Name:________________________

Teacher______________________

Exam 21st May 2019

Physical GeographyGCSERevision Booklet

Paper 1 includes the following topics:

Section A: The challenge of natural hazardsSection B: The living worldSection C: Physical landscapes in the UK

This workbook will test your knowledge on

Section A: The Challenge of Natural Hazards

This is the first topic you did in Year 10

You should use the free revision guide to help you complete this booklet and revise.

Note that not all of the answers will be in the revision guide. You may have to come up with an opinion or use your school exercise book.

Each key idea from the AQA Specification will have a key next to it

This section can all be found on pages 6 - 23

We studied earthquakes for this section. The examples were New Zealand and Nepal.

Page 6 – page 25 - The Challenge of Natural Hazards – Q1

Page 6 - Natural hazards pose major risks to people and property

What is a natural hazard? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is hazard risk?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why is the frequency and strength of natural hazards increasing? (Think about the world’s population and what people are doing to make the problem worse).

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Page 16 - Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are the result of physical processes

Label the layers of the earth on the image below and give differences between oceanic and continental crust:

Oceanic crust

Continental crust

Outline the evidence that tectonic plates are moving.

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What are the two theories behind why tectonic plates move?

THEORY 1

THEORY 2

Use the map on page 21 of your revision guide - describe the global distribution of earthquakes, i.e. where are they? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 16 – 17 - Draw and annotate the 3 different plate margins in the boxes below. Be sure to explain why earthquakes and volcanoes occur at the plate margins.

Destructive Margin (boundary)

Constructive Margin (boundary)

Conservative Margin (boundary)

Page 20 – Page 21 - The effects of, and responses to, a tectonic hazard vary between areas of contrasting levels of wealth (i.e. effects of earthquakes are different in rich and poor countries).

What are primary and secondary effects?

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What are immediate and long-term responses?

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Pages 20 and 21 - Complete the table below with 3 primary and 3 secondary effects of an earthquake and 3 immediate and 3 long-term responses to an earthquake:

Primary effects

Secondary effects

Immediate responses

Long-term responses

Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two areas of contrasting levels of wealth.

In the revision guide it uses different examples. We studied Nepal (LIC) and New Zealand (HIC). The next three pages have details on these examples. You should also use detail from your exercise book.

Named example of an earthquake in a high income country (HIC)

Outline the causes of the earthquake in the HIC (New Zealand).

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Complete the tables below with 3 facts in each column – remember to include SPECIFIC FACTS, i.e. facts that could only have happened in Christchurch, New Zealand, e.g. numbers, names, etc.

Primary effects

Secondary effects

Immediate responses

Long-term responses

Named example of an earthquake in a low income country (LIC) : Nepal

Outline the causes of the earthquake in the LIC (Nepal).

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Complete the tables below with 3 facts in each column – remember to include SPECIFIC FACTS, i.e. facts that could only have happened in Nepal, e.g. numbers, names, etc.

Primary effects

Secondary effects

Immediate responses

Long-term responses

Explain why the effects and responses were so different in New Zealand and Nepal

The effects were so different because _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The responses were so different because _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 23 Management can reduce the effects of a tectonic hazard

Give 4 reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazard:

· ________________________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________________________

What are some of the benefits of living in Iceland near lots of volcanoes? Which is the biggest benefit and why?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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What is monitoring and what are the 3 Ps used to reduce the effects of earthquakes?

Monitoring is ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Prediction is _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Protection is _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Planning is ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

In your opinion, which of the above four strategies is the most effective in reducing the effects of earthquakes? Why?

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In your opinion, which of the above four strategies is the least effective in reducing the effects of earthquakes? Why?

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Page 7 Global atmospheric circulation helps to determine patterns of weather and climate

On the model below, add the following features:

· 0˚ (equator), 30˚N and S, 60˚N and S and 90˚N and S

· Polar, Ferrell and Hadley cells

· Areas of high and low pressure with sun and rain

· NE trade winds, SE trade winds, south-westerly winds, north-westerly winds and polar easterly winds

What is the Coriolis Effect?

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Pages 8 – 9 Tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons) develop as a result of particular physical conditions

Describe the distribution of tropical storms. Use lines of latitude and key terms in your answer.

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Give 2 conditions needed for tropical storms to form:

· ________________________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________________________

Write a paragraph to explain the sequence of formation of a tropical storm. Use the flowchart on page 8 and the diagram on page 9 to help.

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Give 2 reasons why tropical storms may lose their energy:

· _______________________________________________________________

· _______________________________________________________________

Label the diagram below with the characteristics of tropical storms:

Give the likely 24 – 48 hour weather forecast for the island to the north west of the tropical storm.

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Page 9 - How is climate change likely to affect the distribution, frequency and intensity of tropical storms?

Distribution: ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Frequency: ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Intensity: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Page 10 – Page 11 - Tropical storms have significant effects on people and the environment.

Bullet point the effects and responses to tropical storms

Primary Effects (immediate impacts)

Immediate responses

Secondary Effects (long-term impacts)

Long-term responses

How can you monitor, predict, protect against and prepare for tropical storms? Give some examples of each in the table below:

Monitor

Predict

Protect

Prepare

Named example of a tropical storm: Hurricane Katrina

In the revision guide, they have used Typhoon Haiyan. We studied Hurricane Katrina. You will find details of Hurricane Katrina below. You should also use detail from your exercise book.

Causes

Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans on the 29th August 2005.

New Orleans is located in a basin that is below sea level

so is already vulnerable to flooding.

Effects

Secondary: Oil facilities were damaged and as a result petrol prices rose in the UK and USA.

1 million people made homeless

Looting became a major issue.

Cost of the damage totalled $81 billion.

80% of the city was flooded.

Racial tensions increased as many of the worst affected were African Americans

Primary: Storm surges reached over 6 metres in height.

New Orleans was one of the worst affected areas even though it is protected by levees. The levee defences were unable to cope with the strength of Katrina, and water flooded into the city.

1,200 drowned in the floods.

Responses

Long term: $50 billion in aid was given by the government.

100,000 trailers provided for the homeless.

Flood water pumped out of New Orleans into a nearby lake.

Some insurance companies refuse to insure homes in the area and those that do charge a very high rate.

Immediate: Despite an evacuation order, many of the poorest people remained in the city.

30,000 people sought refuge in the Superdome stadium (designed to hold 800). Conditions were unhygienic, and there was a shortage of food and water.

The UK government sent food aid during the early stages of the recovery process.

58,000 National Guard personnel were mobilised to restore and maintain law and order.

Complete the tables below with 3 facts in each column – remember to include SPECIFIC FACTS, i.e. facts that could only have happened in Hurricane Katrina, e.g. numbers, names, etc.

Primary effects

Secondary effects

Immediate responses

Long-term responses

Do you think primary effects or secondary effects were more significant in Hurricane Katrina? Explain why.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Do you think immediate or long-term responses were more significant? Explain why.

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Page 13 - The UK is affected by a number of weather hazards

What is extreme weather?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Give 3 examples and explain the potential effects of extreme weather in the UK

1) ________________ Potential effects __________________________________

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2) ________________ Potential effects __________________________________

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3) ________________ Potential effects __________________________________

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Extreme weather events in the UK have impacts on human activity

In the revision guide it uses different examples. We studied the flooding in Cumbria in 2015. You will find details below. You should also use extra detail from your exercise book.

Named example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK: Cumbria 2015

Outline the causes of the flooding.

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Complete the table below to show the social, economic and environmental impacts of the storm (be specific):

Social impacts

Economic impacts

Environmental impacts

What management strategies were used to reduce the risk to people and the environment?

Immediate responses

Long-term responses

Give 2 pieces of evidence to prove that weather is becoming more extreme in the UK __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Page 24 – 27 Climate change is the result of natural and human factors and has a range of effects

Complete the table below to briefly explain how each factor provides evidence of climate change:

Sediment cores:

Temperature records:

Tree rings:

Pollen analysis:

Ice cores:

Historical records:

Page 26 – 27 Briefly explain how each of the following factors cause climate change:

Natural causes

Human causes

Orbital changes:

Use of fossil fuels:

Volcanic activity:

Agriculture:

Solar output:

Deforestation:

Effects of climate change on the environment

Effects of climate change on people

Page 27 - Effects of climate change

Page 25 - Managing climate change involves both mitigation (reducing causes) and adaptation (responding to change)

What is the definition of mitigation?

What is the definition of adaptation?

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Complete the table below to show how we can mitigate and adapt to climate change and briefly outline how each one helps to reduce the effects of climate change:

Mitigation methods

Adaptation methods

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

What are the advantages and disadvantages of mitigation and adaptation?

Method

Advantages

Disadvantages

Mitigation

Adaptation

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