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Overview Lecture 13Successful Aging
1. Successful Aging: Theoretical Perspectives
2. Age and Creativity
Simonton Model
Last Works
Theoretical Perspectives on Theoretical Perspectives on Successful AgingSuccessful Aging
Focus of Successful Aging Focus of Successful Aging theories and researchtheories and research
•Factors that contribute to survivalFactors that contribute to survival•Enhanced spirit and joy in lifeEnhanced spirit and joy in life•““Mental health”Mental health”
Theoretical Perspectives on Theoretical Perspectives on Successful AgingSuccessful Aging
Absence of
disease
High physical and cognitive functioning
Maintain engagement with life
MacArthur Foundation Study of Successful AgingMacArthur Foundation Study of Successful Aging
Theoretical Perspectives on Theoretical Perspectives on Successful AgingSuccessful Aging
Social Indicator Model of Well-BeingSocial Indicator Model of Well-Being
Well-BeingWell-BeingWell-BeingWell-Being•AgeAge•GenderGender•Marital statusMarital status•IncomeIncome
accountaccountforfor
Older adults should have lower well-beingOlder adults should have lower well-being
Theoretical Perspectives on Theoretical Perspectives on Successful AgingSuccessful Aging
Paradox of Well-BeingParadox of Well-Being
Older adults are Older adults are lower on social lower on social indicatorsindicators(e.g., income, (e.g., income, health, health, education, education, marital status)marital status)
Older adults are Older adults are lower on social lower on social indicatorsindicators(e.g., income, (e.g., income, health, health, education, education, marital status)marital status)
BUTBUT They have high They have high levels of well-levels of well-beingbeing
They have high They have high levels of well-levels of well-beingbeing
Successful aging is the normSuccessful aging is the norm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
18-27 28-37 38-47 58-67 68-77 78-89Very happy Pretty happy Not too happy
Theoretical Perspectives on Theoretical Perspectives on Successful AgingSuccessful Aging
Percent who rate selves as happyPercent who rate selves as happyPercent who rate selves as happyPercent who rate selves as happy
Mroczek & Kolarz 1998
Theoretical Perspectives on Successful Aging: Theoretical Perspectives on Successful Aging: Subjective Well-BeingSubjective Well-Being
Subjective well-beingSubjective well-beingSubjective well-beingSubjective well-being •Overall sense of happinessOverall sense of happiness
Life satisfactionLife satisfactionLife satisfactionLife satisfaction •Cognitive evaluation of one’s life Cognitive evaluation of one’s life circumstancescircumstances
MIDUS MIDUS study of study of midlifemidlife
MIDUS MIDUS study of study of midlifemidlife
2700+ participants2700+ participants25-74 years, average= 4625-74 years, average= 46Factors contributing to subjective well-beingFactors contributing to subjective well-being
Definition and MeasurementDefinition and Measurement
Theoretical Perspectives on Successful Aging: Theoretical Perspectives on Successful Aging: Subjective Well-BeingSubjective Well-Being
Findings of MIDUS StudyFindings of MIDUS Study
•Women: positive affect highest in oldest groupsWomen: positive affect highest in oldest groups•Men: higher positive affect scores in later life only Men: higher positive affect scores in later life only for introverted (extroverted were higher throughout)for introverted (extroverted were higher throughout)•Older groups of married men had lower scores than Older groups of married men had lower scores than younger married menyounger married men
Theoretical Perspectives on Successful Aging: Theoretical Perspectives on Successful Aging: Subjective Well-BeingSubjective Well-Being
Set Point PerspectiveSet Point Perspective
Well-being reflects personality traitsWell-being reflects personality traitsWell-being reflects personality traitsWell-being reflects personality traits
•Biologically determined Biologically determined temperament sets boundaries for temperament sets boundaries for levels of well-beinglevels of well-being
Theoretical Perspectives on Successful Aging: Theoretical Perspectives on Successful Aging: Subjective Well-BeingSubjective Well-Being
Possible Ways to Achieve High Well-BeingPossible Ways to Achieve High Well-Being
•Adaptation or habituationAdaptation or habituation•Feeling of making progress toward goalsFeeling of making progress toward goals•Coping strategiesCoping strategies•Social comparisonSocial comparison•Life story as reflection of identity processesLife story as reflection of identity processes
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
Early StudiesEarly Studies
LehmanLehmanLehmanLehman•Analysis of significant contributionsAnalysis of significant contributions•Peak productivity between 30-35Peak productivity between 30-35•Peak varies by disciplinePeak varies by discipline
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
Lehman’s Findings for Three DisciplinesLehman’s Findings for Three Disciplines
ChemistryChemistryChemistryChemistry
26-3026-3026-3026-30
““Best Books”Best Books”““Best Books”Best Books”
40-4440-4440-4440-44
Chief MinistersChief MinistersChief MinistersChief Ministers
55-6055-6055-6055-60
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
Lehman’s ConclusionsLehman’s Conclusions
•Earlier peaks in sciences and fields depending on Earlier peaks in sciences and fields depending on imagination and physical abilityimagination and physical ability•Later peaks in fields that rely on experience and Later peaks in fields that rely on experience and diplomacydiplomacy
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
Early StudiesEarly Studies
DennisDennisDennisDennis•NUMBERNUMBER (not quality) of creative works (not quality) of creative works•Only people who lived to at least 80Only people who lived to at least 80•Steep decline after peak age in artsSteep decline after peak age in arts•Decline after peak age in sciencesDecline after peak age in sciences•However, steady rate of production However, steady rate of production through late 60sthrough late 60s
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
Findings from Dennis (1966)Findings from Dennis (1966)
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
Summary Early StudiesSummary Early Studies
LehmanLehmanLehmanLehman
DennisDennisDennisDennis
•Rapid increase in creative outputRapid increase in creative output•Peak in 30s or early 40sPeak in 30s or early 40s•Steady decline thereafterSteady decline thereafter
Creative productivity unlikely to component of Creative productivity unlikely to component of successful aging.successful aging.
But there are many well-known “older thinkers”But there are many well-known “older thinkers”
Problems With Counts of Productivity by AgeProblems With Counts of Productivity by Age
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and The Relationship Between Age and CreativityCreativity
•highly creative artists die before highly creative artists die before becoming “old” (e.g., Mozart)becoming “old” (e.g., Mozart)•Compositional fallacy- Compositional fallacy- average average productivity rates do not describe productivity rates do not describe productivity of individuals in that groupproductivity of individuals in that group
Simonton’s Model of Age and Creative ProductionSimonton’s Model of Age and Creative Production
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and The Relationship Between Age and CreativityCreativity
CreativeCreativePotentialPotentialCreativeCreativePotentialPotential
IdeationIdeationIdeationIdeation
CreativeCreativeProductsProductsCreativeCreativeProductsProducts
ElaborationElaborationElaborationElaboration
m
a
e
p
Number of works in unlimited lifespan
Production of new ideas for new products
Transforming ideas into products
Calculated Calculated on basis of on basis of CAREER CAREER AGEAGE
Calculated Calculated on basis of on basis of CAREER CAREER AGEAGE
Model for Poetry and Pure MathematicsModel for Poetry and Pure Mathematics
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
Career ageCareer age
Typology of Career TrajectoriesTypology of Career Trajectories
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
•Variations by career onset and creative potentialVariations by career onset and creative potential•Use formula to predict first, best, and last worksUse formula to predict first, best, and last works
EarlyEarlyEarlyEarly
LowLowLowLow HighHighHighHigh
Earliest “Last Work”Earliest “Last Work”Earliest “Last Work”Earliest “Last Work”
Typology of Career TrajectoriesTypology of Career Trajectories
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
FirstFirstBestBestLastLast
LateLateLateLate
LowLowLowLow HighHighHighHighCAREER CAREER ONSETONSET
CREATIVE POTENTIALCREATIVE POTENTIAL
Latest “Last Work”Latest “Last Work”Latest “Last Work”Latest “Last Work”
Relation of Quantity to QualityRelation of Quantity to Quality
Equal Odds RuleEqual Odds RuleEqual Odds RuleEqual Odds Rule
•Positive relationship between Positive relationship between quality and quantityquality and quantity•Highly productive older Highly productive older individuals have high probability of individuals have high probability of creating a masterworkcreating a masterwork
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
Conclusions from Simonton’s ResearchConclusions from Simonton’s Research
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
•Emphasis on career age not actual ageEmphasis on career age not actual age•Productivity in later life higher among those Productivity in later life higher among those who begin laterwho begin later•However, high creative potential leads to However, high creative potential leads to high rate of productivity early and later in high rate of productivity early and later in careercareer•Longer span for highly creative between first Longer span for highly creative between first and last worksand last works•Model allows for possibility of highly creative Model allows for possibility of highly creative older peopleolder people
Characteristics of Last WorksCharacteristics of Last Works
Productivity and Creativity:Productivity and Creativity:The Relationship Between Age and CreativityThe Relationship Between Age and Creativity
•Integration and synthesis•Studies of aging•Research on aging
ArtistsArtists •Eliminates fine details•Presents essence of work’s meaning•More subjective, less objective
•Shorter main themes•Simpler melodies
MusiciansMusicians
ScientistsScientists
Stimulated by:Stimulated by: Proximity to deathProximity to deathDesire to leave legacyDesire to leave legacyReaction to age-related Reaction to age-related changeschanges
Proximity to deathProximity to deathDesire to leave legacyDesire to leave legacyReaction to age-related Reaction to age-related changeschanges
““Old age style”Old age style”
““Swan Song”Swan Song”
““Grow old along with me! The best is yet to Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be.”be.”
Robert BrowningRobert Browning
1812-18891812-1889
““Grow old along with me! The best is yet to Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be.”be.”
Robert BrowningRobert Browning
1812-18891812-1889