Theoretical Perspectives on Theoretical Perspectives on AgingAging

Chapter 2 Part 2Chapter 2 Part 2HPR 452

Summary of Part 1Summary of Part 1

Assumptions of Personal Experience Theories◦Later life is characterized bySevering of social tiesLoss of social opportunitiesGreater demands for adaptation

Social Factors Shaping the Social Factors Shaping the Experience of Later LifeExperience of Later Life

Social factors are processes of socialization, stratification, social system-level as influential on the experience of later life

The 3 theories in this part consider how persons enter and exit various roles, how certain roles are distributed based on age and the process of modernization occurring in society which create changes in status of “old age”

Socialization to Old AgeSocialization to Old Age

Transition from one social position to another

Status sequences – Distinctive patterns of activity, responsibility, authority, and privilege

Entail ◦Rites of Passage◦Social Gains◦Role Continuity

Process of Socialization to Old Process of Socialization to Old AgeAge

Socialization is the process of “learning and adopting social roles”

Social integration is the basis for high quality life

3 conditions for socialization Have knowledge of expected actions in new role Ability to perform the actions adequately Sufficient motivation to adopt the new role and

associated behaviors

Difficulties with meeting Difficulties with meeting socialization criteriasocialization criteria

Criteria 1◦The only consistently identified role for aging

adults is intergenerational family◦This leaves them traditionally “roleless” outside

the family◦Therefore, norms of expected knowledge of

roles is difficult to ascertainCriteria 2

◦Again, no norms outside family roles – They don’t lack the skills but they don’t have the knowledge of what is expected

◦So no criteria to judge abilityCriteria 3

◦Problem in industrialized society – high tech◦Older individuals don’t generally have the skills◦Younger generations don’t depend on older

generations due to increasing independence◦Little motivation to adopt old age roles because

of the relatively low social status

Outcomes of Socialization to Outcomes of Socialization to Old AgeOld Age

Social Integration – 3 Factors◦Integrated as far as social values with younger

generation◦Central roles (employee, spouse) may be lost

which results in decreased integration◦Given the loss of social roles, group

membership reduction reduces integration

Age Stratification TheoryAge Stratification Theory

Nature and process of one’s location and change in the age structure of society

Age strata – groupings, based on age, that are recognized in society (in US childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle age, and old age)

Roles are stratified through criteria that open or close roles to certain ages

Individuals move forward across time and upward in age strata

Social policy and social structure affect the aging population: ie. medical care, retirement benefits, transportation and food stamps – often create inequity

Aging individuals are changing and so is society around them

Cohorts cannot grow up and grow old in the same way – Generations differ from those before them and those after them

We must understand an individual’s history, their age strata and the impact of that history on roles, values, and beliefs of cohorts to understand how aging is experienced

Modernization TheoryModernization Theory

Premise – status of older people declines with increasing modernization and they lose prestige and power as their ability to compete declines

4 changes accompanying modernization that affect older people

◦ Technological advances in health◦ Application of scientific technology to

economic production and distribution

◦Urbanization◦Literacy and mass education

Younger generations are better educated, taking jobs which require specialized training, being mobile, “doing better” than their parents, being more independent, less dependent on older generations and decreasing the need for expertise of older adults

Life Course PerspectiveLife Course Perspective

Assumptions◦People’s histories influence personality and

attitudes◦Modern life course has “accepted stages”

(school, work, marriage, child-rearing, retirement, etc)

◦Outcomes of earlier life experiences can persist and influence later life experience

GerodynamicsGerodynamics

With increasing age comes increasing variability (differential aging)

There is a wide range of individual differences in the rate and manner of aging at all levels of analysis – biological, psychological and social

Selective Optimization with Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)Compensation (SOC)

Individuals seek to maximize gains and minimize losses (which is the definition of successful aging)

Selection – Narrowing the range of activities to a smaller set being able to focus energy and effort on fewer activities

Optimization – Optimize engagement in a more limited set by using abilities at highest level possible

Compensation – Alternative ways to reach desired goals once losses are experienced (increased effort, prosthetic devices, etc)

Requires active decision-making and assumption that individuals make rational decisions and choices

Places the responsibility on the individual to successfully negotiate aging