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social learning theory was proposed by Neal E. Miller and John Dollard in 1941. The proposition of social learning was expanded upon and theorized by Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura from 1962 until the present. . Bandura provided his concept of self-efficacy in 1977, while he refuted the traditional learning theory for understanding learning.
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Social Learning theoriesPersonality Theories
Prepared By Manu Melwin JoyResearch Scholar
School of Management StudiesCUSAT, Kerala, India.Phone – 9744551114
Mail – [email protected]
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Social Learning theory
social learning theory was proposed by Neal E. Miller and John Dollard in
1941. The proposition of social learning was expanded upon and theorized by
Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura from 1962 until the present. .
Bandura provided his concept of self-efficacy in 1977, while he refuted the
traditional learning theory for understanding learning.
1. Social learning theory, used in psychology, education, and communication, posits
that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to
observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and
outside media influences.
2. In other words, people do not learn new behaviours solely by trying them and
either succeeding or failing, but rather, the survival of humanity is dependent
upon the replication of the actions of others.
3. People learn by observing others, with the environment, behavior, and
cognition all as the chief factors in influencing development. These three
factors are not static or independent elements; rather, they are all reciprocal
Social Learning theory
The main tenets of Albert Bandura’s
theory are that:
• people learn by observing others
• the same set of stimuli may provoke
different responses from different
people, or from the same people at
different times
• the world and a person’s behaviour are
interlinked
• Personality is an interaction between
three factors: the environment,
behaviour, and a person’s psychological
processes.
Concepts
Bandura proposed a four step conceptual scheme of the process involved in
observational learning:
• Step 1: This first step incorporates the attention processes that are involved
including certain model characteristics which may increase the likelihood of the
behaviour being attended to.
• Step 2: The second step refers to retention processes including the observer's
ability to encode, to remember and to make sense of what has been observed.
• Step 3: The third step refers to motor reproduction processes including the
capabilities that the observer has to perform the behaviours being observed.
• Step 4: The final step refers to motivational processes including external
reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement, and self-reinforcement. If a behaviour is to
be imitated, an observer must be motivated to perform that behaviour.
Observational learning
• According to Bandura, behaviour is influenced by multiple determinants.
• The concept of reciprocal determinism proposes that these factors have an
interactive effect on each other and that they exist in the environment as well as
within the individual in the form of affect, cognition, and constitutional disposition.
• External rewards and punishments, internal beliefs and expectancies all form part of
a complex system.
• Consistent with the principles of systems, a change in one aspect requires a change
in all others so that balance and equilibrium can once again be achieved.
Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura used the term self-efficacy to refer to a person's belief that he or she can
successfully carry "courses of action required to deal with prospective situations
containing many ambiguous, unpredictable, and often stressful elements“. Among the
sources of self-efficacy are:
• performance accomplishments: Past experiences of success and failure in
attempts to accomplish goals are the most important regulators of self-efficacy;
• vicarious experience: When individuals witness others' successes and failures,
they are provided with information which they can use as a basis for comparison for
their own personal competence in similar situations;
• verbal persuasion: Being told by others that one can or cannot competently
perform a particular behaviour can lead to increases or decreases in self-efficacy;
• emotional arousal: Levels of self-efficacy are also proposed to be Influenced by
the degree and quality of the emotional arousal an individual experiences when
engaging in a particular behaviour in a specific situation.
Self Efficacy
• Behaviour has been found to be more consistent than is argued by Bandura's
theory which focuses a great deal on the situation. Some researchers have argued
that the theory lacks attention to biological or hormonal processes.
• Probably of most significance is the criticism that the theory is not unified.
Concepts and processes such as observational learning and self-efficacy have been
highly researched but there has been little explanation about the relationship among
the concepts
Criticisms
Thank You
Other TA topics available on slideshare1. Strokes - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/strokes-24081607.
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