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THE VULNERABILITY CONTEXT:
A WORK IN PROGRESSSue Lautze
Angela Raven-RobertsFeinstein International Famine Center,
Tufts University
IS THERE SOMETHING
WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE?
FOUR POINTS, TEN MINUTES
1. AFFECTED PEOPLE DEPEND UPON LIVELIHOODS FOR FOOD SECURITY
2. COMPLEX EMERGENCIES ARE (USUALLY) CHARACTERIZED BY VIOLENCE
3. LIVELIHOODS TOOLS INADEQUATELY CAPTURE THE DYNAMICS & CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE
4. TO PROMOTE FOOD SECURITY (POLICIES, FRAMEWORKS, INFO SYSTEMS, PROJECTS), THE IMPLICATIONS OF VIOLENCE MUST BE UNDERSTOOD & ADDRESSED
Q WHAT DO YOU GET WHEN YOU CROSS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST WITH A POLITICAL ECONOMIST?
A PEOPLE WHO LOOK AT VIOLENCE AND ITS (VERY) FAR REACHING CONSEQUENCES – SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC
THE “VULNERABILITY CONTEXT” IS NOT EXTERNAL LIVELIHOODS SYSTEMS
1. LIVELIHOODS & FOOD SECURITY
FACT: PEOPLE RELY ON LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS FOR FOOD SECURITY
2. CONTEXT OF CEs
• NO ADEQUATE/AGREEMENT ON DEFINITION OF CEs
• VIOLENCE CENTRAL TO ALL CEs
• VIOLENCE IS BOTH SPECIFIC AND FUNCTIONAL
• ANALYSIS OF VIOLENCE LIMITED (LARGELY) TO POLITICAL ECONOMY: COLLINSON, COLLIER, SLIM, DUFFIELD, ANDERSON, ETC.
FORM OF VIOLENCE
FUNCTION/SPECIFICITY
EXAMPLE
GENDER VIOLENCE
ATTACKS ON WOMEN AS ATTACKS ON THE NATIONALITY/THE “MOTHER NATION”; ETHNIC CLEANSING; EMASCULATING MALE STRENGTH
RWANDA; FORMER YUGOSLAVIA; MOZAMBIQUE; SIERRA LEONE
ASSASSINATION, CAR BOMBING
ATTACK ON HUMANITARIANS AS ATTACKS ON U.S.-LED POLITICO-MILITARY AGENDAS
AFGHANISTAN, IRAQ, SOMALIA
FORCED DISPLACEMENT, ASSET STRIPPING
ECONOMIC BENEFIT TO RAIDERS; DISEMPOWER, WEAKEN OPPOSITION
SUDAN; ANGOLA; SIERRA LEONE, LIBERIA
CHILD SOLDIERS; FORCE CHILDREN TO KILL
TERRORIZE, INCREASE FIGHTING FORCES, DESTABILIZE COMMUNITIES
MOZAMBIQUE, UGANDA, SIERRA LEONE, SRI LANKA
RUMOUR, RANDOM DISAPPEARANCES
SHRED SOCIAL FABRIC OF TRUST, UNDERMINE OPPOSITION
GUATEMALA, ARGETINA, COLUMBIA
3. FRAMEWORKS & VIOLENCE
• VIOLENCE IS EXPENSIVE FOR HOUSEHOLDS & IS HARD ON LIVELIHOODS SYSTEMS & FOOD SECURITY
• VIOLENCE SHAPES EACH AND EVERY ELEMENT OF LIVELIHOODS SYSTEMS
• BUT…THE “VULNERABILITY CONTEXT” DOESN’T ADEQUATELY CAPTURE THIS
VIOLENCE AND ASSETSHUMAN, SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, NATURAL,
FINANCIAL
VIOLENCE ERODES ASSETS – AND THREATENS FOOD SECURITY BY:
1.DIRECT DESTRUCTION2.TRANSFORMING ASSETS INTO
LIABILITIES3.INCREASING DEMAND FOR
LIMITED ASSETS
VIOLENCE INFLUENCE & ACCESS
VIOLENCE’S PRIMARY TOOL IS FEAR
FEAR RE-SHAPES “INFLUENCE & ACCESS” RELATIONSHIPS DISEMPOWERMENT
LE BILLON: POWERLESSNESS AS A MORE USEFUL CONCEPT THAN POVERTY
VIOLENCE, POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS &
PROCESSESVIOLENCE, (LIKE OTHER DRIVING FORCES OF DISASTERS – HIV/AIDS, MACROECONOMIC POLICY FAILURES), IS A PIP THAT:
•IS ENDOGENOUS, EMBEDDED IN LIVELIHOODS SYSTEMS
•CAN INDUCE CONSERVATISM, FUNDAMENTALISM AND WORSE
•CAN PROMOTE MILITARIZATION
•WARPS AND COMPETES (& WINS) AGAINST OTHER PIPS, INCLUDING THOSE TO PROMOTE FOOD SECURITY
VIOLENCE AND STRATEGIES
VIOLENCE, AS A PIP, SHAPES LIVELIHOODS STRATEGIES
• SOME NEW LIVELIHOODS STRATEGIES BECOME AVAILABLE, AND PROMOTE FOOD SECURITY (MILITIA, POPPY/CHAT, PROTECTION, CAMP SERVICES)
• BUT MOSTLY, LIVELIHOODS STRATEGIES ARE CONSTRAINED
VIOLENCE AND OUTCOMES
LIVELIHOODS IN CONTEXTS OF VIOLENCE OFTEN YIELD
•FOOD INSECURITY - MALNUTRITION, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, DESTITUTION, DESPAIR, DISPLACEMENT
•RARELY, WILL PRODUCE POSITIVE OUTCOMES
AS
SE
TS
/L
IAB
ILIT
IES
PR
OC
ES
SE
S,
INS
TIT
UT
ION
S
& P
OL
ICIE
S
INFLUENCE& ACCESS
STRATEGIES OUTCOMES
(INTEGRATED?)
LIVELIHOODS FRAMEWORK