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Theme 2.1Improved crops for sustainable
supply
Gail Taylor
Current Research Topics
• Genomics and genetics of feedstock yield and lignocellulosic quality
• Woody biomass supply in a changing environment
• LCA and sustainability criteria for bioenergy and biofuels
Estimated total amounts of C in soil & vegetation in different terrestrialsystems (Royal Society 2001). Pg C or Gt C
croplands 131 boreal forests 559wetlands 240 temperate forests 159tundra 127 tropical forests 428deserts & semides. 199temperate grasslands 304tropical savannas 330
Total non forest 1,331 Total forests 1,146
Forest ecosystems – 50% global vegetation C
How can we improve efficiency of biomass production?
Zhu et al., (2008). Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19, 153-159
4.6% 6.0%
Plant Productivity- Monteith 1977
BiomassYieldT ha-1
Solar Radiation GJ m-2
Sugar beet (2.5%)
Apple(2.5%)
Barley(2.5%)
Poplar for bioenergy – globally significant
Identifying genes important for high yield
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4Spr Sum Aut Wint Spr Sum Aut Wint Spr Sum Aut Wint Spr Sum Aut Wint
Planted
Cut backAnd harvest
Harvest
cut
Assessment Assessment
Addressing the yield gap in energy poplar – more biomass on less land
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
YIELD – ODT ha-1 y-1
Potential Yield
Actual commercial UK Yield
40 ODT ha-1 y-1 [Nonhebel, 2002 ]35 ODT ha-1 y-1 [Scarascia-Mugnozza et al., 1997]
18 ODT ha-1 y-1 [Labreque et al., 2005]
20 ODT ha-1 y-1 [Corria et al., 1995]18 ODT ha-1 y-1 [Rae et al., 2007]
2-3 ODT ha-1 y-1 [Bungart et al., 1995]
The yieldgap – highthroughput biology can make step-changeadvances
P. nigra from rivers across Europe
Harriet Trewin
Leaf size and shape vary with latitude of origin
Leaf development candidates - models
SAM CLAVATA1 CLAVATA2, CLAVATA3 WUSCHEL, PHANTASTICA, PHABULOSA, PHAVOLUTA, PINHEAD, YABBY, FIL, KANADI1, 2
Emerging primordia BOP1, AS1, AS2, ASL1, ANTEGUMENTA, ANGUSTIFOLIA, ROTUNDIFOLIA, GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR, CELL CYCLE CONTROL, ERECTA, ETHYLENE
Maturing laminaEXPANSIN, XTHS, CYCLINS, CDKs, ENDOGLUCANASES, KORRIGAN, OXIDATIVE STATUS, WRKYs
SenescingSAGs, LDOX, DFR, WRKYs, MYBs, SAG21
Abscission
CCCTC-320.0CCCTC-N101.1
p_66716.7
p_42227.4
AGCTG-N1138.1p_68441.5
p_279768.7
p_2766100.9o_260104.9p_2418113.7
Elastic
ityLea
f_ratio
Leaf_ra
tioLN
B-ARE
A-1ST
M_ext
Bioma
ss-1
HT-4
HT-2
HT-3
L_EXT
_RLN
Leaf_p
rod-2
IIB.
1. estExt_fgenesh4_pg.C_LG_II06622..eugene3.00020820
3. estExt_fgenesh4_pg.C_LG_II0927
4. estExt_fgenesh4_pg.C_LG_II09285. fgenesh1_pg.C_LG_II0009546. estExt_Genewise1_v1.C_LG_II05657. grail3.00330285018.grail3.00390142019.eugene3.00021666
10. estExt_Genewise1_v1.C_LG_II1841
Start0.0
p_6673556760.8p_4224828045.014963652.026270414.0p_6847046216.037271089.547280078.557448069.069160616.0p_279710209505.0710857908.0
812883875.0
914040709.01015184326.0p_276615461149.0
o_26018310162.0
p_241820230512.0
Finish24482572.0
2
Latitude
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54
Ave
rag
e c
ell
nu
mb
er
pe
r le
af
0
2e+7
4e+7
6e+7
8e+7
1e+8
LG chromosome
E2Fc
4 QTL for ECN, ECA,SI and SD (Rae et al., 2006; Rodriguez-Acosta et al, 2008)
Latitude
Num
ber
of c
ells
per
leaf
cDNA array
up in large down in large
2 G crop improvement – summary
• Elucidating genes underlying yield traits is nearing completion
• We will move to proof of concept using transgenic trees
• For commercial release marker assisted selection in the absence of GM