They are all connected

Related issues

> 62% of ESS are degraded

No fish by 2048

Lose ~€50Bn ESS => €14trn/yr by 2050

1/3 land degraded: impacts 1.2Bn people in 100 countries

1.8Bn people absolute water scarcity

Invasive species >$1.4trn – 5% global GDP

Disasters

• weather related disasters doubled in 10 years

• due to increased severe weather, floods, storms

• increase mainly & medium-scale ‘forgotten’ disasters

• geophysical disasters unchanged

Water stress - impact

• 700M in water scarcity

• 900M no safe drinking water

• many more in water stressed countries. The poor are most vulnerable

• there is enough water for domestic, agriculture & industry. Many excluded by poverty, legal rights or public policies

Water stress - projections

• 50% of countries in water stress by 2025

• 75% of people by 2050

• increased flooding & drought

• impacts on water supply, floods, health, agriculture, energy & aquatic ecosystems

Water stress - responses

• build institutional capacity • implementation of water laws and

policies• transparent governance• cooperation among government

agencies • involve stakeholders &

communities• decentralised approaches• community-based adaptation

Food insecurity – impact

• 1Bn undernourished; the number one health risk

• 275,000 people become chronically hungry every day

• 29 countries alarming/ extremely alarming levels of hunger

• 30% of people in Africa have chronic hunger & malnutrition

• 25% are children• 60% are women • 75% poor agricultural livelihoods

Food insecurity causes• not food shortage• global wheat prices rose 181% 2005-7• global food prices increased by 83%• 60-80% developing country hh spending on

food• development regressed 7 years• 100m more people in food insecurity• 30-50% further rises predicted• 75% attribution to biofuels• poor distribution, poverty, instability, poor

governance, poor market acces, no voice• single crops, rain dependence, HIV, conflict,

unemployment, under investment; poor social protection

• northern agricultural subsidies, trade liberalisation, rising energy prices and increasing consumption

Emergency or chronic?

• 51 food crises between 2004 and 2008

• 23 countries in 2007 or 2008; 23 countries in 2000 and 2001

• Treated as unexpected disasters = humanitarian relief

• Response too late to save assets & livelihoods

• Emergencies cause less than 8% of hunger's victims, but temporary shocks have higher visibility

• A child dies every 5 seconds

Climate change impacts on food

• undernourished people rising to 40-170m people

• staple crops not viable in S Asia, S & sub-saharan Africa

• >50% reduction yield across many African countries

• global food price rise• loss of fisheries• Increased floods, droughts, storms, pests

& diseases• $11-13bn adaptation by 2030

Food security - responses

• predictable cash or food transfers

• pre-position resources• food aid & longer-term social

protection • source food from local markets

to avoid market distortions • improve early warning systems• improve governance, access,

distribution• address biofuels

Environmental degradation

• virtually all Earth’s ecosystems significantly transformed

• 24% of land converted to agriculture• 3-6 times water held behind dams than

natural rivers• >35% of mangroves lost• >40% of coral reefs dead or dying• 70% of temperate forests and

grasslands lost• 60% of ecosystem services

unsustainably used: water, fisheries, air, climate, pests

• hitting the poor hardest

Climate change

• IPCC: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average

• sea level, increased storm and severe weather events.

• Impacts on health, food, water, disasters, livelihoods, infrastructure, economies, conflict

LinkagesExamples of hazards

LinkagesExamples of environmental & geophysical impacts

LinkagesExamples of environmental & geophysical responses