H∂maXmbn, ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬

]mºm-Sn-bn¬ A]q¿hw \kmWn IpSpw-_-ß-fn-e-[nIw D≠m-bn-cp-

∂n-√. Ah¿ AhcpsS ]q¿hnI AßmSn˛_‘nX ]≈nIfpambn

\mfo_‘w \maamXamsb¶nepw ]pe¿Ønbncp∂p. c≠maXmbn,

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]mcw-`-Øn¬ Hcp ]≈n-°pw -amXw

\kmWn P\-kwJy ao\-Sw, ]mºmSn, Iqtcm∏S Ic-I-fn-ep≠m-bn.

CXv AßmSn˛_‘nX \kmWn kmaqlnI hyhÿ Im¿jnI

kmaqlnI hyhÿnXnbmbn ]cnh¿Ø\w sNbvX ImeLámWv.

aq∂maXmbn, XßfpsS ]q¿hnI CShIIfpambp≈ _‘w hnt›-

Zn®v kzX¥ CShI ÿm]n°Ø°hn[w ]mºmSnbnse \kmWn-

IfpsS Im¿jnI kmaqly hyhÿnXn kzX¥\ne ssIhcn®p.

CXv ae¶cbnseßpw A°meØv kw`hn® kmaqlnI ]cnh¿Ø-

\amWv. \memaXmbn, At∏mtgbv°pw Hcp ]≈n hbv°m\pw AXv

kwc£n°phm\pap≈ kmºØnI\nebpw Bflhnizmkhpw

]mºmSn \kmWnIƒ°v IcKXambn.

kpKaamb KXmKXam¿§ßfpw AXp ]Zm\wsNbvX B[p\nI-

temItØbv°p≈ FØnt\m´hpw ]mºmSn°m¿°v \hbpKØns‚


ASnÿm\w B[p\nI hnZym`ymkw BsW∂v a\ nem°ns°m-

SpØp. AXnte°p≈ ]bmWØn¬ Nhn´p]SnbmbXv ]pent°m-

ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv A©ma≥ ae¶c saXmt∏meo-

ØmbpsS hnZym`ymkhnπhamWv. CShItXmdpw, IctXmdpw, apdn-

tXmdpw ]≈n°qSw F∂ e£ytØmsS At±lw KmaoW kvIqfp-

Iƒ ÿm]n®Xns‚ AeIƒ ]mºmSnbnepsaØn. ]mºmSn ]≈n-

bn¬ \S-∂n-cp∂ IpSn-]-≈n-°p-Sw sIm√-h¿jw 1054-˛¬ (F.Un. 1879)

hnI-kn-∏n-®v ]≈n-hm-Xp-°¬ kvIqƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Fw.Un.

F¬.]n. kvIqƒ ÿm]n-®p. ]mºmSnbnse BZy B[p-\nI hnZym-

`ymk ÿm]\amb ]≈n-hm-Xp-°¬ kvIqƒ BWv ]mºm-Sn-°m¿°v

B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ hgn-Xp-d-∂Xv.

]mºmSnbntebv°v XßfpsS anj≥ ]h¿-Ø-\-ta-J-e- hym]n∏n®

kn.Fw.Fkv. anj-\-dn-am-¿ GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ c≠p Intem-

ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ A©p kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. Ah-bpsS

]mtZ-in-I-amb t]cpIƒ C∂pw hy‡am-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse A[x-IrX

PmXn-I-fpsS Bhmk `qan-bn-emWv Cu kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-X-am-bXv.

A∂sØ cq£amb PmXn]iv\w aqew CXc PmXnIfn¬s∏´h¿°v

Ah D]tbmKn°pI GXm≠v Akm≤yambncp∂p. AXn-\m¬

]n∂oSv ]≈n-hm-Xp-°¬ kvIqfn¬ \n∂p c≠p Intem-ao-‰¿ amdn

Bemº-≈n-bn¬ k¿°m¿ kvIqƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc ]tZ-isØ

\kmWn \m-b¿ Ipń-I-fpsS GI Bibw ]≈n-hm-Xp-°¬ kvIqƒ

Bbn-cp-∂p. Zim-_vZ-ßƒ°p-ti-jw, IqSp-X¬ IrXy-am-bn- ]-d-™m¬

1920-˛-Ifnse alm-km-º-Øn-I -am-µy-Øn-\p- ti-j-amWv, CØcw

kn.Fw.Fkv. kvIqfp-Iƒ km¿h-P\o-\-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ]t£ ]m¿izh¬-

°cn°s∏´ kaqlßfpsS CSbn¬ AhcpsS ]h¿Ø\w Hcp

]cn[n hscsb¶nepw Ahsc apJy[mcbntebv°p sIm≠phcm≥

klmbn®p F∂ hkvXpX AwKoIcnt® Xocq.

]≈n-hm-Xp-°¬ kvIqƒ \¬Inb Bthiw D]cnhnZym-`ym-k-

Øn\p ˛ Cw•ojv ss]a-dn ˛ ]mºm-Sn-bnse Ipń-Isf tIm´-bØv

Ab-bv°m≥ ]tNm-Z-\-am-bn. ]t£ tIm´-bØp _‘p-ho-Sp-Itfm

tlmÃ-en¬ \n¿Øm≥ kmº-Øn-I-ÿn-Xntbm D≈-h¿°p -am-X-am-

bn-cp∂p CXp km-≤y-am-b-Xv. 1920-˛21 ImeØv sslkvIqƒ hnZym-

`ym-k-Øn\p tIm´-b-sØ-Ønb ]mºm-Sn-bnse P∑nKr-l-ß-fn¬s∏´

\km-Wn-Iƒt]mepw _‘p-Kr-l-ß-fn-emWv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv F∂

hkvXpX ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. 1925-˛26 Bb-t∏m-tgbv°pw ]mºm-Sn-bn¬

\n∂pw Xncp-h√m \nt°mƒk¨ kvIqfn¬ s]Ïp-ń-Isf hn´p ]Tn-

∏n-°p∂ \ne-bm-bn.


]t£ C°meØpw Cw•ojp hnZym`ymkØn\p tIm´bsØ

Bibnt°≠ kmlNcyamWv ]mºmSn°p≠mbncp∂Xv. Xs‚

skan\mcn hnZym`ymkImeØv ]mºmSnbn¬\n∂pw tIm´bØp-

t]mbn ]Tn°p∂Xns‚ _p≤nap´v mKnIamsb¶nepw t\cn´\p`hn®

hy‡nbmWv ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n. ]mºmSnbn¬ Hcp Cw•ojv

kvIqfns‚ BhiyIX At±lØn\p t_m≤yap≠mbncp∂p.

]t£ A∂sØ ae¶ck`bntebpw ]mºmSnbntebpw kmlNcy-

ßfn¬ B mcn® DØchmZnXzw Gs‰Sp°m≥ At±lØn\p km≤y-

a√mbncp∂p. ]t£ A]Xo£nXamsb¶nepw ]mºmSnbpsS Cw•ojv

kvIqƒ F∂ Bhiyw km[n®p Inń. ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n A∏m-

∏≥ F∂p kwt_m-[\ sNøp-Ibpw Fs‚ Imc-W-h¿ F∂p hnti-

jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h∂ Icnß-Wm-a-‰-Øn¬ sIm®p-tImc ]mºm-

Sn-bn¬ Hcp Cw•ojv kvIqƒ Bcw`n°phm≥ Xocpam\n®p. ]. ]mºmSn

Xncpta\n°v 1929 s^_p-hcn 16-˛\v ta¬∏´ÿm\w e`n®Xnep≈

kt¥mjkqNIambn am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saSm-t∏m-eo-‰≥ Cw•ojv

anUn¬ kvIqƒ F∂mWv ]pXnb kvIqƒ \maIcWw sNøs∏´Xv.

kvIqfn\v Xm≥ taev]´ÿm\ta‰Xns‚ ]¥≠mw Znhkw 1929

s^_phcn 28˛\v aq∂p t\mbºv hoSp∂ Znhkw ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta\n I√n´p. AtXh¿jw sabv 16˛\v ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n Xs∂

hnZymcw`w Ipdn®v PqWn¬ ]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n® Cu kvIqƒ ]n∂oSv

Fw.-Pn.-Fw. sslkv°qƒ Bbn Db¿∂p ]mºmSnbn¬ Cw•ojv

hnZym`ymkØn\v ASnÿm\an´p. saXm\mb tijw ]. ]mºmSn

Xncpta\n BZyw inemÿm]\w \SØnbXv Fw.-Pn.-Fw. kvIqfn-

\mbncp∂p F∂Xpw, AXns‚ \n¿ΩmWØns‚ Hmtcm ]Xnk‘n-

L´Ønepw At±lw t\cn´p CSs]ńcp∂p F∂Xpw Cu hnjb-

Øn¬ At±lØn\p≠mbncp∂ XmXv]cyhpw D¬IWvTbpw ]IS-

am°p∂p≠v. C∂v ]mºmSnbnepw ]cnkcØpw At\I D∂X hnZym-

`ymk ÿm]\ßƒ D≠v. h¿≤n® KXmKX kuIcyw CXc tZi

]T\Øn\pw hgnsbmcp°p∂p. ]t£ ]≈nhmXp°¬ kvIqfpw,

Fw.Pn.-Fw. sslkv°qfpw C´ ASnÿm\amWv C∂v ]mºmSnbpsS

kºØv F∂p ]dbp∂Xv XnI®pw hmkvXhamWv.

tIcfØns‚ C∂sØ kºØv (Asset) bYm¿∞Øn¬ ]cnio-

e\w kn≤n® a\pjyhn`htijnbpw (Skilled labour) AXn\p≈

apX¬apS°v (Investment) B[p\nI hnZym`ymkhpamWv. sImtfm-

Wnb¬ ImeØv Ico_nb\nepw, B^n°bnepw, HmkvStejy≥

Zzo]pIfnepw, atejybnepsams° FØns∏´ AhnZKvZ sXmgnem-


fnIfmb Xang¿, ]©m_nIƒ, KpPdmØnIƒ apXembhcptSXp-

t]mep≈ IpSpw_ktaXw aSßnhcmØ IpSntb‰w (Exodus) A√

aebmfnIfptSXv. C¥ybnse Kmam¥cßfn¬ \n∂pw al\Kcß-

fnte°p IpSntbdnbhcpsS thc‰ ˛ A\yh¬°cn°s∏´ ˛ \nebn-

epa√ aebmfnIƒ. BZyw C¥ybpsS hnhn[ `mKßfnepw ]n∂oSv

temIsaßpw aebmfn FØns∏´Xv hnZKvZ˛A¿≤hnZKvZ sXmgn¬-

°mcmbn BWv. As√¶n¬ B \nebn¬ FØnt®cphm\p≈ ASn-

ÿm\ hnZym`ymktØmsS Bbncp∂p. AXv aSßnhcmØ IpSn-

tb‰w A√mbncp∂p. adn®v aSßWsa∂ Xoh]Xo£tbmsSbp≈

]hmkw (Migration) amXambncp∂p. sXmgn¬ sNøp∂h¿ (Earningmembers) amXamWv aebmfn ]hmknIfn¬ _lp`qcn]£hpw.

AXn\m¬ AhcpsS an®[\w (Savings) `qcn]£hpw \nt£]n°-

s∏Sp∂Xp kz¥\mń¬ Xs∂bmWv. C∂v kakvXtaJebnepw

CXns‚ kmºØntIm∂a\w ZriyamWv. hnZKvZ˛A¿≤hnZKvZ

sXmgnemfnIƒ hntZitØ°v tNt°dnbt∏mƒ kztZisØ

sXmgn¬ kΩ¿±w Ipd™p F∂ A[nIamcpw i≤n°mØ as‰mcp

KpWhihpw CXn\p≠v. B[p\nI hnZym`ymkØn¬ aptº ]d∂

]£nIƒ F∂ \nebn¬ ]mºmSn°v C°mcyØn¬ hy‡amb ap≥-

ssI t\Sphm\mbn. C∂sØ ]mºmSnbpsS hf¿®bpw kºØpw

Cu hnZym`ymk \nt£]amWv. ]mºmSn hfcp∂Xpw AXp aqew

amXamWv.


Zfw 5

ap\n-tijvTs‚

1935˛se Ip∂w-Ipfw bmX(1935 s^_phcn 11 ˛ am¿®v 2)


1. Ip∂w-Ipfw tπKv _m[: ]. Koh¿Kokv c≠m-a≥

_mhm Ab® s]mXp Iev]-\bpw- ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\n°v Ab® IØpw

i

s]mXp Iev]\

\º¿ 59. 26˛6˛110. Ip∂w-Ipfw B¿Øm-‰p-]≈n apX-emb ]≈n-

I-fnse hnIm-cn°pw tZiØp]´-°m¿ P\-ßƒ F∂n-h¿°pw. Iºn

Inń. hyk-\n-°p-∂p. \nßƒ°p-th≠n ]m¿∞n-∏m≥ F√m ]≈n-

Iƒ°pw Iev]\ Ab-®n-´p-≠v. F√m-hcpw \ncm-i-s∏-SmsX ssZh-

Øn¬ icWw ]m]n-°-Ww. aq∂p Znh-ksØ t\mºv F√m-hcpw

B_m-e-hr≤w t\m°n Ah-km-\-Øn¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n-°bpw

A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa∂pw a‰pw.

(1934˛1935˛se Iev]-\-_p-°n¬ \n∂pw)

ii

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°v Ab® IØv

Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßsc tπKv Ie-i-em-sW∂pw Ahsc Biz-kn-∏n-°p∂

I¬]-\-Iƒ Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw C∂se \ap-s°mcp Iºn

Inń. AXn-\m¬ Ahn-Sp∂pw Ah¿°p Bizm-k-Øns‚ Hcp I¬]\

Ab®psImSp-°-Ww. ]tXy-In®p \ΩpsS P\-ßƒ°p-th≠n ]m¿-

∞n-°bpw Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-Ibpw sNøp-a-t√m.

Ipw`-amkw 10˛mw XobXn sh≈-n-bmgvN amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n IqS-W-

sa∂p \n›-bn-®n-cn-°-bmWv. 11˛mw XobXn henb saXm-®s‚ ASn-

b-¥n-chpw BWv. c≠p kwK-Xn-Iƒ°pw Bbn´v ChnsS h∂p-

tNcWw.

F∂v, 1935˛\p sIm√w 1110 aI-c-amkw 26˛\p tIm´bw knΩ-\m-cn-

bn¬\n-∂pw.

(]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n P∑-i-Xm_vZn kvac-Wn-I, 1985, ]pdw 187)


2. Ip∂w-Ipfw tπKv _m[: at\m-ca -hm¿Ø-Iƒ

i

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkp saXm-t∏m-eoØm

Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°v

tπKp-\n-hm-c-Wm¿∞w

Bfln-I-ip-iq-j-Iƒ \S-Øp-hm≥

(kz¥w teJ-I≥)

]pXp-∏≈n

aIcw 30

Ip∂-¶p-fØv AXn-`-b-¶-c-ambhn[w tπKv _m[n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbpw

AXns‚ \nhm-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n Bfln-I-ip-iqj-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-

\p-th≠n saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m¿ sN√-W-sa∂pw Ip∂-¶p-fsØ ae-

¶-c-kp-dn-bm\n k`mw-K-ßƒ Iºn-aqew At]-£n-®n-cp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v,

tIm´bw apX-emb CS-h-I-I-fpsS \n. h. Zn. io am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv

saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ ]mºmSn Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂v

C∂se ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn Ip∂-¶p-f-tØ°p ]pd-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

Ip∂-¶p-fsØ tπKv ian-°p-∂-Xn-\p, \n h Zn a io tamdm≥ am¿

_t -en-tbmkv ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm-bpsS k¿°p-e-d-\pk-cn®p

ÿesØ hen-b-]≈n apX-emb tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ Ign™ Rmb-

dmgvN ]tXyI ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ hnhchpw ]kvXm-

h-tbm-Ky-am-Wv.

(12-˛2-˛1935)

ii

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm

Ip∂w-Ip-fØv

(kz¥w teJ-Is‚ Iºn)

Ip∂w-Ipfw

12˛2˛35

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ C∂p-®- I-gn™p

ChnsS FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. sa. Fw. F. Nmt°m, Np¶Øp Cøp,


am¿tØmΩm ]≈n-bpsS ][m\ SÃn-bmb ]md-ta¬ an. NpΩm¿

F∂n-h¿ Xriq¿ h®p saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb kzoI-cn-®p. F√m-hcpw

IqSn Ip∂w-Ipfw ]g-b-]-≈n-bn-te°p t]mbn. AhnsS ]´-°mcpw

Aflm-b-°m-cp-ambn At\-Iw-t]¿ IqSn-bn-cp-∂p. C∂p tπKp- aqew

Bcpw acn-®n-√. Ct∏mƒ BI-∏msS 4000 t]¿°p IpØn-sh∏p \SØn

Ign-™n- p-≠v. Du¿÷n-X-amb Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \SØn-

h-cp-∂p.

(13-˛2-˛1935)

iii

Ip∂w-Ip-fsØ tπKv

(kz¥w teJI≥)

Ip∂w-Ipfw

Ipw`w 4

c≠p Znh-k-ßƒ Bbn´p ChnsS ac-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn-ń-√. CtX-

hsc GI-tZiw 30 t]¿ tπKv tcmK-Øm¬ arXn-b-S-™n-´p-≠v. Bdp

UmIvS-d-∑m¿ IpØn-sh∏p apdbv°p \S-Øn-h-cp--∂p. GI-tZiw Aøm-

bn-c-tØmfw t]sc Ct∂-h-sc-bmbn IpØn-h®p Ign-™p. tπKv \S-

]SnIaw A\p-k-cn®p IpØn-sh-°m-Ø-hsc in£n-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂p

Kh¿sΩ-≠n¬\n∂pw hn⁄m-]\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Fen-°-Wn-I-

fn¬ Fgp-]Xpw F¨]Xpw hoXw Fen-Isf Znh-kw-tXmdpw Inń-

s°m-≠n-cn°p-∂p. Ct∏mgpw Fen-Iƒ Ahn-S-hnsS NØp-ho-gp-∂p-≠v.

"tπKv hnPn-e≥kv' IΩ-ń-°mcpw, kvs]jy¬ Uyqń-°mcpw ]´-W-

Øn¬ ]mt™mSn th≠- k-lm-b-ßƒ X°-k-a-bØp sNbvXp-h-cp-

∂p-≠v. Hcp henb [\m-Vy\pw alm-a-\-kvI-\pw, Bb ioam≥ ]n.

H. Cøp-°pń ]´-W-Øn-ep≈ a‰p [\n-I-∑msc tN¿Øv Hcp henb

^≠p km[p-kw-c-£-Wm¿∞w ]ncn-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ Cu

]cn-ia-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw At±-lsØ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw A`n-\-µn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \ncm-[m-c-∑m-cpw, A\m-Ycpw Bb-hsc sN∂p-

I≠p Ah¿°p-th≠ [\-k-lmbw sNøp-∂-Xn\v At±-lhpw Xs‚

Iq´p-Imcpw sNøp∂ ]cn-i-a-ßƒ XnI®pw A`n-\-µ-\m¿l-ßƒ

BWv.

\n h Zn io am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØ Ah¿I-fpsS

A`n-]m-b-]-Im-cw, hymgw, sh≈n, i\n (Ipw`w 2, 3, 4) F∂o aq∂p


Znh-k-ß-fn¬ t\mºp t\m°p-Ibpw ]tXyIw ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ \S-

Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]gb ]≈n-bn¬ hn.

Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-°p-Ibpw cmhn-sebpw D®bv°pw sshIn´pw ]m¿∞-

\-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn¬ F√m kvXo]p-cp-j-∑mcpw ]¶p-

sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. C∂p (i-\n-bm-gvN) hn. Ip¿_m-\bv°p tijta I®-

hSw apX-emb tPmen-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-hm≥ ]mSp≈p F∂v Adn-bn®p

sIm≠v Hcp t\mókv C∂se ]kn≤w sNbvXn-cp-∂p. AX-\p-k-

cn®p C∂p cmhnse Itºm-f-Ønse IS-Iƒ F√mw AS-bv°p-I-bp-

≠m-bn.

GXm-bmepw \n h Zn io am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-

bpsS ]mZ-kv]¿iw Ip∂w-Ip-fØp D≠m-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn tπKptcmKm-

Xp-c-∑m-cmb ]e¿°p kpJhpw Bizmkhpw a‰pw D≠mbn F∂p≈

hnh-chpw ]kvXm-hn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

(18˛2-˛1935)

iv

Ip∂w-Ipfw

(kz¥w teJ-I≥)

Ipw`w 13

Chn-S-ß-fn¬ tπKns‚ i‡n hfsc Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ

c≠p aq∂p t]¿°p tcmK-ap-s≠∂p kwi-bn-°pI amXta sNøp-

∂p-≈p. ]e Bfp-Ifpw Cu tcmK-Øn¬\n∂p kpJw ]m]n-®p-h-cp-

∂p-≠v. tdmUp-I-fn¬ IqSn-bp≈ P\-k-©m-c-hpw, hym]m-chpw F√mw

aps∂-t∏msebmbn-cn-°p-∂p. hnZym-e-b-ßƒ DSs\ Xpd-°p-∂-Xm-bn-

cn-°pw.

]tc-X-\mb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkp saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Hm¿Ω-

Zn-hkw Ipw`w 11˛mw\p ChnsS sIm≠m-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A∂p am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkp saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ hnip≤ Ip¿_m\ A¿-

∏n-°bpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

C∂se am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ

]pØ≥]-≈n-bn¬ hnip≤ Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Fw Pn Fw

kt≠-kvIqƒ Ipń-I-fpsS kΩm-\-Zm-\hpw saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿I-

fpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬ C∂p-Xs∂ \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. saXm-

t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ C∂p Nnd-fbw ]≈-n-bn-te°p t]mIp-∂Xpw


_p[-\mgvN (Ipw`w 15) Chn-sS-\n∂p tIm´-b-tØ°p t]mIp-∂-Xp-am-

bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-dn-bp-∂p.

(27˛2-˛1935)

v

Ip∂w-Ipfw

(kz¥w teJ-I≥)

Ipw`w 15

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ C∂se (Ipw`w

14) ]g-™n-bn-S-h-I-°m-cpsS £W-]-Imcw Ahn-tS°p t]mbn-cp-∂p.

CS-hIP\-ßfpw ]´-°mcpw IqSn At±-lsØ lm¿±-ambn kzoI-

cn®p. saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ ]≈n-bn¬ ]th-in®v epØn-\n-

bmbpw a‰pw Ign™v Ahn-SsØ ]am-Wn-Ifpw a‰p-ambn Iptd-t\cw

kw`m-jWw \S-Øn-b-Xn-\p-tijw henb P\-°q-´-tØmSpw Km v-

sse‰p apX-em-b-h-tbm-Spw-IqSn, AXy-mk-∂-\n-e-bn¬ InS-°p∂ ]≈n-

hn-Im-cn-bmb, dh. ^m. ]n. sF. aØmbn IØ-\m-c-h¿I-fpsS hoń¬-

t]mbn A¥y-Iq-Zmi Ign®v Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°v Xncn-sb-t∏m-bn. saXm-

t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ sh≈n-bmgvN (Ipw`w 17˛\p) Chn-sS-\n∂v Fd-

Wm-Ip-f-Øn\p t]mIp-∂Xpw A∂v AhnsS Xma-kn®v i\n-bmgvN

ImeØv Fd-Wm-Ipfw ]≈n-bn¬ hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®-tijw A∂p-

Xs∂ tIm´-b-Øn\v aS-ßp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw.

C∂se Un. Fkv. ]n., Xe-∏≈n Xl-io¬Zm¿ XpSßn Nne DtZym-

K-ÿ-∑m¿ ChnsS FØn tπKn\p IpØn-sh-°p∂ ÿew apX-em-

bXp ]cn-tim-[\ Ign®v P\-ßsf ss[cy-s∏-SpØn aS-ßn-t∏m-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. Ipd®p Znh-k-ßƒ°p apºv sl¬Øp Ub-d-IvS-dmbn Ct∏mƒ

ÿm\w hln-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ No v saUn-°¬ B∏o-k¿ tUmIvS¿

dmL-th-µ-dmhp ] -W-]-cn-tim-[-\-bv°mbn ChnsS FØn Nne tcmKn-

I-fmbn (tπ-Kp- aq-ew) InS-°p∂ Nne-cpsS hoSp-Iƒ kµ¿in-®-tijw

aS-ßn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. _Y\n sFskm-te-jy≥ hm¿Un¬ tcmKn-I-

fmbn InS-∂n-cp∂ c≠p-t]-cn¬ Hcp-Øs\ Ahn-sS-\n∂p ]ncn-®p-hn-ń-

cn-°p-∂p.

(4˛3-˛1935)


vi

Ip∂w-Ipfw

(kz¥w teJ-I≥)

17˛7˛110

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ C∂p ]¥≠p

aWn°p tIm´-b-tØ°p Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. At±-lsØ bmX-b-bv°p-

∂-Xn\pw a‰p-ambn hfsc A[nIw P\-ßƒ ]g-b-]-≈n-bn¬ IqSn-bn-

cp-∂p. saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ C∂p ImeØp hnip≤ Ip¿_m\

Ign™p F√m-h-tcmSpw bmXbpw ]d™p ]´-WsØ A\p-K-ln®pw

sIm≠p ÿew hnń-cn-°p-∂p. \msf (18˛7˛10) Fd-Wm-Ip-fØp

hnip≤ Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®-tijw A∂p-Xs∂ tIm´-b-Øn\p t]mIp-

∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.

tπKn\p hfsc im¥-X-bp-≠v. hnZym-e-b-ßƒ F√mw Xpd∂p. I®-

h-S-ßƒ A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂p.

(5˛3-˛1935)

3. tπKns\ `b-s∏-SmØ km£m¬ CS-b≥

Ip∂w-Ipfw CS-h-I-bn¬ tπKv _m[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p F∂ hnhcw Adn-

™-t∏mƒ kpdn-bm\n k`m tae-≤y-£-\mb ]. ImtXm-en°m _mhm

Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v Cu CS-h-Ibv°p th≠n ]tXyI ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw

Bcm-[-\-Ifpw Ign®phcn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu alm-amcn h¿-

≤n®p hcp∂p F∂p tI´ DSs\ am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-

eoØm Xncp-ta\n Chn-tS°p ]pd-s∏-ń-´p-s≠-∂p≈ Iºn C∂se

Inń. C∂p ImeØv 11.30˛\p≈ h≠n°v Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠p Xriq¿

tÃj-\n¬ FØn.

satkgvkv Fw. F. Nmt°m, Np¶Øv Cøp, a¿tØm-a -]≈n tabn-

°p-Im-c≥ ]md-a¬ NpΩm¿ apX-em-b-h¿ Xncp-ta-\nsb Ahn-sS-sh®v

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw, H∂-c-a-Wn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ip∂w-Ip-fØv FØn-t®-cp-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

(]gb sIm®n-bnse Hcp anI® Zn\-∏-X-am-bn-cp∂ tKma-Xn-bn¬

1110 aIcw 30˛\p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Fgp-∂-≈-Øn-s\-°p-dn-®p ]kn≤o-

Icn® hm¿Ø. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n P∑-i-Xm_vZn kvac-Wn-I, 1985,

]pdw 72))


4. Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc tπKv alm-amcn

Cu hm¿jnI dnt∏m¿ v Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºmbn dnt∏m¿ v

h¿j-Øn¬ \ΩpsS k`-bpsS Hcp tIµ-amb Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-≠mb

tπKv alm-am-cn-sb-∏‰n Aev]w ]kvXm-hn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. Ip∂w-

Ip-fØv tπKv _m[n®p F∂-dn-™-bp-Ss\ Xs‚ BSp-Iƒ°p-th≠n

Xs‚ Pohs\ _en-I-gn-°p-hm≥ Xøm-dp≈ B al-\o-b-amb

InkvXob Z¿i-\-tØmSp IqSn \n. h. Zn. io. tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v kza-\-

mse Ip∂w-Ip-f-ß-c-bn¬ Fgp-∂-≈p-Ibpw tcmK-i-a-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n

]ªn-°mbn Bfln-I-ip-iq-j-Iƒ \S-Øp-I-bpw, IqSmsX `b-te-i-

sat\y tcmKn-Isf Ah-cpsS hoSp-I-fnepw Bip-]-Xn-I-fnepw sN∂p

ImWp-Ibpw Ah¿°p-th≠n ]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°p-th≠

BXp-c-ip-iq-j-Iƒ sNøp-Ibpw tπKv tcmK-Øn\p ia\w D≠m-Ip-

∂-Xp-hsc Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc Aßm-Sn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp

F∂p≈ hkvXpX ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS s]mXp-hmbpw Ip∂w-Ip-f-ß-c-

\nhm-kn-I-fpsS ]tXy-I-am-bpap≈ AXn-c‰ IrX-⁄-X-tbmSpw kvac-

W-tbmSpw IqSn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≈p-∂p.

(1936˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-

bpsS hm¿jn-I- dnt∏m¿ń¬ "]tXyI kw`-h-ßƒ' F∂ D]-io¿j-

I-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kºm-Z-I≥: ]n. kn. h¿Kokv sNm∆-

∂q¿)

5. Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp \n∂pw ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n

Fgp-Xnb IØv

ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ tIm´bw apX-emb CS-h-IIfpsS


\ap°p FXbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ h¿§o-kn\p hmgvhv.

]nb-t\,

Rßƒ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´v tIm´bw ]gbknΩ-\mcn, Fd-

Wm-Ip-fw, Xriq¿ F∂o ÿe-ßƒ hgn-bmbn C∂se c≠p aWn-

tbm-Sp-IqSn ChnsS FØn. ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ AhnsS tIń-cp-∂-Xp-

t]mse-bp≈ _l-f-ßƒ Chn-S-ß-fn¬ tIƒ∏m-\n-s√-∂p≈Xv hfsc

Bizm-k-ambn tXm∂p-∂p. Zo\w Xosc Cs√∂p ]d-bm≥ ]mSn-√mØ-

hn[w ct≠m, \mtem kpJ-t°-Sp-Im¿ Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ D≈-Xmbn


tXm∂p-∂p. ChnsS \n∂pw Atßm´p≈ RßfpsS bmX C∂ ka-

b-sa∂p Ct∏mƒ ]d-bm≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√. ssZh-Ir-]-sIm≠p Xma-

kn-bmsX Atßm´p ]pd-s∏-Sm-sa∂p hnNm-cn®v Biz-kn-°p-∂p.

sImf-ºp-Im¿ Ab-®n-cp∂ ap¥n-cnß Inń. Rßƒ Ctßm´p

t]mcp-∂-hgn°mWp Inń-b-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v AXns‚ Hmlcn \nß-

ƒ°p-IqSn Xcm≥ km[n-°msX t]mbt√m F∂p- hn-Nm-cn®v IpWvTn-

X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ap¥n-cß ChnsS Inńb hnh-c-Øn-\pw, ap¥n-cß Ab-

®p-X-∂-Xn\pw \µn ]d™pw DSs\ hnh-c-Øn\p FgpXn Ab-bv°Ww.

Ah-cp-sS- ta¬hnemkw Adn-bm≥ ]mSn-√m-bvI-aqew Fgp-Xp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Cu FgpØp \ΩpsS Bfp-Isf ]tXyIw Adn-bn-°-Ww. _e-lo-

\-\mb \mw F√m-h-tcbpw ]tXyIw tNmZn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ssZh-Ir]

\nt∂m-Spw, tijw F√m-h-tcmSpw kZm h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

F∂p 1935˛\p 1110 Ipw`w 1˛\p Ip∂w-Ipfw ]gb]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw.

6. Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc tπKv alm-amcnbpw

]mºmSnbnse ap\ntijvT\pw

hn. sI. iocm-a≥

sXm≈m-bn-c-Øn-ap-∏-Xp-I-fpsS a[y-Øn-emWv Ip∂w-Ip-fØp tπKv

]S-cp-∂-Xv. B Zpc-¥-Øn¬ hen-b-ßm-Sn-bn¬ \nc-h[n Fen-Iƒ°pw

a\p-jy¿°pw Poh-lm\n kw`-hn-®p. Ip∂w-Ipfw \ntbm-P-I-a-fi-e-

Øn¬ \n∂v BZy-ambn sIm®n≥ sePn-t…-‰ohv Iu¨kn-en-te°v

Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ sI. Sn. amXyp \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ cmPysØ No^v

saUn-°¬ Hmô-k-dmb tUm. Un. cmL-thµ dmhp-hn-t\mSp tNmZn®p:

"Ip∂w-Ip-fØv Fß-s\-bmWv tπKv tcmKw D≠m-bXv? AXv \nb-

¥n-°m\pw ac-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw P\-ßsf c£n-°m\pw F¥mWp

sNøm≥ Ign-bpI?'

amXyp Fw. F¬. kn. bpsS tNmZy-Øn\v Cßs\ DØcw ]d™p,

tUm. Un. cmL-thµ dmhp- F^v.B¿.kn.]n. (e-≠≥):

"tcmKw Fßs\ h∂p F∂v IrXy-ambn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√.

F∂m¬ Ip∂w-Ipfw Kh¿tΩ≠v Bkv]Xn tIµ-ambn ]Xn-tcm[

IpØn-sh∏v kuP-\y-ambn \S-Øm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠v.

sIm®n cmPysØ Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏ns‚ apgp-h≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ti-jn-bpw


i≤bpw Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°p Xncn-®p-hn-Sm-\p≈ ia-ßfpw Bcw-

`n°mw!'

AXp-sIm-s≠m∂pw tπKv AS-ßn-bn-√. Bfp-Iƒ Znh-tk\ acn-®p-

sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. sX°pw hS°pw Ing°pw Aßm-Sn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Iq´-\n-

e-hn-fn-Iƒ Db¿∂p. \ne-hn-fn-Iƒ ]n∂oSv A\p-Xm-]-Øns‚ KoX-

ßfpw ]m¿∞-\-I-fp-ambn amdn. ITn\ tcmK-ßfpw kmwI-anI alm-

am-cn-Ifpw hcp-tºmƒ Be-]n-t°≠ ]tXyI ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Hme-

ta™ Aß-m-Sn-∏p-c-I-fpsS apIƒØ-ń¬ Hgp-In-∏-c-∂p.

sshZn-Icpw hnizm-kn-Ifpw IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-®p. k`-bpsS ]c-am-≤y-

£-\mb ]cn-ip≤ ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-ta-\nsb Ip∂w-Ip-f-

tØ°p £Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ Xocp-am-\-am-bn. Bb-Xn-\p-th≠n

]mdt-a¬ Ipcn-bm-t°mkv IØ-\m¿ tIm -b-tØ-°p t]mbn. ]cn-ip≤

_mhm Ip∂w-Ip-fØp h∂p ]m¿∞n-®m¬ tcmK-Øn\v ia-\-ap-

≠mhpw.

tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn-emWv _mhm Xncp-ta\n Xma-kw. tIm -

b-tØ°v Imdn¬ t]mIm≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv. Bep-hm-bn¬ tZiw IShv

IS-°-Ww. ]ns∂ Fd-Wm-Ip-fØp sN∂v t_mń¬ Ib-d-Ww. Hcp

hn[-Øn¬ ]mdta-e-®≥ tIm -b-sØ-Øn. ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ sN∂v

_mhmsb hnhcw [cn-∏n-®p.

"GXp hnt[-\bpw Ahn-Sp∂v thKw h∂v Ip∂w-Ip-fsØ k`m-

hnizm-kn-I-fpsS k¶-S-Øn\pw tcmK-Øn\pw \nhm-c-W-ap-≠m-°-Ww.'

Xncp-ta-\nsb Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°p sIm≠p-t]m-hm-\mWv ]mdt-a-e-

®≥ h∂n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-t∏mƒ tIm´-bsØ kap-Zm-b-

]-am-Wn-am-cpsS `mhw amdn.

"tπKv h∂v Bfp-Iƒ acn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ-

°mtWm _mhmsb sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ h∂n-cn-°p-∂Xv? Xncp-ta-\nsb

AhnsS sIm≠p-t]mbn sIm√m-\mtWm `mhw?'

]mdt-a-e-®≥ [¿a-k-¶-S-Øn-em-bn. h∂-Imcyw km[n-°msX aS-

tß≠n hcp-at√m Ft∂m¿Øv hyk-\-s∏-´p. HSphn¬ kap-Zm-b-]-am-

Wn-amcpw _mhm-Xn-cp-ta-\nbpw IqSn Hcp Xo¿∏n-se-Øn.

]mºmSn KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°v Ab-

bv°p-I. ]cn-ip≤ Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm

sImSpØ IØp-ambn ]mdt-a-e-®≥ ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn-te-°v \S-∂p.

IØn¬ C]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.


"Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-Im-c-\-®\pw a‰pw Atßm- v hcp-∂p. Ah-cpsS IqsS

t]mtI≠ Imcyw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. \mw ChnsS Ct∏mƒ FÆ

tkhn-®n-cn-°-bm-Wv. AXpsIm≠v Hcn-S-tØ°pw t]mIp-∂-Xn\v \nhr-

Øn-bn-√. Hcp henb CS-hI Ipg-∏-Øn-em-hp-∂Xv k¶-S-am-W-t√m.

AXn-\m¬ saXm-®≥ thKw-Xs∂ Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°p t]mI-Ww.

Nmt°m kq]≠pw a‰pw AhnsS D≠t√m?'

1935 I¿°n-SIw 10˛mw XobXn tIm´bw skan-\mcnbn¬ \n∂p

]mdta-e-®≥ hiw sImSp-Ø-b® Cu IØn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂

Nmt°m kq]≠v sIm®n cmPysØ t]meokv IΩo-j-Wdpw \mb¿

]´m-f-Øns‚ Ita-≠cpw a‰pw Bbn-cp∂ Fw. F. Nmt°m BWv.

k`m-kvt\-lnbpw Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-Im-cpsS A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-bp-am-bn-

cp∂p ioam≥ Nmt°m.

sIm√-h¿jw 1110˛¬ \n. h. Zn. io. am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-

t∏m-eoØm Ip∂w-Ipfw kµ¿in-®-Xns\ kw_-‘n®v Xriq-cn¬ \n∂v

sI. hn. cmL-h≥ \mb-cpsS ]Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ ]pd-s∏-ń-cp∂

"tKmaXn'bn¬ h∂ teJ-\-Øns‚ io¿jIw Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p:

"tπKns\ `b-s∏-SmØ km£m¬ CS-b≥.'

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Xe-bn¬ ssIsh®v ]m¿∞n-®-Xp-sIm-≠p- amX-

amWv Xm≥ tπKn¬\n∂v c£-s∏´Xv F∂v C. hn. sI. Huj-[-im-e-

bpsS DS-a-ÿ-\mbn ]n∂oSv Adn-b-s∏´ G\m-t»cn hdoXv Ipcn-b≥,

\km-Wn-I-fpsS ]Sn-tbm-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v Kth-jWw \S-Ønb ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ Nm°pÆn aI≥ amXyp h°o-en-t\mSv t\cn´p ]d-™-Xmbn

tcJ-I-fp-≠v.

(`mjm-t]m-jnWn hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn∏v 2014)


7. 1935˛se Ip∂w-Ip-fw bmX:

Imem-\p-I-a-WnI

1935 s^_p-hcn 11 (aIcw 29) ˛ tπKv _m[-b-dn™v ]. Kohdp-

Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm-bpsS Iev]-\-]-Imcw ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂v

Ip∂wIpftØ°p ]pd-s∏- p.- k‘ybv°v Fd-Wm-Ipfw sk‚ v tacokv

]≈nbn¬ Xma-kn-®p.

1935 s^_p-hcn 12- (aIcw 30) ˛ tπKv _m[-b-dn™v Ip∂wIp-f-

sØ-Øn. Ip∂w-Ipfw ]gb ]≈n-bn-te°p t]mbn.

1935 s^_p-hcn 13 (Ipw`w 1) ˛ Ipw`w c≠mw XobXn apX¬

aq∂v Znh-k-tØ°p Ip∂w-IpfØv ]tXyI t\mºn\v Xncp-ta-\n-

Blzm-\w sNbvXp.

1935 s^_p-hcn 16 (Ipw`w 4 i\n) ˛ cmhnse hn. Ip¿∫m\bv°p

tijta IS-Iƒ Xpd-°mhq F∂ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Blzm-\-]-Imcw

Ip∂wIpfw ItºmfØnse ISIƒ cmhnse HºXp aWn hsc Xpd-

∂n-√.

1935 s^_p-hcn 23 (Ipw`w 11) ˛ h´-t»-cn¬ ]. Koh¿Kokv am¿

Zoh∂mtkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS H∂mw Hm¿Ωs∏-cp-∂mƒ

Zn\w. Xncp-ta\n hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p.

1935 s^_p-hcn 24 (Ipw`w 12) ˛ Xncp-ta\n Ip∂wIpfw ]pØ≥-

]≈n-bn¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p. Fw.Pn.-Fw. kt≠-kvIqƒ Ipń-

I-fpsS kΩm-\-Zm\w \n¿hln®p.

1935 s^_p-hcn 25 (Ipw`w 13) ˛ Xncp-ta\n Ip∂wIpfw Nnd-fbw

]≈nbnte°p t]mbn.

1935 s^_p-hcn 26 (Ipw`w 14) ˛ Xncp-ta\n ]g™n CS-h-°m-

cpsS £W-]-Imcw ]≈n-bn-seØn. ]n. sF. aØmbn IØ-\m-cpsS

`h\Øn-seØn A¥y IqZmi \SØn Ip∂wIpftØ°v XncnsI

t]mbn.

1935 am¿®v 1 (Ipw`w 17) sh≈n Xncp-ta\n Ip∂wIpfØp \n∂pw

tIm´-b-tØ°p aS-ßn. k‘ybv°v Fd-Wm-Ipfw sk‚ v tacokv


1935 am¿®v 2 (Ipw`w 18) i\n ˛ Fd-Wm-Ipfw sk‚ v tacokv

]≈nbn¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n®p. tIm´b-Øn\p aSßnt∏m∂p.

Xøm-dm-°n-bXv: tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-Sv


Zfw 6

Xmt_m-¿Kncn-bnse bXn-h-cy≥

hnZzm≥ hn. ‰n. sF∏v


Xmt_m-¿Kncn-bnse bXn-h-cy≥

hnZzm≥ hn. ‰n. sF∏v

]mºmSn Zb-dm-bpsS Ncn-Xhpw ]IrXn ]›m-Ø-ehpw ]cn-ip≤

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Nn-X-ßfpw kc-f-ambpw kc-k-ambpw

NnXo-I-cn-®n- p≈ Cu Xp≈¬IrXn ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hns\°pdn®v cNn-

°-s∏´ ]Ya KŸ-am-Wv. hnZzm≥ hn. ‰n. sF∏ns‚ Ihn-Xm-hym-]mcw

kwK-Xhpw A\p-tam-Z-\m¿lhpw Bbn-´p-s≠∂v Cu IrXn°v Fgp-

Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ kp]-kn≤ ]fin-X-\mb dmhp-km-ln_v H.

Fw. sNdn-bm≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. sNdp-∏w apXte Ihnbv°v

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSp A]m-c-amb `‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂pw

bixi-co-c-\mb Ihn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønbn´p≠v.

1931- ¬ ]kn-≤oIcn°-s∏´ Cu IrXn-bpsS cN-\-sb-°p-dn®v ssZ\w-

Zn\w Ub-dn-sb-gp-Xp∂ ioe-ap≈ ]cn-ip≤ Xncp-ta\n ]tXyIw ]c-

am¿in-®n-´p-≠v:

""1931 P\p-hcn 4: tImØe hey-]o-Sn-I-bn¬ Ip™p-kmdpw Abm-

fpsS tPyjvT\pw IqSn h∂n-cp-∂p. Zb-dmsb kw_-‘n®v Abm-fp-

≠m-°p∂ Ihn-Xm-]p-kvX-IsØ kw_-‘n®v Btem-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-

bn-cp∂p h∂n-cp-∂-Xv.

P\p-hcn 17: hey-]o-Sn-I-bn¬ Ip™v Fgp-Xnb Xmt_m-¿Kncn-bnse

bXn-h-cy≥ F∂ ]pkvXIw C∂p cmhnse sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂p.''

Kth-jWw: s]m^. hn]n≥ sI. hdp-Ko-kv


]pI-f-Xn-s]-cpIpw Xn`p-h-\-hn-ZnXw

tIc-f-tZti hne-kn\ \Kcw

""tIm´-°-I, ambv tI´-Xp-]ns∂

t°m´-b-ambn tI´p hcp-∂p.

Dcp-X-c-hn-`hw sIm≠n-Xp-]m-cn¬

]qc-h-c-aWnbmw e≠-\p-t]mepw

]cn-sh-taev]n-®-a-cm-h-Xnsb

°h-c-\mbn°cp-Xo-Sp-∂p.

h≠n-Iƒ h©n-Iƒ tamt´m¿Imdpw

sX≠n-Iƒ tXmń-Iƒ tXm´-°mcpw

I≠-h-sc∏e Ip≠n-en-d°n

°≠p-c-kn°pw ckn-I-∑mcpw

[\-hm-∑mcpw L\-hm-∑mcpw

L\-th-Wn-Ifpw KpW-hm-Zn-Ifpw

Iºn\n Nnń Iºn-Iƒ _m¶p-Iƒ

Iºw-tZ-in-Iƒ Iº-°mcpw

]≈n-Iƒ ]e-h-I-]-≈n-°qSw

sh≈-°mcpw sIm≈-°mcpw

kXw ]e ]e bmX-°mcpw

t£Xw kvtXmXn-Xƒ X¥-°mcpw

tImSXn tjmUXn jm∏p-I-f-\-h[n

tIkp-Iƒ l¿Pn-Iƒ h°o-e-∑m¿

N¥-°-Shpw N¥w Nn¥pw

]e-hI tPmen-°-e-bp-∂-hcpw

hne-bp-s≠-∂n-l-I-cp-Xp-t∂mcpw

\ne-bn-√n-ßs\ sNm√n-t∏m-bm¬

]eXpw ImWm-\p-≠m-∏p-cn-bn¬

Aºm-Sn°pw Uw`p-Ip-dbv°pw

]mºm-Sn-°c ]Ømw ssaen¬

tdmUn\p sX°pw sXm´p hS°pw

]´-W-tam-Sn-Iƒ X´m-sXm´pw

]cn-]m-h-\-ambv kpJ-Zm-b-I-ambv

\c-hm-tkm-Nn-X-ambn ekn∏q

ISphm ]pen-Iƒ Im´m-\-Ifpw

IS-am≥ ]∂n-I-fmSpw abnepw

sIm≠p-\n-d-s™mcp Im\-\-ambn


∏≠p-In-S-∂nXp It≠m-scms°

°≠-Xn-\mepw tI´-Xn-\mepw

sIm≠m-Sp-∂nl tZi-hntijw

kzO-X-sa-®-sa-gp-s∂m-cp-I¿jI

hrØn-P-\-Øn-\p-]-£w-]mcw

kzÿ-X-bn-√m-Øp-tZym-K-Øn\p

Im£-bp-an√m sIui-e-an√m

sshcw-Pm-Xn-Iƒ XΩn-ep-an√m

sskzcwkpJhpw £a-bpw-]mcw

Hcp-h-t\m-sSm-cp-h-\-kq-b-bp-an√m

]c-[-\-tam-l-a-ti-j-hp-an√m

PmXn-Iƒ]e-Xp-≠-h-cp-sS-b-h-cpsS

coXn-bn-eo-iz-c-Nn-¥-bp-ap≠v

ip≤-P-e-Øm¬tcmKw t]m°pw

kn≤n-e-`n-s∏mcp kn≤-\p-ap≠v

aqe-°-√mbv \mń-\p-tNcpw

aqew-Z-i-Zn-in-In¿Øn-In-f¿Øpw

Imew ]mºm-Sn-°p-In-S-®p.

XZvtK-l-Øn-∂-[n-]-Xnbmbpw

kXvIm-cy-Øn≥ t\Xm-hmbpw

`‡-∑m¿s°m-cp-am-Xr-I-bmbpw

Nmt°m-®≥]-cn-tNmSp hnfßn

CS-h-I-X-d-hm-Sn-h-I-sS- `-cWw

IpSn-h-I-I-e-l-\n-hm-c-W-`mcw

Gj-Wnbpw ]c-Zq-j-Whpw hn

t´-I-\n¬`‡n-bp-ambn h-kn-®p.

\oXn-hnimcZ-\m-co-ap-Sn-aWn

\ma anf®o Xky-I-fXw

`qcn-]-hn-Xm-]q-cn-X-tamZm

`qX-e-`qjm Zo]-k-am\m

amXr-Ip-e-Øn\p amXr-I-bm-sbmcp

amXm am\n\n ]mh-\-ioem

c£m-Zm-b-I-\mIpw InkvXphn

e£-b-`-‡n-bp-am-cm-[-\bpw

bmaw tXmdpw tem]w IqSm

XwK-\-bn-ßs\ bßp-h-kn-®p.

hc-\psS a\-am-h-[p-hn-\n-Wßn


h[p-hn-[am hc-t\-sd-bn-Wßn

hc-\p-c-sN-bvXm-e-Xn-\p-hn-tcm[w

Icp-Xp-I-t]mepw kXn-]-Xn-hn√m

]pXn-I-fm-dp-≠p-Ø-a-io-e-Iƒ

]pX-cp-sa-X-bp-ap-Ø-a¿ \mepw

\µ-\-h-c-cn¬ \µn-X-s\-∂psS

aµ-X-am-‰nb hµnX Nc-W≥

hµy-Kp-W-ßsS hnf-\n-e-am-Inb

hµy-]p-tcm-ln-X-\p-∂-X-a-∂h

\µ\ NcW ktcm-cpl `rwKw

I\ym-a-dn-b-bn-ep-∂-X`-‡≥

sIm√-sam-cm-bn-c-a-dp-]Xp tNcpw

\s√m-cp-amkw ao\w X∂n¬

s]u¿Æ-an-\m-fn-ep-Zn-®p-bcpw ]cn

]q¿Æ-i-im-¶\p ]cn-`-h-ta-In

_v`qh-\-X-e-sØ-∏m-h-\-am°n

Xncp-P-\-\-Øm-semcp Znh-k-Øn¬

P\-I-P-\-\o-a\w tamZ-am¿∂p ]cw

s]cn-b-h-cp-sa-fn-b-h-cp-am-bp≈ \mcn-Iƒ

inip-h-Z\ ]¶Pw Z¿i\w sNøp-hm

\Xn-Ip-Xp-I-tN-Xkm XX-sN-s∂-Øn-\m¿

IXn-]-b-Zn-\m-¥-tc-⁄m-\amw kv\m\hpw

hn[n-hn-ln-X-an-—t]m-em-N-cn-®m-c-h¿

]Xn-Zn-h-k-a-—\pw _‘p-h¿§Øn\pw

]nb-P-\\n tkmZ-co- tkm-Z-c-∑m¿°pan

iniphn-\psS eoe-Iƒ aµ-lm-k-ßfpw

Ic-N-c-W-XmU\w X©amw sIm©epw

hnhn[ kpJ-Zm-bIw t]mc-t]m-sc-∂t]m

eJne KpW-tK-l-ambv eme-kn-®m≥ ]cw.

sIm©ns°m©n∏p©n-cn-XqIn

∏ns®-∏ns® \S-∂p-Xp-Sßn

As©- -Sn-h-®-Ω-sb-t\m°n

∏p©ncn XqIn-∏n-s∂-\-S°pw

ASn-bn-l-sX-‰o-´p-S-\-Sn-hogpw

ASn-ap-Sn-s]m-Snbmw hSn-hn-se-Wo°pw


DS-\Sn amXm-thm-Sn-sb-SpØn

´pSep IpS-™-h-\pΩ sImSp°pw

HmSm-dmbn NmSm-dmbn

Ipń-I-sfm-Øp-I-fn-°m-dmbn

]e hn[ hm°p-Iƒ sNm√m-dmbn

ioe-hn-tijw ImWm-dm-bn

P\-I≥ X\-sbs\ aSn-bn-en-cpØn

ńchpw ]Iepw ]e-t\-cØpw

k¬°-Y-]-eXpw c£-I-t\m-Xnb

]m¿∞-\bpw ]e k¶o¿Ø-\hpw

sNm√n-s®m-√n-Øm-tem-en®n

´√-e-I‰n hf¿ØpI aqew

k‘ym-h-µ-\-k-abw P\\o

k∂n-[n-X-∂n-e-W-™p-k-taZw

sXf-hn-√m-sØmcp ]m¿∞-\-aqew

sXfnhpw shfnhpw NntØ tN¿Øp

_me-\n-ep-s≈mcp t]aw sIm≠pw

]e-hn-[-k¬Kp-W-\n-e-b-\-ambn

´ph-\n-bn-en-h-s\mcp \mb-I-\m-bn-˛-

∏-cn-sNmSphne-km-\n-S-bm-I-W-sa˛

∂miw-kn-®-Xp-am-ip-^-en-®p.

A£-c-hnZy ]Tn-∏-Xn-\m-bn˛

Ø¬£-W-a-h-s\-sb-gp-Øn-\n-cp-Øm˛

\—-s\-Sp-sØm-cp-ap-≠p-ap-Sp∏n

t®me-bp-a-cnbpw ]Whpw sh‰ne

Imen-∏p-I-bn-e-ap-X-em-b-hbpw

Nmse-h-ln-®m-∏-≈n-°-cn-In¬

Ic-bp-sS-im-¥n-\n-tI-X-\-ambn

t°fn-In-f¿Øpw If-cn-bn-se-Øn˛

]e-\m-fmbn KvKpcp-h-c-\m-bn˛

∏mºm-Sn-°p-_vd-l-kv]-Xn-bmbn

´dnhpw XnIhpw KpWhpw sIms≠mcp

\nd-Ip-S-ambn aTamwtKtl

]cn-sNm-Sp-hn-e-kp-∂m-im-\-cn-In¬

Ipdn-bm-t°mkmw Ip™n-s\-b-—\p

acn-bn-en-cp-Øn-lcn sNm√n®p


\mte-\m-sem-cp-sIm√w sIm≠o

_me-\p-th≠pw hnZy-I-sf-√m˛

tamXn-b-Kp-cp-h-c-]m-Z-k-tcm-cp-l˛

tamcm-Xp-s≈mcp a\-Xm-cpt≈m

cmcm-Wp-≈-Xp-]m-cn¬]m¿Øm¬

]m¿∞-\-hm-b-\-`-‡n-sb-gp-s∂mcp

Io¿Ø-\-am-e-Iƒ ]mSp-I-k¬°Y

tIƒ°pI k¬IrXn sNøp-I-bn-h-bn¬

k‡n-I-e¿∂p hf¿∂-Y _m-e≥

tZhm-e-b-a-Xn-\p≈ne-W-™m-˛-

c-hn-hm-c-ØnseZnhym-cm-[\

ImWpw _me-\p-Im-Wmbv h∂p

Icp-Wm-I-c-\psS ac-Ww-Ip-cn-in¬

aZp_m-bv°p-≈n¬ Ib-dm≥ _me\p

aXn-bn-ep-Zn-s®mcp tamZ-a-dn-™Y

ipiq-j-°mbv ]´-°mco

inip-hn-\p-th-≠p-sam-c-\p-aXn \ƒIn

\√m¿Ipe-a-Wn-`-‡-in-tcm-aWn

hey-Ω-®n-bp-Wn-®n-t°-g˛

s√gp-]-Xp-h´w ]m¿∞-\-bp≠v

Ign-hp-I-gn-™p-]-hm-k-hp-ap-≠v.

Cuiz-c-`-‡n-sbm-gn-®o-hr-≤-˛-

bv°m-i-I-sfm∂pw tijn-®n-√.

s]uX-s\-em-fn-®-h-\psS NnØw

`‡n ]I¿∂p-]-I¿∂p \nd-®n˛

óhn-[-ap-s≈m-cp-`m-hn-°m-bn˛

∫oPm-hm]w sNbvsXm-cp-Xmtb!

\∑-\n-d-s™mcp I\y-I-a-dnbw

X∂psS tijw-a-∂n¬P-\n-s®mcp

am\n-\n-am-cn¬ a\p-P-Ip-e-Øn\p

\∑-h-cp-Øn-b-amXm \oXm≥

tZi-°mcpw ]´-°mcpw

tZin-I-h-c\pw kl-]m-Tn-Ifpw

kw_-‘n-I-f-ß-∂y-a-X°m

ct∑-\n-Ifpw I]ym-c-∑m˛

c∏q-∏-∑m-c-Jn-e-P-\-ß-fp-˛-


sam-sØm-cp-an-®n-°pńbnep-s≈mcp

_p≤n-hn-tijw ip≤n-hn-tijw

`mh-hn-tijw `‡-n-hn-tijw

kXyw \ymbw \oXn hntijw

sXmń-l-]-´-°m-c\p th≠pw

k¬Kp-W-sa√mw I≠p ]d™pw

sIm≠p iTn-®Xp sIm≠nl IS-hn¬

]ueq-k-Øm-\m-tkym-kmIpw

Xncp-ta-\n-bvs°mcp Xncp-hp-f-ap-f-hmbv

]sØm-Sp-\mev hb- p-Xn-I-s™mcp

Ipdn-bm-t°m-kns\ siΩm-im°n

siΩm-ip- ]´w e`n-®-Xn¬ tijao

\n¿Ωe sshZn-I≥ _mem¿°-k-∂n-`≥

sNm√m¿∂ tIm´-b-Øp-√-kn-®o-Sp∂

\√ knav\m-cn-bn-et√m ]Tn-®Xpw

A≤ymfl hnZym-[-\sØ hln-®-h˛

cssZz-X-hn-⁄m\ Ipw`w Xpfp-ºp-thm˛

c`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cn-e-tK-k-c¿ ssZh˛

`‡¿ alm thZ-XXzw Kln-®-h¿

sIev∏m¿∂ sshZnI tZin-I-c-°m-e˛

a∏p-Wy-tadpw hnlmsc hkn-t®m-cn˛

es∂mcp aev]m-\-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-∂sØ

hµy am¿Zo-h\ym-tkymkp Xncp-ta\n

sX°p-≈n-e-hn-\m-a-Æn-se-gp-s∂mcp

k°-dn-bm-°-Ø-\mcmw ]kn-≤\pw

]md-∏p-d-Øp-s≈m-c-®\pw \¬kpdn

bm\n ]Tn-∏n®p Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-hm≥

sIm®p-I-f-Øn-se-b-®≥ ae-bmf

an—-t]m¬ \∂mbv ]Tn-∏n®p `wKn-bmbv

ao\-ßfm-Sn-°-fn-°th bq¿Ωn-Iƒ

aoXn-embv ]msIń thK-Øn-tem-Snbpw

X≠p-]n-Sn-°th Xmfw apg-°nbpw

I≠p-\n-evt]m-cpsS NnØ-an-f-°nbpw

sIm≠p-K-an-°p-s∂m-tcmSn h≈-ßfpw

I≠m¬ hnti-jamw sIm®p h≈-ßfpw


c≠pw KWn-°mØ Np≠≥ Npcp-f\p

an≠-se-s\y- Xs‚ amdØp am\n®p

Xp≈n-°-fn°ptºmfp≈w Ipfp¿Øn´p

sh≈w Nen-∏n®p hmgp∂ Znhybmw

ao\-®n-em-dns‚ Xoc-Øn-te-‰-hp-˛-

am-\-µ-tadps∂mco-\√ `mKØp

tZin-I-tcm-sSmØp Io¿Ø\w ]mSnbpw

aois\ tkhn-®p-ta-‰hpw `‡-\mbv

h¿j-ß-fm-tdgp hmWp- Xn-cp-ta\n

thZm-¥-L¿j-W-Xm-ev]-cy-bp-‡-\mbv

Ime-ß-fn-ßs\ Nmse Ign-™-Xn≥

tij-ao-si-Ωm-i≥ tiapjn tN¿∂-h≥

kz¥-an-Sh-I-bm-Ip∂ hsºgpw

]mºmSn tZhm-e-b-Øn-se-gp-s∂≈n

]´w sImS-°p≈ h´-ß-sfm-s°bpw

s]s´∂p Iqń-Øp-Sßn P\m-hen

]ueqkv dºm-®-\mb Xncp-ta\n

hmI-Øm-\-sØgpw dºm≥ Xncp-ta\n

a‰p sshZo-I-cp-sa-Æ-an-√msX lm

Np‰p≈n-S-h-I-°mcpw \nc-°sh

apdoa-‰-sØgpw _mhm Xncp-ta\n

chn-hm-c-Øn-se-°p-dp-_m-\-°nsS

A®≥ ]´w sImSp-Ø-Sp-Ø-hm-c-Øn¬

sa®-sagpw dºm≥ ]´hpw \¬In-\m≥

\nkvXp-ey-amw ssZh-`‡n Xpfp-ºp∂

ssIkvXh k\ymkn hocs‚ XqapJw

I≠-P-\m-h-en-°p-≠mb kt¥m-j˛

ap≠m-b-t]m-semcp sIm≠m-Sp-hm-\p≠p

\√m-`-sIm-≠p-≈-`m-\psh sh√p∂

kz¿t√mI Im¥n hnf-ßp∂ kn≤s‚

Hmtcm KpW-ß-fp-tamXn P\m-hen

PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-Nn-¥bpw ssIhn´p

^p√m-c-hn-µ-]m-Z-Zzbw Ipºn´p

sas√-°cw apØn im¥n tXSo-Sn-\m¿

A∂n-Øn-cp-ta\n ]mºm-Sn-∏-≈n-bp˛

ap-∂-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ h∂p IqSo-Sp-hm≥


X°-]-Wn-Iƒ ]eXpw \S-Øn-®p.

ssl°-em-sa-s√-bp-b¿Øn-∏-Wn-bn-®p.

kZy-bp-sam∂p \S-Øn-bn-S-hI

k÷-\-am-sI-b-W™p kw_-‘n-®p.

k¿∆-cpam-\µ °Æp-\o¿ XqIn-\m¿

k¿th-is\ kvXpXn-sN-bvXp -d-ºm-®\pw

Aßs\ hmgp∂ ImeØp ssZhsa!

Fßs\ sNm√p∂p \mhp Ipg-bp∂p

A°mew ]≈n-bn¬ I£n-h-g-°ns‚

e£Ww I≠Xp sIm≠nl dºm-®˛

\ev]-a-√m-Xp≈ IpWvTn-X-ap-≠mbn

kXv]p-am-\pt≠m Ie-l-Øn-en-—bpw

H∂-c-\-mgnI sX°p-s≈m-cp-Kncn

X∂psS IqS-Øn-eo-iz-c-]q-Pbv°m

bp∂-X-Xr-∏m-Z-`-‡≥ bXn-h-c˛

\∂p-]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-s®mcp ]≈nbpw

kXz-Kp-W-Øn-\n-cn-∏n-S-am-tbm˛

cnØn-cp-ta\n hkn°pw Kncn-hc

""s]mØ≥]pd''ta! Io¿Øn Ie¿s∂mcp

s]m¬ tX≥ ]pcta! \n∂psS aln-aI

sfmØXp t]mepc sNbvhm≥ ssh`-h˛

samØ-h-cn-√n-∏m¿Øe at≤y

tIcf `qan-°-Xn-cp-I-fm-In\

bd-_n-°-Sepw klym-N-ehpw

t\sc I≠p ckn-°m-a-\-h[n

sNdp-Ip-∂p-Ifpw ]pgbpw hgnbpw

ISepw hbepw IShpw Icbpw

ImSpw \mSpw hoSpw tXmSpw

ImWmw ]≈n-I-fp-≈-Xp-]-eXpw

If-hm-Wn-a-Wn-hm-Wn-sb-sh√pw

Infn-IsS If-I-fm-c-hhpw \s√mcp

If-I-WvT-ßsS sNdp-Iq-P-\hpw

If-I-sf-Sp°pw ]pe-bn-Iƒ XßsS

If-Ko-X-ß-fp-am-a-e-X-∂psS

XS-`q-hn-X-ßn\ ]mS-Ø-ßs\


]mSn-∏-Wnbpw ]d-b¿\m-Zhpw

Ipdp-\-cn-bn-c-hn-en-b‰pw chhpw

]d-h-Iƒ Nnd-I-Sn-Xm-f-hp-am-bn˛

Øc-samSp tafn-®-Jntei-kvXp-Xn-˛-

]-cn-tNmSmae-]m-So-Sp∂p

Cuiz-c-tk-h-°n-Xp-t]m-ep-X-Inb

tZiw thsd ImWn-s√ßpw

Nn¬∏p-cp-jm-¤pX in¬∏-hn-tijw

kXv]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a-`-t‡m-Øwkw

]m¿Øn-´m-Wo-∏¿h-X-in-Jtc

Xo¿Ø-Xp-b-Xn-h-c-\m-i-a-tKlw

tado-kp-X-`-‡m-hm-k-Øm˛

tedpw Io¿ØnIe¿∂p-e-kn°pw

s]mØ≥]p-dta \n∂psS ]pdhpw

apØm-Xp-≈-h-c-h-\n-bn-ept≠m!!

Kncnhc! sh¬I Ic-ß-fp-b¿ØpI

icn-\n≥P-∑w-`p-ht\ kêw

[c-Wo-[-c\mw \n∂psS hwiy≥

Kncn tKm¬tKm-Øm-aqewhs∂mcp

Ipd-hp-i-cn°p Ipd-®p-I-pe-Øn\p

Ipd-hn-√m-Xnl alna hf¿Øn

t]mtc hwtim-≤m-c-W-as√

thsd [¿Ω-an-Xn¬∏-c-apt≠m

kpc-h-c-]p-cn-t]m¬an∂pw Kncn-h-c˛

Ncn-X-a-dn-™m-e-Xn-a-[p-cw-Xm≥

aT-Øn-em-im≥ Xs∂mSp sNdnb

aT-Ønse h√y-®≥hmßn

sImSp-Øp-]n-s∂-Øn-cp-ta-\n-°mbv

sImSpw-X-]-Øn≥ aT-aXp h∏m≥

bXo-µ-h-µy≥ IXn-c-h-Xp-ey≥

\nXm-¥-h-µy≥ Znhy-io-am≥

sNmt√-dp-s∂m-cp-a-√-∏-≈nbn

ep√mtk\ ]nd∂ almfl

Xncp-k-`-b-Xn-s\-∏-cn-]m-en-∏m≥

Ic-a-Xn-e-kn-Ip-cn-im-bp-[-ta¥n

∏cnNn¬ ae-¶-c-bp-≤-°-faXn


ecn-abnepcpX-c-k-acw sNøpw

]cn-]m-h-\-Xn-cp-ta\n alm-cY

s\mcp-\m-fn-en-sS-sb-gp-∂-≈nKvKpW

hmcn-[n-b¤pXhm-c-∂n-[n-bn¬

]mcwapßn-a-\- p-a-bßn˛

KvKncn-hc-"-Xm-t_msd'∂phnfn®p

\c-K-W-am-\-k-sam-∂p-]p-f-®p.

t]cp-ap-d®p s]cp-a-bp-d®p

s]cn-b-h-scm-s°-b-dn™p ckn-®p.

sIm√-sam-cm-bncsa¨]-sØm-ºXp

\s√m-cn-Shw Xob-Xn-sb-ń¬

ae-bpsSapI-fn¬ InW-dn-\p-ÿm\w

\e-sam-Sp-I≠p Ipgn®pXpSßn

Dd-h-°-Æp-Iƒ I≠p Poh-˛-

∂p-d-hm-tbm-\n¬`-‡n-bp-d®pw

F´pw\mepw-tN-cpw-Xo-bXn

sIń-S-sam-∂p-N-a-®p-Xp-Sßn

]nt‰-am-kw-Xo-b-Xn-sbm-∂n¬

XX-\n-hm-k-hp-am-cw-`n®p

NnX-sam-Sp-Z-b-dm-bv°p-s≈mcp ÿm\w

]Xn-\-©mw-Xo-b-Xn-bn¬I≠p

sNdn-b-a-T-Øn-se-h-µy-h-tbm-[n-I˛

\®-\p-sam-∂n-®m-tem-Nn®p

saXm-®-∂p-sS-b-\p-a-Xn-hm-ßn˛

∏pØ-cn-am-kw-I¿°-S-I-Øn¬

]≈n-°m-bn-ÿm-\w-I-≠n-˛-

´p-≈n¬ `‡n-bp-ta-dn-h-kn®

DØ-c-ao-\-S-hm-kn-I-sf-Øn-˛-

∏-Ømw-Xo-bXn hm\w-am¥n

Ipdn-bm-t°m- -l-Zm-bp-sS-\-s√mcp

Xncp-\m-fmw-]-Xn-\-©mw-Xo-bXn

kl-Zm-bpsS Xncp-\m-a-Øn¬Xm≥

Zb-dm-bp-sS-I-√n-´p-I-gn™p

sXmÆq-dm-am-≠-ßp-]n-d-∂p

XnÆw-Zb-dm-Ip-∂n-ep-b¿∂p


]mºm-Sn-°m¿ ao\-S-hm-kn-I˛

ftº-dp∂ Ic-°m-sc√mw

\mb-cp-am-∏n-f-t`-Zw-Iq-Sm-˛-

Xm-bp[ta¥n-t±-lw-sIm-≠-h˛

cmh-Xp-sNbvXp, ]W-°m-tcm-kw˛

`mh-\-sNbvXpw ]pWyw-t\Sn

hm\w-am-¥n-°-√p-]-SpØ˛

\yq\w-I-ńf IX-Ipw-h®p

`nØn-bp-d∏n®pØ-c-a¿∏n˛

®pØ-c-\n-anjw X®-∑m-scm-cp˛

t]mse-\n-c∂q tIdn-bn-cp∂q

s]cn-b-I-gp-t°m-em-sI-\n-c-Øo˛

t´mSp-an-d-°n-°p-Ωm-bw-tX˛

t®mSm-º-ep-an-´m-sI-an-\p°o

]¶-a-I∂ Xpem-am-k-Øn¬

X¶-s∏-s´mcp ]Ømw-\m-fn¬

Xn¶ƒZn-\-Øn¬ dºm-®≥io

X¶w-tK-tl-Xm-a-k-am°n

tZh-tem-I-k-am-\-sa-∂n-l-tXm-∂nSpw Zb-dm-b-Xn¬

tahn-b-ßns\ amk-sam∂p Ign-™-t]m-Xp-a-lm-ib

∂p≈n-em-K-l-ap-¤-hn-®Y ]≈n-X≥ ]Wn-Xo¿°p-hm˛

\p≈ hÆ-a-Xn∂p-th-≠-]-cn-i-a-ßƒ XpS-ßn-\m≥

\¬≤-\p-a-I-c-Øn-em-bXp Xo¿Ø-tXm¿°p-In-e-¤pXw

temI-scmØp ]h¿Øn-sN-øp-In-teXp Imcy-a-km-≤yamw

hnØn-\m-ep-f-hmb amXr-a-l-Xz-kp-kvar-Xn-]m-c-ambv

tN¿Øn-Sp∂ Zn\-Øn-embv Ipdp-_m-\-bm-Zy-a-W-®p-Xm≥

aIcw Ipw`w ao\-a-Xn¬ Kncn˛

inin-c-Øn¬ ]Wn-]-e-Xp-\-S∂p

Ihn-X-°m¿ Nne¿ Ihn-X-Iƒ sNm√n

]g-a-°m¿ ]-e¿ ]-g-a -]-d™p

hen-b-a-e-¶-sc-sa-Xm-\o-\¬˛

ae-bp-sS-ap-I-fn-se-gp-∂-cp-fn-∏Wn

]e-Xpw-I≠p-c-kn-®p-h-kn®p

]e-cpw-h-∂n-l-I-c-hpw-apØn

I¿°-S-I-am-km-¥y-Øn¬ \s√mcp


a¿Ø-in-tam-\n-s∏-cp-\mƒZn-hkw

chn-hm-c-Øn-se-ip-`-t\-c-Øn¬

Zb-dm-bpsS IqZmi Ign-®p.

Ccp-]-Xp-sagp]-Xp-sam∂pw tN¿s∂mcp

h¿jw h∂p ]nd∂p [cmbmw

s]cp-h-gn-sbm∂p Xpd-∏m-\mbn

s∏cn-b-h¿ bXv\w-]-eXpw sNbvXp

]≈n-bn-em-fp-Iƒ IqSn-°q-Sn˛

∏≈n-°n-Sbpw t]mcm-Xmbn

]¥n-bn¬ \s√mcp ]¥-ep-Xo¿Øn˛

´p¥pw X≈pw Ipd-bm-Xmbn

ap‰-Øp-≈ ac-Øn≥ tNmń-ep˛

sam´pw \n¬°m≥ hln-bm-Xmbn

hen-sbm-cp-]≈n Na-bv°-W-sa∂pw

hen-b-h¿ ]ecpw sNm∂p XpSßn

sXmÆq-‰©p Xpem-am-ksØ

bncp-]-tØgmw Xob-Xn-X-∂n¬

hm\w-am¥n hr›n-I-amsk

hm\-°-√p-]-Sp-Øp-Xp-Sßn

Ft´m-sSm-Øn-l-sXm-Æq-sdÆw

sXm´p-e-kn°pw sIm√w-[-\p-hn¬

s]s´-∂p-Ø-c-a¿∏n-®-t∏mƒ

s]´p-Zr-jvSn-bn-E-£w-K-Ks\

D®-s°-ßn-s\-Xm-cw-Im-Wp˛

∂p®-Øn¬Nn-e¿Iq-In-hn-fn®

A®-t\m-sSm-Øn-´m-im≥sN∂n

Ńyp-X-\p-sS-sbm-cp-h-kvXp-hmßn

sa®-sa-gpw-]-e-]-Wn-Iƒ\-SØn

kzO-X-bm-sI-h-cp-Øn-h-kn®p

Hcp-\q-dm-am-≠-ßp-]n-d∂p

Hcp-hn-[-sam-s°-∏-Wn-IsfmXpßn

Cui-kvXp-Xn-]-cn-]q-cn-X-am-bn˛

´mi-a-tZ-i-hp-am-ip-hn-fßn

Bi-a-\m-b-I-\-im-¥w-]-c˛

tai-kvXp-Xn-bn¬ap-gp-In-h-kn-®p.


a´p-amdn

aI-cµw \dpw ]mepw Ihnbpw s]m≥ I\m≥ \mń¬

]pcn-hr-µ-a-Xn¬at≤y hne-kp∂p Kncn-Xm-t_m¿

AXn¬ ht®-ip-tZ-h≥ Xm≥ adp-cq-]w-[-cn-®-t∏mƒ

iX-tIm-Sn-°-Xn-c-h-k-a-\mbn ]tim-`n-®p.

Kpcp-hn≥ \nkvXp-e-tZ-h-]-Xn`m ssh`hw I≠pw

hc-`mjyw kzZn®pw X≥ Xn-cp-in-jy¿ apZn-X-cmbv

Kpcpth! \mY! \manßp acp-th-W-an-hn-S-Øn¬

XzcnXw Rßtfm aq∂p-`-h-\-ßƒ Na-®oSmw

H∂o-tim-`-hm-s\m∂p tami-t°-en-bm-bvs°m∂p

\s∂-∂o-b-Sn-bm¿°p tXm∂p∂p `K-hms\

Fs∂√mw ]d-™p-h-cp-∂-X-kpJw ]q≠m˛

c°p-∂n¬ Xn-cp-\m-a-an°p∂n\cp-fn-tbm˛

cp∂-X-a-lm-Zn-hy- h-µy\mw Zoh-\ym-tkymkv

X∂psS Xncp-\m-a-sa-∂t∂°pambv sh¬I

aq∂p aq¿Øn-Iƒ hmgpw hµy-]m-h-\-l¿tΩy

aq∂p temIhpw Iq∏pw ]mh\ hnlm-c-Øn¬

aq∂p temIhpw Znhy-Im-¥n-Iƒ sNmcn-bp-t∂m-˛-

sc-t∂m-a¬ Xncp-ta-\n-sb∂pw hmW-cp-fp∂p

C°p-∂n¬ alm-tZ-h-i-‡n-IƒsNm-cn-bp∂p

C°p-∂n¬ IqSn ap‡n-am¿§hpw sXfn-bp∂p

C°p-∂n¬ h®p ssZh-km-ao-]y-a-[n-I-ambv

sNm¬s°m≠ hc-kn-≤≥ adp-cq]w [cn-°p∂p

ChnsS knav\m-cn-t]mse ]ecpw tamZ-ambv h∂p

kphn-ti-jm-Zn-Iƒ Nn¥n-®-Xn-`-‡ym-h-kn-°p-∂p.

sNdp-Xm-bp-s≈mcp kvIqfp-≠-cn-sI-bm-b-Xn-et√m

chn-hmtc ]Tn-°p∂p sNdp-_m-e¿ aX-KŸw

Ch-sb√mw hgn-t]m-se-bn-hn-sS-Øm≥ \S-Øp∂p

`h Xm] lc≥ hµy≥ kpIrXn \n¿Ω-em-\-µ≥

Hcp aqe-[-\-an√ X\Xp kºm-Zy-an√

]e¿ kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-ń-h-sb√mw \S-°p∂p

\in-°m-Ø-[\w hmbv°pw hnip-≤-ÿm-]-\-Øn∂mbv

sImSp°pw Imsim-cn-°epw ]mgm-bn-_v`-hn-°n√

aWn-taS aXn-ap-Jn-a-Wn-X≥ ]p©n-cn-s°m-©¬

[\hpw \mkvXnbmw k¿h-a-Wbpw arXyphpw thKw

kpKpWßƒ \ne-\n¬°pw `qhn hn⁄m-\amw Zo]˛


aW-bmsX P\-Øns‚ a\-sa√mw sXfn-bn-°p˛

aXn-∂mbn ]b-Xv\n-t∏m≥ aXn-am≥ `qX-te-h-µy˛

\h-\t√m `qhn-P∑w k^-e-ambv `hn-®-h≥

Zbdm tZhm-e-b-ßƒ°-Xn-bXv\w sNbvX am\y˛

KpW-\n-[n-Itf! \nßƒ kpIr-Xn-Iƒ hnP-bn-∏n≥

C\n-bpw- \nßfns∏m-Ø≥ ]pd-a-Xyp-∂-X-ambn

kpc-temIw hsc-sb-Øm-\pcp bXv\w XpS-tcWw

a´p-amdn

Hcm-bn-c-Øn-sbm-cp-\q-‰n-\m-en-se˛

®mcphmw Ipw`-am-k-Øn¬ \memw Zn\w

kp]-`-tImepw apJw-an-\p-°n-s°m≠p

kp]-`mXw ]q¿h-Zn-Mv\mcn sNm¬Ish

]qt¶mgn ]q¶-pbn-emSn sshXm-fn-I˛

kwLw kvXpXn ]c-Km-\w- Xp-S-ßsh

h©n\mń∂p \nIp-RvP-ambv hm\-h˛

c©p∂ shäe \µ-\-hm-Sn-bn¬

]q¿hnI \km-Wn-am¿°p≈ t]scgpw

`Zm-k-\-Øn-∂-[n-jvTm-\-am-Ip∂

tIm´bw ]´-W-Øns‚ be-¶m-c-˛

skujvTh-]p-jvSn-bp-ap-’m-lhpw I≠p

]q¿hm-Nte \n∂p s]mßn hcp-s∂mcp

kqcy-tZ-h≥ sX√p hnkva-bn-®o-Sn-\m≥

apsº-ßp-ao-hn[w I≠n-´p-an-√n-\n˛

°mWp-hm\pw ]Wn-sb∂p Icp-Xntbm

s]m¶-Xn¿_v`-fim-c-[maw Xpd-∂p-S≥

sN¶-Xn¿ XqIn-sØ-fn™p \n∂q chn.

amteXp taimsX amXr-k-`m-]-cn-˛

-]m-e\w sNbvX ]pen-t°m-´p-sa-Xm-®≥

hµy-am¿ Zoh\ym-tkymkp Xncp-ta\n

X∂psS ]mh-\-\maw hln-°p∂

hnZym-\n-tI-X\w hn⁄m-\-a-µncw

kZri-t -dp-s∂m-sc-wUn knav\m-cnbpw

ssIc-fo-t]m-jWw sIm≠p k¬°o¿Øn-sb-˛-

t°-cfamsI-∏-c-Ønb tIa\mw

t]scgpw h¿§okp am∏nf X∂psS

emf-\-tb‰p hf¿∂p \¬ ssIc-fo˛


]X temI-Øn\p amXr-I-bm-bn´p

NnX-hr-Øm-¥-hn-X-cWw sNbvXp-\¬

ssNX-\y-ta-dn-e-kn°pw at\m-c-a˛

∏X-a-Sn-°p∂ apZm-e-b-ßfpw

amem-J-amcpw hWßn kvXpXn-®o-Sp˛

taen-bm-®m-∏emw tZhm-e-b-a-Xpw˛

tN¿∂p-a-t\m-l-c-ambn hnf-ßp∂

hnkvXo¿Æ-ssa-Xm\ at≤y-]-c-∏-Xn¬

hn≠-e-tØm-f-ap-b¿Øn alm-aWn

afi-]-sam∂p Na-®-hn-em-k-ambv

aq∂p-\n-e-bp≈ hnkvXr-X-∏-¥tem

aq∂p-tem-I-Øn-\pw- kmayw hln-°p-∂p.

aq¿Øn-Iƒ aq∂n\p samØp-h-kn-°p-hm˛

t\m¿Øp Na-®tXm ]m¿°n-eo-∏-¥epw

B\-µ-Zm-bIw \µ-\-a-µmc

kq\-ßtfm sJdp-_-ßƒ ]d-°tbm

hm\-Øn-tedn°fn°pw sImSn-°qd

am\p-j¿t°mtcm hnImcw P\n-∏n-®p.

At∏m-ÿ-e-\m¬ ÿm]n-X-sa-∂m˛

Wt¥m-Jy-k-`-°p-s≈mcp sa®w

tXmΩm-«olm ÿm]n-®p-s≈mcp

\ΩpsS k`-bn¬ ImtXm-en-°m˛

hmgvN-s°mcp hn[ hogvN-bp-an√ ]p˛

IgvNt°m ]e am¿§-hp-ap-≠p.

C∂p ae-¶ck`-bpsS aln-a-˛-

°p-∂-X-am-sbmcp Io¿Øn-I-e¿∂p

ImgvN-I-sf√mw ImtXm-en-°m˛

hmgvN-°p-s≈m-scm-cp°w Xs∂

saXm-®-∑m¿ ta¬]-´-°m˛

scmØp \nc-∂nl afi-]-at≤y

ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn _k-teymkv

Xncp-ta-\n-sb-bpw- hm-gn-®-t∏mƒ

IXn-ch-Xpeyw Im¥n s]mgn°pw

Xncp-ta-\n-apJ Z¿i-\-aqew

kw`-ata-¥n\ IXn-c-h-\w-_-c˛

at≤y \n∂p angn®p XpSßn


hm\-h-sc-√m-am-Im-ti-\n-˛

∂m\µ-sØmSp KoXw ]mSn

]mZ-]-hrµw ]q°-fp-Xn¿Øo˛

∏pWy-t«m-I\p ImgvN-Iƒ h®p.

AsºmSp ]nt‰-Zn-hkw \ΩpsS

]mºm-Sn-bnse dºm-®-s\bpw

tIm´-b-an-S-hI saXm-\m-bn˛

t°m´-a-I-∂Y hmgn-®t√m

KotKm-dn-tbm-k-`n-[m-\-a-W-™o˛

tbmKn-h-c≥ ]cn-tNmSp hnfßn

ImWn-I-sf√mw \n›-e-cmbn˛

∏mWn-Iƒ Iq∏nivio¿jw XmgvØn

hm\-h¿ KoXw tI´p P\-ßƒ

am\w-t\m°n ZvZrjvSnbpb¿Øn

saXm≥ ÿm\w- hmRvOn®-√-[˛

cnXn-bn-sem∂pw Imw£n-®√m

k`-bpsS `c-Wm-[n-]_-lp-am\

]m`-h-sam∂pw Nn¥n-®√

Kpcp-hn≥ Iev]\ ewLn-∏mt\m

]e-cp-sS-b¿∞\ \nc-kn-∏mt\m

Ign-hn-√m™p Ipg-™n-´m-Wo˛

hgn-bn¬ NnØ-ap-d-®Xp kXyw

knav\mcn X∂n-te-°-p≠m-b-bmX Rm

s\Ωm-Xn-cn-°n∂p hnkvX-cn-®o-Sp∂p

F´mi sR´pw- I-Xn\ shSn-Ifpw

tamt´m¿Im¿ _ p-Iƒ Iq´-hp-sam-´-√.

tXmcWPmew ]\-¶-c-øp-ao-¥epw

tNcpw sXcp-ho-Yn-]mcw at\m-lcw

apØp-°pS Ipe-hmg sImSn-ac

samØp \ncØn \nc-Øp-I-sfm-°bpw

]´-W-sam-s°-b-e-¶-cn®q IS

]qń-`-h-\-ap-J-ß-fn¬ \mcn-am¿

IØn-®p-\√ \ne-hn-f-°pw-h®p

\mep hµy-Xn-cp-ta-\n-am-cp-samcp

tNsegpw t_m´p-tam-t´m-dns‚ ta¬Øń

tedn-b-\-h-[n-]-´-°m¿ap-ºnepw


\qdp-\q-dm-btlm Imdp-Iƒ]nºnepw

aµ-a-µw-K-an-s®-¥p-P-\-ßfm

sWs¥m-cp-tLm-j-am-sW-¥p-]-dtb≠q.

k`-bp-Sb \nS-e-a-Wn-kn-Ω-\m-co-Xe

am\-µ-tamsS hcn-®p-X≥\m-Ys\

IpS Xg-I-fm-e-h-´-ßƒ Nen-°sh

sImSn-Iƒ ]Xn-\m-bncw IqSn-∏-d-°sh

]S-l-sam-Sp-X-In¬ shSn-Iƒ s]mSm-s]m-Sn-X-I¿°sh

]´-Ww-sX-s√m-∂nfIoa-dn-™p-t]m¬

]cn-P-\-\n-tj-hn-X-cm-bvØn-cp-ta-\n-am¿

Xncp-a-ln-a-tbm-sS-gp-∂-≈n-Sp-t∂-cØp

I\-I-a-Wo-c-P-X-am-b-Ip-cn-ip-I-f-t\-I-ßƒ

Im´p-∂p-I-\y-Im-]p-Xs‚ ssh`hw

sXcp-hp-Iƒ P\-]-hm-l-Øm¬I-hn-™ntX

knav\m-co-X-e-amsI P\-ßƒ

h∂p \nd™p \nc-∂p-I-gn™p

C∂p-sØ-±n-\-an-ßn-\n-h-cptam

sb∂p-]-d-™m-c-h-cn¬ ]ecpw

Iq\≥Ipcn-in¬ kXyw-sN-bvXn˛

´q\w hn´p-h-kn°pw k`-bpsS

Ncn-Xw-X-¶-a-jn-s°-gp-tX≠pw

NcnXw tN¿s∂m-cp-Zn-\ao kpZn\w

D◊-sb-gp-s∂m-cp-_m-hm-Xn-cp-hSn

\∑-\n-d-s™mcp \Ωp-sS-sa-Xm˛

\ncp-h-cp-sam-Øn-l-]m-ºm-Sn-°mbv

]nt‰-hm-c-sa-gp-∂-≈n-∏pcp

tLmjw tN¿s∂mcp bmXm-h¿Æ\

tij-\pt]mepw tijn-Ip-dbv°pw

]mºm-Sn-°m-cm-sI-bn-dßn

htºdpw Ic-sbm-∂p-Ip-epßn

"\S-tbm-\-S-\S hnfnbpw s]mßn˛

®S-NsS-bn-sS-bnsS shSn-Iƒ apgßn

Xmt_m¿§ncn-h-c-s\m-∂p-sX-fn™p

kmtamZw P\-a-ßp-\n-d™p

ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-I¿Ω-a-dn-™Y


\m\m-Pm-Xn-I-f-hn-sS-b-W™p

]oe-Ivkn-t\m-km-Jy-sb-gp∂ kp

ioe\p saXm-∏´w \¬Im≥

]cp-a-e-sbØn l-I-cWw sN

bvXpcp-Kp-W-hm-cn[n aa-Kp-cp-\m-Y≥

hsº-gp-an-S-h-I-bpsS ]e-hn[ `wKn-I-e¿∂p-e-kn°pw

s]m¬]Z-ta-‰-Xn-\m-eXn ]cn-ip-≤-X-bm≠p hkn°pw

Atºdpw ]mWn-hn-em-k-hn-`q-X-am¿∂ hnlmcw

]mºm-Sn-∏-≈n-b-sX∂p ]pIgvØn hcp-∂n-l-temIw

sNmevs∏mßpw Xncp-k` a¿°S apjvSn-b-Xmte

Aevt]-Xc Zpcn-X-a-lm-_v[n-bn¬ hoWp-g-ep-s∂mcp Ime

]≈n-I-fpsS hmXn-e-S-®-Xn-e-∏Sn apZ ]Xn™p

D≈-I-a-Xn-ep≈ hnf-°p-I-f-ßs\ aßn-b-W™p

XΩn¬ Ie-ln-®-h¿ NnØ-an-W-ßn-b-W-™p-h-Wßn

kmtamZw ssII-sf-ap-Øn-b-\p-K-l-a-sºm-Sp-hmßn

]mºm-Sn-∏-≈n-b-Xn-∂p-sS-bp-≈-n-e-W-™-Z-imbmw

Ipºn-Sp-a-t∑-\n-Iƒ sshZn-Icmw P\-kw-L-a-tijw

]m¿∞\ Ip¿_m-\If∏cnip-≤-a-l-Xz-hn-lmtc

I¿Øm-hn≥Xn-cp-\m-a-Øn-e-W-®-Xn-cp-`-‡n-k-taXw

A≥t]-dp-s∂m-cp-Xn-cp-sam-gn-am-\-k-`‡n ]I¿∂p

]mºpw-^-W-a-ßp-\n-h¿Øp-c-k-sØmSp \rØ-hp-amSn

Cß-s\-b-hnSw hnc-≠e Xpey-a-Xmbn `hn-®p.

awK-f-I-c-\n-Øn-cp-ta\nb\-¥-c-am-i-a-am¿∂p.

Kncn-h-c-hmkw sNøpw bXn-h-c˛

\pcp-X-c-Im-¥n-I-tf-_-c-[mco

hc-Kp-W-hm-cn[n `‡-in-tcm-aWn

\c-K-W-am-\k ]qPnX Nc-W≥

X∂psS `cWw sIm≠o-k-`-bn¬

\∑-h-cm≥ hc-a-cp-fpI tZh!

`mhnbneo-k` Xmt_m¿Kn-cn-bpsS

Xmgvhc t\m°n hkn-®o-Ss´

kvt\lw `‡n-I-e¿t∂m-cp-d-h-Iƒ

Zmlw t]m°m-\n-S-bm-I-s´.


Zfw 7

PohnXw: Imem-\p-I-a-WnI


]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n

Imem-\p-I-a-WnI

s]m^. hn]n≥ sI. h¿Kokv

1885 G]n¬ 5 Rmb¿ (1060 ao\w 24) ˛ ]mºm-Sn-bnse Icn-ß-Wm-

a‰w IpSpw-_-Øns‚ aqe-°c imJ-bn¬ t]g-a-‰Øv Nmt°m-bp-sSbpw

sh≈q¿ sh≈-t°m´p IpSpw-_-Ønse Cf-®n-bp-sSbpw A©m-asØ

k¥-m\-ambn P\n-®p.

1899 s^_p-hcn 5 Rmb¿ ˛ tIm´-bw, A¶-amen CS-h-I-I-fpsS

IS-hn¬ ]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv ]mºmSn henb]≈n-bn¬

h®p tImdqtbm ]´w \¬In.

1906 Pqsse 28 i\n ˛ apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbmkv (]n∂oSv _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m

_mhm) ]mºmSn sk‚ v tPm¨kv hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ h®v I»o-im-

]´w \¬In.

1906 Pqsse 29 Rmb¿ ˛ apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbmkv (]n∂oSv _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m

_mhm) ]mºmSn sk‚ v tPm¨kv hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ h®v dºm≥

ÿm\w \¬In.

1906 Pqsse 30 Xn¶ƒ ˛ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥ ]mºmSn sk‚ v

tPm¨kv hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ ]pØ≥ Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p.

1911 HmKÃv 31 (1087 Nnßw 15 hymgw) ˛ s]mØºpdwIp∂v aT-

Øn¬ cma≥]n≈ Bim-\n¬ \n∂pw Xodp -hm-ßn.

1911 sk]v‰w-_¿ 7 ˛ tIm´bw Fw.-Un. skan-\m-cnbn¬ tN¿∂

ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ hmIØm\w

ImcpNnd Koh¿Kokv dºm≥ (c≠mw ImtXm-en°m), I√mt»cn¬

]p∂qkv dºm≥ (aq∂mw ImtXm-en°m) F∂n-h-tcm-sSm∏w Ipdn-

bmt°mkv dºms\ taev]-´-ÿm-\-tØbv°v Xncs™-Sp-Øp.

1911 sk]v‰w-_¿ 12 ˛ Zbdm sIń-S-ßƒ°pw InW-dn\pw ÿew

I≠p.

1911 HIvtSm-_¿ 14 (1087 I∂n 28) ˛ apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-


tbm-kns\m∏w ]. A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhmsb Bep-hm-

bn¬ sN∂v kµ¿in®p. ioa dºm-∑m¿°mbn sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp∂

CSs°´pI-fn¬ H∂v apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw

]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p ka¿∏n-®p.

1911 HIvtSm-_¿ 19 (1087 Xpemw 3) ˛ ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ hn.

Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p.

1914 sabv 21 (1089 CShw 8) ˛ s]mØ-ºp-dØp hmßnb ÿeØv

InW-dp -Ip-gn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. CShw 31˛\p (1914 Pq¨ 6) InW-‰n¬

sh≈w I≠p.

1914 sabv 25 ˛ sIńSw ]Wn XpSßn.

1914 Pq¨ 7 (1089 CShw 25) ˛ s]mØ-ºp-dØv Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn

Hcp IpSn¬ sIń AXn¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥ Xmakw Bcw-

`n®p.

1914 Pq¨ 15 (1089 anYp\w 1) ˛ s]mØ≥]p-dØv BZy-ambn

cmXnbn¬ Xma-kn-®p.

1914 Pqsse 28 ˛ Zbdm inem-ÿm-]\w. sNdnbaT-Øn¬ henb

bmt°m_v IØ-\mcpw Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm\pw.

1914 HmKÃv 29 (1090 Nnßw 13) ˛ Zb-dmbv°p DØcw sh®p

Igpt°m¬ ]nSn-∏n-®p.

1914 HIvtSm-_¿ 26 (1090 Xpemw 10) dºm-®≥ Zb-dm-bn¬ Xmakw

XpS-ßn.

1915 P\p-hcn 28 ˛ Zb-dm-bn¬ BZy-ambn Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥

hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p.

1915 G]n¬ 26 (1090 taSw 13) ˛ h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Zoh-

∂m-kn-tbmkv Zbdm kµ¿in-®p. At±-l-Øn\v kzoI-c-Whpw awK-f-

]-Xhpw \¬In. Zb-dmsb "Xmt_m¿ Zbdm' F∂v saXm-t∏m-eoØm

\ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.

1915 Pqsse 2 (1090 anYp\w 18) ˛ sh≈q¿ Imcn-°m-a-‰Øv D∏q-ń¬

IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ tXmakv (s]m- ≥) Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºms‚ tkh-

I-\mbn Zb-dm-bn¬ h∂p.

1916 G]n¬ 13 ˛ ]Sn-™m-td-°c aØmbn Zb-dm-bn¬ tkh-I-


\mbn h∂p. kao-]-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]nSn-bcn tiJ-cn-°p-Ibmbn-

cp∂p aØm-bn-bpsS tPmen.

1920 sabv 28 ˛ I≠-\mSv `Zm-k-\-Øns‚ bqbm°ow am¿ Cuhm-

\n-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Zb-dm-]-≈n-bpsS inem-ÿm-]\w \S-Øn.

1923 sk]v‰w-_¿ 27 ˛ ]≈n apJ-hm-c-Øns‚ apI-fn¬ Ipcniv

ÿm]n-®p.

1925 P\p-hcn 19, 20 ˛ h´-t»-cn¬ ]. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-

tkym-kv, h≈n-°m´v Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv (]. _tk-en-

tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en-°m) F∂o saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-

∑m¿ tN¿∂v Zbdm]≈n -Iq-Zmi \S-Øn.

1925 G]n¬ 30 ˛ c≠mw ImtXm-en°msb hmgn®Xn\p tijw

\ncWw hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ IqSnb alm-tbmKw Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºms\

taev]´ÿm-\-tØbv°v c≠m-aXpw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp.

1929 s^_p-hcn 13 ˛ h´-t»-cn¬ ]. Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-

tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n, ]. _tk-en-tbmkv ]ueqkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en-

°m-bpsS Ipcnipw amebpw Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm\v \¬In.

1929 s^_p-hcn 16 ˛ ]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥

ImtXm-en°m _mhm tIm´bw Fw.Un. skan-\mcn Nm∏-en¬ (Genbm

IØo-U¬) h®v Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂ \ma-

Øn¬ F∏n-kvtIm-∏-mbmbn hmgn-®p. bmt°m_v am¿ sXtbm-^n-

temkpw IqsS hmgn-°-s∏-´p,

1929 s^_p-hcn 20 ˛ F∏n-kvtIm-∏-m- ÿm\-ta‰ tijw BZy-

Ip¿∫m\ ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬.

1929 s^_p-hcn 23 ˛ F∏n-kvtIm-∏-m ÿm\-ta‰ tijw- Zb-dm-

bn¬ BZy Ip¿∫m\.

1929 s^_p-hcn 28 ˛ ]mºm-Snbn¬ Cw•ojv kvIqfns‚ inem-

ÿm-]-\w.

1929 am¿®v 7 Zbdmbn¬ h®v sNdn-ba-T-Øn¬ A¥-tbmkv IØ-

\m-cpsS ]pX≥ bmt°m_v siΩm-i\v IØ-\mcp]´w sImSp-Øp.

BZy-ambn \S-Ønb ]´w-sIm-S.

1929 am¿®v 10 ˛ ]md-bv°¬ ]≈n. ]md-bv°¬ Ipdn-bm-t°m-kn\p

]´w sImSp-Øp.


1929 G]n¬ 7 ˛ hmI-Øm\w hen-b-]≈n. amfn-I-bn¬ tImcbv°v

]´w sImSp-Øp (]n∂oSv Fw. kn. Ip-dn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥).

1929 sabv 20 ]mºm-Snbn¬ Cw•ojv kvIqƒ DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp.

1929 \hw-_¿ 19 ˛ Bw•n-°≥ _nj∏v aq¿ Zbdm kµ¿in-®p.

1929 Unkw-_¿ 6 tIm´bw Sn._n. bn¬ h -t»-cn¬ ]. Koh¿Kokv

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-ØmtbmSpw ]. _tk-en-

tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhmtbmSpsam∏w

sshtkm-bn-sb kµ¿in-®p.

1929 Unkw-_¿ 8 ˛ ]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥

ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-bn¬ hn.

Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p. hn. Ip¿∫m\ ImWm-s\-Ønb sshtkm-bn-

tbbpw ]Xv\n-tbbpw _mhm- Xncp-ta\ntbm-sSm∏w kzoI-cn-®p.

1929 Unkw-_¿ 10 ˛ Nnßh\w ]≈n-bn-seØn am¿ Zob-kvtIm-

tdmkv saXm-t∏meo-Ømsb (Iv\m\mb `Zm-k\w) I≠p.

1930 am¿®v 1 ˛ _Y\n saXm-∑m¿ CS-h-I-I-fn¬ ]≈n hbv°-cp-

sX∂p≈ s]mXp Iev]\bn¬ _mhm-tbmSpw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-

tbmSpsam∏w H∏p h®p.

1930 G]n¬ 7 ˛ amfn-I-bn¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\v (]n∂oSv

Fw. kn. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥) ]q¿Æ siΩm-ip-]-´w.

1930 sabv 20 ˛ ]ocp-tań¬ doP‚ v dmWnsb kµ¿in-®p.

1930 Pqsse 16 ˛ IS-º-\mSv tlmtd_v Zb-dm-bp-tS-bpw ]≈n aZv_-

lm-bp-tSbpw I√n-So¬ \S-Øn.

1930 BKÃv 3 ˛ ]pd-Ip-fØv Cu∏\v (]n∂oSv Cu∏≥ tImsd-∏n-

kvt°m-∏m. hS-°≥aÆq¿ ]≈nbn¬ Zo¿L-Imew hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p)

tImdqtbm ]´w sImSp-Øp.

1930 \hw-_¿ 3 Xn¶ƒ, ]cp-a-e-s]cp-∂mƒ ˛ ]-cp-a-e-∏≈nbn¬

Koh¿Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv (]p-Ø≥Im-hv) F∏n-kvtIm-∏msb

hmgn-°p∂Xn¬ -kl-Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-®p.

1930 Unkw-_¿ 7 ˛ amfn-I-bn¬ siΩm-i\v (]n∂oSv Fw. kn.

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥) IØ-\m-cp-]´w sImSp-Øp.

1931 P\p-hcn 17 ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ BZy- KŸamb


hnZzm≥ hn. ‰n. sF∏v cNn® "Xmt_m¿ Kncn-bnse bXn-h-cy≥' F∂

Xp≈¬ IrXn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

1931 s^_p-hcn 2 ˛ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Znhm≥ ]n. Fw. kp_“-

Wy-cpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬ Fw.Un. skan-\m-cn-bn¬ IqSnb tbmK-Øn¬

h´-t»-cn¬ ]. Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-

ØmtbmsSm∏w kw_-‘n-®p.

1931 am¿®v 5 ˛ ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v Bw•n-°≥ _nj-∏p-am-

cmb tKm¿, aq¿ F∂n-h-cp-ambn h´-t»-cn¬ ]. Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm, ]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv

ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm, ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿

]oe-Ivkot\mkv F∂nh-tcm-sSm∏w IqSn-°mgvN \S-Øn.

1931 sabv 25 ˛ sX°≥ ]mºm-Sn-bn¬ tKƒkv kvIqƒ DZvLm-S\w

sNbvXp.

1931 \hw-_¿ 15 ˛ hmI-Øm\w ]p∂-t»cn siΩm-i\v ]q¿Æ

siΩm-ip-]´w sImSp-Øp.

1931 \hw-_¿ 29 ˛ ]p∂-ticn siΩm-i\v IØ-\m¿ ]´hpw

At©cn hS°pw]mSØv Cń°v (]n∂oSv tImsd-∏nkvt°m∏m. Zo¿L-

Imew ]cn-bmcw sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv ]≈n hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.)

tImdqtbm ]´hpw sImSp-Øp.

1932 am¿®v 5 ˛ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv h®v Znhm≥ HmÃn\pambn h´-

t»-cn¬ ]. Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm,

]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm,

]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivkot\mkv F∂nh-tcm-sSm∏w

IqSn-°mgvN \S-Øn.

1932 G]n¬ 9 ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ Znhm≥ HmÃns\ kµ¿in®p.

1932 G]n¬ 10 ˛ Im\w siΩm-i≥, Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i≥,

kvIdnbm siΩm-i≥, ^nen-t∏mkv siΩm-i≥ Ch¿°v bu]-Zn-b-

°nt\m ]´w sImSp-Øp.

1932 G]n¬ 22 ˛ hn. aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-bn¬ kl-Im¿Ωn-IXzw

hln-®p.

1932 Unkw-_¿ 25 ˛ Im\w siΩm-i\v IØ-\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

1933 P\p-hcn 26 ˛ tImØ-e -]≈n ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw BZy-ambn

hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°pIbpw sNbvXp.


1933 am¿®v 12 ˛ Imcp-Nnd bmt°m_v siΩm-i\v (]n∂oSv dºm≥)

Iio-im-]´w sImSpØp.

1933 am¿®v 22 ˛ t]g-a‰w Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\v (]mºmSn

Xncpta-\n-bpsS ktlm-Z-c]pX≥) ]q¿Æ-si-Ωm-ip-]´w \¬In.

1933 G]n¬ 7 ˛ t]g-a‰w Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\v Iio-im-

]´w \¬In.

1933 G]n¬ 28 ˛ apdn-a-‰Øv siΩm-i\p (apdn-a‰Øn¬ ]utemkv

]Ya≥ _mhm-bpsS ktlm-Z-c]pX≥) ]q¿Æ siΩm-ip-]´w

sImSpØp.

1933 sabv 1 ˛ a™-\n-°c Zbdm kµ¿in-®p.

1933 sabv 25 hymgw, -kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-s]-cp-∂mƒ ˛ Xn-cp-h√ _Y-

\n-∏≈nbn¬ h®v tPmk^v am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv (hm-f-°p-gn) F∏n-

kvtIm-∏msb hmgn°p∂Xn¬ kl-Im¿ΩnIXzw hln-®p.

1933 Pq¨ 4 ˛ H‰-πm-°¬ H. sP. tamk-kn\v tImdqtbm]´w

sImSpØp.

1933 BKÃv 28 ]¥-\m-en¬ sXmΩn°v tImdqtbm]´w sImSpØp.

1933 \hw-_¿ 27 ˛ H∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Ipcnipw amebpw

hmf-°pgn am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv saXm\v \¬In.

1933 Unkw-_¿ 7 (hr›nIw 22) ˛ tXm´-bv°mSv πm∏-d-ºn¬ sI.

sI. tPm¿÷n\pw tXm´-bv°mSv ssIX-fm-hn¬ sI.- Fw. tP°-_n\pw


1933 Unkw-_¿ 11 ˛ aÆq-∏-d-ºn¬ tP°-_n\p siΩmip]´w.

1934 s^_p-hcn 23, 24 ˛ ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-d-S-°-

Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

1934 Pq¨ 1 ˛ ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn. kz¿Æ sh≈n-bmgvN. ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta\n, hmf-°pgn am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kv, ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ am¿ ]oe-

Ivkn-t\mkv F∂nh¿°v ]. Koh-dpKokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm "saXm-

t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w' \¬In.

1934 HIvtSm-_¿ 11 ˛ ]. Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm-tbm-sSm∏w

tXm´-bv°mSv am¿ At]w ]≈n-bn¬ FØn CS-h-I-∏-´-°m-cmb

hen-b-a-Æn¬ tbml-∂m≥ IØ-\m¿, ]ptØ-´p-I-Sp-∏n¬ ]n. Fw.


]oent∏mkv IØ-\m¿ F∂n-h¿ XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn®v

CS-h-I-bn¬ kam-[m\w ÿm]n®p.

1934 Unkw-_¿ 26 ˛ tIm´bw Fw.Un. skan-\mcnbn¬ \S∂ ae-

¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j\n¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

1935 s^_p-hcn 11 (aIcw 29) ˛ tπKv _m[-b-dn™v ]. Kohdp-

Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm-bpsS Iev]-\-]-Imcw ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂v

Ip∂wIpftØ°p ]pd-s∏- p.- k‘ybv°v Fd-Wm-Ipfw sk‚ v tacokv


1935 s^_p-hcn 12- (aIcw 30) ˛ tπKv _m[-b-dn™v Ip∂wIp-f-

sØ-Øn. Ip∂w-Ipfw ]gb ]≈n-bn-te°p t]mbn.

1935 s^_p-hcn 13 (Ipw`w 1) ˛ Ipw`w c≠mw XobXn apX¬

aq∂v Znh-k-tØ°p Ip∂w-IpfØv ]tXyI t\mºn\v Xncp-ta-\n-

Blzm-\w sNbvXp.

1935 s^_p-hcn 16 (Ipw`w 4 i\n) ˛ cmhnse hn. Ip¿∫m\bv°p

tijta IS-Iƒ Xpd-°mhq F∂ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Blzm-\-]-Imcw

Ip∂wIpfw ItºmfØnse ISIƒ cmhnse HºXp aWn hsc Xpd-

∂n-√.

1935 s^_p-hcn 23 (Ipw`w 11) ˛ h´-t»-cn¬ ]. Koh¿Kokv am¿

Zoh∂mtkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS H∂mw Hm¿Ωs∏-cp-∂mƒ

Zn\w. Xncp-ta\n hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p.

1935 s^_p-hcn 24 (Ipw`w 12) ˛ Xncp-ta\n Ip∂wIpfw ]pØ≥-

]≈n-bn¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p. Fw.Pn.-Fw. kt≠-kvIqƒ Ipń-

I-fpsS kΩm-\-Zm\w \n¿hln®p.

1935 s^_p-hcn 25 (Ipw`w 13) ˛ Xncp-ta\n Ip∂wIpfw Nnd-fbw

]≈nbnte°p t]mbn.

1935 s^_p-hcn 26 (Ipw`w 14) ˛ Xncp-ta\n ]g™n CS-h-°m-

cpsS £W-]-Imcw ]≈n-bn-seØn. ]n. sF. aØmbn IØ-\m-cpsS

`h\Øn-seØn A¥y IqZmi \SØn Ip∂wIpftØ°v XncnsI

t]mbn.

1935 am¿®v 1 (Ipw`w 17) sh≈n Xncp-ta\n Ip∂wIpfØp \n∂pw

tIm´-b-tØ°p aS-ßn. k‘ybv°v Fd-Wm-Ipfw sk‚ v tacokv



1935 am¿®v 2 (Ipw`w 18) i\n ˛ Fd-Wm-Ipfw sk‚ v tacokv

]≈nbn¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n®p. tIm´b-Øn\p aSßnt∏m∂p.

1935 sk]v‰w-_¿ 30 sNm-∆ ˛ tIm´bw ]cn-bmcw At©cn ]≈n

IqZm-i-bn¬ ]. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhmbv°pw am¿ tkth-dn-

tbm-kn-\p-sam∏w kl-Im¿Ωn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

1937 BKÃv 29 Imcq¿ tPm¨ siΩm-i\p IØ-\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

1937 HtŒm-_¿ 3 Hma-√q¿ apf-aq-ń¬ tbmiphm siΩm-i\p bu]-

Zn-b-°nt\m ]´w \¬In.

1937 HIvtSm-_¿ 19 ˛ Ce-™n-°¬ tP°_v siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ-

siΩm-ip-]´w sImSpØp.

1937 Unkw-_¿ 1 ˛ \ncWw `Zm-k\ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Npa-

Xe _mhm G¬∏n-®p.

1938 G]n¬ 7 hym-gw, hN-\n-∏p-s]-cp-∂mƒ ˛ -I≠\mSv I¿tΩ¬

Zbdmbn¬ h®v Ae-Ivkn-tbmkv am¿ tXthm-tZm-kntbmkv (_Y-\n)

F∏n-kvtIm-∏msb hmgn-°p∂Xn¬ kl-Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-®p.

1938 Pq¨ 26 ]pØq¿ tImin siΩm-i\p IØ-\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

1938 Pqsse 28 ˛ ]md-bv°¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\p IØ-

\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

1938 sk]v‰w-_¿ 10 ˛ a√-∏≈n ]øw-]-≈n¬ ZmhoZv siΩm-i\p

]q¿Æ siΩm-ip-]´w \¬In.

1938 HIvtSm-_¿ 29 ˛ ]cp-aebn¬ djy≥ saXm≥ s\kvtXm-

dns\ kµ¿in®p.

1938 \hw-_¿ 6 ˛ Ipdn-®n-bn¬ am¿ Zob-kvtIm-tdmkv saXm-®s\

kµ¿in®p.

1939 am¿®v 12 ˛ Npcp-\m´p ]pfn-°ogn¬ amcp-ao-\-tØ-Xn\pw

bmt°m_v siΩm-i\pw ]q¿Æ-si-Ωm-ip]´w \¬In.

1939 am¿®v 19 ˛ a√-∏≈n hS-t°-SØv tXmakv siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ-

si-Ωm-ip]´w sImSp-Øp.

1939 Pqsse 28 ˛ Hma-√q¿ apf-aq-ń¬ tbmip-hm siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ-

siΩm-ip]´w \¬In.


1939 HIvtSm-_¿ 15 ˛ a√-∏≈n hmf-°pgn Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i\p

]q¿Æ-si-Ωm-ip]´w \¬In.

1940 P\p-hcn 16 ˛ G_lmw am¿tØmΩm k^-K≥ saXm-®-\p-

ambn Zb-dm-bn¬ IqSn-°m-gvN.

1940 s^_p-hcn 15 ˛ Hma-√q¿ apf-aq-ń¬ tbmip-hm siΩm-i\p

Iio-im-]´w \¬In.

1940 am¿®v 6 ˛ aÆq-∏-d-ºn¬ tP°_v siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ siΩm-

ip-]´w \¬In.

1940 am¿®v 7 ˛ aÆq-∏-d-ºn¬ tP°_v siΩm-i\p IØ-\mcp-]´w

\¬In.

1940 am¿®v 16 ˛ XotØmkv ZznXo-b≥ am¿tØmΩm henb saXm-

®-\p-ambn Zb-dm-bn¬ IqSn-°m-gvN.

1940 G]n¬ 7 ˛ Imcn-®m¬ Xma-c-th-en¬ tXmakv siΩm-i\p

]q¿Æ siΩm-ip]´w \¬In.

1940 sabv 6 Xn¶ƒ ˛ amth-en-°c ]pXn-b-Imhv sk‚ v tacokv

]≈nbn¬ h®v tXmΩm am¿ Znh-∂m-kntbmkv F∏n-kvtIm-∏msb hmgn-

°p∂Xn¬ kl-Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-®p.

1941 s^_p-hcn 8 Iqtcm-∏S kvIdnbm siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ siΩm-

ip]´w \¬In.

1941 s^_p-hcn 9 ˛ Iqtcm-∏S kvIdnbm siΩm-i\p IØ-\m-cp-

]´w \¬In.

1946 P\p-hcn 24 ˛ ]mºmSnI≠w Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-i\p tImdq-

tbm-]´w sImSp-Øp.

1946 sabv 10 ˛ ]Sn-™m-sd-°p‰v Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i\v ]q¿Æ

siΩm-ip]´w \¬In.

1946 sabv 11 ˛ ]Sn-™m-sd-°p‰v Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i\v IØ-\m-cp-

]´w \¬In.

1948 ˛ I_¿ apdn ]Wn-Xp.

1949 P\p-hcn 12˛15 ˛ kuØv]m-ºmSn ]≈n IqZmi \n¿h-ln®p.

1949 sabv 28 Hma-Øn¬ Ipdn-bm-t°m-kn\p siΩm-ip-]´w \¬In.


1949 BKÃv 27 ˛ I∂p-Ipgn siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ siΩm-ip]´w

\¬In.

1949 Unkw-_¿ 23 ˛ ap≠-°gw ]pØ≥]oSn-I-bn¬ G_-lm-

an\p tImdq-tbm-]´w \¬In.

1949 Unkw-_¿ 31 I∂p-Ipgn siΩm-i\p IØ-\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

1950 P\p-hcn 29 ˛ sF°-c-∏-S-hn¬ Koh-dp-Ko-kn\v tImdq-tbm-]´w

\¬In.

1950 s^_p-hcn 9 ˛ Imbw-Ipfw tXmakv siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ

siΩm-ip]´w \¬In.

1950 s^_p-hcn 11 Imbw-Ipfw tXmakv siΩm-i\p I»oim]´w

\¬In.

1950 s^_p-hcn 15 ] -t»-cn¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ

siΩm-ip]´w \¬In.

1950 G]n¬ 6 ˛ Noc≥ G_-lm-an\p tImdqtbm ]´w.

1951 am¿®v 28 ˛ tIm´-bØp h®v C¥y≥ ]kn-U‚ v tUm.

cmtP-µ-]-km-Zns\ kµ¿in®p.

1953 G]n¬ 9 ˛ aW¿ImSv ]≈n-bn¬ FØn anJm-tb¬ am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkym-kns\ kµ¿in®p.

1953 sabv 7 ˛ Im´-Im-ºm¬ sska¨ siΩm-i\v IØ-\m-cp-]´w

\¬In.

1953 sabv 15 sh≈n ˛ -tIm-´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏en¬ h®v

]tXmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kv, amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv,

amXyqkv am¿ AØ-m\m-kntbm-kv, Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\m-kv,

amXyqkv am¿ Iqdn-temkv F∂n-hsc F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-am-cmbn hmgn-

°p∂Xn¬ kl-Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-®p.

1957 s^_p-hcn 2 sF°-c-∏-S-hn¬ Koh-¿-Kokv siΩm-i\v ]q¿Æ

siΩm-ip]´w.

1957 s^_p-hcn 26 ˛ bqlm-t\m≥ am¿tØmam henb sa-Xm-t∏m-

eoØm Pn√m Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ h∂p- kµ¿in®p.

1957 Pqsse 15 ˛ t]mcm-fq¿ ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ tbml-∂m≥ siΩm-

i\p ]q¿Æ siΩm-ip]´w (]n∂oSv ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥).


1957 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14 ˛ sh≈p-°p´ amaq-ń¬ h¿°n siΩm-i\v

Iio-im-]-´w.

1957 Unkw-_¿ 19 hymgw ˛ Ip∂w-Ip-fØv s]cp-∂mƒ \S-Øp-∂-

Xn-\mbn ]md-ta¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv IØ\mtcm-sSm∏w Zb-dm-bn¬

\n∂p ]pd-s∏-´p. tZh-temIw Ac-a-\bn-seØn ]. Koh¿Kokv c≠m-

a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhmsb kµ¿in-®-tijw bmX XpS¿∂p.

1958 P\p-hcn 25 ˛ tbml-∂m≥ siΩm-i\v (]n. kn. tbml∂m≥

dºm≥) Iio-im-]-´w.

1958 \hw-_¿ 1, 2 ˛ Ip∂w-Ipfw sshti-cn¬ am¿ KotKmdntbmkv

]≈n IqZm-i.

1960 P\p-hcn 25 ˛ Zbdm ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v FgpXn sImSp-Øp.

1962 Unkw-_¿ 8 ˛ Akp-J-_m-[n-X-\m-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v HutK≥

am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kns‚ (]n∂oSv ]. _tk-en-tbmkv HutK≥

ImtXm-en°m _mhm) ][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ ]m-ºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬

h®v hn. I¥oem ipiqj \S-Øn. amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv,

amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, amXyqkv am¿ Iqdn-temkv F∂n-h¿

kl-Im¿Ωn-Icmbn-cp∂p.

1964 \hw-_¿ ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ A -b- hs‚

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n®p sIńSw]Wn XpS-ßn.

1965 am¿®v 11 ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb hm¿≤-Iy-k-l-P-amb Akp-

J-ßsf XpS¿∂v amßm\w aµncw Bip-]Xnbnte°v am‰n.

1965 am¿®v 15 ˛ tcmK-\n-e-bn¬ Imcy-amb am‰w D≠m-Im-™-Xns\

XpS¿∂v XncnsI s]mØ-ºpdw Zb-dm-bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-bn. sshIp-

t∂cw amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv (]n-∂oSv ]. amXyqkv ]Y-

a≥ ImtXm-en-°m) ssXem-`n-tj-I-ip-iqj \S-Øn.

1965 G]n¬ 5 Xn¶ƒ ˛ shfp-∏ns\ 2.35˛\v ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n

Imew sNbvXp.

1965 G]n¬ 6 sNm∆ ˛ am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zbdm Nm∏-ens‚ hS-

°p-h-iØv ap≥Iqń Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp∂ I_dn¬ ùXn-I-tZlw I_-

d-S°n.

1965 sabv 4 ˛ ap∏Xmw ASn-b-¥ncw.

1965 sabv 5 ˛ A¶-amen `Zm-k\ saXm-t∏m-eoØm Kohdp-Kokv


am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv A`b-`-hs‚ DZvLm-S\w \n¿∆-ln-®p. A©v

At¥-hm-kn-Isf ]th-in-∏n-®p.

1971 Pqsse 28 ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS tkh-I-\m-bn-cp∂ tXmakv

(s]m-´≥) \ncym-X-\m-bn. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS BK-l-]-Imcw Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS I_-dns‚ hS-°p-h-iØv Zbdm ap‰Øv I_-d-S-°n.

1981 ˛ ]mºmSn s]mØ-ºpdw Ih-ebv°p kao]w Ipdn-bm-t°mkv

am¿ Ko-tKm-dn-tbmkv PqWn-b¿ tImfPv DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp.

1983 ˛ ]. _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ]Y-a≥ _mhm-

bpsS \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ _n.Fw.Fw. Cw•ojv aoUnbw kvIqƒ Bcw-

`n-®p.

1985 ˛ ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS P∑-i-Xm_vZn kvamc-I-ambn

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv _me-`-h≥ Bcw-`n-®p.

1988 Pqsse 15 ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ ]pXnb tZhm-e-b-Øn\v inem-

ÿm-]\w \S-Øn.

1993 ˛ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ Ko-tKm-dn-tbmkv tImfPv ko\n-b¿

tImf-Pmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p.

1993 Pqsse 15 ˛ ]pXnb tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ IqZmi ]. _tk-en-

tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS

][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ \S-∂p.

2008 sk]v‰w-_¿ 13 ˛ ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]nb injy-\m-

bn-cp∂ ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥ \ncymX\mbn.


am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n°p

I¥o-e ipiqj \SØn

Be-ky-hn-t[-b-\mbn ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ tIm´bw

saXm-k\ CS-h-I-bp-sS am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-

a-\- n-te°v Ign™ Unkw-_¿ 8˛\p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v

\nbp‡ ImtXm-en°m HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-

eoØm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv, am¿ AØm-\m-

tkymkv, Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kv, am¿ Iqdn-temkv F∂o

Xncp-ta-\n-am-cp-sSbpw 50˛¬]cw sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw kl-I-c-WØnepw

]Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn¬∏cw P\-ß-f-psS km∂n-[y-Ønepw I¥oem

ipiqj \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. 8˛mw XobXn cmhnse am¿ Xotam-Øn-

tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Zbdm Nm∏-en¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p. D®-

Xncn™v c≠p aWn°p I¥oem ipiqj Bcw-`n-®p. Nm∏-ens‚

]Sn-™mtd A¶-W-Øn¬ Db¿∂ Hcp ]oTw k÷-am°n AXn¬

Hcp Iń-en¬ Be-ky-hn-t[-b-\mb Xncp-ta\n ibn-®n-cp-∂p. hnkvXr-

X-amb ]oT-Øn¬ Ipcnipw IØn® sagpIp-Xn-cn-Ifpw ÿm]n-°-s∏´p.

]q¿Æ Awi-h-kvX-[m-cn-bmb ][m\ Im¿Ωn-I\pw a‰p Xncp-ta-\n-

amcpw ÿmt\m-Nn-X-amw-hn[w D]-hn-jvS-cmbn. I¥oem ipiq-j-bpsS

Bh-iy-I-X-tbbpw ]m[m-\y-sØbpw]‰n am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-

ta\n Npcp-°-ambn ]kw-Kn-®p. hnip≤ PohnXw \bn-°p-I-bpw, ssZh-

Øm¬ `c-ta¬∏n-°-s∏´ Bń≥Iq-´sØ hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS tabn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvX DØa CS-b-\mb am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-

\n°p I¥oem ipiqj \¬Ip∂ Ah-k-c-Øns‚ ]m[m-\y-sØ-

∏‰n Xncp-ta\n ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hn-®p. bmt°m_v «olm ]d-bp∂

]Imcw tcmK-i-a-\-Øn\pw ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn\pw th≠n I¿Øm-hns‚

\ma-Øn¬ FÆ ]qip∂ IqZm-i-bmWv ssXem-`n-tj-Iw. ssXem-`n-

tj-I-Øns‚ Zo¿L-amb Ia-amWp I¥o-em. I¥oem ipiq-j e`n-

°p∂Xv Hcp `mKy-am-Wv. Aß-s\-bp≈ `mKy-Øn\p ssZh-Zm-k-\mb

am¿ KotKmdn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n A¿l-\m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu

kµ¿`-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw `‡n-]q¿∆w Xncp-ta-\n-°p-th≠n ]m¿∞n-

°p-Ibpw ipiq-j-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa∂p am¿ Xotam-

Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p.

kpam¿ c≠p aWn-°q¿ \o≠p-\n∂p ipiq-j. ipiq-j-bpsS

Hmtcm L´-Ønepw hn. sskØp-ssXew tcmKn-bmb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS


Ah-b-h-ß-fn¬ ]qis∏- p. Ah-km-\w, F√m Xncp-ta-\n-amcpw tN¿∂v

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Xe-ta¬ ssIsh®p ]m¿∞n®

cwKw lrZbkv]¿i-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. ipiq-jm-\-¥cw, tcmKn-bp-sS-ta¬

]qinb sskØv Xncp-ta-\n-am¿ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ]c-kv]cw ]qin.

][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-\mb am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n, iøm-h-ew-

_n-bmb am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS InS°bv°cn-In¬ ap´p-

Ip-Øp-Ibpw am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n- InS-°-bn¬ InS-∂p-

sIm≠p Xs∂ am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpsS s\‰n-ta¬ Ipcn-

iSbmfØn¬ ssXe-te-]\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ipiq-j-bn¬

kw_-‘n® Bbn-c-°-W-°n-\p-≈ `‡-P-\-ß-fp-sS s\‰n-bn¬ ]´-

°m¿ ssXew ]qin. k∂n-ln-X-cmb F√m-h¿°pw eLp-`-£Ww

\¬I-s∏-´p.

""ss]X-te, \o AXyp-∂-Xs‚ ]hm-N-I-s\∂p hnfn-°-

s∏Spw''

(9˛12˛62˛¬ \nbp‡ ImtXm-en°m HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv

Xncp-ta\n ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v hn. Ip¿_m\at≤y sNbvX

]kwKw)

I¿Øm-hn¬ ]nb-sc,

C∂-sebpw \mw ChnsS hn. Ip¿∫m\ sNm√p-Ibpw, am¿ KotKm-

dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I¥oem ipiqj \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

AXv Hcp henb `mKy-ambn \mw Icp-Xp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ Poh-t\m-Sn-cn-

°p-s∂-¶nepw ùan-I-amb bmsXm-∂n-s\-∏-‰nbpw Nn¥n-°msX kz¿§-

Øn-te°p bmX-sN-øp∂ Hcp Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Wv At±-lw. \ΩpsS k`-

bn¬ CXp-t]mse thsdmcp Xncp-ta\n C√. Rßƒ Hs°, ùanI

Imcy-ß-sf-∏‰n IqSn Nn¥n-°p-∂-h-cmWv. F∂m¬ At±-l-am-Is´ ac-

W-Øn-\mbn Hcp-ßn-°-gn-bp-∂p. C∂-se Rßƒ A©p saXm-t∏m-

eo-Ø-∑m-cpw, hfsc A®-∑mcpw IqSn hºn® Hcp P\-°q-´-Øns‚

kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ I¥oem \S-Øp-hm≥ CS-bm-bXp At±-l-Øns‚

`mKy-am-Wv. kz¥w a°ƒ t\m°p-∂-Xnepw Imcy-ambn At±-lsØ

Cu hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬ Cu A®≥ (^m. ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥) t\m°p-

∂-p-s≠-∂p-≈-Xpw, GXp Imcy-Ønepw D’m-l-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-

hm≥ Ipd®p sNdp-∏-°m¿ ChnsS Ds≠-∂p-≈Xpw FXbpw kt¥m-

j-I-c-amb kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.

]nb-sc, am¿ bqlm-t\m≥, Gen-bm-hns‚ Bflm-hn -epw,


i‡n-bnepw h∂-h\m-bn-cp-∂p. Blm-_n-s‚bpw Ahs‚ `mcy Ck-

t_-en-s‚bpw hj-fmb ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf imkn-®-h-\m-bn-cp∂p Gen-

bmhv. AXp-t]mse am¿ bqlmt\m-\pw, tltdm-tZ-kns‚ ImeØv

Pohn-®n-cp-∂-h-\pw B ZpjvS-\mb cmPm-hns‚ hj-fXzw tlXp-hmbn

Ahs\ \nin-X-amb `mj-bn¬ imkn-®-h-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Ahs‚ P\-\-Øn¬ ]nXm-hmb k°-dn-bm-hn\p kwkm-c-i‡n

e`n-®p. At\-I¿ Ahs‚ P\-\-Øn¬ kt¥m-jn-®p. hfsc hX-

\njvT-bp≈ PohnXw \bn® am¿ bqlm-t\m≥ kXy-Øns‚ ]mkw-

Kn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂p s]mXpth kXy-an-√m-bva-bmWp ImWp-∂-Xv.

]. At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]. ImtXm-

en°m _mhm Xncp-ta-\nbpw IqSn kXy-ambn kam-[m-\-s∏- p. F∂m¬

Ct∏mgpw k -bn¬ Ipd-®p-t]¿ kam-[m-\-Øn\v FXn-cmbn \n¬°p∂p

F∂p-≈Xv k¶-S-I-c-amb kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. Imcyw D≠m-bn-´√ Ah¿

]nWßn \n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]. ]mXnb¿°okv _mhm-bpsS kam-[m-\-

Iev]\ h∂p. F√m-h-cpw-IqSn ]gbknΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ Hcp-an-®p-IqSn

]m¿∞n-®p. kam-[m-\-s∏´p ssZhsØ kvtXmXw sNbvXp. Aßs\

k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠m-bn. F∂m¬ Nne¿ Ct∏mgpw ]d-bp-∂Xv,

kam-[m\w D≠m-bn√ F∂m-Wv. F∂m¬ AXn-\p-tijw ]mXn-b¿-

°okv _mhm kam-[m-\-Øn\p hncp-≤-ambn bmsXm∂pw ]h¿Øn-

®n-ń√ F∂p-≈Xp \mw ]tXyIw Adn-b-Ww.

kXy-Øns‚ ]mkw-Kn-I-\mb am¿ bqlm-t\m-s\-t∏mse \mapw

kXy-ap-≈-h-cmbn ssZh-Øns‚ a°-fmbn Pohn-∏m≥ ssZhw kwK-

Xn-bm-°-s´.

(ae-¶-ck` amkn-I, 1963 P\p-hcn)


]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Imew- sNbvXp

I_-d-S°w sNm∆mgvN

tIm´-bw, G]n¬ 5 ˛ GXm\pw \mfp-I-fmbn Be-ky-hn-t[-b-

\mbn InS-∏n-em-bn-cp∂ tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v ]mºmSn

Zb-dm-bn¬ h®p Xn¶-fmgvN (C-∂p) shfp-∏n\p 2.35˛\v Imew

sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

I_-d-S°w sNm∆mgvN cmhnse 9 aWn°v ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-

bm-t°mkv Zbdm-bn¬ ]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nbn-cn-°p∂ I√-d-bn¬

\n¿h-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Xncp-a-\- n-tebv°v F¨]Xp hb- p XnI-bp∂ Znh-k-amb

G]n¬ 6˛mw XobXn sNm∆mgvN Xs∂-bmWp I_-d-S°w \S-°p∂

sX∂p-≈Xpw ]tXyIw kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv.

amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw Ht´sd sshZn-Icpw

a‰-t\Iw t]cpw ac-W-k-a-bØp Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS InS-bv°-°-cn-In-ep-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta\n Imew-sNbvXv GXm\pw an\n‰p Ign-™-bp-

S≥ G_lmw am¿ ¢nΩokv Xncp-ta\n Zb-dm-bn-se-Øn-t®-cp-I-bp-

≠mbn. Xncp-ta\n Imew-sNbvX hnhcw Adn-™-bp-Ss\ F√m ]≈n-

I-fnepw ZpxJ-kq-N-I-ambn IXn-\m-sh-Sn-Ifpw aWn-\m-Zhpw apg-°p-I-

bp-≠m-bn.

Xncp-ta\n Imew-sNbvX hnhcw ]. ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm Xncp-

ta-\n, tIc-f -K-h¿W¿ apX-em-b-h-scbpw Iºn-aqew Adn-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

I¬∏\

tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS klm-b-sa-Xm≥ amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬-

\n∂p ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Hcp I¬∏-\-bn¬ C]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:˛ tIm´bw

`Zm-k\ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ kvXpXy¿lamwhn[w CS-

h-Isb \bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ \n.-h.-Zn.-io. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-

dn-tbmkv B_q≥ C∂p shfp-∏n\v 2.35˛\v Imew sNbvX hnhcw

hyk-\-k-taXw Adn-bn -°p-∂p. hµy-]n -Xm-hns‚ I_-dS°w

sNm∆mgvN (6˛mw XobXn) cmhnse 9 aWn°p ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-

t°mkv Zb-dm-bn¬ ]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂ I_-dn¬ \n¿h-


ln-°p-∂-Xn-\mWp \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \K-cn-Im-Wn-°¬, I_-d-S°w

apX-em-bh G‰hpw `wKn-bmbn \S-Ø-Ø-°-hÆw \ΩpsS hm’-ey-

a-°-fmb \nß-tf-hcpw D’m-ln-°-W-sa∂p \mw Xm¬]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hnem-]-bmX

hnem-]-bmX ]mºmSn sk‚ v tPm¨kv hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw

sNm∆mgvN cmhnse Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ IpS, Ipcn-iv apX-emb ]≈n

kmam-\-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn ]mºmSn hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ cmhnse 8 aWn-°p-

Xs∂ h∂p-tN-tc-≠-Xm-Wv.

(at\m-c-a, G]n¬ 5, 1965)

Imew sNbvX ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n

tIm´bw

G]n¬ 5

Xn¶-fmgvN shfp-∏n\v Imew sNbvX tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS Ipdn-

bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-d-S° ipiqj

sNm∆mgvN cmhnse ]Øp- a-Wn°v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v Bcw-`n-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ]cn-ip≤ ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-ta\n ipiq-j-

Iƒ°v ][m\ t\XrXzw hln-°pw.

arX-tZlw C∂p cmXn ]mºmSn henb ]≈n-bn-tebv°p am‰p-

∂Xpw sNm∆mgvN cmhnse 8 aWn°v AhnsS \n∂v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-

bn-tebv°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xp-am-Wv.

1885 G]n¬ 4˛\p (1060 ao\w 24˛\p) A\ngw \£-X-Øn¬ P\n®

Xncp-ta-\n°v C∂-seØs∂-bmWv 80 hb v ]q¿Øn-bm-b-sX-∂p-≈Xv

Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

]cn-ip≤ ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-ta\n C∂p cmhnse H≥]Xp

aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Zb-dm-bn¬ FØn arX-tZ-l-Øn¬ At¥ym-]-Nm-c-

a¿∏n-®p. Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkot\m-kv, G_lmw am¿ ¢oΩokv,

amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv F∂o Xncp-ta-\n-amcpw At]w B_qZn

dºm≥, amS-∏m´p bm°q_v dºm≥, _¿kvIo∏m dºm≥ XpS-ßn-b-

hcpw \nc-h[n sshZn-Icpw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p `‡-P-\-ßfpw C∂p

Zb-dm-bn-seØn At¥ym-]-Nm-c-a¿∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw Ht´sd sshZn-Icpw

_‘p-°fpw a‰-t\Iw t]cpw ac-W-k-a-bØv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS InS-


bv°-°-cn-In-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS skI-´dn dh. ^m. ]n.

kn. tbml-∂m≥, io. ]n. kn. sNdn-bm≥ Xncp-a-\- nse hnizkvX

`rXy-\mb s]m´≥, aØm-bn-t®-´≥ XpS-ßn-b-hcpw A°q-´-Øn¬-

s∏Sp∂p.

Ign™ Ipsd BgvN-I-fmbn NnIn-’-bn¬ Ign-™p-h∂ Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS Bekyw Rmb-dmgvN cmhnse 11 aWn°v s]s -∂mWv h¿≤n-

®-Xv. ]n∂oSp Ipsd-t\-c-tØbv°v Aev]w Bizmkw Inń-sb-¶nepw

sshIp-t∂-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn £oWw h¿≤n-®p. Ign™ Hcm-gvN-bmbn

Xncp-ta-\n°v \√ t_m[-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

Bi-¶m-Ip-e-cmbn \qdp-I-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS InS-bv°-

°-cn-In¬ ImØp-\n¬°th HmIvkn-P≥ \¬In-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ÿnXn AXoh Kpcp-X-c-ambn.

A¿≤cmXn-tbm-S-Sp-Ø-t∏m-tgbv°pw InS-°-ap-dn-bnse sshZyp-X-hn-f-

°ns‚ aßnb ]Im-i-Øn¬ B apJw tXtPm-÷z-e-am-bn. AtXmsS

Bk-∂-a-c-W¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]m¿∞-\-bm-cw- n-®p. ‡n-\n¿ -c-amb

]m¿∞-\m-Ko-X-ßƒ apg-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-s°-bmWv bmsXm-c-kzm-

ÿhpw IqSmsX shfp-∏n\v 2.35˛\v Xncp-ta\n Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn-

™-Xv. Aßs\ ae-¶ck`-bn¬ Bflob ]Imiw sNmcn™p

tim`n® Hcp Zo]w IqSn s]men-™p. B ZpxJ-hm¿Ø hnfn-®-dn-

bn®psIm≠p Zb-dm-bn¬\n∂p Zo\-a-Wn-\m-Z-ap-b¿∂p. B aWn kz\w

s]mØ≥]pdw Ip∂ns‚ ]m¥-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xń ]Xn-≤z-\n-®-

tXmsS a‰p ]≈n-I-fnepw ZpxJ-kq-N-I-amb aWn apg-°-s∏-´p.

C∂v (Xn-¶ƒ) shfp-∏n\v 5 aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn arX-tZlw Itk-c-bn-

en-cpØn Awi-h-Snbpw …o_mbpw ssII-fn¬ ]nSn-∏n®p Zb-dm-bnse

aZv_-lm-bn-te°p am‰n `‡-P-\-Z¿i-\-Øn-\mbn h®p. Awi-h-kvX-

ß-fm¬ Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apJØv

]k-∂X Ifn-bm-Sp-∂p-≠v.

(at\m-c-a, G]n¬ 6, 1965)


Im¬e£w t]¿ ]s¶-SpØ

I_-d-S° ipiqj

timI-aq-I-amb hnem-]-bm-X-

-]m-ºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°v At¥ym-]-Nm-c-ßƒ

Ãm^v ]Xn-\n[n

]mºm-Sn, G]n¬, 6. Ign™ Xn¶-fmgvN shfp-∏n\p Imew-sNbvX

tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS arX-tZlw Im¬e£w `‡-P-\-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤y-Ønepw,

]. ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-ta\nbpsS ][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Ønepw

]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ I_-d-S°w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

cmhnse 8 aWn-°m-cw-`n® hnem-]-bm-Xbpw XpS¿∂p \S-Ø-s∏´

`‡n-\n¿`-c-amb I_-d-S-°- ip-iq-jbpw 12 aWn-°mWp ]cy-h-km-

\n-®-Xv.

Koh-dpKokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv,

]ueqkv am¿ ]oeIvkn-t\m-kv, amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv,

G_lmw am¿ ¢naokv F∂o Xncp-ta-\n-am-cp-sSbpw At]w A_qZn

dºm≥, amS-∏m´v bm°q_v dºm≥ F∂n-h-cpsS kl-I-c-W-Øn-ep-

amWp I_-d-S° ipiq-j-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-´-Xv. \qdp-I-W-°n\p

sshZn-Icpw kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂p. AXy¥w timIm-fl-Ihpw hnIm-c-

kmµ-hp-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ B A¥y-I¿Ω-Øn\p

k¥-]vX-Nn-Ø-cmb kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ \\™ IÆp-I-tfmsS

km£yw hln-®p. arX-tZlw I√-d-bn-te°p am‰-s∏-´-t∏mƒ ]ecpw

hnΩn-°-c-bp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aWn 12 Bbn. P\-°q´w \n¿∂n-ta-j-

cmbn \n¬°th IrXyw 12.5˛\v A©-Sn-bn-e-[nIw XmgvN-bp≈ I√-d-

bn¬ Xncp-a-\- nse arX-tZlw CcpØn Ip¥n-cn-°w, sskØv XpS-

ßnb kpK-‘-Z-hy-ßƒsIm≠v Bh-cWw sNø-s∏-´p. Ip¥n-cn-°-

Øns‚ ]pIbpw kuc-`yhpw A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Db¿∂-tXmsS

s]mØw-]pdw Ip∂p ho≠pw `‡n\n¿`-c-am-bn.

Xncp-a-\- nse ùXn-I-i-cocw Ip¥n-cn°w sIm≠p aqSn-b-tXmsS

]. ]nXm-hns‚ km∂n≤yw sIm≠p ]pWy-]q-cn-X-am-°-s∏´ s]mØw-

]pdw Ip∂n≥]p-dhpw ]cn-k-chpw Xocm-Zpx-J-Øn-em-≠p-t]m-bn. B

ZpxJ-hm¿Ø hnfn-®-dn-bn-®p-sIm≠v ]≈n-a-Wn-Ifpw 80 BNm-c-sh-Sn-


Ifpw AXyp-®-Øn¬ apg-ßn. Sm≥kvt]m¿´v _ n-√m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw ae-

¶-c-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂mbn C∂se apX¬t° ]mºm-Sn-

bn-se-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ `‡-P-\-ßƒ, cmhnse henb ]≈n-bn¬

\n∂m-cw-`n® hnem-]-bm-X-bnepw I_-d-S-°-ip-iq-j-Ifnepw kw_-

‘n®p lrZ-b-kv]r-°mb A¥n-am¿®-\-I-fmWp Xncp-ta-\n°v A¿∏n-

®-Xv.

C∂se (Xn-¶ƒ) cmXn 8 aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬

\n∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS arX-tZlw ]mºmSn hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ sIm≠p-

h∂p `‡-P\ Z¿i-\Øn-\mbn h®p. cmXn-bn¬ ]-tXyI ]m¿∞-

\-Iƒ \S-Ø-s∏-´p. cmhnse G_lmw am¿ ¢naokv Xncp-ta\n Nc-a-

]-kwKw \SØn.

]m¿∞-\bv°pw lrZbkv]¿in-bmb \Kcn ImWn-°¬ NS-

ßpIƒ°pw tijw cmhnse 9 aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ahn-sS-\n∂pw s]mØ-

ºp-d-tØbv°p≈ hnem-]-bmX Bcw`n®p. hnem-]-bm-X-bpsS G‰hpw

apºn¬ ss]e‰v Po∏v, AXn\p ]n∂n-embn Awi-hkvXw [cn® ]ptcm-

ln-X≥, IdpØ sImSn ]nSn® Ipń-Iƒ, _m‚ vsk-‰v, s]m≥ sh≈n-

°pcn-ip-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS ]m¿iz-ßfnembn _lp-h¿Æ apØp-°p-S-


Iƒ, kvXoIƒ, ]pcp-j∑m¿, ]ptcm-ln-X¿, Kmb-I-kw-Lw, arX-tZlw

hln-°p∂ cYw, Xncp-ta\nam-cpsS hml-\-ßƒ, a‰p hml-\ßƒ

F∂o Ia-ØnemWp hnem-]-bmX sI.sI. tdmUn-eqsS Bemw-]≈n

Ihe IS∂p Zbdm tdmUn¬ ]th-in®p apt∂m´p \oßn-b-Xv. ssaep-

Iƒ ssZ¿Lyw .... Ae-¶-cn® temdn-Ifpw Bemw-]-≈n-hsc AI-

ºSn tkhn-®p.

IdpØ ]´p-Xp-Wn-bn¬ NnX-∏-Wn-Iƒ sNbvXp at\m-l-c-ambn

kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-cp∂ cY-Øn¬ F√m-hn[ ÿm\-Nn-”-ß-tfmSpw

IqSn Ccp-Øn-bn-cp∂ arX-tZ-l-Øn\p kao]w amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-

\n-tbmkv, G_lmw am¿ ¢nao-kv, ]ueqkv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv

F∂o Xncp-ta-\n-amcpw D]-hn-jvS-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

tdmUns‚ Ccp-h-i-ß-fnepw ]pc-bn-S-ß-fnepw æm\-ap-J-ß-fp-ambn

B_m-e-hr≤w P\-ßƒ Xnßn-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Imew-sNbvX ]. ]nXm-

hns‚ Z¿i-\-Øn¬ ]ecpw s]mń-°-c-™p. tdmU-cp-In-ep≈ ÿm]-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw hoSp-I-fp-tSbpw ]Sn-°¬ IdpØ sImSn-Iƒ Db¿Øn-

bn-cp-∂p.

doØp-k-a¿∏Ww

cYw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ho´p-]-Sn-°-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ktlm-Z-c- ]u-X≥

Bdp hb- p≈ tPm¨ t]g-a‰w doØp ka¿∏n-®p. hnhn[ ÿm]-\-

ß-fp-sSbpw hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw hI-bmbn ka¿∏n-°-s∏´ ]pjv]-N-I-

ßƒ°p ]pdta ]mºmSn ]≈n, tIm˛-Hm-∏-td-‰ohv tÃmgvkv, ]ªnIv

sse_-dn, Fw.Pn.Fw. sslkvIqƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hI-bmbpw BZ-

cm-RvP-en-Iƒ A¿∏n-°-s∏-´p. I¬Zmb kpdn-bm\n saXm-t∏m-eoØm

am¿ tXmam [¿tΩm Xncp-ta-\n°p th≠n dh. ^m. ]n. F¬. ^m≥-

kn-kpw, Zo]nI amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿ dh. ^m. hneyhpw arX-tZ-l-

Øn¬ doØp-Iƒ ka¿∏n-®p.

c≠p aWn-°q¿sIm-≠mWp hnem-]-bmX s]mØw-]p-d-sØ-Øn-

b-Xv. At∏m-tgbv°pw B ]cn-k-c-ßƒ Hcp a\p-jy-a-lm-k-ap-Z-ambn

amdn°gn™n-cp-∂p.

arX-tZlw cY-Øn¬ \n∂p Xmsg-bn-d°n ZpxJm¿Ø-cmb P\-k©-

b-Øn-\n-S-bn-eqsS Zbdm A¶-W-Øn¬ ]tXyIw k÷-am-°n-bn-cp∂

Db¿∂ ]oT-Øn¬ Ing-t°m´v A`n-ap-J-ambn Ccp-Ø-s∏-´p. A\-¥cw

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A]-Zm-\-ßƒ ]Io¿Øn-®p-sIm≠p ]. ImtXm-en-°m-

_mhm Xncp-ta-\nbpw at\m-ca No^v FUn-‰¿ io. sI. Fw. sNdn-

bm\pw ]kw-Kn-®p.


]kw-K-Øn-\p-tijw lrZ-b-kv]¿i-I-amb bmX-]-d-®n¬ NS-

ßmWp \S-∂-Xv. _mhm Xncp-ta-\nbpw a‰p Xncp-ta-\n-amcpw ]ptcm-ln-

Xcpw tN¿∂p ""]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-th, kam-[m-\-tØmsS t]mIp-I''sb∂p

sNm√n-bt∏mƒ Hcp Ip™m-Sn-s\-t∏mse im¥\pw Ipdp-]m-hn-s\-

t∏mse \njv°-f-¶-\p-am-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\lm-[nIyw

sIm≠p ]e-cp-sS-bpw IÆp-Iƒ \nd-™p-t]m-bn. A¥n-a-amb bmX

tNmZn-°¬ Ign™p arX-tZlw aZv_-lm-bn-tebv°p am‰-s∏-´p.

XpS¿∂p I_-d-S° ipiq-j-bpsS Ah-km-\-L- hpw \n¿h-ln-°-s∏´p.

al-Ømb Pohn-X-am-XrI

Bflo-bm-[njvTn-X-amb ka¿∏-W-Po-hn-X-Øn\p as‰-¥n-t\-°mfpw

hne I¬∏n-®n-cp∂ ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS al¬-

PohnXw ]I¿Øp-hm≥ ]. ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta\n Nc-a-]kw-

K-Øn-eqsS k`m-a-°sf D¬t_m-[n-∏n-®p. ""Fs‚ hN\w tI´v Fs∂

Ab-®-hs\ A\p-k-cn-°p-I-sb-∂p≈ Xncp-h-N\w kz¥w Pohn-X-

Øn¬ ]mh¿Ø-nI-am-°nb Xncp-ta-\n-sb-t∏m-ep≈ hnizm-kn-Iƒ acn-

®mepw Pohn-°p-sa∂pw kz¥w P\-ß-tfmSp tNcp-∂-Xn-\m-W-h¿ \sΩ

hn´p-]n-cn-bp-∂-sX∂pw'' _mhm-Xn-cp-ta\n ]d-™p. as‰-√m-‰n\pw D]cn

ssZhsØ Xncp-ta\n kvt\ln-®p. k`-tb-°m-f-[nIw hne kvt\l-

Øn\p \¬In. ka-kr-jvS-ßsf Xs∂-t∏m-se-Xs∂ kvt\ln-°m\pw

Ah-tcmSp ka- m-h-\-tbmsS h¿Øn-°m\pw Ah¿°p-th≠n ]m¿∞n-

°m-\p-amWp Xncp-ta\n Pohn-®-Xv. AWp-t]mepw euIn-Imw-i-Øn\p

Pohn-X-Øn¬ CSw-\¬In-bn-ń -√mØ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS PohnXw

ssNX\y-[-\y-am-bn-cp-∂p. B ]pWy-t«m-Is‚ A\p-K-lm-in- p-Iƒ

]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\v B al¬Po-hnXw amXr-I-bm-°-W-sa∂pw Xncp-ta-

\n°p \ΩpsS t\¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ kvt\l-hm-’-ey-Øn\p ]I-c-ambn

B ]pWym-flm-hns\ Hm¿°p-Ibpw ]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa∂pw

Xncp-ta\n ]d-™p.

amWn-Iy-°√v

ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ AXyp-÷z-e-ambn ]Im-in-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Hcp

amWn-Iy-°√m-bn-cp∂p Imew-sNbvX KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-sb∂p

ae-bmf at\m-ca No^v FUn-‰¿ io. sI. Fw. sNdn-bm≥ ]kvXm-

hn-®p. B amWn-Iy-°√p ssZh-Im-cp-Wyw-sIm≠p \ΩpsS k`bv°p

Inńb Aaqey-k-º-Ømbn ........... \n»-_vZ-tk-h\w A\p-jvTn-®p-t]m∂

Xncp-ta\n km[m-c-W-°m-cmb \sΩ ssZh-tØmSv ASp-∏n-°p∂ Hcp

i‡n-bm-bn-´mWp h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pw io. sNdn-bm≥ A\p-kva-cn-


∏n-®p. B al¬i-‡n-bn¬ \n∂pw Bflo-b-]-Imiw Dƒs°m≠p

k¿h-kzhpw ssZh-Øn¬ ka¿∏n®p \mapw \ΩpsS PohnXw [\y-

am°nØo¿°-W-sa∂v At±lw ]d-™p.

(at\m-c-a, G]n¬ 7, 1965)

ae-bmf at\m-ca apJ-]-kwKw

]m¿∞\m Pohn-X-Ønepw hXm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw, ]cp-ae I_-

d-S-ßnb ]pWy-t«m-I-\mb KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]n∂-Sn-

I-fn¬ Pohn® alm-kn-≤-\m-bn-cp∂p Imew sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ ]mºmSn

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n. `cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-

X¬ X]-›-cy-I-fn¬ i≤-]-Xn-∏n-®n-cp∂ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS `c-W-]-c-

amb kzm[o-\-ßƒ AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ [\y-am-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.

ssIkvXh kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cpsS amXw `‡nbpw kvt\lhpw

kam¿÷n-®n-cp∂ Hcp Xncp-ta-\n-b-√m-bn-cp∂p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n. Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS Ac-a\ ÿnXnsNøp∂ at\m-l-c-amb Ip∂n¬ Zbdm

ÿm]n-°m≥ BZy-ambn `qan kw`m-h\ sNbvXXv Hcp \mb¿ ]am-

Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXc aX-ÿ-cp-sS-bn-S-bnepw Xncp-ta-\n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈

kvt\l-hn-izm-k-ßƒ hfsc kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ ]I-S-am-bn-´p-≠v. Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS \n¿Ωe kpµ-c-amb Pohn-X-hpw, Xt]m-\n-jvT-Ifpw aX-

h¿§-t`-Z-sat\y P\-ßsf BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv

Xncp-ta\n aX-]-c-ambn ioLw aßn-a-d-bp∂ Hcp Xe-ap-dsb ]Xn-\n-

[o-I-cn-°p-∂p. aXm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ°pw, BNm-c-ßƒ°pw Ign-™-Ime-

ß-fn¬ e`n-®n-cp∂ ]m[m\yw Cß-s\-bp≈ alm-kn-≤-∑m-cpsS Xntcm-

[m-\-tØmSp IqSn Ipd-™p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Xncp-ta-\n-sb-t∏m-se-bp≈

]pWy-a-Xn-I-fpsS hnin-jvShpw \nkzm¿∞-hpw, tkh-t\m-’p-I-hp-amb

PohnX amXr-I-Iƒ, \nXy-kva-c-Wm¿l-ß-fm-Wv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-

Xhpw ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw At\-Isc ]pWy-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°p \bn-®n-

´p≠v.

Xncp-ta-\n°p at\m-c-a-tbmSpw AXns‚ ]Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂ bix-

i-co-c-\mb sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-f-tbm-Sp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ kvt\l-_‘-

ßƒ Rßƒ `‡n-]q¿∆w Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ kvacn-°p-∂p. ae-¶-c-

k-`-bpsS t\Xr-\n-c-bn¬ \nI-Øp-hm-\m-hmØ Hcp hnShp krjvSn-®p-

sIm-≠mWp Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]mh-

\-kva-c-Wbv°p Rßƒ BZ-cm-RvP-en-Iƒ ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

(at\m-c-a, G]n¬ 7, 1965)


ap∏XSn-b-¥ncw

No. 152

ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬

tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS klm-b-sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm

amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn¬ \n∂v

\ΩpsS `Zm-k-\-Øn-ep≈ F√m ]≈n-I-fn-sebpw hnIm-cn-amcpw

tZi-Øp-]-´-°mcpw ]≈n-ssI-°m-c-∑mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn


]nb-sc,

tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-

t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v G]n¬ amkw 5˛mw XobXn Imew-

sN-øp-Ibpw 6˛\p sNm∆mgvN Xncp-a-\- nse I_-d-S°w \S-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvX- hn-hcw \nßƒ°v Gh¿°pw Adn-bm-a-t√m.

Xncp-a-\- nse ap∏-X-Sn-b-¥ncw 1965 sabv amkw 4˛mw XobXn

sNm∆mgvN 501 ]d Acn-h®v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬h®v \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v

Ign™ 9˛mw XobXn Zb-dm-bn¬ IqSnb Btem-N-\m-tbmKw Xocp-am-

\n-°pIbp-≠mbn. ASn-b-¥n-c-Øn\v samØw 25000 cq]m sNe-hp-hcp-

sa-∂mWv IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ASn-b-¥n-cm-h-iy-Øn-te°v ]≈n-

Ifpw hy‡n-Ifpw anI® kw`m-h-\-Iƒ hmKvZm\w sNøp-Ibpw Ab-

®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ C\nbpw Hcp \√ XpI-

IqsS D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ B ]≈n-bn¬\n∂pw ...... cq]m

Cu amkw 30˛mw XobXnbv°Iw Zb-dm-bn¬ G¬]n-°-W-sa∂pw \nß-

sf-√m-hcpw t\¿®-Im-gv®-I-tfmsS h∂v ASn-b-¥n-c-Øn¬ kw_-‘n®v

A\p-Klw ]m]n®p t]mI-W-sa∂pw \mw ]tXyIw Xm¬]-cy-s∏-

Sp-∂p.

Cu ap∏-X-Sn-b-¥n-c-Øn¬ F√m ]≈n-°mcpw kw_-‘n-t°-≠-Xm-

I-bm¬ ]kvXpX Xob-Xn°p apºmbn \ΩpsS bmsXmcp ]≈n-bnepw

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ ASn-b-¥n-cm-Zn-Iƒ \S-Ø-cp-Xv. ASn-b-¥n-

c-Øns‚ \S-Øn∏p kw_-‘n-®p≈ hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ \ΩpsS Bô-

kn¬ \n∂pw hn⁄m-]-\w-aqew Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS [\y-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ DØ-a-amb amXr-I-Isf \Ωƒ

]I¿Øp∂Xn\m¬ amXta Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Sp≈ IS-∏mSv \nd-th-‰-s∏-

Sp-I-bp-≈p. \nß-sf-√m-hcpw Xncp-ta-\n-°p-th≠n ap∏-X-Sn-b-¥ncw hsc-


bp-≈ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]tXyIw ]m¿∞n-°p-I-bpw t\mºm-N-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNø-W-sa∂v \mw \nßfpsS kvt\l-tØmSv Adn-bn-°p-∂p. Xncp-a-

\- nse ]m¿∞\ \ap°v F∂pw tIm´-bm-bn-cn-°pw. tijw

]n∂mse.

F∂v,

(H∏v)

]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zbdm

21˛4˛1965

]. ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

I_dnSw


]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n \S-Ønb

]´w-sImS ipiq-j-Iƒ

1. Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂p kam-lcn®h

1929 am¿®v 7 Zbdmbn¬ h®v sNdn-ba-T-Øn¬ A¥-tbmkv IØ-

\m-cpsS ]pX≥ bmt°m_v siΩm-i\v IØ-\mcp]´w sImSp-Øp.

BZy-ambn \S-Ønb ]´w-sIm-S.

1929 am¿®v 10 ]md-bv°¬ ]≈n (ao\Sw sk‚ v tPm¨kv ]≈n).

]md-bv°¬ Ipdn-bm-t°m-kn\p ]´w sImSp-Øp.

1930 G]n¬ 7 ˛ amfn-I-bn¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\v (]n∂oSv

Fw. kn. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥) ]q¿Æ siΩm-ip-]-´w.

1930 BKÃv 3 ˛ ]pd-Ip-fØv Cu∏\v (]n∂oSv Cu∏≥ tImsd-∏n-

kvt°m-∏m. hS-°≥aÆq¿ ]≈nbn¬ Zo¿L-Imew hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p)

tImdqtbm ]´w sImSp-Øp.

1930 Unkw-_¿ 7 ˛ amfn-I-bn¬ siΩm-i\v (]n∂oSv Fw. kn.

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥) IØ-\m-cp-]´w sImSp-Øp.

1931 \hw-_¿ 15 ˛ hmI-Øm\w ]p∂-t»cn siΩm-i\v ]q¿Æ


1931 \hw-_¿ 29 ˛ ]p∂-ticn siΩm-i\v IØ-\m¿ ]´hpw

At©cn hS°pw]mSØv Cń°v (]n∂oSv tImsd-∏nkvt°m∏m. Zo¿L-

Imew ]cn-bmcw sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv ]≈n hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.)

tImdqtbm ]´hpw sImSp-Øp.

1932 G]n¬ 10 ˛ Im\w siΩm-i≥, Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i≥,

kvIdnbm siΩm-i≥, ^nen-t∏mkv siΩm-i≥ Ch¿°v bu]-Zn-b-

°nt\m ]´w sImSp-Øp.

1932 Unkw-_¿ 25 ˛ Im\w siΩm-i\v IØ-\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

1933 am¿®v 12 ˛ Imcp-Nnd bmt°m_v siΩm-i\v (]n∂oSv dºm≥)

Iio-im-]´w sImSpØp.

1933 am¿®v 22 ˛ t]g-a‰w Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\v (]mºmSn

Xncpta-\n-bpsS ktlm-Z-c]pX≥) ]q¿Æ-si-Ωm-ip-]´w \¬In.


1933 G]n¬ 7 ˛ t]g-a‰w Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\v Iio-im-

]´w \¬In.

1933 G]n¬ 28 ˛ apdn-a-‰Øv siΩm-i\p (apdn-a‰Øn¬ ]utemkv

]Ya≥ _mhm-bpsS ktlm-Z-c]pX≥) ]q¿Æ siΩm-ip-]´w

sImSpØp.

1933 Pq¨ 4 ˛ H‰-πm-°¬ H. sP. tamk-kn\v tImdqtbm]´w

sImSpØp.

1933 BKÃv 28 ]¥-\m-en¬ sXmΩn°v tImdqtbm]´w sImSpØp.

1933 Unkw-_¿ 7 (hr›nIw 22) ˛ tXm´-bv°mSv πm∏-d-ºn¬ sI.

sI. tPm¿÷n\pw tXm´-bv°mSv ssIX-fm-hn¬ sI.- Fw. tP°-_n\pw


1933 Unkw-_¿ 11 ˛ aÆq-∏-d-ºn¬ tP°-_n\p siΩmip]´w.

1937 BKÃv 29 Imcq¿ tPm¨ siΩm-i\p IØ-\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

1937 HtŒm-_¿ 3 Hma-√q¿ apf-aq-ń¬ tbmiphm siΩm-i\p bu]-

Zn-b-°nt\m ]´w \¬In.

1937 HIvtSm-_¿ 19 ˛ Ce-™n-°¬ tP°_v siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ-

siΩm-ip-]´w sImSpØp.

1938 Pq¨ 26 ]pØq¿ tImin siΩm-i\p IØ-\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

1938 Pqsse 28 ˛ ]md-bv°¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\p IØ-

\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

1938 sk]v‰w-_¿ 10 ˛ a√-∏≈n ]øw-]-≈n¬ ZmhoZv siΩm-i\p

]q¿Æ siΩm-ip-]´w \¬In.

1939 am¿®v 12 ˛ Npcp-\m´p ]pfn-°ogn¬ amcp-ao-\-tØ-Xn\pw

bmt°m_v siΩm-i\pw ]q¿Æ-si-Ωm-ip]´w \¬In.

1939 am¿®v 19 ˛ a√-∏≈n hS-t°-SØv tXmakv siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ-

si-Ωm-ip]´w sImSp-Øp.

1939 Pqsse 28 ˛ Hma-√q¿ apf-aq-ń¬ tbmip-hm siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ-

siΩm-ip]´w \¬In.

1939 HIvtSm-_¿ 15 ˛ a√-∏≈n hmf-°pgn Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i\p

]q¿Æ-si-Ωm-ip]´w \¬In.


1940 s^_p-hcn 15 ˛ Hma-√q¿ apf-aq-ń¬ tbmip-hm siΩm-i\p

Iio-im-]´w \¬In.

1940 am¿®v 6 ˛ aÆq-∏-d-ºn¬ tP°_v siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ siΩm-

ip-]´w \¬In.

1940 am¿®v 7 ˛ aÆq-∏-d-ºn¬ tP°_v siΩm-i\p IØ-\mcp-]´w

\¬In.

1940 G]n¬ 7 ˛ Imcn-®m¬ Xma-c-th-en¬ tXmakv siΩm-i\p

]q¿Æ siΩm-ip]´w \¬In.

1941 s^_p-hcn 8 Iqtcm-∏S kvIdnbm siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ siΩm-

ip]´w \¬In.

1941 s^_p-hcn 9 ˛ Iqtcm-∏S kvIdnbm siΩm-i\p IØ-\m-cp-

]´w \¬In.

1946 P\p-hcn 24 ˛ ]mºmSnI≠w Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-i\p tImdq-

tbm-]´w sImSp-Øp.

1946 sabv 10 ˛ ]Sn-™m-sd-°p‰v Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i\v ]q¿Æ

siΩm-ip]´w \¬In.

1946 sabv 11 ˛ ]Sn-™m-sd-°p‰v Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i\v IØ-\m-cp-

]´w \¬In.

1949 sabv 28 ˛ Hma-Øn¬ Ipdn-bm-t°m-kn\p (]n∂oSv H. ‰n. Ipdn-

bm-t°mkv tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏m. hS-°≥a-Æq¿ ]≈n hnImcn.) siΩm-

ip-]´w \¬In.

1949 BKÃv 27 ˛ I∂p-Ipgn siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ siΩm-ip]´w

\¬In.

1949 Unkw-_¿ 23 ˛ ap≠-°bw ]pØ≥]oSn-I-bn¬ G_-lm-

an\p tImdq-tbm-]´w \¬In.

1949 Unkw-_¿ 31 I∂p-Ipgn siΩm-i\p IØ-\m-cp-]´w \¬In.

1950 P\p-hcn 29 ˛ sF°-c-∏-S-hn¬ Koh-dp-Ko-kn\v tImdq-tbm-]´w

\¬In.

1950 s^_p-hcn 9 ˛ Imbw-Ipfw tXmakv siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ

siΩm-ip]´w \¬In.


1950 s^_p-hcn 11 Imbw-Ipfw tXmakv siΩm-i\p I»oim]´w

\¬In.

1950 s^_p-hcn 15 ] -t»-cn¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i\p ]q¿Æ

siΩm-ip]´w \¬In.

1950 G]n¬ 6 ˛ Noc≥ G_-lm-an\p tImdqtbm ]´w.

1953 sabv 7 ˛ Im´-Im-ºm¬ sska¨ siΩm-i\v IØ-\m-cp-]´w

\¬In.

1957 s^_p-hcn 2 sF°-c-∏-S-hn¬ Koh-¿-Kokv siΩm-i\v ]q¿Æ

siΩm-ip]´w.

1957 Pqsse 15 ˛ t]mcm-fq¿ ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ tbml-∂m≥ siΩm-

i\p ]q¿Æ siΩm-ip]´w (]n∂oSv ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥).

1957 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14 ˛ sh≈p-°p´ amaq-ń¬ h¿°n siΩm-i\v

Iio-im-]-´w.

1958 P\p-hcn 25 ˛ tbml-∂m≥ siΩm-i\v (]n. kn. tbml∂m≥

dºm≥) Iio-im-]-´w.

˛ s]m^. hn]n≥ sI. h¿Kokv

]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n

siΩm-i-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ.

]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n

dºm\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ.


2. kpdn-bm\n ]´w-sImS ]pkvX-IØn¬ \n∂p

kam-lcn®h

(H∂mw ImtXm-en°m _mhm D]-tbm-Kn® kpdn-bm\n mjbn-ep≈

]´w-sImS ]pkvXIw D]-tbm-Kn®v sImSpØ ]´w-sIm-S-I-fpsS enÃm-

Wn-Xv. kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[-\-I-a- ]pkvXIßƒ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m°n

ss_≥Uv sNbvXp ]e¿°pw kΩm-\n-®n-cp∂ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n,

kz¥w ssI∏-S-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb Hcp ]´w-sImS ]pkvX-Ihpw IqSn D]-

tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p F∂p thWw Duln-°p-hm≥. Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn¬

\n∂p kam-l-cn® ]´w-sImS ipiq-j-I-fn¬ ]eXpw, ]-´w-sImS

]pkvX-I-Øn-se enÃn¬ ImWp-∂n√mØXv Ah kz¥w ssI∏-S-

bn-ep≈ ]pkvXIw D]-tbm-Kn®p \¬InbXn\m-emhmw. kz¥w ssIb-

£-c-Øn-se-gp-Xnb Cu ]´w-sImS ]pkvXIw Is≠Øn-bn-ń√.

Pqen-b≥ Ie-≠¿ A\p-k-cn-®p≈ Xob-Xn-I-fmWv Cu enÃn¬

sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 1953 hsc Bcm-[\mImew, Pqen-b≥ Ie-≠¿-

]Im-camWv Iao-Icn®n-cp-∂-Xv. 1953˛se kz¿§m-tcm-l-Ws]cp-∂mƒ

apX-emWv k` KntKm-dn-b≥ Ie-≠¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv. Pqen-

b≥ Ie-≠¿ A\p-k-cn-®p≈ Xob-Xn-Iƒ, KntKm-dn-b≥ Ie-≠¿

A\p-k-cn-®p≈ Xob-Xn-I-fm-°p-hm≥ 13 Znhkw Iq´p-I-bmWv sNtø-

≠-Xv. A]-Imcw Xøm-dm-°nb KntKm-dn-b≥ Ie-≠¿]Im-c-ap≈

Xo-bXn _m°-‰n¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. ˛ FUn-‰¿)

1929

1. s^_p-hcn 22 (am¿®v 7) ˛ sNdnbaTØn¬ Ae-Ivk-¥-tbmkv

IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ tP°_v aviwtimw-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-

bn¬ h®v I»o-im-ÿm\w \¬In (sIm-√m-Sv, amßm\w ]≈n-Iƒ°p-

th-≠n).

2. s^_p-hcn 25 (am¿®v 10) ao\Sw ]md-bv°¬ amØs‚ ]pX≥

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv F∂ Ipń°p tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In (A-\otZ

Rmb-dmgvN).

1. avkavtdm-t\m ˛ ]m´p-Imc≥ (Singer).2. tImdq-tbm ˛ hmb-\-°mc≥ (Reader).3. Ahv∏Zvb°n-s\m --˛ D] (A¿≤-) -si-Ωm-i≥ (Sub Deacon).5. aviwtimt\m ˛ ]q¿Æ-si-Ωm-i≥ (Full Deacon).


3. am¿®v 25 (G]n¬ 7) ˛ hmI-Øm\w amfn-tb-°¬ tP°-_ns‚

]pX≥ tImc F∂ Ipń°p bu]Zvb°nt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

1930

1. am¿®v 11 (am¿®v 24) ˛ tXh-e-°c Ip‰n-bn¬ DΩs‚ ]pX≥

tImin tImdq-tbmbv°p tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an -\m-cn -bn¬ h®p

aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

2. am¿®v 11 (am¿®v 24) IS-º-\mSv Aº-\m´p tP°-_ns‚ ]pX≥

tXmakv tImdq-tbmbv°p tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ h®p


3. am¿®v 11 (am¿®v 24) ˛ Ipº-\mSv the-t»cn Cutim IØ-\m-

cpsS ]pX≥ aØmbn tImdq-tbmbv°p tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬

h®p aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

4. am¿®v 11 (am¿®v 24) ˛ I√q-∏md Ing-t°-X-e-bv°¬ amtc´v Cń-

®m-≠n-bpsS ]pX≥ tXmakv tImdq-tbm-bv°p tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-

\m-cn-bn¬ h®p aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

5. am¿®v 25 (G]n¬ 7) ˛ hmI-Øm\w amfn-tb-°¬ tP°-_ns‚

]pX≥ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv bu]-Zvb°n-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬

h®v aviwtim-t\m ÿm\w \¬In (hm-I-Øm\w sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-

°p-th-≠n).

6. Pqsse 3 (Pqsse 16) ˛ amth-en-°c ]pØn-tc´v hS-t°-SØv

kvIdn-bm-bpsS ]pX≥ kvIdnbm aviwtim-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-

bn¬ h®v I»o»m ÿm\w \¬In (I-S-º-\mSv am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv

]≈n-°p-th-≠n).

7. Pqsse 21 (HmKÃv 3) ˛ Aco-∏-dºv ]pd-Ip-fØv Ipcp-hnf

Cu∏s‚ ]pX≥ Ctøm_v (Cu∏≥) F∂ Ipń°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-

bn¬ h®p tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

8. 1930 \hw-_¿ 24 (Unkw-_¿ 7) ˛ hmI-Øm\w amfn-tb-°¬

tP°_ns‚ ]pX≥ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv aviwtimt\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-

dm-bn¬ h®v Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In.

1931

1. \hw-_¿ 2 (\hw-_¿ 15) ˛ hmI-Øm\w ]p∂-t»-cn¬ aØm-bn-

bpsS ]pX≥ aØmbn tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®p



2. \hw-_¿ 16 (\hw-_¿ 29) ˛ hmI-Øm\w ]p∂-t»-cn¬ aØm-bn-

bpsS ]pX≥ aØmbn aviwtim-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v

I»o»m ÿm\w \¬In (hm-I-Øm\w shń-°p-t∂¬ sk‚ v tPm¿÷v

]≈n-°p-th-≠n).

3. \hw-_¿ 16 (\hw-_¿ 29) ˛ At©cn hS-°pw-]mSØv tXma-

kns‚ ]pX≥ G_lmw F∂ Ipń°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v

tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

1932

1. am¿®v 28 (G]n¬ 10) s\Spamhv aqe-°c G_-lm-ans‚ ]pX≥

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv tImdq-tbm-bv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v bu]Zvb-

°nt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

2. am¿®v 28 (G]n¬ 10) ˛ Im\w ]d-∏-≈n-Ømsg aØm-bn-bpsS

]pX≥ tP°_v tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v bu]Zvb-

°n-t\m ÿm\w \¬In.

3. am¿®v 28 (G]n¬ 10) ˛ tIm´bw kztZin tImc-bpsS ]pX≥

^nen-t∏mkv tImdq-tbm-bv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v bu]Zvb°nt\m

ÿm\w \¬In.

4. am¿®v 28 (G]n¬ 10) ˛ sNß-∂q¿ tamSn-°¬ tP°-_ns‚

]pX≥ kvIdnbm tImdq-tbm-bv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v bu]Zvb-

°nt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

5. Unkw-_¿ 5 (Unkw-_¿ 18) ˛ Im\w ]d-∏-≈n-Ømsg aØm-bn-

bpsS ]pX≥ tP°_v bu]Zvb°n-t\mbv°p Im\w sk‚ v tacokv

]≈n-bn¬ h®v aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

6. Unkw-_¿ 12 (Unkw-_¿ 25) ˛ Im\w ]d-∏-≈n-Ømsg aØm-

bn-bpsS ]pX≥ tP°_v aviwtim-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v

Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In (Im\w sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-°pth-≠n).

1933

1. s^_p-hcn 27 (am¿®v 12) ˛ Xrt°m-X-aw-Kew Imcp-Nnd sNdn-

bms‚ ]pX≥ tP°_v aviwtim-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v

Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In (Xr-t°m-X-aw-Kew sk‚ v Pbnwkv ]≈n-°p-

th-≠n).

2. am¿®v 9 (am¿®v 22) ˛ s\Sp-amhv aqe-°c G_-lm-ans‚ ]pX≥


Ipdn-bm-t°mkv bu]Zvb°n-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v

aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In (]m-Xn-t\mºv Znh-kw).

3. am¿®v 25 (G]n¬ 7) s\Sp-amhv aqe-°c G_-lm-ans‚ ]pX≥

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv aviwtim-t\mbv°p s\Sp-amhv sk‚ v t]mƒkv ]≈n-

bn¬ h®v Iio-»m-ÿm\w \¬In (s\-Sp-amhv sk‚ v t]mƒkv ]≈n-

°p-th-≠n).

4. G]n¬ 15 (G]n¬ 28) ˛ apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ Ipcys‚ ]pX≥ Koh¿-

Kokv aviwtim-t\mbv°p tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v Iio»m-

ÿm\w \¬In (tImet©cn sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv & sk‚ v t]mƒkv

]≈n-°p-th-≠n).

5. sabv 15 (sabv 28) ˛ tXm´-bv°mSv ]ptØ-´p-I-Sp-∏n¬ amØp-

hns‚ ]pX≥ ^nen-t∏mkv tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


6. BKÃv 15 (HmKÃv 28) Ißg ]¥-\m-en¬ tP°-_ns‚ ]pX≥

tXmakv F∂ Ipń°p tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

7. \hw-_¿ 24 (Unkw_¿ 7) ˛ ]cn-bmcw ssIX-fm-hn¬ amØs‚

]pX≥ tP°_v F∂ Ipń°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®p tImdqtbm

ÿm\w \¬In.

8. \hw-_¿ 24 (Unkw_¿ 7) ˛ tXm´-bv°mSv hen-b-a-Ænemb

πm∏-d-ºn¬ Ipcys‚ ]pX≥ Koh¿Kokv F∂ Ipń°p ]mºmSn Zb-

dm-bn¬ h®p tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

9. \hw-_¿ 28 (Unkw_¿ 11) ˛ hmgq¿ aÆq-∏-d-ºn¬ G_-lm-

ans‚ ]pX≥ tP°_v F∂ Ipń°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


1934

1. P\p-hcn 19 (s^_p-hcn 1) fm°m-´q¿ apSn-b-°¬ Itcm´v sNdn-

bms‚ ]pX≥ kvIdnbm F∂ Ipń°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


1935

1. HmKÃv 6 (HmKÃv 19) ˛ Ip∂w-Ipfw Np¶Øv sska-Wns‚

]pX≥ tPmk^v F∂ Ipń°p Ip∂w-Ipfw sk‚ v emk-dkv ]g-b-

]-≈n-bn¬ h®v tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.


2. \hw-_¿ 8 (\hw-_¿ 21) ˛ hmI-Øm\w -F-Æ-t»-cn¬ bqlm-

t\m≥ IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv F∂ Ipń°p hmI-

Øm\w am¿ bqlm-t\m≥ amwZm\ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v tImdqtbm ÿm\w

\¬In.

1936

1. am¿®v 15 (am¿®v 28) ]pXp-∏≈n amS-bv°¬ tPmk- ns‚ ]pX≥

Ctøm_v tImdq-tbmbv°p ]pXp-∏≈n ]≈n-bn¬ h®v aviwtimt\m

ÿm\w \¬In.

2. am¿®v 16 (am¿®v 29) ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n amS-bv°¬ tPmk-^ns‚

]pX≥ Ctøm_v aviwtim-t\mbv°p ]pXp-∏≈n ]≈n-bn¬ h®v

Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In (]p-Xp-∏≈n \ne-bv°¬ ]¥≠p «ol-∑m-

cpsS ]≈n-°pth≠n).

3. sabv 30 (Pq¨ 12) ˛ ssI∏-´q¿ sImc-a-ÆØpamen¬ tPmWn-

s‚ ]pX≥ aØmbn F∂ Ipń°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


4. Pqsse 3 (Pqsse 16) ˛ \ncWw th¶-en¬ Cń-®m-≠n-bp-sS

]pX≥ ]p∂qkv avktam-t\mbv°v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


5. sk]v‰w-_¿ 14 (sk]v‰w-_¿ 27) ˛ hmIØm\w amfn-tb-°¬

tP°-_ns‚ ]pX≥ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv IØ\m¿°p ]mØm-ap´w

…o_m ]≈n-bn¬ h®v dºm≥ ÿm\w \¬In.

6. HIvtSm-_¿ 11 (HIvtSm-_¿ 24) ˛ tImX-aw-Kew Ihp-ß-∏n-≈n¬

Ipcys‚ ]pX≥ tPmk^v F∂ Ipń°p tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-

bn¬ h®v tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

1937

1. Pqsse 15 (Pqsse 28) ˛ ao\Sw ]md-bv°¬ amØs‚ ]pX≥

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv tImdq-tbm-bv°p aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

2. Pqsse 15 (Pqsse 28) ˛ amth-en-°c \mSm-h-≈n¬ Koh-¿-Ko-

kns‚ ]pX≥ Ipcy\p tImdq-tbm-ÿm\w \¬In.

3. sk]v‰w-_¿ 5 (sk]v‰w-_¿ 18) ˛ \ncWw Ce-™n-°¬ s]cp-

am-fns‚ ]pX≥ tP°_v bu]Zvb°n-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬

h®v aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In.


4. sk]v‰w-_¿ 23 (HIvtSm-_¿ 6) ˛ Hma-√q¿ apf-aq-ń¬ tXmakv

IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Cutim tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬

h®v bu]Zvb°nt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

1938

1. Pq¨ 13 (Pq¨ 26) ˛ ]pØq¿ In\m-‰n\ tImin-bpsS ]pX≥

tImin aviwtim-t\mbv°p ]cp-ae skan-\mcn ]≈n-bn¬ h®v Iio»m

ÿm\w \¬In (]p-Øq¿ sk‚ v tPm¿Pv ]≈n-°p-th-≠n).

2. Pq¨ 15 (Pq¨ 28) ˛ ao\Sw ]md-bv°¬ amØs‚ ]pX≥ Ipdn-

bm-t°mkv aviwtim-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬h®v Iio»m

ÿm\w \¬In (ao-\Sw bqlm-t\m≥ amwZm\ ]≈-n-°p-th-≠n).

3. HmKÃv 28 (sk]v‰w-_¿ 10) ˛ a√-∏≈n ]ø-º-≈n¬ Koh¿Ko-

kns‚ ]pX≥ ZmhoZv tImdq-tbm-bv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


4. sk]v‰w-_¿ 25 (HIvtSm-_¿ 8) ˛ Imcn-®m¬ ]pØ≥]-d-ºn¬

Koh¿Ko-kns‚ ]pX≥ tP°_v bu]Zvb°n-t\m-bv°p aviwtimt\m

ÿm\w \¬In.

1939

1. s^_p-hcn 28 (am¿®v 13) ˛ iqc-\mSv an\-tØ-Xn¬ Koh¿Ko-

kns‚ ]pX≥ tP°_v tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®p


2. am¿®v 6 (am¿®v 19) a√-∏≈n hS-t°-SØv sFk-°ns‚ ]pX≥

tXmakv tImdq-tbmbv°p Ip∂-¥m\w sk‚ v tPm¿÷v ]≈n-bn¬


3. Pqsse 15 (Pqsse 28) ˛ Hma-√q¿ apf-aq-ń¬ tXmakv IØ-\m-

cpsS ]pX≥ Cutim bu]Zvb°n-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


4. sk]v‰w-_¿ 30 (HIvtSm-_¿ 13) a√-∏≈n hmf-°p-gn-bn¬ sNdn-

bms‚ ]pX≥ Koh¿Kokv tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®p


1940

1. s^_p-hcn 2 (s^_p-hcn 15) ˛ Hma-√q¿ apf-aq-ń¬ tXmakv


IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Cutim aviwtim-t\mbv°p tN∂-¶cn sk‚ v

tXmakv ]≈n-bn¬ h®v Iio-»m-ÿm\w \¬In (Hm-a-√q¿ sk‚ v

tXmakv ]≈n°pth≠n).

2. s^_p-hcn 13 (s^_p-hcn 26) ˛ aÆq-∏-d-ºn¬ G_-lm-ans‚

]pX≥ tP°_v tImdq -tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm -bn¬ h®v


3. s^_p-hcn 24 (am¿®v 8) aÆq-∏-d-ºn¬ G_-lm-ans‚ ]pX≥

tP°_v aviwtim-t\mbv°p hmgq¿ sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv ]≈n-bn¬ h®v

Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In.

4. am¿®v 25 (G]n¬ 7) ˛ Imcn-®m¬ XmwØp-h-≈n¬ aØm-bn-

bpsS aI≥ tXmakv tImdqtbmbv°p Imcn-®m¬ sk‚ v tPm¿÷v

]≈n-bn¬ h®v aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

5. sabv 15 (sabv 28) ˛ ]mºmSnI≠-Øn¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv IØ-

\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Koh¿Ko-kn\v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v tImdqtbm

ÿm\w \¬In.

6. Pqsse 15 (Pqsse 28) ˛ hc-hq¿ aØm-bn-bpsS ]pX\pw ]Ø-

\m-]pcw Xmt_m¿ Zb-dmw-K-hp-amb Koh-¿Kokv aviwtim-t\mbv°p

]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In (]-Ø-\m-]pcw

Xmt_m¿ Zb-dm-bv°p-th-≠n).

1941

1. P\p-hcn 15 (P\p-hcn 28) amcm-a¨ Imhm-e-Øn¬ tImc tXma-

kns‚ ]pX≥ Koh¿Kokv tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


2. P\p-hcn 26 (s^_phcn 8) ˛ fm°m-´q¿ tNmtIm≥]-d-ºn¬

sNdn-bms‚ ]pX≥ kvIdnbm tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬


3. P\p-hcn 27 (s^_phcn 9) ˛ fm°m-´q¿ tNmtIm≥]-d-ºn¬

sNdn-bms‚ ]pX≥ kvIdnbm aviwtim-t\m-bv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬

h®v Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In.

4. G]n¬ 11 (G]n¬ 24) ˛ ]d-t°mSv IS-hn-\m¬ tImin-bpsS

]pX≥ tXmakv tImdq-tbmbv°p ]≈w ]≈nbn¬ h®v aviwtimt\m

ÿm\w \¬In.


5. G]n¬ 12 (G]n¬ 25) ˛ ]d-t°mSv IS-hn-\m¬ tImin-bpsS

]pX≥ tXmakv aviwtim-t\m-bv°p shÆn-°pfw ]≈n-bn¬ h®v

Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In (]-d-t°mSv sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv & sk‚ v

t]mƒkv ]≈n-°p-th≠n).

1942

1. P\p-hcn 21 (s^_p-hcn 3) ˛ s\Spºw hme-bn¬ Koh¿Kokv

IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Ae-Ivk-¥-tbmkv F∂ Ipń°p ]mºmSn

Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v avktamt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

2. \hw-_¿ 8 (\hw-_¿ 21) ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n ]Sn-™m-td-°p‰v

G_lmw IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Koh¿Kokv F∂ bphm-hn\p

]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

1943

1. s^_p-hcn 28 (am¿®v 13) ˛ a√-∏≈n ]ø-º-≈n¬ G_-lm-

ans‚ ]pX≥ G_lmw tImdq-tbmbv°p a√-∏≈n am¿ bqlm-t\m≥

amwZm\m ]≈n-bn¬ h®v aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

2. HIvtSm-_¿ 11 (HIvtSm-_¿ 24) ˛ ]cn-bmcw ssIX-fm-hn¬

amØs‚ ]pX≥ tP°_v tImdq-tbmbv°p Ipgn-a‰w sk‚ v tPm¿÷v

]≈nbn¬ h®v aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

3. Unkw-_¿ 29 (1944 P\phcn 11) ˛ hmI-Øm\w ]≈n-b-Sn-bn¬

]p∂q-kns‚ ]pX≥ ^nen-t∏mkv tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-

bn¬ h®v aviwtimt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

1944

1. s^_p-hcn 2 (s^_p-hcn 15) ˛ Xh¬]pcw a‰mtØm tUhn-

Uns‚ ]pX≥ Koh¿Kokv avktamt\mbv°p At©cn ]≈n-bn¬


2. am¿®v 6 (am¿®v 19) ˛ ]cn-bmcw ssIX-fm-hn¬ amØs‚ ]pX≥

tP°_v aviwtim-t\mbv°p ]cn-bmcw am¿ At]w ]≈n-bn¬ h®v

I»oim ÿm\w \¬In (]-cn-bmcw am¿ At]w ]≈n-°p-th-≠n).

3. G]n¬ 16 (G]n¬ 29) sNß-∂q¿ Im°me Cu∏s‚ ]pX≥

Ae-Ivk-¥-tbmkv aviwtim-t\m-bv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v

I»o»m ÿm\w \¬In (sN-ß-∂q¿ hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-°p-

th-≠n).


4. sabv 12 (sabv 25) ˛ ]cn-bmcw At©cn hS-°pw-]m-SØv tXma-

kns‚ ]pX≥ G_lmw tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


5. sabv 15 (sabv 28) ˛ ]cn-bmcw At©cn hS-°pw-]m-SØv tXma-

kns‚ ]pX≥ G_lmw aviwtim-t\mbv°p ]pXp-∏≈n sk‚ v

tPm¿÷v ]≈n-bn¬ h®v Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In (A-t©cn sk‚ v

]ot‰gvkv ]≈n-°p-th-≠n).

1946

1. G]n¬ 27 (am¿®v 10) ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n ]Sn-™m-td-°p‰v G_lmw

IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Koh¿Kokv tImdq-tbmbv°p aviwtimt\m

ÿm\w \¬In.

2. G]n¬ 28 (am¿®v 11) ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n ]Sn-™m-td-°p‰v G_lmw

IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Koh-¿Kokv aviwtim-t\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-

bn¬ h®v Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In.

3. Unkw-_¿ 23 (1947 P\p-hcn 5) ˛ Ißg ]¥-\m-en¬ bmt°m-

_ns‚ ]pX≥ tXmakv tImdq-tbmbv°p aviwtimt\m ÿm\w

\¬In.

4. Unkw-_¿ 24 (1947 P\p-hcn 6) ˛ Ißg ]¥-\m-en¬ bmt°m-

_ns‚ ]pX≥ tXmakv aviwtim-t\mbv°p Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In

(I-ßg sk‚ v tXmakv ]≈n-°p-th-≠n).

1947

1. sabv 21 (Pq¨ 3) ˛ ]mºmSnI≠-Øn¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv IØ-

\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Koh-¿Kokv tImdq-tbmbv°p aviwtimt\m ÿm\w

\¬In.

2. sabv 22 (Pq¨ 4) ˛ ]mºmSnI≠-Øn¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv IØ-

\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Koh-¿Kokv aviwtimt\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬

h®v Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In (]m-ºmSn am¿ bqlm-t\m≥ amwZm\m

]≈n°p th≠n).

3. HmKÃv 10 (HmKÃv 23) ˛ hmI-Øm\w FÆ-t»-cn¬ bqlm-t\m≥

IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv tImdq-tbmbv°p aviwtimt\m

ÿm\w \¬In.

4. HmKÃv 11 (HmKÃv 24) ˛ hmI-Øm\w FÆ-t»-cn¬ bqlm-t\m≥


IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv iwtim-t\mbv°v Iio»m

ÿm\w \¬In (hm-I-Øm\w am¿ bqlm-t\m≥ amwZm\m ]≈n°p

th≠n).

5. Unkw-_¿ 26 (1948 P\phcn 8) ˛ I™n-°pgn ]mbn-°m´v tP°-

_ns‚ ]pX≥ Koh-¿Kokn\p tImdqtbm ÿm\w ]mºmSn Zb-dm-

bn¬ h®v \¬In.

1948

1. am¿®v 25 (G]n¬ 7) ˛ hS-°≥aÆq¿ ]pd-Ip-fØv Ipcphnf

Cu∏s‚ ]pX≥ Ctøm_v (Cu∏≥) aviwtim-t\mbv°v hS-°≥-

aÆq¿ sk‚ v tXmakv ]≈n-bn¬ h®v Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In (h-S-

°≥aÆq¿ ]≈-n-°p-th-≠n).

2. sabv 10 (sabv 23) ˛ ]≈w tNcn-bn¬ Ipcys‚ ]pX≥ tXma-

kn\p tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

1949

1. sabv 15 (sabv 28) ˛ hS-°≥aÆq¿ HmaØn¬ tXma-kns‚

]pX≥ Ipdn-bm-t°m-kn\v tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

2. Pq¨ 4 (Pq¨ 17) ˛ \ncWw a´-bv°¬ Ae-Ivk-¥-tbmkv

IØ-\m-cpsS ]pX≥ Koh¿Kokv tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-

bn¬ h®v bu]Zvb°nt\m ÿm\w \¬In.

3. HmKÃv 14 (HmKÃv 27) ˛ I™n-°pgn ]mbn-°m´v tP°-_ns‚

]pX≥ Koh¿Kokv tImdq-tbmbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


4. HmKÃv 15 (HmKÃv 28) ˛ Ios°m-gq¿ aT-tØØv tXma-kns‚

aI≥ aØm-bn°v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

5. HmKÃv 15 (HmKÃv 28) ˛ ]°m\w shń-°q-´-Øn¬ tXma-kns‚

aI≥ tXma-kn\v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

6. Unkw-_¿ 10 (Unkw-_¿ 23) ˛ ap≠-°bw ]pØ≥]o-Sn-I-bn¬

aØm-bn-bpsS aI≥ G_-lm-an\v ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v tImdqtbm

ÿm\w \¬In.

7. Unkw-_¿ 11 (Unkw-_¿ 24) ˛ I™n-°pgn ]mbn-°m´v tP°-

_ns‚ ]pX≥ Koh¿Kokv aviwtimt\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬

h®v I»oim ÿm\w \¬In.


1950

1. P\p-hcn 22 (s^_p-hcn 4) ˛ ap≠-°bw ]pØ≥]o-Sn-I-bn¬

aØm-bn-bpsS aI≥ G_lmw tImdq-tbmbv°v aviwtimt\m ÿm\w

\¬In.

2. P\p-hcn 28 (s^_p-hcn 10) Ip≠d ]cp-Øn-aq- n¬ tP°_ns‚

]pX≥ tXmakv bu]Zvb°n-t\m-bv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v


3. P\p-hcn 29 (s^_p-hcn 11) Ip≠d ]cp-Øn-aq- n¬ tP°_ns‚

]pX≥ tXmakv aviwtimt\mbv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v I»oim

ÿm\w \¬In (Im-bw-Ipfw ]≈-n-°p-th-≠n).

4. s^_p-hcn 2 (s^_p-hcn 15) ˛ Ipgn-a‰w ]´-t»-cn¬ hmg-®nd

aØm-bn-bpsS aI≥ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv tImdq-tbmbv°v aviwtimt\m

ÿm\w \¬In.

5. am¿®v 24 (G]n¬ 6) ˛ ]g™n Noc≥ Koh¿Kokns‚ ]pX≥

G_lmw F∂ Ipń°p tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

6. am¿®v 25 (G]n¬ 7) ˛ ap≠-°bw ]pØ≥]o-Sn-I-bn¬ aØm-

bn-bpsS aI≥ G_lmw aviwtim-t\m-bv°p ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v

Iio»m ÿm\w \¬In (ap-≠-°bw sk‚ v tXmakv ]≈-n-°p-th-

≠n).

7. \hw-_¿ 14 (\hw-_¿ 27) ˛ \mep-∂m-°¬ Icn-∏m¬ kvIdn-bm-

bpsS ]pX≥ amØp F∂ Ipń°p tImdqtbm ÿm\w \¬In.

3. IqZm-i-Iƒ

1. 1929 s^_p-hcn 24 (am¿®v 9) ˛ Ißg sk‚ v tXmakv ]≈n

IqZm-i.

2. 1935 P\p-hcn 1 (P\p-hcn 14) ˛ am∂m\w (?) sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv &

sk‚ v t]mƒkv ]≈n IqZm-i.

3. 1940 P\p-hcn 8 (P\p-hcn 21) ˛ hn. tbml-∂m≥ «olm-bpsS

\ma-Øn¬ tZhm-e-b-Øn\p I√n-So¬ ipiqj \n¿h-ln-®p.

4. 1944 G]n¬ 10 (G]n¬ 23) ˛ sIm√mSv sk‚ v t]mƒkv ]≈n

IqZmi \n¿h-ln-®p.


5. 1947 Pq¨ 29 (Pqsse 12) ˛ tImØ-e-bn¬ ]¥≠p «ol-∑m-

cpsS \ma-Øn-ep≈ tZhm-e-b-Øn\p I√n-So¬ ipiqj \n¿h-ln-®p.

kºm-Z-I≥: Uo°≥ Ctøm_v (_Y\n Biaw)

Xøm-dm-°n-bXv: tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSv

]pØ≥Imhv am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv, ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n,

]. Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm, ]. ]mºmSn Xncpta\n, am¿

tkth-dn-tbmkv hmf-°pgn


Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv

(]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n)

_nªn-tbm-K^n

]pkvX-I-ßƒ

1. ]mºm-Sn-bnse bXn-h-cy≥, hnZzm≥ hn. ‰n. sF∏v, 1930.

2. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: Hcp eLp Poh-N-cn-Xw, m. ]n. ]n. Koh¿Ko-

kv, ]mºmSn Zb-dm, sabv 4, 1965.

3. Xmt_m-dnse Xm]-kh-cy≥ (Poh-N-cnXw), sI. hn. amΩ≥

tIm´-bv°¬, H∂mw ]Xn∏v G]n¬ 1, 1966, Bdmw ]Xn∏v HIvtSm-

_¿ 2008, Ggmw ]Xn∏v, HIvtSm-_¿ 2015.

4. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n (Poh-N-cnXw), s]m^. sI.- Fw. Ipdn-bm-

t°m-kv, tIm´-bw, 1991.

5. Xmt_m¿Ip∂nse Genbmhpw AXpey Bfli‡n e`n®

Feoibpw (]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm-

s‚bpw Poh-N-cnXw), sI. hn. amΩ≥, tIm´-bv°¬ ]ªn-tj-gvkv,

sk]v‰w-_¿ 12, 2009.

6. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n B[n-Im-cnI ]pkvXIw (Poh-N-cnXhpw

]T-\-ßfpw), ]mºmSn Zb-dm, 2010.

7. The Holy Hermit of Tabore Hill, K. V. Mammen, Translation by BabuZacharia, Kottackal Publishers, Manganam, April 2004.

8. The Saint of Pampady: An Authoritative Biography of MetropolitanKuriakose Mar Gregorios, Mar Kuriakose Dayara, Pampady, 2010.

9. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: hnip-≤n-bpsS hncn-°q´w (Poh-N-cn-Xhpw

A\p-kva-c-W-ßfpw), FUn-‰¿: tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv, Fw.-H.kn.

]ªn-t°-j≥kv, tIm´-bw, 2015.

10. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n (IhnX), Fw. sI. tImc ap´-Øp-I-c,

tIm´bw, 2016.

11. tπKv _m[bpw A¤pX kuJy-hpw, s]m^. sI.- Fw. Ipdn-

bm-t°m-kv, cXv\w ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, hmIØm\w, s^_p-hcn 2016.


12. ]mºm-Sn-bnse ap\n-ti-jvT≥, FUn‰¿: tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSv,

tkm^nbm _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, G]n¬ 2016.

C _p°v

1. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Xncp-sam-gn-Iƒ, kºm-Z-I≥: tPmbvkv

tXm´-bv°m-Sv, tkm^nbm _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, s^_p-hcn 20, 2011.

kph-\o¿

1. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n P∑iXm_vZn kph-\o¿, No^v FUn-‰¿:

sI. Fw. amXyp at\m-c-a, ]mºm-Sn, G]n¬ 7, 1985.

teJ\-ßƒ

1. Bflob ]Imiw sNmcn™ tKm]p-cw, a≈n-bq¿ i¶-c≥ \ºq-

Xn-cn.

2. ssZh-kvt\-ln-X-\mb alm-Xm-]-k≥, ]. am¿tØmΩm ]ueqkv

ZznXob≥.

3. Zpxÿn-Xn-°m-cpsS Bi-bhpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS ]cn-]m-e-I-\pw,

^m. tUm. sdPn amXyq-kv.

4. Po-hnXw ]m¿∞-\-bm-°nb Xmt_m-dnse cmP¿jn, tUm.

tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv.

5. I¿aw b⁄-ambn ]h¿Øn® tbmKn, ^m. amXyp sI. tPm¨.

6. kl-Po-hn-Isf kvt\ln-®- a-lm-]-cn-ip-≤≥, m. tPmk v amXyp

Infn-cq-]-d-ºn¬.

7. P\-ßƒ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn ]Jym-]n® ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n, knPp

sI. -sF-k°v

(at\m-ca ]mºmSn s]cp-∂mƒ kπn-sa‚ v, 2011 G]n¬ 8)

9. ssZhsØ cpNn-®-dn™ Ejn-h-cy≥, tUm. sI.- F-kv. cm[m-Ir-

jvW≥.

10. kvt\l-k-tµiw ]I¿∂ Pohn-Xw, DΩ≥Nm≠n.

11. a≤y-ÿ-X-bpsS al-\ob \nan-j-ßƒ, ]n.- F. tPmk^v ]md-

bv°¬.

12. sFlnI temIØv Pohn® Bflob ]uc≥, ^m. amXyp sI.

tPm¨.

13. BSp-Iƒ°pth≠n Pohs\ hbv°p∂ CS-b≥, tUm.

Koh¿Kokv dºm≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬.

14. hn\-bm-\zn-X-\mb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A`n-am\w k` amXw, ^m. -


]n. -]n. Koh¿Ko-kv.

15. ]m¿∞\ sIm≠v ip≤o-I-cn® \nan-j-ß¬, ^m. kJ-dnbm

ss\\m≥ Nnd-Ø-em´v


16. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Bflo-b-X-bpsS \nd-Ip-Sw, tUm. ]n. -kn.

Ae-Ivkm-≠¿.

17. kz¿§ob Xme-¥p-Iƒ hmcn hnX-dnb CS-b-ti-jvT≥, DΩ≥Nm-

≠n.

18. ]mºm-Sn-bpsS lrZbXmfw, A\ojv B\n-°m-Sv.

19. s]mØ-ºpdw: ssZh-tX-P- ns‚ Xmt_m¿Kn-cn, Bfl-P-h¿Ω

Xºp-cm≥.

20. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\nbpsS Poh-N-cnX ê-Ißƒ, sI. sI.

h¿Kokv Ce-™n-a-‰w.

21. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: B¿Zhpw kuay-hp-amb Hcp km∂n-[yw,

^m. tUm. sI.- Fw. tPm¿÷v.

22. ]cn-ip≤XbpsS \maw, km_p hS-Ic

(at\m-c-a ]mºmSn s]cp-∂mƒ kπn-sa‚ v, 2006 G]n¬ 7)

23. Nne \n¿t±-i-ßfpw bmYm¿∞y-ßfpw, ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥

dºm≥

(]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, P\p-hcn 2000)

24. hmƒap\n BIm™ amap-\n AY-hm ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n, ^m.

tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥.

25. I\n-hns‚ IS¬, DΩ≥Nm≠n.

26. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\nbpw Imcm-∏pg Nm∏-epw, Koh¿Kokv am¿

Cuhm-\n-tbmkv.

27. ]m¿∞-\bpw tkh-\hpw ka-\z-bn-∏n® alm-ap-\n, ^m. ]n.

]n. Koh¿Kokv.

28. \∑ \nd™ hnip-≤n-bpsS PohnXtcJ-Iƒ, ^m. tUm. sI. -

Fw. tPm¿÷v.

29. tijvT ê-ß-fpsS hninjvS ap¥n-cn-h-≈n, ^m. h¿Kokv

h¿Kokv.

(at\mca ]mºmSn s]cp-∂mƒ kπn-sa‚ v, G]n¬ 12, 2009)

30. Kpcphpw injy-\pw, ^m. tUm. Sn. sP. tPmjzm

(ae-bmf at\m-c-a, 2009 am¿®v 28)


31. ]m¿∞-\-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Kpcp-`-‡n, ^m. tUm. Sn.- sP.

tPmjzm.

(ae-bmf at\m-c-a, ]n.- kn. tbml-∂m≥ kvac-Wn-I, 2008 HIvtSm-

_¿ 11)

32. AP-K-W-ßƒ°v ]nb-¶-c-\mb CS-b≥, tUm. kvtX^m-t\mkv

am¿ tXthm-tZm-tkym-kv.

33. ssZh-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ Znhy-Zo-]vXn, ^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥.

34. ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\nbn¬ \n∂p ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bn-te°v,

^m. kn. -F. h¿Kokv Nma-°me.

35. Xmt_m¿Kn-cn-bnse ssZh-tX-P- v, tP°_v Ipcy≥ Infn-ae.

36. Kpcp-ti-jvT-\mb aT-Øn-em-ims‚ h¬ke injy-\mb ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n, sI. sI. h¿Kokv Ce-™n-a‰w.

37. ]mºmSn am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zbdm C∂p ]pWy-`q-an, DΩ≥

Nm≠n.

38. alm-\mb a\p-jy-kvt\-ln, ]utemkv am¿ anen-Øn-tbm-kv.

39. ]. ]mºm-Sn -Xn-cp-ta-\n: Hcp A\p-kva-c-Ww, kvIdnbm sXmΩn

]d∏≈n¬


40. Xmt_m¿Kncn-bnse Ejn-h-cy≥, ^m. tUm. -hn. -Fw. G_-

lmw.

41. \nß-fpsS CS-bn¬ ]nW°w Acp-tX, ^m. kn. tPm¨ Nnd-

Ø-em´v.

42. ]mºm-Sn-bnse Pzen-°p∂ Xmcw, Fw. -kn. tP°_v (sNb¿am≥

A∂ & In‰Ivkv Kq∏v).

43. `mkp-c-tim-`-bn¬ Xnf-ßnb Xmcw, ^m. ]n. -]n. Koh¿Kokv.

44. \¬h-c-k-º-∂-\mb ][m-\m-Nm-cy≥, ]n. -Fw. cmPp s]´-

Øm\w.

45. ""IS∂pt]mIp∂ Gh-cp-am-bp-t≈mth CXp \nßƒ°v GXp-

an-√tbm?'', ]n. F. Ipcym-t°m-kv.

46. emfnXyw \nd™ ]pWy-Po-hn-Xw, DΩ≥ Nm≠n


47. `mc-Xob k`bv°v amXr-Im-]p-cp-j≥, tUm. ôen-t∏mkv am¿

IntkmÃw am¿tØmΩm saXm-t∏m-eoØm.

48. lrZ-ssb-Iy-Øns‚ ]hm-N-I≥, tPm¨ I°mSv.


49. `n∂-X-bpsS Im¿ta-L-a-I‰n Xm]-ks‚ D]-hm-kw, tP°_v

Cu∏≥.

50. ]m]-Øn-s‚bpw ZpxJ-Øn-s‚bpw temIØp \n∂v ssZh-Øn-

¶-te°v ssI]n-Sn-®p-b¿Ønb CS-b≥, tPm¨ ap≠-°bw.

51. shfn-®ta \bn-®m-epw, ^m. ]n. ]n. Koh¿Kokv.

52. hniz-kvX\pw _p≤n-am-\p-amb Zmk≥, sI. -sI. -h¿Kokv Ce-

™n-a‰w.

53. P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn AwKo-Imcw t\Snb ].

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n, km_p hS-Ic.

54. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\nbpsS Poh-N-cnX ê-I-ßƒ, ^m. kn. -F.

h¿Kokv.

55. ]mºmSn Zbdm aX-ku-lm¿±-Øns‚ al-Ømb ]Xo-Iw,

tP°_v sI. Ipcy≥ Infn-ae.

56. tijvT aev]m-\m-bn-cp∂ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n, ^m. tUm.

tPm¨kv G_lmw.

57. B≤ym-fln-I Poh-nX-sØ-∏‰n B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn Z¿i\w

\¬Inb CS-b≥, Fw. Pn. tPm¿÷v apØq‰v.

58. Zo\m-\p-Iº Xs∂ Pohn-Xw, DΩ≥ Nm≠n


59. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: alm-Xm-]k tijvT≥, ]. _tk-en-

tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ]utemkv c≠m-a≥.

60. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n \mSns‚ ]pWyw, DΩ≥ Nm≠n.

61. Hm¿Ω-bpsS kpK-‘w, tUm. Fw. C. Ipcym-t°mkv.

62. ]cn-ip-≤\pw amXr-tZ-hm-e-b-hpw, ^m. h¿Kokv a¿t°mkv

Bcym´v.

63. shfn-®hpw hgn-Im-ń-bp-amb \£-Xw, tPm¨ I°mSv.

64. km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS Xncp-ta-\n, sI. -sI. h¿Kokv Ce™n-

a‰w.

65. ]mºmSn Zbdm \qdmw h¿j-Øn-tebv°v, m. kn.- F. h¿Kokv.

66. ssZhw Ab® amem-J, taLm adnbw Ipcy≥.

67. ASpØ \mgn-Isb-°p-dn®v hymIp-e-s∏-tS-≠, ^m. amXyp sI.

tPm¨


68. Xm-t_m¿ ae-bnse ap\n-ti-jvT≥, ]n. -kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥

(]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, G]n¬ 1991)


69. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\nbpsS a≤y-ÿ-X-bm¬ Fs‚ Im≥k¿

amdn-sb∂v ZrV-ambn Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p∂p, Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Cuhm-

\n-tbmkv.

70. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\nbpsS Poh-N-cnX ê-Ißƒ.

71. ]mºmSn Zbdm aXkulm¿±-Øns‚ al-Ømb ]XoIw.

72. Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xs∂ ]pWy-hms\∂p JymXn t\Snb ].

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n.

(]mºmSn s]cp-∂mƒ t\mókv, 2008)

73. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: B¿Z-X-bpsS Bƒcq-]w, amXyqkv am¿

tXthm-tZm-tkymkv.

74. hnip-≤n-bpsS ]¿∆w, tUm. G_lmw am¿ skdm-^nw.

75. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n kz¥-sa∂p Icp-Xnb Imcm-∏pg Nm∏¬,

jmPn tP°_v.

76. ]mºm-Sn-bpsS Bflob ssNX-\yw, tUm. Fw. C. Ipcym-

t°mkv.

77. Imcp -Wyhpw kwc-£-Whpw hn⁄m-\hpw Hgp -Ip∂

BibtIµw, ^m. kn. -F. h¿Kokv.

78. Ce hmSmØ hr£w, ^m. amXyp sI. tPm¨.

79. Rm≥ I≠ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n, C. sI. tPm¿÷v tImsd-∏n-

kvt°m∏m C©-°m´v.

80. ]cn-ip-≤s‚ Ime-Sn-Isf \ap°v ]n¥p-S-cmw, tUm. cmPp nen∏v

Imc-bv°¬.


81. B¿j`mcX kwkv°m-chpw InkvXob kwkv°m-chpw ka-

\z-bn-∏n® amap-\n, ^m. tUm. sI. sP. K_n-tb¬.

82. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: a\pjykvt\l-Øns‚ acp-∏-®, ^m. tUm.

sI. -Fw. tPm¿Pv.

83. s]mØ-ºp-d-sa∂ ]pWy-Xo¿∞w, ^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥.

84. ]cn-ip-≤-∑msc Ah-cpsS PohnX hnip≤n sIm≠pw ssZhnI

\∑-Iƒ sIm≠pw P\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p, DΩ≥ Nm-≠n.

85. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: Poh-N-cnX ê-I-ßƒ, ^m. kn. -F.

h¿Kokv

(at\m-ca ]mºmSn s]cp-∂mƒ kπn-sa‚ v, G]n¬ 4, 1999)

86. Bfl-hn-ip-≤n-bpsS B¿÷-hw, tUm. kndn-bIv tXmakv

(at\m-ca, 2003 G]n¬ 3).


87. hnip-≤n-bpsS \dp-a-e¿, s]m^. ss\\m≥ G_lmw.

88. ag-Øp-≈n-bpsS Ipfn¿a t]mse, tPm¨ I°mSv.

89. amXrIm PohnXw \bn® ]pWy]nXmhv, DΩ≥ Nm≠n


90. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: Hcp A\p-kva-c-Ww, ^m. ]n. F. Ipdn-

bmt°mkv t]g-a-‰w (ae-¶-c-k-`, am¿®v-˛-G]n¬ 1966).

91. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: Poh-N-cn-Xhpw A¥y \nan-j-ß-fpw, s\Sp-

amhv ‰n. hn. tPm¿÷v siΩm-i≥ (ae-¶-c-k-`, sabv 1965).

92. Xmt_m¿Kn-cn-bnse Xm]-k-ti-jvT≥, m. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv ]md-

bv°¬ (ae-bmf at\m-c-a, G]n¬ 6, 1964).

93. hX-\n-jvT-\mb Xncp-ta-\n (ae-bmf at\m-c-a, G]n¬ 6, 1964).

94. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-

ta-\n, ^m. ‰n. kn. tP°_v Xe-°p-fØv (ae-¶-c-k-`, G]n¬ 1965).

95. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n (at\m-ca apJ-]-kw-Kw, G]n¬ 6, 1965).

96. kvt\l-hm-\mb ]nXm-hv, ^m. ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ (ae-¶-c-

k-`, Pqsse 1965).

97. Hcp \√ CS-b≥, m. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv (Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

bqØv amknI FUnt‰mdn-b¬, 1985).

98. \njvT-bp≈ alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥, ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥

(]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, G]n¬ 1, 1989, ]pdw 19-˛23).

99. IÆo-tcmsS ]m¿∞n-®n-cp∂ \√ CS-b≥, sI. sI. Ipcp-hnf

Infn-cq-]-d-ºn¬ (]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, G]n¬ 1, 1989, ]pdw 39-

˛43).

100. ]cn-ip-≤n-bpsS Kncn-Zo-]w, Ipdn-b-∂q¿ hn. F. amXyp (]mºmSn

Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, G]n¬ 1, 1989, ]pdw 45˛49).

101. Rm≥ Adn-bp∂ ]mºm-Sn- Xn-cp-ta\n, Pq_n≥ kqk≥ h¿Kokv

hf-™-h´w (]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, G]n¬ 1, 1989, ]pdw 55˛58).

102. Fs‚ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n, c£n-°-W-ta, ]n. kn. amXyp Fd-

Wm-Ipfw (]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, HIvtSm-_¿ 1, 1989, ]pdw 7).

103. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]Sn-™m-td-°c IpSpw-_-hpw, ]n.

kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥ (]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, HIvtSm-_¿ 1,

1989, ]pdw 8-˛9).

104. ]mh-ßsf klm-bn®p kwXr-]vX-\mb Xncp-ta-\n, tXmakv


]p∂≥ hmg-°m-e, hmI-Øm\w (]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, Pqsse

1, 1988, ]pdw 11-˛13).

105. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hy‡n amlm-flyw, kqkΩ

]p∂qkv ]mØm-ap-´w (]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, Pqsse 1, 1988, ]pdw

18- 19).

106. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-: B≤ym-flnI ssNX-\y-Øns‚ ]Xo-Iw,

]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥ (ae-¶-c-k`, G]n¬ 1985).

107. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-: A\-iz-c-amb Bflob ssNX-\yw,

Koh¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv (ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sldmƒUv,

G]n¬ 7, 1989, ]pdw 1).

108. Hcp injys‚ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ, ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥ (ae-

¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sldmƒUv, G]n¬ 7, 1989, ]pdw 3).

109. kvt\lw \nd™ imk-\, Ipcym-t°mkv t]g-a‰w (ae-¶c

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sldmƒUv, G]n¬ 7, 1989, ]pdw 2).

110. s]mØ-ºp-d-tØ-bv°v, De-l-∂≥ h¿Kokv hS-Ic (ae-¶c


111. Cu sNdn-b-h-cn¬ B¿s°-¶n-epw, ]n. kn. sF∏v (ae-¶c


112. hni-°p∂ InkvXp-hns\ tXSn, h¿Kokv I°mSv (ae-¶c


113. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nbpw hmI-Øm-\Øp Zb-dmbpw (ae-¶c

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sldmƒUv, Unkw-_¿ 15, 1989, ]pdw 2).

114. hnizm-k-Øns‚ Ipfn¿a-g, ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-ń¬

(ae-¶-c-k-`, G]n¬ 2015).

115. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n: hncn-°q´w t]msemcp Pohn-Xw. tUm.

Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv (_-tY¬ ]Xn-I, G]n¬ 2015)

116. hX-\n-jvT-bpsS DZm-Ø-X, ^m. F_lmw tImin Ip∂pw-

]pdØv (_-tY¬ ]Xn-I, G]n¬ 2015).

117. efn-Xw ˛ B Pohn-Xhpw hN-\-hpw, ^m. tPmk^v ]n. Ipdn-bm-

t°mkv ]mºm-Sn-°-≠-Øn¬ (_-tY¬ ]Xn-I, G]n¬ 2015).

118. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\nbpw am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Zb-dm-bpw, ]n.

kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm≥ (Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv sk‚¿

IqZmim kvac-Wn-I, sabv 2002, ]pdw 81).


119. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Fs‚ Hm¿Ω-bn¬, sI. Fw. amXyp at\m-

ca (Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv sk‚¿ IqZmim kvac-WnI,

sabv 2002, ]pdw 79).

120. ]mºmSn ]≈nbpw ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\nbpw, ]n. kn. tbml-

∂m≥ dºm≥ (]mºmSn sk‚ v tPm¨kv IØo-U¬ ]p\¿ \n¿-

ΩmW kvac-Wn-I, 1997, ]pdw 71-˛79).

121. ]mºm-Sn ]≈n-bpsS ]nb ]pX≥ ]. ]mºm-Sn Xncp-ta\n, ]n.

kn. Nmt°m (]mºmSn sk‚ v tPm¨kv IØo-U¬ ]p\¿ \n¿ΩmW

kvac-Wn-I, 1997, ]pdw 189˛195).

Ihn-X-Iƒ

1. Xmt_m-dnse Xm]-k≥, alm-Ihn ]pØ≥Imhv amØ≥ Xc-

I≥ (Xmt_mdnse Xm]-k-h-cy≥, sI. hn. amΩ≥, aq∂mw ]Xn-∏v,]pdw 48˛52).

2. ]mºm-Sn-bnse ]\n-\o¿]qhv, k`m-Ihn kn. ]n. Nm≠n (Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bqØv, 1965 sabv).

3. A∂p-an∂pw Zm\-k-º-∂≥, ^m. ]n. -]n. Koh¿Kokv sF°-c-∏-S-hn¬ (at\m-ca ]mºmSn s]cp-∂mƒ kπn-sa‚ v, 2001 G]n¬ 6,]pdw 3; Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv sk‚¿ IqZmim kvac-Wn-I, sabv 2002, ]pdw 185).

4. amap\n, cmPp s]mØºpdw (]mºmSn Zbdm _p≈-‰n≥, Pqsse1, 1988, ]pdw 15).

5. Xmt_m¿a-e-bnse Xm]-k-ti-jvT≥, kn. sP. aÆp-ΩqSv (Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv sk‚¿ IqZmim kvac-Wn-I, sabv

2002, ]pdw 185).

HmUntbm Imk-‰v, HmUntbm knUn, hoUntbm knUn

1. Xmt_m-dnse Xm]ktijvT≥ (HmUntbm Imk‰v), 1989. \n¿-

ΩmWw: _m_p N°-wNnd, tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-Sv. cN\: G_lmwh¿Kokv ]Sn™m‰p-Ic. kwKoXw: _m_p ]pXp-∏≈n.

2. ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n (HmUntbm Imk‰v), 2004. \n¿ΩmWw:]mºmSn Zbd.

3. Xmt_m-dnse Xm]-k-h-cy≥ (hoUntbm knUn), 2007. kwhn-[m\w: tUm. Fw. Ipcy≥ tXma-kv, \n¿ΩmWw: ]mºmSn Zbd.


4. ]hnX kvarXn (HmUntbm knUn). \n¿ΩmWw: ]mºmSn Zbd.]mSn-bXv: Zbdm Kmb-I-kwLw.

5. ]Im-in-X≥ (HmUntbm knUn), 2010. \n¿ΩmWw: ]mºmSn Zbd.cN-\, -kw-KoXw: Uo°≥ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv amWn.

6. Xmt_m-dnse aWn-\mZw (HmUntbm knUn), 2014. \n¿ΩmWw:kvss]kv HmUn-tbmkv.

7. kph¿Æ ]cn-afw (HmUntbm knUn), 2015. \n¿ΩmWw: ]mºmSnZb-dm. ]mSn-bXv: Zbdm Kmb-I-kwLw.

8. ]pWy-Z¿i\w, 2016. \n¿ΩmWw: ]mºmSn Zbd.

kºm-Z-I≥: tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-Sv

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n ÿm]n® ]mºmSn Zbdm Nm∏¬.


Zfw 8

Xmt_m¿ Zbd

hnip≤nbpsS Hcp \q‰m≠v


A≥]Xp h¿jw ]n∂n´

]mºmSn Zbdm

^m. ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥

ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse alm-]p-tcm-lnX

tijvT-\mb Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

Bÿm-\-amWp ]mºmSn Zb-dm. AXn\p Xmt_m¿ Zbdm F∂p \ma-

I-cWw sNbvsX-¶nepw am¿ Ipcym-t°mkv Zbdm F∂ t]cn-emWv

A[n-Ihpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]mºmSn Zbdm ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xp thº-

\m´p Imb-en-s‚bpw klym-Zn-bp-sSbpw at\m-l-c-amb ]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-

ßƒ ]Zm\w sNøp∂ s]mØ-ºpdw Ip∂ns‚ s\dpIbn-em-Wv.

hm¿≤-Iyhpw A\m-tcm-Kyhpw aqew hf-sc-b-[nIw Hm¿Ω-°p-d-thm-

sS-bm-sW-¶nepw ]m¿∞-\-bnepw [ym\-Ønepw apgpIn ]cn-ip-≤-\mb

Xncp-ta\n C∂v Cu Zb-dm-bn¬ hni-an-°p-I-bm-Wv.

A`n-hµy Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS CS-hI ]mºmSn henb]≈n-bm-Wv.

At±lw hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ kpZo¿L-Imew dºm-\mbn Xmakn-®p.

kz¥-ambn Hcp Zbdm ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ A∂p-Xs∂ At±lw BK-

ln-®n-cp-∂p. AK-ay-amb Hcp -h-\-]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂p, A∂v s]mØ-ºpdw

Ip∂v. B h\m-¥¿`mKw Xs∂ Zb-dm-bv°mbn At±lw sXc-s™-

Sp-Øp. Xncp-a-\- nse hµy- Kp-cp-`q-X-\mb aT-Øn-em-im≥ F∂

sslµ-h- ]-am-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p, Zb-dm-bv°p≈ ÿew Xncp-ta-\n°p

\¬In-b-Xv. 1913 HmKÃv 30˛\p Zb-dm-bv°p≈ ÿew FgpXn hmßn®p.

ae-¶c k`m-`m-kp-c≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Btem-N\ A\p-

k-cn®v 1089˛m-am≠v I¿°-SIw 15˛\p Zb-dm-bpsS inem-ÿm-]\w

\SØn. kao-]-ÿcpw hnZq-c-ÿ-cp-amb \m\m-Pm-Xn-a-X-ÿ-cmb Bcm-

[-I-cpsS \n¿tem-`-amb klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßƒ aqew AXn-thKw

Zb-dm-bpsS ]Wn-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. siΩm-i-∑msc kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-

∏n®psIm≠p dºm-\mbn Zo¿L-Imew Zb-dm-bn¬ Xncp-ta\n Xma-kn®p.

Zb-dm-°m-cpsS Xe-h-\mb am¿ At¥m-\n-tbm-kn-s\-t∏mse Zbdm

Pohn-X-Øns‚ DØ-a-am-XrI At±lw k`bv°p \¬In.

AZv`pX \£Xw

Ct∏mƒ ImWp∂ Zb-dm ]≈n-bpsS inem-ÿm-]\w 1920 sabv

28˛\p I≠-\mSv CS-h-I-bpsS bqbm°ow am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-

t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠p \n¿h-ln-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. XpS¿∂p 3


h¿j-°mew ]≈n ]Wn \S-∂p. Cu aq∂p h¿j-°m-ehpw A`nhµy

Xncp-ta\n F√m Znh-k-ß-fnepw k‘y-hsc D]-h-kn-®n-cp∂p. ]≈n-

bpsS Igp-t°m¬ ]nSn-∏n® Znhkw a≤ym-”-Øn¬ Hcp \£Xw

BIm-i-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-´Xp I≠ At\-I¿ C∂pw Pohn-®n-cn-

∏p≠v. 1098 aIcw 7˛\p ae-¶-c-bpsS am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv, hmI-Øm-

\Øp am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv F∂o Xncp-ta-\n-am¿ tN¿∂v ]≈n-IqZmi

\S-Øn.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw a‰p ]e-cp-sSbpw \n¿_‘w aqew

1929 s^_p-hcn 14˛\p ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n saXm≥ ÿm\Øv Db¿-

Ø-s∏-´p. XpS¿∂p 30 h¿j-°mew tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Øns‚ `cWw

kvXpXy¿l-ambn At±lw \n¿h-ln-®p. Xncp-ta\n Hcp hm°p- amXw

Iev]n-®m¬ NqtS-dnb GXv CS-h-I-]-iv\hpw sRmSn-bn-S-bn¬ ]cn-

lr-X-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.

1948 Unkw-_¿ 16˛\p Zb-dm-∏-≈n-tbmSp tN¿∂p≈ hcm-¥-I-fpsS

]Wn Bcw-`n-®p. hcm-¥-]-Wn-bpsS sNehp apgph≥ hln-®Xp ]pXp-

∏≈n I∂p-Ip-gn-bn¬ ]tc-X-\mb io. sI. sI. amWn-bpsS IpSpw-

_hpw tIm´-bsØ tlm´¬ Aw_m-k-U¿ DS-a-ÿ¿ io. F. kn.

tP°_v B≥Uv _tZ-gvkp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hS-°p-h-isØ hcm-¥-bpsS

Ing-°-cn-In-embn Xncp-a-\- p-sIm-≠p Xs‚ A¥y-hn-i-a-ÿm-\-ambn,

Hcp I_¿ apdnbpw ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. C∂pw IqsS-°qsS B I_¿

apdn-bn¬ t]mbn-cp∂p [ym\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±lw Xm¬]cyw ]Z¿in-

∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ac-W-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ac-Wm-\-¥-cm-h-ÿ-sb-∏-‰n-bpap≈ Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS ]`m-jWw Bcp-tSbpw lrZ-bsØ kv]¿in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

Zb-dm-sbbpw ]≈n-sbbpw tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ip∂w-Ip-f-

Øp≈ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ \n¿h-ln-®n-´p≈ ]¶p ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-

am-Wv. C∂pw B tkh\w XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]m¿∞-\- aqew

tπKv _m[-bn¬\n∂p Ip∂w-Ipfw tZisØ c£n® ]mºmSn Xncp-

ta-\nsb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Ah¿ Icp-Xn-t∏m-

cp∂p. ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bpsS Pq_nen Pqsse 15˛\p BtLm-jn-°p-I-

bm-Wv.

(at\m-ca, 1964 Pqsse 12)


]mºmSn Zbd

\qdmw h¿j-Øn-te°v

^m. kn. F. h¿Kokv(Z-bdm Akn. amt\-P¿)

]mºmSn sk‚ v tPm¨kv henb]≈n hnIm-cn-bmbpw tIm´bw

]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ kpdn-bm\n aev]m-\mbpw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Ime

L´-Øn-emWv hµy Fw. kn. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®≥ (]-cn-ip≤

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n) kzÿ-ambn ssZh-kw-k¿§-Øn¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v

]‰nb ÿe-amb s]mØ≥]pdwIp∂v Ib-dp-∂-Xv. Xs‚ Kpcphpw hgn-

Im- n-bp-ambncp∂ aT-Øn-em-im-\n¬\n∂pw 1913 HmKÃv 30˛\v \ma-amX-

amb hnebv°v e`n® 12 G°¿ h\-]-tZ-i-tØ°v ImSpw-]-Sepw shń-

sØ-fn®v \S-∏mX D≠m-°n-bmWv dºm-®\pw kvt\ln-X-∑mcpw BZy-

ambn IS-∂p-h-∂-Xv.

1914 Pqsse 30˛\v (1089 I¿°-SIw 15) am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv kl-

Zm-bpsS s]cp-∂m-ƒ Znhkw sNdnbaT-Øn¬ henb bmt°m_v IØ-

\m-sc-s°m≠v Zb-dm-bpsS inem-ÿm-]-\-I¿Ωw \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

Zb-dm-bpsS ]Wn thK-Øn¬ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw am¿ Ipdn-bm-

t°mkv Zbdm F∂p \ma-I-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. aq∂p Znh-

ksØ ]m¿∞-\bv°pw D]-hm-k-Øn\pw tij-amWv dºm-®\pw

injy-∑mcpw Zb-dm-bn¬ Xmakw Bcw- n-®-Xv. Cu Ime-L- -Øn-emWv,

dºm-®s\ Poh-\p-Xpeyw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw Pohn-Xm-¥yw-hsc

hnizkvX tkh-I-cmbn ipiq-jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ s]m´≥ hey-

∏≥ F∂p hnfn-®n-cp∂ D∏q-ń¬ tXmakpw ]Sn-™m-td-°c aØm-bn-

t®-´\pw Zb-dm-bn¬ Xß-fpsS tkh\w Bcw-`n-®-Xv. XpS¿∂v Bcm-[-

\-bv°mbn Hcp Xm¬°m-enI tZhm-ebw \n¿Ωn-°pIbpw 1090 aIcw

15˛\v IqZmi \SØn hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂p-

ap-X¬ kao]]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿ ChnsS \S-°p∂ Bcm-

[-\-bn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-Ibpw Bizm-khpw A\p-K-lhpw ]m]n-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. 1920 sabv 28˛\v I≠-\mSv `Zm-k-\m-[n-]-\m-bn-cp∂

bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-temkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm c≠m-asØ Zb-dm-]≈n-

bpsS inem-ÿm-]\w \n¿h-ln-®p. ]≈n-]Wn XpS-ßnb A∂p-ap-X¬

Xocp-∂-Xp-hsc aq∂p -h¿jw dºm-®≥ cmhnse apX¬ k‘y- hsc


D]-h-kn-®p. ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏´ tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ IqZmi 1923 P\p-

hcn 20˛\v ]cn-ip≤ h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw hmI-Øm-\Øv am¿

]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta\nbpw (c≠mw ImtXm-en°m _mhm) tN¿∂v

\n¿h-ln-®p.

1911˛¬ saXm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v Xnc-s™-Sp-sØ-¶nepw AXn\p

hnk-Ω-Xn® dº-m®s\ 1929˛¬ IqSnb ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥

ho≠pw saXm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw ]cn-ip≤

h´t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS-bpw a‰p ]nXm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw \n¿_-‘-

Øn\p hgßn 1929 s^_p-hcn 16˛\v tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠n

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ saXm≥ ÿm\w

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 36 h¿j-°mew Xm≥ ÿm]n® Zb-dm-

bn¬ Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v `Zm-k\ `cWw \n¿h-ln-®p.

hµy Xncp-ta-\n°v [mcmfw injy-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw Xs‚

k¥X kl-Nm-cn-I-fmbn Pohn-Xm-¥yw-hsc Xt∂m-sSm∏w D≠m-I-

W-sa∂v BK-ln-°p-Ibpw AXn≥]-Imcw ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvX-h-cmWv hµy ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm-®\pw ]√m´v ]n. kn.

sF∏v Bim\pw Nma-°m-em-bn¬ kn. F. G_-lm-apw. Hcp _me-

\mbn Zb-dm-bn¬ IS-∂p-h∂ ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥ dºm-®≥, Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS BKl-]-Imcw skI- -dn-bmbpw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-tijw

Zb-dm-bpsS ][m\ Npa-X-e-°m-c-\mbpw ]h¿Øn-®p. ]cn-ip≤

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n 1965 G]n¬ 5˛\v Imew sNbvX-Xns\ XpS¿∂v

At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ ]mtd´v amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Zb-dm-bn¬ Xma-kn®v `Zm-k\ `cWw \S-Øn-

t∏m∂p. hµy Xncp-ta-\n-bmWv ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n BK-

ln®v I¬]n-®n-cp∂ Fw.Pn.Fw. A -b- -h-s‚bpw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv

sF.Sn.kn. bpsS-bpw Bcw`w Ipdn-®-Xv. Cu Ime-L-´-ßfn-emWv

tPmk v am¿ ]t°m-an-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ AØm-

\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw tIm´bw `Zm-k\ klmb saXm-t∏m-

eo-Øm-am-cmbn ]h¿Øn-®-Xv.

1980 HmKÃv 31˛\v ]mtd´v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Imew

sNøp-Ibpw ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ]Y-

a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm tIm´bw saXm-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-Xe Gs‰-

Sp-°p-Ibpw amXyqkv am¿ _¿W-_mkv Xncp-ta-\nsb klmb saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v At±lw Zb-dm-bn¬ Xma-

kn®v Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬

1981˛¬ ]mºmSn sI. Pn. tImfPpw 1983˛¬ _n.Fw.Fw. Cw•ojv


aoUnbw kvIqfpw 1985˛¬ ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS P∑-

iXm_vZn kvamc-I-ambn am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv _me- -h\pw Bcw- n®p.

1985 sabv 15˛\v Koh¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n tIm´bw

`Zm-k\ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbmbn ]mºmSn Zb-dm-bn¬ Xmakw Bcw-

`n-®p. Cu Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ Zbdm Nm∏¬ s]mfn®v at\m-l-c-ambn

]pXnb tZhm-ebw 1991˛¬ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw A`-b-`-h≥ sIń-S-ßƒ

\ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A`n-hµy ]nXm-°-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w ta¬∏-

d™ ]ÿm-\-ßƒs°√mw kPo-h-amb t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv hµy

]n. kn. tbm-l-∂m≥ dºm-®-\m-Wv.

2012˛¬ sk‚ v aIo\m _men-Im-`-h\pw aThpw Bcw-`n-®p. 2005˛¬

hµy tbml-∂m≥ dºm-®≥ Bcw-`n® Bim-In-c¨ ]ÿm\w C∂v

Bim-In-c¨ ]men-tb-‰ohv sIb¿ bqWn-‰mbn ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p-∂p. hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp∂ Imew apX¬ 2008 hsc hµy tbml-

∂m≥ dºm-t\m-sSm-∏hpw dºm-®s‚ th¿]m-Sn-\p-tijw Zbdm amt\-

P-cm-bn -h∂ ^m. amXyp sI. tPmWn-t\m-sSm∏hpw Cu teJ-I≥

]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

\qdp h¿j-ßƒ ]n∂n-Sp∂ ]mºmSn Zb-dmbpw hnizm-kn-k-aq-lhpw

]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]cn-ip≤ ]Zhn ]Jym-]-\-Øn-\mbn

]m¿∞-\m-]q¿∆w ImtXm¿Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

(ae-bmf at\m-ca, G]n¬ 4, 2014)

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Zbdm sIńSw.


A\p-_‘w 1

]. h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n-,

]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n°v Ab® IØpIƒ

\º¿ 567. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®-\v. Zb-dmbv°p I√n-Sp-∂-Xn\p

Cuhm-\n-tbmkp saXm-®≥ AhnsS hcp-∂-Xn\p i´w-sIńbn´p-

s≠∂pw aÆq-°-Sp-∏n¬ siΩm-i\p ]´w sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\p Abm-

fpsS ]Tn-XzsØ kw_-‘n®v dºm-®s‚ Hcp km£n]Xw D≠m-bn-

cn-°-W-sa∂pw siΩm-i≥ Ia-ß-sfm∂pw ]Tn-®n-ń-s√-¶n¬ \√-Xp-

t]mse ]Tn®p Ign-™-Xns‚ tijw ]´w sImSp-Øm¬ \∂m-bn-cn-

°p-sa∂pw a‰pw. 1095˛m-am≠v CSh amkw 14-˛\p tIm´bw knΩ-\m-cn-

bn¬ \n∂pw.

\º¿ 845. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®-\v. CS-bv°m-´p-Ip-t∂¬ ]pØ≥-

]≈n-bn¬ Cu amkw 25-˛\p tbml-∂m≥ «olm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬

X¬°me IqZmi sNbvXp …o_m ]Xn-jvTn®p hn. Ip¿∫m\ A\p-

jvTn-°-W-sa∂pw a‰pw. F∂v 1920-˛\p 1096 Nnßw 5˛\p tIm´-bØp

knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw.

\º¿ 550. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®∂p. ]mºmSn sX°p-w`mKw

]pØ≥]-≈n-bnse IW-°p-Iƒ tI´p ta¬\-S-]-Sn- sicn-s∏-SpØn

\Ωp-sS-t]¿°v dnt∏m¿´v sNø-W-sa∂pw a‰pw. 1094 [\p 19-˛\p tIm´-

bØp knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw.

\º¿ 663. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®-\v. tXm´-bv°m´p ]≈n-bn¬

t]mbn Ahn-SpsØ hnImcn A®\pw CS-h-I-°m-c≥ siΩm-i-p-am-bp≈

X¿°w tI´p Xocp-am-\n®p 11-˛\p \sΩ Adnbn°-W-sa∂pw a‰pw. 95

ao\w 6 ]cp-ae knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw.

\º¿ 865. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®-\v. CXSw h∂p t]mI-W-sa∂pw

a‰pw. 95 CShw 3. tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en¬ \n∂pw.

\º¿ 209. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm-®-\v. CXSw hcWsa∂p. 1100

taSw 12-˛\p ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw.

(]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Iev]-\-_p-°n¬ \n∂pw.)


A\p-_‘w 2

]. Koh¿Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm-, ]. ]mºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n°v Ab® Iev]\Ifpw IØpIfpw

1]nb-sc, temI-k-am-[m-\-Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw \ΩpsS k -bpsS tbmPn-

∏n-\p-th-≠n-bpw CS-b-∑m-cpsS \S-Øn-∏n-\p-th-≠nbpw h-\-ß-fn¬h®v

]m¿∞-\m-k-a-bØpw ]≈n-I-fn¬h®p hn. Ip¿_m\ ka-bØpw

\nß-ƒ apń-∏mbn At]-£n-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p IqsS \nß-

fpsS kvt\l-tØmSp \mw Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-≈p-∂p.

\mw Ct∏mƒ ]c-pa-ebv°p t]mIp-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂p sIm√w `Zm-

k\ CS-h-I-tbm-K-Øn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn\p Ip≠-dbv°p \msf

t]mI-Ww. AXn-\m¬ \mw hcp-∂-Xp-hsc saXm-®≥ \ΩpsS knΩ-

\m-cn-bn¬ h∂p Xma-kn-°-Ww. DSs\ Ahn-sS-\n∂p ChnsS FØp-a-

t√m.

F∂v, 1935˛\v sIm√w 1110 anYp\w 17˛\v tIm´bw ]gbknΩ-\m-cn-

bn¬ \n∂pw.


2Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-Im-c-\-®\pw a‰pw Atßm´p hcp-∂p. Ah-cpsS IqsS

t]mtI-≠-Imcyw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. \mw ChnsS Ct∏mƒ FÆ tkhn-

®n-cn-bv°-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Hcn-S-tØ°pw t]mIp-∂-Xn\p \nhr-Øn-

bn-√. Hcp henb CS-hI Ipg-∏-Øn-em-Ip-∂Xp k¶-S-am-W-t√m. AXn-

\m¬ saXm-®≥ Xs∂ t]mI-Ww. Nmt°m kq]≠pw a‰pw AhnsS

D≠t√m.

F∂v, 1935˛\p sIm√w 1110 I¿°-SIw 10˛\p tIm´bw knΩ-\m-cn-

bn¬ \n∂pw


3\mw Cu i\n-bmgvN ChnsS \n∂pw sXt°m´p t]mIp-∂-Xm-bn-

cn°pw. Ipdn-bm-t°mkp IØ-\m¿°p I∂n-amkw 14˛\v …o_m s]cp-


\m-fn\p dºm≥ ÿm\w sImSp-°m-sa-∂m-Wt√m ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

A∂p-Xs∂ saXm-®≥ Abmƒ°p dºm≥ÿm\w sImSpØpsIm-

≈Ww. tijw ]n∂m-se.

F∂p 1936˛\v sIm√w 112 Nnßw 19˛\v tIm´bw kpdn-bm\n knΩ-

\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw.


444/20˛5˛110

]mºmSn saXm-®-\v,

Cu FgpØpwsIm≠p-h-cp∂ amt´¬ Cń-b-hncm A_m-Ωns‚

ssIhiw Ct∏mƒ Ccn-°p∂ tImX......-]p-c-bnSw knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬

\n∂pw tee-Øn¬ ]nSn® hnh-chpw B hkvXp Ch¿°v Xs∂ ]m´-

Øn\p sImSp-°m-sa∂p kΩ-Xn-®n-´p≈ hnh-chpw Adn-bm-a-s√m. Cu

hkvXp DS≥ \SØn hmßn-°p∂XmWv. ap≥ I-cm-d-\p-k-cn®v Ch-

tcmSp DS-s\Xs∂ ]m´-No´p hm-ßn-°-Ww. AXn-\m¬ B hkvXp-

hn\v Ct∏mƒ F¥p- ]m´w In´p-sa-∂p≈ hnhcw X°-Xmb Hcm-fns\

Ab®p Xn´-s∏-SpØn Adn-bn-°-Ww. \ap°p 2000 cq]m-bv°p-ta¬

hn[n-]-Imcw Ch-cpsS ]°¬ \n∂pw In´m-\p-s≠-∂p≈ kwK-Xn-sb-

°p-dn®v Btem-Nn®p c≠p Iq´¿°pw \jvS-an-√m-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬ ]m´-

No-s´-gpXn Imcyw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Ø-°-hÆw G¿∏mSp sNbvXp

Chs\ Ab-bv°-Ww. ]m´-No´p Ct∏mƒ Fgp-Xm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂Xp

amt´¬ A_mapw sXt°-°c ]oen-t∏mkpw Ipgn-bmØv Ch-cn¬

\n∂pw ]m´-kwJy CuSm-°p-∂-Xn\p ]bmkw t\cn-Sptam F∂p≈

kwK-Xnbpw IqSn Adn-bn-°-Ww. tijw ]n∂m-se.


]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿iap≈

]. Koh¿Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhm-bpsS Iev]-\

173/22˛12˛110

\ΩpsS B¿Øm‰p Ip∂w-Ipfw ]≈n-hn-Im-cnbpw tZiØp]´-

°mcpw ]≈n-ssI-°mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn -I-s≠-∂m¬

\nßƒ°p hmgvhv.

]nb-sc, \nß-fpsS CS-bn¬ Nne `n∂-X-Iƒ F√m-ap-s≠∂p \mw

]e hgn°pw Adn-bp-∂-Xn¬ hyk-\n-°p-∂p. \mw Xs∂ AhnsS h∂p

\nß-sf-√m-h-tcbpw I≠p kt¥m-j-tØmsS aS-ßn-t∏m-cp-∂-Xn\v

BK-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ct∏mgpw \mw kpJ-t°-Sn¬ acp∂p

tkhn®p ]Yy-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v \ap°p hcp-hm≥ km[n-

°m-bvI-sIm≠p \ap°p ]Icw _lp-am-\-s∏´ \ΩpsS KotKm-dn-

tbmkp saXm-®s\ Atßm-´-b-bv°p-∂p. At±lw \nß-tfmSp

B⁄m-]n-°p-Ibpw KpW-tZm-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ F√m kwK-Xn-

I-fnepw \nßƒ At±-lsØ A\p-k-cn®v kt¥m-j-tØmSpw kam-

[m-\-tØmSpw At±-lsØ Xncn-®-b-bv°-Ww. kmØms‚ F√m X¥-

ß-tfmSpw \nßƒ FXn¿Øp ssZh-bnjvSw ]q¿Øn-bm-°-Ww. \nß-

fpsS PUnI-_p-≤n-Isf Dt]-£n®p ssZh-Øns‚ CjvS-Øn\p Iogvs∏-

S-Ww. kam-[m-\-tØmsS F√m-hcpw HsØm-cp-an®p \n¬t°≠ ka-

bhpw Imehpw BWn-sX-∂p-≈Xv Adn-bm-a-t√m. tijw Imcy-ßƒ

]n∂mse FgpXn Ab-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

(1934˛se Iev]-\-_p-°n¬ \n∂pw)


A\p-_‘w 3

Xmt_m-dnse Xm]k≥

alm-Ihn ]pØ≥Imhp amØ≥ Xc-I≥

Fs¥-¥p- a-t\m-l-cw, Fs¥¥p im¥n-]Zw

Fs¥¥p `‡m-Z¿iw k¥X-an-]-tZiw

Zp¿ΩZw s]mń-s°mSpw `m¥-\mbv IpSn-t®mSn˛

Ø∑p-ºn¬ ImWpw Icn-ºm-d-sb-t∏mepw sImºm¬

IpØn-°q-]w-Ip-gn°pw Iq‰\mw Ipw`n-t]m-ep˛

an ""Xmt_m¿ae'' X∂n-se-Øn-bm-e-£Ww Xm≥

""tamdnbm'' alo-[-cm-[n-XyI X∂n¬Zn-hym˛

Nmcy\mw ]nXm-hp-X≥ b⁄-_m-e-I-\mbn

t]i-e-ar-Zp-lm-k-®-µn-I-Xq-In-hm-tWm˛

""cn -lm°n'' t\t∏mse kuay-\mbv Xocpw Xocpw

im¥n-X≥ \ntI-X-\-an-Xp-Xm-\n-hn-S-Øn¬

tX¥p-≈n-X-fn-°p∂ sX∂epw im¥w im¥w

X≥^-e-ßfmw ]pØ≥ ]hn-g-ß-sf-s°m≠pw

tXmcWw tXmev°m-tX‰w Nm¿Øn-bo-]-tZ-isØ

\msfsbm as‰-∂msfm apX¬s°-¶nepw ioX≥

If-\¿Ø-\-Øn\p Xf-am-°n-Øo¿°p-hm≥

Cf-b-ap-f-In≥ ]qs¶m-Sn-Iƒ XS-sht\y

Xe-Iƒs]m-°n-∏n-Sn® £oW-a-\n-ihpw

apSn-sXm-´-Sn-tbmfw \m´-s∏-´p≈ sIm®p˛

ac-°m¬I-fn¬ XØn-∏n-Sn-®p-I-b-dp-∂p,

s]m≥Ip-S-ß-sft∏-dn-°-sø-Øp-ap-b-c-Øn¬

]¥n-bmbv s]m¥n-\n¬°pw tIc-`qcp-l-ßfpw

Ime-am-‰-ß-tf-Xpw-Nn-¥-sN-bvXo-Sp-tXm-a¬˛

tImIn-e-ßsf amSn-hn-fn®pw êw Imbv®pw

]®-∏q-¶p-S-I-sf-t∏mse hnkvXr-X-ambn

kzO-µw-hn-f-ßp∂ amI-µ-hr-µ-ßfpw

]X-ß-fmIpw sImSn-°q-dIƒ s]m°n-∏n-Sn˛

®i-aw-\n¬°pw sIm®p d_-dn≥ \nc-Ifpw


Nqf-Øn¬ PK-Zo-im-cm-[-\m-Km-\w-]mSpw

Nqf-ssØ-a-c-ßfpw ]pXp]q-s®-Sn-Ifpw

Aar-X-]-hm-l-Øn-e-¥nI ÿsc-ap°pw

hna-e-^-e-]Zw Nmºbpw ]\-khpw

]p√-Wn-Ø-d-bmb hn√o-kp-]p-X-t®m-co˛

bp√m-km¬ alm-ssiew Ieym-W-am-°o-Sp-∂p.

Xmgvhc-Nqgpw ]e sIm®p-ssX-a-c-ß-fn¬

Xmgva-tbm-Sn-cp-t∂ma¬ss∏-¶n-fn-s∏Ïp-™p-ßƒ

am\-tkm-√m-k-]-Z-Km-\-ß-fm-em-]n∏q

hm\-h¿°-[o-is\ kvXpXn-°-b-√o-bh!

]cn-ip-≤-am-Ipao `q[-c-Øn≥]m-ZsØ

]cn-h¿Ø-\w-sN-øp-∂p≠p \¬°-≠-ßfpw

]®-∏-´p-Sp-∏n´ s\¬s®-Sn-°p-™p-ß-fm-˛-

kz-OXIe-cp∂ hncn-∏n¬ \n∂pw kZm,

Nmc-Øp-h-f-cp∂ tX≥I-cn-ºns‚ \o≠˛

]X-a¿Ω-cm-em-]w-tI´p \¿Ø-\w-sN-bvhq,

Hmtcmtcm bma-Øn-ep-tam-tcmtcm h¿ÆwtNcpw

hmcn-tZm-jvWo-j-ßsf amdn-am-dn-[-cn®pw

k¥Xw ]®-hn-√okv ""bqWn-t^md''ßfn´pw

im¥-Kw-ò-c-`m-h-kw-bpXw \ncm-abw

]¥n°p ]fl-hyqlw Na-®n-∏p-Wym-iaw

N¥-tam-sS∂pw ImØp-sIm-≈p∂p ssie-ssk\yw

]m]n-jvT¿ P\-ßƒX≥ hmbn¬\n-∂p¬K-fn®p

]mscßpw Np‰pw sI´-izm-k-sØ-h-ln-°p∂

Im‰n-s\-t∏m-ep-a-hco Znhy-`q-hn-te°p

sN‰pta IS-Øn-hn-ó-Sp-In-s√-¥m-bmepw

k`-sb-ap-Sn-°p∂ hnπ-h-s°m-Spw-`qXw

kXzcw \Sp-ßo-Sp-an-]-tZ-i-sØ-°-≠m¬

hmcn-fw-sh-bn-se∂pw s]m≥ap-Sn-b-Wn-bn°p

amc-ay-Kn-cn-bn-Xn-∂p-∂-X-ap-Sn-X-∂n¬

kz¿t√m-Im-[o-i-\mIpw InkvXp-tZ-h-s\-°m-◊m˛

\p√-kn-®n-b-ßp∂ aRvPpf-tZ-hm-ebw

hmscm-fn-®µ_nw_ Xqsh-≈n-a-Ip-Shpw

Xmc-k-©-b-®n-X-∏q-ºp-≈n-∏-S-ehpw


AWn-bp-am-Im-iamw \oe-\o-cmf alm˛

aWn-a-fi]w Xmßn-\n¿Øpw X¶-Øq-W√o?

XmX\mw ssZh-Øns‚ Z£n-W-`m-Kw-X-∂n¬

]pXs‚ I\-I-knw-lm-k\w hnf-ßp-wt]m¬

]≈n-X≥ hmta-X-c-`m-K-Ømbv ImWm-samcp

sIm®p-sIm-´mcw ˛ A√˛ ]pev°p-Sn¬ ˛ Xt]m-hm-Sw.

Bcp-Xm-\n-hn-S-Øn¬ ]≈n-sIm-≠oSpw ap\n

hoc≥, A√-Xn-im-¥≥, ]pWy-hm≥ `t‡m-Øwkw

tbmssK-I-\n-c-X-∑m¿°n-Xp-Xm≥ ]pWym-iaw

t`mKnsb tbmKn-bm°pw i‡n-bp-an-hn-sS-Øm≥

""KotKm-dn-tbmkmw'' Xncp-ta-\n-Xm-\-t√m-bn-ßp˛

kmIqXw X]w-sNøpw Xm]-k-h-cym-[n-]≥

C∏-pWy-kz-cq]w ImWp-In¬ knwlw-t]m-ep˛

as∏msg Xe-Xm-gvØn-°p-ºnSpw ]mZ-ß-fn¬

im¥-Xm-hn-e-knX kpµ-c-ap-J-a-Xn¬

k¥-Xw-hn-f-ßp∂p ]p©n-cn-a-co-Nn-Iƒ

X∂-Øm≥ XyPn-t®mco-Po-hnXw temI-Ønse

a‰p-≈m-i-a-ß-fn¬ ImWp-hm≥ ]Wn-b-sX.

""InkvXp-tZ-hs‚ ]cn-Xym-K-ioe''an∂p≈

InkvXp-`-‡-∑m-cn¬ h®n-t±-l-Ønte Imäq.

tImSm-\p-tIm-Sn-∏-h≥tX-Sn-h-®-`n-cm-a˛

taS-bn¬Ip-Sn-sIm≈pw h≥[-\m-Vy-\m-Is´

]mfbpw Nn√n-t°m-epw-t]dn bmNn-®p-h-gn˛

\of-sh-\-S-∂o-Sp-an-c-∏m-fn-bm-Is´

kn≤-\m-an-t±-l-Øn-\-ev]hpw t`Z-an√

_≤-Iu-XpIw c≠p-t]-cn-ep-sam-tc-`mhw

Bscbpw ipiq-jn-°p-am¿°p-sa-¥pw-sIm-Sp-°p˛

amcmepw ipiq-jn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ hnk-Ω-X≥

X∂-Øm≥ XmgvØp-∂-h-\p-b¿Ø-s∏-Sp-sa∂

kZzm-Iy-an-t±-l-Øn-e-Xy-¥-a-\z¿∞w

am\kw taco-]p-X-≤ym-\-[m-c-bn¬ kZm

eo\-sa-∂m-fp-a-Xn-∂n-f°w sX√p-an-√.

CØcw `‡-knw-l-an-Xn-∂p-ap-∂w-h©n


[mXn-X≥ ssie-ß-fn-se-ßpta h∂n-ń-√.

Znhy-\m-an-t±-lsØ ]k-hn-t®mcp ipX

`hybmw kpdn-bm-\n-k¬k-`m-P-\-bnXo

CØcw bXo-µ-sc-am-X-sa-bn-\n-ta-en¬

[mXn-bn¬ Rßƒ°m-bn ]k-hn-°m-hq-tZho

£W-`w-Kp-c-ßfmw kuJy-kw-]m-]vXn-°mbn

∏Wn-s∏-´p-g-∂oSpw ama-I-`m-Xm-°sf

hcp-hn≥! aSn-°mXn ]pWy-`q-k-µ¿in®p

hc-ßƒ hmßn-°p-hn≥! tbmKn-sb-ss°-Iq-∏p-hn≥!

B\-µ-a-cm-f-ßƒ \¿Ø-\w-sN-bvXo-Sp∂

hm\-h-]p-c-tØ-°n-±n-hym-Zn-bn¬\n-s∂m‰

NmtWm-fw-Zq-cw-amXw t\m°n-bm¬ ImWmw ImWmw

tNtWm-ep-a-∏p-c-Øn≥ cq]-em-h-Wy-sa√mw

C""Ømt_m¿ ae-bnse k\ym-kn-h-cy≥'' Nncw

]m¿Ø-ń¬ ]≈n-sIm-≈m≥ ssZhta! ssIsXm-gp-t∂≥.

(1930˛m-am≠p (1105) I¿°-S-I-amkw 11-˛\p i\n-bmgvN sI. ‰n. Koh-

dp-Kokv dºm≥ Fw.G. _n.Un. (]n∂oSv ]pØ≥Imhp Xncp-ta\n)

tbmSpw GXm\pw siΩm-i-∑m-tcmSpw IqSn ]mºmSn Zbdm kµ¿in®

alm-Ihn ]pØ≥Imhp amØ≥ Xc-I≥ ]n∂oSv Fgp-Xn-bXv. sI.

hn. amΩ≥ cNn® Xmt_mdnse Xm]-k-h-cy≥ F∂ KŸ-Øns‚

aq∂mw ]Xn-∏n¬ \n∂pw, ]pdw 48˛52)

]pØ≥Imhv

amØ≥ Xc-I≥


A\p-_‘w 4

]mºm-Sn-bnse ]\n-\o¿∏qhv

k`m-Ihn shÆn-°pfw kn. ]n. Nm≠n

hnae ae-¶-c-h≥I-c-X≥

Xebmw Xmt_m¿ ama-e-bn¬

hnekpw ]pXp-a-e¿ hmSn-bnse

s]m≥]-\n-\o¿a-e¿ hmSn-t∏mbv!

Ip∂n¬ IqSnb IpXp-I-Øm¬

IqØm-Snb Ip™m-Sp-Itf!

kp]-`-hoin hnf-ßn-sbm-c˛

s∏m≥ ]\n-\o¿a-e¿ hmSn-t∏mbv!

a[p-cn-a-tbdpw tX≥\p-I-cm≥

]mdn-hcpw ]qºm-‰-Itf

]mºm-Sn-∏q-t¥m-∏nse

s]m≥]\o¿a-e¿ hmSn-t∏mbv!

i¶m-lo\w imJ-I-fn¬

XØn-b-X¶ ]mhp-Isf!

Xmßpw XWepw X∂-sNSn

]mtS hmSn-t∏m-bs√m!

hb-ense en√n-∏q-°-fpsS

aln-asb hmgvØnb PK-Zo-i≥

\ndhpw a[phpw ]cn-a-fhpw

hSn-shmSp \nd-]-Sn-bmbv \¬In

\nd-aXp aßn; a[p h‰o;

aW-a‰q; ]q Xd-]‰o;

BImiw s\Sp-ho¿∏n´p!

Im¿taLw IÆo¿XqIn!

]qs]m-gnbpw s\∑-Wn-Nobpw;

ap∏-Xp-a-dp-]-Xp-ambv hnfbpw

cmshm-gnbpw IXn-tcm-\p-bcpw

Poh-\p-Zn°pw arXn-a-dbpw

* * * * *


]mºm-Sn-bnse ]cn-ip≤m!

KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\o!

Znhy-]n-Xmth! hmgvhpI-fm¬

\¬IpI a°ƒ°m-izmkw

(Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bqØv, 1965 sabv)

k`m-Ihn shÆn-°pfw

kn. ]n. Nm≠n


A\p-_‘w 5

A∂-Zm\ atlm-’-hw

^m. tUm. tPm¨ tXmakv Icnßmń¬

]mºmSn Zb-dm-bnse Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ°v ]hm-NI Z¿i-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n¿tZi]Imcw sImSpw hcƒ®-bn¬

ao\Sw Kma-Ønse P\-ßƒ PmXn-t`Zw ad∂v ]m¿∞n-®-t∏mƒ hnizm-

k-Øns‚ Ipfn¿ag s]bvXp. I™n-Ip-Sn®p Xocpw apºv CSn-tbm-Sp-

IqSn `b-¶c ag s]bvXn-d-ßn.

Kmahpw tXmSpw \nd™p Ihn™v Hgp-I-Ø-°-hn[w H∂c aWn-

°q-tdmfw ag s]bvXp. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Sp≈ `‡nbpw BZ-

chpw \m\m-PmXnaX-ÿ¿°v h¿≤n-°p-hm≥ CXv CS-bm-°n. Pohn-

°p∂ hnip-≤-\mbn ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ ÿm\w

t\Sn.

ao\-am-k-Ønse sImSpw-th-\-en¬ InWdpw tXmSpw h‰n, Zml-

Pew t]mepw e`y-am-Im-Xn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ \m´p-Im¿°p≈ GI t]mwhgn

]c-a-km-Xzn-I-\mb ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠v ag-bv°p-th≠n ]m¿-

∞n-°-W-ta-sb∂v At]-£n-°pI amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]m¿∞-\, [ym\w,

a\\w, au\w F∂n-h-bn¬ B≤ym-fln-I-X-bpsS \nd-tim` ]I¿∂

]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n ]d™p: ""agbv°p th≠n Rm≥ ]m¿∞n-°mw.

\nßƒ F√m-hcpw ]m¿∞n-°-Ww. Kma-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ F√m-hcpw

H∂n®p Hcn-SØp IqSn ag s]øn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ssZh-tØmSv Ic™p

]m¿∞n-°-Ww. hnizm-k-tØmsS H∂n®p ]m¿∞n-®m¬ ag e`n-°pw.''

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ ]q¿Æ hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-

cp∂ P\-ßƒ H∂n-®p-Iq-Sn. PmXn-aXt`Z-sat\y ]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ apgp-

h≥ lrZbw \pdpßn ]m¿∞n-®p. ]m¿∞\ Xocpw apºv henb ag

s]bvXp. XpS¿®-bmbn s]bvX ag KmasØ Ipfn-c-Wn-bn-®p.

72 h¿jw apºv \S∂ Cu kw`hw 84 hb- p≈ ‰n. hn. kJ-dnb

sXt°-Xn¬ Hm¿°p-∂p: ""1942 ImeØv ao\Sw Ing°p `mKØv ao\w,

taSw amk-ß-fn¬ ag s]bvXn-√. \mńse apgp-h≥ tXmSp-Ifpw InW-

dp-Ifpw h‰n. sh≈-an-√msX a\p-jycpw arK-ßfpw Xf¿∂p. hnhn[

Xcw tcmK-ßƒ°v ASn-a-I-fm-bn. P\-ßƒ A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬


Ah-i-cm-bn. sh≈w C√msX Fßs\ Pohn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. FX

Btem-Nn-®n´pw ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™n-√. C\n hcƒ®

h¿≤n-®m¬ a\p-jycpw arKßfpw NsØm-Sp-ßpw. Kma-ßƒ Xs∂

XI¿∂-Sn-bpw. CØcw ]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ A°m-esØ t\Xm-°-fmb

]√m´v A∏-®≥, sXt°¬ sNdn-bm≥, h¿°n Bim≥, ap≠-πm-°¬

Ip™v F∂n-h¿ tN¿∂v s]mØ-ºp-dsØ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv (]m-ºmSn

Xncp-ta-\n) ag-bn-√m-Ø-Xns‚ k¶Sw ]d-™p. I™n \SØn ssZh-

tØmSp ]m¿∞n-®m¬ ag In´p-sa∂v Xncp-ta\n ]d-™p. ao\-S-tØ°v

hcm-sa∂v ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n¿tZ-i-

]Im-c-amWv ]m¿∞-\bpw I™nbpw \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ Iao-I-c-W-

ßƒ sNbvXXv.

s\Spw-s]mbvI apX¬ Ing-t°m´v Ipdn-b-∂q¿ ]pØ≥]p-c hsc-

bp≈ hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v Acnbpw km[-\-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v tdmUn¬

Ipgn IpØn Ce-bn´v I™n \S-Øn. I™n IpSn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-

tºmƒ Hcp henb CSn -sh- n. AXn-t\m-sSm∏w b-¶c agbpw s]bvXp.

I™n apgp-h≥ IpSn®p Xocp-∂-Xn\p aptº ag-bn¬ P\-ßƒ

IpXn¿∂p \n∂Xv Ct∏mgpw Hm¿°p-∂p. As∂-\n°v 12 hb v

amXw.''

]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n¿tZi]Imcw 1942˛¬ Bcw- n® I™n

t\¿®-bmWv Hcn-°¬t]mepw apS-ßmsX ao\Sw `mKØv am¿®v 25-˛\v

\S∂p hcp-∂-Xv. BZy-Im-eØv "hgn-°™n', "I™n-ho-gvØ¬', "A∂-

Zm\w' F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. c≠v ]Xn-‰m-≠mbn "A∂-

Zm\ atlm-’hw' F∂ t]cn-emWv CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v 90 hb-

p≈ Ão^≥ Ipńbpw 80 hb- p≈ h¿Kokv Nma-°m-ebpw jmPn

sI. tXma-kpw, sF∏v F_-lmapw ]d-™p.

ao\Sw ]tZ-iØv k¿∆ P\-ßfpw H∂n®v FØn-bmWv "A∂-

Zm\ atlm-’hw' \S-Øp-∂-Xv. BZy-Im-eØv CXv sabv amk-Øn¬

Bbn-cp-∂p. ]n∂o-SmWv am¿®v 25 A∂-Zm\ atlm-’-h-ambn BtLm-

jn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿ¿ 72 h¿j-ambn \S-Øp∂

"A∂-Zm\ atlm-’hw' Ct∏mƒ ao\Sw sk‚ v tPm¿Pv ]≈n ]cnk-

c-ØmWv \S-Øp-∂-Xv. ]cn-ip≤ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]m¿∞-\-

bp-sSbpw At]-£-bp-sSbpw ê-ambn ao\Sw Ing-°≥ ]tZ-i-Øn\v

e`n® ssZhnI Ir]sb \µn-tbmsS kvacn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv C∂pw A∂-

Zm\w `wKn-bmbn \S-Øp-∂-sX-∂v hnImcn ^m. sI.- Fw. kJ-dnb

IqS-Øn-¶¬ ]d-™p.


""72 h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv I™n t\¿® \S-Øp∂ hnhcw t]mÃdn¬

FgpXn ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n¿tZ-i-]-Imcw Ih-e-I-fn¬ Hń-®n-

cp-∂p. hoSp-Iƒ Ibdn Cdßn `£Wkm[-\-ßƒ kam-l-cn-®m-Wv

I™n t\¿® \S-Øn-b-Xv. 12 aWn-tbmsS ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Bcw-`n®p.''

83 Imc-\mb Sn.- hn. kv°dnb Hm¿°p-∂p: ""tZiw h‰n hc≠v DW-ßn-

b-t∏mƒ P\w A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ Xf¿∂p-t]m-bn. A∂v IÆo-tcm-

sS-bmWv hnizm-kn-Iƒ PmXn-t`-Z-sat\y ]m¿∞-\-bn¬ ]¶p-tN¿-

∂Xv.''

ao\Sw ]tZ-isØ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]m¿∞-\-bm¬ ITn-

\-amb NqSn¬ \n∂pw hcƒ®-bn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n® alm-kw-`-h-

sØ-bmWv A∂-Zm\ atlm-’-h-Øn-eqsS C∂pw kvacn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu

]pWy kvac-W-bn¬ PmXn-t`-Z-sat\y At\-I¿ ]¶p-tN-cp-∂p. aX-

Øn-s‚bpw ]m¿ń-bp-sSbpw th¿Xn-cn-hp-I-fn-√msX tZihmknIƒ

hnizm-k-Øns‚ Ipfn¿a-g-bmbn \S-Øp-∂-XmWv "A∂-Zm\ atlm-

’-hw.'

(ae¶ck` amknI, G]n¬ 2015)

ao\Sw Ing°v I™nho-gvØ-en\v

1942-˛¬ t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h¿ HØp-Iq-Sn-b-t∏mƒ


Ih¿ NnXw: ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm∏w hnizkvX `rXy≥

sh≈q¿ D-∏q-ń¬ tXmakv.

Ih¿ c≠mw t]P v: ^m. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv £Wn®-X-\p-k-

cn®v tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb Ct¥m-t\-jy≥ NnX-Im-c-\mb t_mdnkv

kXy-hm≥ 2001˛¬ hc® sF°¨. Bibw: ^m. tUm. sI. Fw.

tPm¿Pv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hm’eyw A\p- -hn-®n-cp∂ Ae-™p-\-S-°p∂

s]¨]ń Xs‚ Ip™p-ßsf Xncp-ta\n Bh-iy-s∏´]Imcw

sIm≠p-h∂p ImWn-°p-∂-XmWv cwKw. Hcp ]ń-°p-™ns\ hm’-

ey-]q¿∆w Xncp-ta\n ssII-fn-te-¥n-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

]mºmSn Zbdm Nm∏¬. Xncp-ta\n hnfn-®m-ep-S≥ ]d-s∂-Øp-am-bn-cp∂

]mhp-I-fn¬ H∂v tZl-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Fw. Pn. Fw. A`-b-`-h≥ B-cw-

`n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Zb-dm-bn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Ai-c-W-bmb hey-Ω-

®nsb Xncp-ta\n Biz-kn-∏n-°p∂p. Zbdm ap‰Øp \n∂ πmhmWv

ê-k-ar-≤n-tbmsS NnX-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

Ih¿ aq∂mw t]Pv: ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n ]n. kn. tbml-∂m≥

IØ-\m-tcm-sSm-∏w.

Ih¿ \memw t]P v: ]. ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n tXm´-bv°mSv am¿

At]w tZhm-eb A¶-W-Øn¬ sshZn-I-tcm-sSm∏w. CSØp \n∂pw:

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS `rXy≥ ao\Sw ]Sn-™m-td-°c aØmbn, ]n. kn.

tbml-∂m≥ siΩm-i≥ (]n-∂oSv dºm≥), ]tc-X-cmb ]ptØ-´p-I-Sp-

∏n¬ ôen-t∏mkv IØ-\m¿ (Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]pdIn¬), hS-°pw-

]mSØv hn. Sn. G_lmw IØ-\m¿ (]n∂oSv tImsd-∏n-kvtIm-∏m),

ao\Sw aÆq-°Sp∏n¬ IØ-\m¿, πm∏-d-ºn¬ sI. sI. tPm¿Pv IØ-

\m¿, ssIX-fm-hn¬ sI. Fw. tP°_v IØ-\m¿.

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Thirumozhikal Book Final - Malankara Orthodoxmalankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/st_kuriakose_gre… · tkm^nbm _pIvkv, {KnKdn Hm^v C¥ym ÃUn sk‚¿, ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv