THESIS - Sebelas Maret University fileresolved. This thesis is submitted as a condition for obtaining a master's degree in Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret . University

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THE RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CONCRETE REPAIR

MATERIALS AGAINST SULFURIC ACID

THESIS

Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering Program in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering

In Project Management

BY: IBRAHIM HSINI ALKHAIR

ID NO: S941302036

MASTER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GRADUATEPROGRAMS - SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY,

SURAKARTA

2015

TITLE


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PRONOUNCEMENT

The person who signs here:

NAME : IBRAHIM HSINI ALKHAIR

NIM : s941302036

Certifies that the thesis entitled:

“THE RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CONCRETE REPAIR

MATERIALS AGAINST SULFURIC ACID”

It is really my own work. Anything related to others work is written in quotation,

the source of which is listed on the bibliography.

If then, this pronouncement proves wrong; I am ready to accept any academic

punishment, including the withdrawal of this thesis and my academic degree.

Surakarta, 13 July 2015

IBRAHIM HSINI ALKHAIR

S 941302036


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise to Allah SWT the lord of the world, who has given mercy and blessing so

that this thesis with a title THE RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF

CONCRETE REPAIR MATERIALS AGAINST SULFURIC ACID can be

resolved. This thesis is submitted as a condition for obtaining a master's degree in Civil

Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.

Respectfully I say many thanks to:

1. Director of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.

2. Dr. Eng. Syafi’I, M.T, first Examiner . as the head of Civil Engineering

Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.

3. Prof. SA. Kristiawan, M.Sc, Ph.D, as first supervisor.

4. Dr. Ir. AP. Rahmadi, Ms., as second supervisor.

5. Ir.Winny Astuti, M.Sc, Ph.D second Examiner

6. All faculty staff of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret

University who have helped during lectures.

7. My brothers and sisters who always support at every condition.

8. Student colleagues of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret

University who gave me inspiration and suggestion.

9. All those who helped me in completing this thesis, the author cannot

mention one by one.

I hope this thesis can contribute to the scientific academic community,

practitioners in the field of building materials and benefit the wider community in

general. The assistance that was given may receive just reward from Allah SWT.

Surakarta, 13 July 2015

IBRAHIM HSINI ALKHAIR


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ABSTRACK

Chemical attack from external agents on concrete is the main reason for the

loss of durability. The chemical attacks can be: acidic attack, alkali attack,

carbonation, chloride attack, sulfuric attack and leaching. Sulfuric ions tend to

initiate sulfuric attack. Since sulfuric compounds are formed as a result of the

sulfuric acid-cement paste reaction, the increase in sulfuric content of concrete

specimens could be used as a measure of the chemical manifestation of

deterioration. Resistance to aggressive chemicals is the most important

engineering property of concrete governing its durability. This research will focus

on studying the resistance of mortar, UPR, BASF and Sika repair materials to

sulfuric acid attack in the different dimension of concrete sample.

The content of sulfuric acid that immersed in the specimen was 1%, 3% and

5% of 55 concrete cylinders specimen with 46 cylinders for each type of repair

material used. The investigation conducted was weight and diameter changing,

compressive strength test, XRF and XRD.

Normal concrete, SIKA, Mortar, BASF nanocrete experience the diameter

reduction significantly except UPR that can maintain the diameter itself of 5.5 cm.

UPR mortar 50% was the better concrete specimen compared the others specimen

that has good resistance of sulfuric acid attack. The effect of sulfuric acid on the

concrete repair material was caused some damages in the physical properties of

specimen. Sulfuric acid decrease the strength of specimen, reduce the diameter

and weight of concrete also broke the structure of repair concrete specimen.


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ABSTRAK

Serangan kimia dari agen eksternal pada beton adalah alasan utama untuk

kehilangan daya tahan. Serangan kimia dapat: serangan asam, serangan alkali,

karbonasi, serangan klorida, sulfat dan serangan pencucian. Ion sulfat cenderung

untuk memulai serangan sulfat. Sejak senyawa sulfat terbentuk sebagai hasil dari

asam sulfat-semen reaksi paste, peningkatan konten sulfat spesimen beton dapat

digunakan sebagai ukuran manifestasi kimia kerusakan. Resistensi terhadap bahan

kimia yang agresif adalah milik rekayasa yang paling penting dari beton yang

mengatur daya tahan. Penelitian ini akan fokus pada mempelajari ketahanan

mortar, UPR, BASF dan Sika bahan perbaikan terhadap serangan asam sulfat

dalam dimensi yang berbeda dari sampel beton.

Kandungan asam sulfat yang direndam dalam spesimen adalah 1%, 3% dan

5% dari 55 silinder beton spesimen dengan 46 silinder untuk masing-masing jenis

bahan perbaikan digunakan. Penyelidikan yang dilakukan adalah berat dan

diameter perubahan, uji kuat tekan, XRF dan XRD.

Beton normal, SIKA, Mortar, BASF nanocrete mengalami pengurangan

diameter signifikan kecuali UPR yang dapat mempertahankan diameter sendiri

dari 5,5 cm. Mortar UPR 50% adalah spesimen beton yang lebih baik

dibandingkan dengan spesimen lain yang memiliki ketahanan yang baik dari

serangan asam sulfat. Pengaruh asam sulfat pada bahan perbaikan beton

disebabkan beberapa kerusakan di sifat fisik spesimen. Asam sulfat menurunkan

kekuatan spesimen, mengurangi diameter dan berat beton juga memecahkan

struktur spesimen perbaikan beton.


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CONTENT

TITLE .................................................................................................................................. i

PRONOUNCEMENT ......................................................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................. v

ABSTRACK ...................................................................................................................... vi

CONTENT ....................................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF FIGURE............................................................................................................... x

LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Research Problem ............................................................................................... 3

1.3 Research Objectives ............................................................................................ 3

1.4 Limitation of the study ........................................................................................ 3

1.5 Benefit of Study .................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND BASIC THEORY ..................................... 5

2.1 Literature Review ................................................................................................ 5

2.1.1 Resistance of Repair materials .................................................................... 5

2.1.2 Compressive Strength of Concrete Repair Materials ................................ 12

2.2 Basic Theory ..................................................................................................... 14

2.2.1 Resistance of Repair materials .................................................................. 14

2.2.2 Compressive Strength of Concrete Repair Materials ................................ 19

2.3 Hypothesis......................................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................................... 20

3.1 Location and time ............................................................................................. 20

3.2 Materials ........................................................................................................... 20

3.3 Parameter and Variable ..................................................................................... 22

3.4 Data collection and Validation techniques ........................................................ 22

3.5 Concrete mix Design (30 MPa) ........................................................................ 23

3.6 Analysis............................................................................................................. 26

3.6.1 Resistance of Repair materials .................................................................. 26

3.6.2 Compressive Strengthof Concrete Repair Materials ................................. 28

3.7 Schematic Research Methods ........................................................................... 30


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CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................. 31

4.1 Resistance of concrete specimen ....................................................................... 31

4.1.1 Concrete Weight ....................................................................................... 32

4.1.2 Concrete Diameter .................................................................................... 35

4.2 Compressive Strength Test ............................................................................... 39

4.2.1 X-Ray Fluorescence .................................................................................. 42

4.2.2 XRD Test .................................................................................................. 43

4.3 Hypothesis......................................................................................................... 46

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...................................................... 47

5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 47

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 48


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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 2.1Characteristics of a Suitable Repair Material (Barde et al., 2006) ................... 10

Figure 2.2 Concrete dimensions........................................................................................ 15

Figure 2.3 Acid attack of calcareous materials ................................................................. 16

Figure 2.4 Stress caused by the corrosion of iron inside stone ......................................... 17

Figure 3.1 Immersion test of concrete specimens ............................................................. 27

Figure 3. 3 Weight and diameter measurement of concrete specimens ............................ 28

Figure 3.2 Compressive strength test machine ................................................................. 28

Figure 3.4 Flow chart of research method ........................................................................ 30

Figure 4.1 Deterioration on concrete specimen at 56 days ............................................... 32

Figure 4.2 Weight reduction of specimens after immersed by sulfuric acid at 56 days ... 33

Figure 4.3 Weight reduction of specimen by 1% of sulfuric acid .................................... 34



Figure 4.6 Diameter reduction of specimens after immersed by sulfuric acid at 56 days 36

Figure 4.7 Diameter of specimen by 1% of sulfuric acid ................................................. 37



Figure 4.10 Compressive strength result of specimens after immersed by sulfuric acid at

56 days .............................................................................................................................. 40

Figure 4.11 Compressive strength result of specimens immersed by 1% of sulfuric acid 41

Figure 4.12Compressive strength result of specimens immersed by 3% of sulfuric acid 41

Figure 4.13 Compressive strength result of specimens immersed by 5% of sulfuric acid 42

Figure 4.14XRD test of normal concrete .......................................................................... 44

Figure 4.15XRD test of SIKA........................................................................................... 44

Figure 4.16XRD test of Mortar ......................................................................................... 45

Figure 4.17XRD test of BASF .......................................................................................... 45

Figure 4.18XRD test of UPR ............................................................................................ 46


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LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 Resume from previous research ........................................................................ 13

Table 3.1 Time schedule of the research ........................................................................... 20

Table 3.2 Aggregate gradation .......................................................................................... 21

Table 3.3 Parameter and Variables ................................................................................... 22

Table 3.4 Concrete mix design outputs at 30 MPa. .......................................................... 23

Table 3.5 Mixing ratio of repair material (Normal mortar) .............................................. 24

Table 3.6 Mixing ratio of repair material (BASF Nanocrete) ........................................... 24

Table 3.7 Mixing ratio of Sika Repair Mortar .................................................................. 25

Table 3.8 Mixing ratio of UPR-Mortar 50% ..................................................................... 25

Table 3.9 repair material mix design outputs (kg3) ........................................................... 26

Table 3.10 Proportion of sulfuric acid in water ................................................................ 27

Table 4.1 The weight of specimens after immersed in the sulfuric acid ........................... 33

Table 4.2 Diameter result of concrete specimen after immersed in the sulfuric acid ....... 36

Table 4.3 Compressive strength test results before immersed in sulfuric acid ................. 39

Table 4.4 Compressive strength test results after immersed in sulfuric acid. ................... 40

Table 4.1 The chemical composition of each type of concrete repair materials ............... 43


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APPENDIX

Appendix A Concrete Mix Design and Material Test

Appendix B Concrete Weight, Diameter, Compressive Strength, XRF,

XRD

Appendix C Experimental Figures

Documents

THESIS - Sebelas Maret University fileresolved. This thesis is submitted as a condition for obtaining a master's degree in Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret . University