Theories Outlines

7/27/2019 Theories Outlines

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Psychoanalytic Theory

4 distinct psychoanalytic psychologies: Table 4.11. Drive theory: instincts, pleasure seeking motivations2. Ego: id, ego, superego3. Object relations: object seeking motivations

4. Self psychology: self organizes experience, not drives and instincts

Wolberg: varieties of psychotherapy:1. Supportive: bring client to equilibrium ASAP2. Re-educative: remodeling client attitude & behavior with adaptive life integration3. Re-constructive: bring the client to awareness of unconscious conflicts, their derivatives,

and how these limit daily life

Developmental Perspective:1. Psychic determinism: mental activity is not meaningless or accidental; nothing happens by

chance or in a random way, and all mental phenomena have a causal connection to the psychic events that precedethem.

2. Unconscious mental processes: accounts for the apparent discontinuities in the clientsperception of symptom and cause, for the causal connection has become part of the unconscious process.

3. Defense mechanisms: the minds way of unconsciously keeping from awareness disturbingthoughts

4. Psychosexual stages: See handout

Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory: Revisit Table 4.11. Object relations: (Fairbairn)2. Self psychology: (Kohut)3. Relational theorizing: (Mitchell)4. Intersubjectivity theory: (Stolorow)

5. Social constructivism: (Hoffman): Postmodern perspective, where all knowledge is perspectival,contextual, and non-universal; the analyst and client together create or construct what is clinically useful

6 Major Constructs: Meta-psychology1. Topographic: contrasts unconscious versus conscious mental processes2. Dynamic: tension-discharge; keep level of excitation at it lowest point3. Economic: the manner in which psychic energy is distributed, transformed, or expended4. Genetic: origin and development of psychic phenomena; how the past is brought to the present

and why a certain compromise or solution has been adopted5. Structural: assumes that the psychic apparatus (id, ego, superego) can be divided into

several persisting functional units.6. Adaptation: a persons relationship to his or her environment, objects of love and hate, and

society

Application:Goals: changing the personality and character structure of the individual through resolving unconscious

conflicts and developing more effective ways of dealing with problems, particularly in relationshipsIntervention strategies: free association; dream analysis; analysis of transference and counter-

transference; analysis of resistance; interpretation; and interactions between counselor and clientCounseling goals: emphasis on resolving clients problems, enhance clients ability to cope with

life changes, work through unresolved developmental stages


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Jungian Analytical Theory

Overview: Most of the work of Jung derived from his journaling, dialoguing with dreams, constructingfigures and cities in sand, drawing, chiseling in stone, researching myth, Eastern religions, and ancient cultures

Methodology of personality transformation: process of individuation

Reality of the psyche

Developmental perspective: See Table 5.11. Ego2. Persona

Collective ideals3. Shadow4. Anima5. Animus

Heiros gamos6. Self

MandalasTemenos

Major Constructs: psychic energy (libido) is lost from consciousness, flows to the opposite (enantiodromia)1. Psychological types:A. IntrovertB. ExtrovertC. Four functions:1. Sensing2. Feeling3. Thinking4. Intuition

The MBTI is the popularized adaptation of Jungs principles of typology

2. Complex: constellation of varying degrees of autonomy, personal unconscious

3. Archetype: ideal form, collective unconsciousMotifsSoma

4. Symbols: includes the personal and collective, conscious and unconscious5. Collective unconscious

Applications:1. Goals: stress the processes of individuation, personality unity, and transcendence; acknowledge

potential for growth; constant striving for wholeness, integration of the personality, and realization of the self

2. Process of change: address the isolation and confusion of modern timesSynchronicity: the acausal and meaningful coincidences that impart order in the

world 3. Intervention strategies:A. DreamsB. Transference and countertransferenceC. Active imagination

Adlers Individual Psychology


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Theory based on phenomenological understanding of individual motivation and behavior

Early development:1. Private logic: personal, private meanings2. Mastery3. Inferiority feelings

Family constellation:

Birth order: ordinal vs. psychological postitiona. Oldest: glad tidings, center of attention

b. Second: less responsible, more independent, interests differc. Middle: perceive themselves singularly disadvantagedd. Youngest: center of attention, protectede. Only: same as oldest but never dethroned, no competitor, precocious

Major constructs:1. Socio: inclination toward belongingness, a willingness to serve the greater good

(Lifestyle)2. Teleo: goal-oriented nature of human beings; behavior is purposive even though this fact may

be obscure to the observer3. Analytic: individuals often understand more than they willingly admit.; most behavior is

based upon what is unconscious or not understood

Holism: the indivisibility of a person is a fundamental belief of Adlerian (Individual) psychology

Function of emotion & feelings:Emotions are not considered entities unto themselves; love, joy, anger, sadness, guilt and fear do not come to us outof a vacuum. We must perceive, value, feel, and then act.

Application:1. Life tasks:a. Work

b. Friendshipc. Loved. Spiritual self (Mosak & Dreikurs)

e. Coping with self as subject and object (Mosak & Dreikurs)

2. Process of changea. Source of direction comes from lifestyle

b. Changes in ones map of movement through lifec. Adaptation, alteration of convictions one uses to evaluate, manage, and predict events within

their experiencesd. In counseling: behavior change within the existing life-style is the goale. In psychotherapy: a change in life-style is the desired outcomef. 4 goals of childrens behavior1. Excessive attention getting2. Personal power 3. Revenge4. Inadequacy

g. 4 steps for problem solving:1. Establish mutual respect2. Pinpoint and neutralize issues of contention such as whos right, loss of respect, and power3. Establish what is needed and desired to ameliorate or improve the relationship4. Reaching an agreement on a plan to achieve the desired goals ( including a new arrangement

between marriage partners without changing basic life goals)

3. Interventions:a. Encouragement


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b. Educationc. Life style assessmentd. Early recollections

Existential Theory

Existentialism embodies the understanding of the individual in the culture and time as well as the nature, meaning,and feelings, of that existence.

Existentialism addresses issues such as death, freedom, responsibility, anxiety (angst), phenomenology, isolation,and meaninglessness.

Arises from the philosophies of Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre, Buber, and Heidegger.

Humanistic-Existential counseling, the Third Force, arose as an answer to the limitations of the Freudian andbehavioral approaches. The positive aspects of humanness (love, freedom with responsibility, self-actualization,potential, transcendence, uniqueness, choice, creativity, etc) were missing.

Jourard, May, Bugental, Maslow, Buber, Frankl, Tillich, and Yalom are contributors.

Respect, honor, divinity

Developmental:Gaining understanding about the menaing of life and taking responsibility for ones life serve to influence

and isnpire our development.

Psychopathology:1. A potential consequence of feeling alone in an isolating culture and context, living without

meaning, suffering with loss and death, confronting anxiety, and struggling with responsibility and freedom.2. Pathology represents loss of potential3. Angst, existential anxiety, of a finite being about the threat of non-being4. Existential crisis and confrontation produces depression (anomic depression)

5. Inauthenticity, lack of being there, avoiding the presence, accessibility, responsibility, andexpression6. 3 reasons why people do not achieve their potential:a. Lower instinctive pressure to self-actualize

b. Cultural institutions that control or inhibit creativity,c. Tendencies toward fear and regression.

7. The most unsettling pathology is the loss of self in the world, or existential isolation; individuals fail todevelop inner strength, worth and identity, they move beyond being isolated to feeling a profound sense ofloneliness.

Major constructs:1. Approaches:

a. Dynamic existentialism: focus attention on the resolution of inner conflict and anxietyb. Humanistic existentialism: emphasize unconditional acceptance, awareness ofpersonal experience, and authenticity rather than resolving existential conflicts.

c. Transpersonal existentialism: perceives death as an opportunity for the individualto rise above the given circumstances

2. Death: ultimate truth; . . .able to love passionately because we die.; letting go of unhealthy or non-functional parts of the self, relationships, or ideals.

3. Freedom: comes after our confrontation with our inaccurate representation of ourselves;choose our reactions to deplorable situations


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4. Isolation: separation fro oneself as much as from others; keeps us from connecting andcontributing to the larger social order in more productive ways

5. Culture: the objective mind; our culture gives our world meaning and protects us from anxietyregarding death

6. Meaninglessness:out of our will to love and live, we arrive at meaning in our lives; throughawareness and actualization, people can transcend their present situation; we become fully aware of ourselves

7. Authenticity/Vulnerability: authentic persons live grounded with honesty, compassion,

and awareness; vulnerable persons are always in conflict, lacking self-honesty and honesty with others8. Existential relationships:

a. I to itb. It to itc. We to wed. Us to theme. I to youf. I to thou: the most profound meeting, core of connection; provide hope for genuine understanding;counselor is merely a guide on a journey

Goals of counseling: tragically optimistic1. Suffering is a human achievement and accomplishment2. Guilt provides the opportunity to chane oneself for the better3. Vulnerability motivates us to become authentic4. Lifes unpredictability provides an individual incentive to take responsible action

Process of change:1. Willingness to participate in the human encounter, confronting loneliness, experiencing

individuality, encountering true connection, and developing the inner strength to transcend the life situation2. Coming to terms with anxiety through awareness of responsibility and choice

Interventions:1. Telling the story: finding the meaning of Myth

View the clients history through the clients geing and awareness rather than focusingon pathological development

2. Sharing Existence in the momentThe existential relationship is the primary therapeutic intervention, and the client is an

existential partner.3. Centered awareness of beingHelp the client become more centered, aware

4. Self-responsibilityTaking responsibility for growth is important, but taking responsibility for self-

destructive actions is not easy5. Dream Work

Dreams are the window to the unconscious. Focus on the clients dynamic, immediately real andpresent existence viewed through the dream rather than the set of dynamic mechanisms at work

6. Disclosing and working through resistance supportively7. Confronting existential anxiety is critical8. Sustaining changes in being means having faith in the client9. Closure requires authenticity and willingness to be present

Person-centered Theory

Phenomenological: People see the world from their own unique perspective.

Prior to the 1940's, counseling relied on techniques that were highly diagnostic, probing, and analytic andunsupported by scientific research.


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Rogers called for more rigor on his non-directive and other, more directive techniques

This new emphasis changed the role of the counselor from an individual who only reflected the content of clientstatements to one who identified the clients underlying emotions in client words and through the helpingrelationship.

Developmental perspectives:

1. PC implies great confidence in the client2. All people have an innate motivation to grow in a positive way3. People are trustworthy4. People will innately move toward self-actualization5. People have the inner resources to move themselves in positive directions6. People respond to their uniquely perceived world (phenomenological world)

Major constructs:1. No two people see things as happening in exactly the same way2. Empathic understanding: accurate empathy3. People make mistakes in judgment4. Confidence in the client5. Perceived world view may not approximate the world sought (incongruence)6. Congruent individuals trust their world view

Applications:1. The client has all the necessary but as yet unfulfilled potential for attaining greater self-

understanding, self-acceptance, self-growth, and self-actualization.2. The practitioners task is to provide the essential growth conditions of a genuine human

relationship where acceptance, caring, and a deep understanding of the client are developed and communicatedeffectively to the client

Goals of counseling:1. Movement from incongruence to congruence2. Reductions in the distortions and a greater trust in ones evelving positive nature3. Become more flexible4. See a wider range of feelings in themselves and a freedom to express them

5. Gain enthusiasm about new aspects of their lives opened up by new experiences

Process of change:1. Genuineness2. Acceptance and caring3. Unconditional positive regard4. Accurate empathic understanding5. Facilitate an internal locus of control

Intervention strategies:1. Being genuine2. Active listening3. Reflection of content and feelings4. Appropriate self-disclosure

5. Immediacy6. Personalized counselor actions7. Non-client-centered interventions:

A. DiagnosisB. Treatment planningC. QuestioningD. Analyzing

Feminist Theory


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Seeks to remedy the inequality that exists, and which has existed between the sexes

Calls for a reformation and equalization of the power relationships between men and women

Allows for more life choices and can increase their sense of partnership with each other

Requires pro-female stance

Re-evaluate and recognize the contribution of and assets of women and provides an increased opportunity forfemale development

MYTH AND MISCONCEPTION to view feminist theory as devaluing home and family.

Goal is to increase womens choice of lifestyle, to empower women to make life choices based on personal skillsand interestes, rather than on stereotypical gender roles promoted by society

Evolution of Feminist Therapy Theory1. Evolved as a result of and response to the womens movements of the 1960-1970's and a rejection

of the traditional psychotherapies which served to keep women oppressed2. Phase I (1960-1970) characterized by activism: feminists actively explored the philosophies of

feminism, named the issues faced by women, and applied conventional therapies to these issues. Reframing3. Phase II (1970-1985) characterized by mainstreaming of feminism into other theories,

eliminating androcentric bias, the parts that promote a dichotomous view of men and women; male traits are notpreferred to female traits

4. Phase III (1985-date) is built on the acknowledgement of feminine potential and the idea thatmany of the issues faced by women are a result of societys failure to allow them to exercise their free will.

Impact on other theories:1. Psychoanalytic: since focus is intrapsychic, tends to pathologize women2. Object Relations: pathologizes women who choose career over child bearing

3. Jungian: sexist4. Cognitive-behavioral: adjust to life, not change it5. Family systems: issue of fusion, reciprocity, complementarity

Dichotomous sex roles: psychotherapy second only to marriage in the suppression and control of women;pathologized into sex role standards;

Developmental perspective:1. Theories are based on the assumption that men and women are alike2. Feminism promotes differences; redefines womens development in a positive way3. Feminists are offering different explanations of female development throughout the lifespan

Resistance, lookism, junk values of capitalism, sexuality, social construction and division of labor remainproblems for women

Important differences:1. Connectedness2. Moral development3. Self-in-relation:4. Womens stories at mid-life: development should not be tied merely to biological functions

Major constructs:1. Egalitarianism: maintenance of a non-exploitative relationship and boundaries2. Womens unique experiences provide foundation of knowledge for thinking about women


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3. Pluralism: celebrates the sociocultural differences among women, as well as between men andwomen, and these differences deserve to be valued equally

4. Promotion of independence and assertiveness in women5. Focusing on and valuing womens unique strengths rather than weaknesses or flaws6. Careful use of self-disclosure to enhance relationship7. The personal is political: gender and power are intertwined and cannot be separated

Application: empowerment

Process of change: end of oppression

Interventions:1. Work on body image2. Treatment of depression3. Assertiveness training4. The process of coming out5. Single parent mothers and stress work6. Feminist therapy with men7. Issues for African-American (other ethnically/culturally diverse) women8. Working with battered women

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories

Becks Cognitive TherapyElliss Rational-Emotive Behavior TherapyMeichenbaums Stress InoculationTraining and Self-instruction Training

Watson: BehaviorismPavlov: Classical conditioningSkinner: Operant conditioningWolpe: Systematic desensitization

Developmental perspective:1. Emphasis is on learning, not development; Tabula rosa principle; associate stimuli and responsesand development is seen as the sum total of these associations

2. Behavior is learned3. Adaptive behaviors developed and maintained by external events or cues, reinforcers, or thinking

processes4. Based on individuals learning history/style; experiences in the environment; understanding of

the world5. Use of here-and-now; past not ignored, just relegated to inferior role unless manifest in current

behavior

Major constructs: See Table 11.1, page 2651. Cognitive excesses or deficits: cognitions mediate behavior change2. Behavioral excesses or deficits: all behavior is learned

3. Combination of both4. All problems are viewed operationally: concrete, observable, measurable; problems arerelated to internal and external antecedents and consequences

5. Importance of relationship exists but focus is on specific treatment techniques

Applications:1. Goals:

a. What are the problems?b. How can progress be measured and monitored?c. What are the environmental contingencies maintaining the behavior?


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d. Which interventions are likely to be most effective?

2. Process of change:a. Self-efficacy:

1. Enactive attainments2. Vicarious experience

3. Verbal persuasion4. Recognition of physiological state

b. Does changing beliefs lead to change in behavior?

3. Interventions:a. Behavioral: reinforcement, shaping, extinction,

b. Cognitive: distortions, all or none thinking, disqualifying the positive,catastrophizing, thought stopping, positive self-statements

c. Cognitive-Behavioral: union of strategies

Becks Theory: page 272

Elliss Theory: page 274

Meichenbaums Theory: page 276

Reality Therapy Theory(Choice Theory)

Intervention strategies:1. Environment2. Attending behaviors: courteous, determined enthusiastic, firm, genuine3. Suspend judgment

4. Do the unexpected5. Use humor 6. Be yourself 7. Share yourself 8. Listen for metaphors9. Listen for themes10. Summarize and focus11. Allow or impose consequences12. Allow silence13. Be ethical14. Be redundant15. Create suspense and anticipation16. Establish boundaries

Plans: SimpleAttainableMeasurableImmediateInvolvedControlled by the clientCommitted toConsistent


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Integrative Developmental Model

Pictures:TFAMaslowApplication of theory to models of Tx

Documents

Theories Outlines