The Skeletal and The Skeletal and Muscular Muscular SystemsSystems

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The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Evolutionary Development Evolutionary Development of the of the

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System Throughout life, animals have Throughout life, animals have

specialized into several different specialized into several different types of skeletonstypes of skeletons

HydrostaticHydrostatic

ExoskeletonsExoskeletons

EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons

Hydrostatic SkeletonsHydrostatic Skeletons Hydrostatic Hydrostatic

Skeletons are mostly Skeletons are mostly found in soft bodied found in soft bodied in vertebrates in vertebrates

A fluid fill cavity is A fluid fill cavity is surrounded by surrounded by muscle which moves muscle which moves and changes the and changes the shape of this cavityshape of this cavity

This allows the This allows the creature to movecreature to move

ExoskeletonsExoskeletons

Exoskeletons Exoskeletons surround the body surround the body with a hard casewith a hard case

This provides great This provides great protectionprotection

However, during However, during growth, the animal growth, the animal must molt and shed must molt and shed its old exoskeleton its old exoskeleton leaving the animal leaving the animal exposedexposed

EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons

Endoskeletons are found in vertebrates and echinodermsEndoskeletons are found in vertebrates and echinoderms They consist of an internal skeleton that is connected to a They consist of an internal skeleton that is connected to a

system of musclessystem of muscles The animals often have a flexible exterior to The animals often have a flexible exterior to

accommodate movement accommodate movement This skeleton is typically composed of cartilage and/or This skeleton is typically composed of cartilage and/or

bonebone

Purpose of the Skeletal Purpose of the Skeletal SystemSystem

Cells in the bones Cells in the bones produce immune cells produce immune cells and cellular and cellular components of the components of the bloodblood

Bone also helps Bone also helps regulate blood regulate blood calcium levelscalcium levels

In addition, the In addition, the skeleton helps the skeleton helps the body to keep its body to keep its shape and stay shape and stay supported supported

Structures and Functions of Structures and Functions of the the

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System There are several main components There are several main components

to the skeletal system to the skeletal system axial skeletonaxial skeleton

bones that form the axis of the body bones that form the axis of the body protect the organs in the head, protect the organs in the head,

neck, and trunkneck, and trunk appendicular skeletonappendicular skeleton

bones that anchor the appendages bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeletonto the axial skeleton

Structures and Functions of Structures and Functions of the the

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System Within these groups, there are Within these groups, there are

several types of bonesseveral types of bones Long BonesLong Bones Short BonesShort Bones Flat BonesFlat Bones Irregular BonesIrregular Bones

Long BonesLong Bones

Bones that are Bones that are typically longer typically longer then they are widethen they are wide

Hard outer casing Hard outer casing with spongy bone with spongy bone in the centre in the centre

Short BonesShort Bones

Short BonesShort Bones are are about as wide as about as wide as they’re longthey’re long

These bones These bones contain a large contain a large about of bone about of bone marrow for making marrow for making blood cellsblood cells

Flat BonesFlat Bones

Flat bones are flat Flat bones are flat strong bone strong bone structures used for structures used for support and support and muscle attachmentmuscle attachment

Irregular Bones Irregular Bones

Irregular bones do Irregular bones do not fit into any not fit into any other categoryother category

These bones often These bones often have an unusual have an unusual shape as wellshape as well

The Structure of Bones The Structure of Bones

Ossification Ossification

When we are born, our bones are When we are born, our bones are primarily composed of cartilage primarily composed of cartilage

This cartilage is turned into bone This cartilage is turned into bone through Ossification through Ossification

Video of bone growthVideo of bone growth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X

6E5Rz9tOKE&feature=related

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton consists of the consists of the areas commonly areas commonly known as spinal known as spinal cord, skull, and cord, skull, and ribcageribcage

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton

The Upper The Upper ExtremitiesExtremities

The Lower The Lower ExtremitiesExtremities

The Shoulder The Shoulder GirdleGirdle

The Pelvic GirdleThe Pelvic Girdle

JointsJoints

Like many other things in the Like many other things in the skeletal system, there are a couple skeletal system, there are a couple of different types of joints as well of different types of joints as well

Immoveable jointsImmoveable joints Slightly Movable JointsSlightly Movable Joints Freely Moveable Joints Freely Moveable Joints

Immoveable jointsImmoveable joints

Joints in the Joints in the skeleton that skeleton that cannot be moved cannot be moved at all. (..duh)at all. (..duh)

Ex. Sutures that Ex. Sutures that join together the join together the skull (Fibrous skull (Fibrous connective tissue) connective tissue)

Slightly Movable JointsSlightly Movable Joints

This includes This includes bones that have bones that have joints bridged by joints bridged by cartilage cartilage

An example of this An example of this would be the would be the intervertebral intervertebral discs that allow discs that allow movement in the movement in the spine spine

Freely Moveable Joints Freely Moveable Joints

There are many types of joints that may There are many types of joints that may fit into the description of Freely Moveable fit into the description of Freely Moveable Joints Joints

These are also known as synovial jointsThese are also known as synovial joints The ends of the bones are held in a synovial The ends of the bones are held in a synovial

capsule filled with a lubricating fluid capsule filled with a lubricating fluid The ends of the bone are then capped with The ends of the bone are then capped with

cartilage cartilage The structure of this joint dictates the The structure of this joint dictates the

movement of the jointmovement of the joint

Freely Moveable JointsFreely Moveable Joints

Interdependence of Interdependence of Skeletal systemSkeletal system

The skeleton relies The skeleton relies extremely heavily on the extremely heavily on the muscular system muscular system

With out these muscles, With out these muscles, movement of the movement of the skeleton would not be skeleton would not be possible possible

The origin of the muscle The origin of the muscle attaches to the part of attaches to the part of the bone that does not the bone that does not movemove

The insertion is the part The insertion is the part of the muscle that of the muscle that attaches to the moving attaches to the moving bone bone

Diseases and disorders of Diseases and disorders of the Skeletal system the Skeletal system

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis loss of bone tissue caused by a lowered loss of bone tissue caused by a lowered

level of calciumlevel of calcium Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis

The wearing out of a joint; known as a The wearing out of a joint; known as a degenerative joint disease degenerative joint disease

Tendinitis Tendinitis stiffness or pain in the muscles or joints stiffness or pain in the muscles or joints

The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

Evolutionary Development Evolutionary Development of the of the

Muscular SystemMuscular System Locomotion occurs in many forms Locomotion occurs in many forms

throughout the worldthroughout the world Different species have had to adapt Different species have had to adapt

their bodies different ways though their bodies different ways though evolution to adapt to their evolution to adapt to their environment environment Land: LegsLand: Legs Air: WingsAir: Wings Water: Fins, tail, ect… Water: Fins, tail, ect…

Purpose of the Muscular Purpose of the Muscular SystemSystem

The primary purpose of the The primary purpose of the muscular system is to allow muscular system is to allow locomotion, movement of bones, and locomotion, movement of bones, and the internal movement of parts of the internal movement of parts of organs within the body! organs within the body!

Structures and Functions of Structures and Functions of the the

Muscular SystemMuscular System Some of the main parts of the Some of the main parts of the

muscular system include: muscular system include: Skeletal MusclesSkeletal Muscles Smooth MusclesSmooth Muscles TendonsTendons LigamentsLigaments Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue

Skeletal MusclesSkeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscles are Skeletal muscles are muscles that muscles that connect to the connect to the various parts of the various parts of the skeletal system and skeletal system and allow it to move. allow it to move.

This are muscles This are muscles that can typically be that can typically be controlled controlled voluntarily by the voluntarily by the human mind human mind

Smooth MusclesSmooth Muscles

Smooth muscles are often said to be Smooth muscles are often said to be muscles that are controlled by the sub muscles that are controlled by the sub conscious parts of the human mind. conscious parts of the human mind.

They are often associated with the They are often associated with the stomach and intestines and the urinary stomach and intestines and the urinary system. system.

These tissues control blood flow in major These tissues control blood flow in major organs and are key in regulating blood organs and are key in regulating blood pressure in the circulatory system. pressure in the circulatory system.

TendonsTendons

Tendons are the Tendons are the connective muscle connective muscle between the between the skeletal muscles skeletal muscles and the parts of the and the parts of the skeleton they skeleton they control control

These muscles are These muscles are strong, flexible, and strong, flexible, and resistant to damageresistant to damage

LigamentsLigaments

Ligaments are Ligaments are fibrous material fibrous material that connects two that connects two bones that are bones that are moved by skeletal moved by skeletal musclesmuscles

Ligaments stabilize Ligaments stabilize bones both during bones both during movement and movement and during rest. during rest.

Adipose Tissue is Adipose Tissue is another critical another critical part of the part of the muscular system muscular system

This connective This connective tissue stores fat as tissue stores fat as well as cushions well as cushions joints joints

It is very important It is very important in protecting joints in protecting joints during strenuous during strenuous activity activity

Cardiac MusclesCardiac Muscles

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle is a type of muscle that is Cardiac Muscle is a type of muscle that is

only found in the heartonly found in the heart It is controlled by the autonomic nervous It is controlled by the autonomic nervous

system. system. Cardiac muscle is different from the other Cardiac muscle is different from the other

muscle types in that contraction can occur muscle types in that contraction can occur even without an initial nervous input. even without an initial nervous input.

The cells that produce the stimulation are The cells that produce the stimulation are called the pacemaker cells. called the pacemaker cells.

Muscle Contraction Muscle Contraction

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ309LfHQ3M

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqCj-S6cQgk&feature=related

Generation of heat by Generation of heat by muscular contractionmuscular contraction

Skeletal muscle aids in heat Skeletal muscle aids in heat generation generation

During muscle contractions, muscle During muscle contractions, muscle cells use energycells use energy most is converted to heat.most is converted to heat.

The body releases heat from the blood The body releases heat from the blood and tissues through the skin and tissues through the skin

Shivering causes muscle contractions Shivering causes muscle contractions that create heatthat create heat

Interdependence of Interdependence of Muscular systemMuscular system

The muscular system The muscular system relies on the digestive relies on the digestive system and circulatory system and circulatory system to provide the system to provide the energy need for the energy need for the contraction of musclescontraction of muscles

In addition, the In addition, the skeletal system is skeletal system is needed for the most of needed for the most of the muscles in the the muscles in the body to be much use body to be much use to the body at allto the body at all

Diseases and disorders of Diseases and disorders of the Muscular systemthe Muscular system

Myasthenia Gravis: Impulse receptors in Myasthenia Gravis: Impulse receptors in muscles fail muscles fail Makes impulses sent from the brain ineffective Makes impulses sent from the brain ineffective

Drooping eyelids, difficulty eating, blurred vision, Drooping eyelids, difficulty eating, blurred vision, muscle fatiguemuscle fatigue

Cerebral Palsy: Occurs from the damage Cerebral Palsy: Occurs from the damage to muscle resistance control section of to muscle resistance control section of brainbrain

ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)) neurodegenerative disease that attacks motor neurodegenerative disease that attacks motor

neuronsneurons Causes degeneration of motor controlCauses degeneration of motor control