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THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL
SEAFOOD SYSTEM
Craig K. Harris
Department of Sociology
Michigan State University
GLOBALIZATION
• Increased accumulation through– Flexibility of sourcing of inputs and products– Flexibility of marketing of products and outputs– Mobility of capital to sites of greatest profit– Avoiding progressive control by nation-state on
processes of labor, production and marketing– Avoiding progressive taxation for liberal welfare
programs
GLOBALIZATION
• Increased accumulation
• Two counter tendencies– Progressive populist demand for state activity
for public good (e.g., human health, biophysical environment)
– Regressive elite demand for state activity to enhance accumulation (e.g., human health, natural resources)
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased variety of processing– Drying
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased variety of processing– Drying, smoking, fermenting– Canning
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased variety of processing– Drying, smoking, fermenting– Canning– Freezing
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased variety of processing– Drying, smoking, fermenting– Canning– Freezing– Breading and battering
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased variety of processing– Drying, smoking, fermenting– Canning– Freezing– Breading and battering– Reformulating
The artistry of Surimi now is beyond just the block of flash frozen minced fish, but it's the art and craft of food history and development to feed the human need.
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased diversity of processing
• Increasing availability of fresh fish
GLOBAL FISHERIES SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased diversity of processing
• Increasing availability of fresh fish– Both frozen and fresh imply an effective
cold chain
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased diversity of processing
• Increasing availability of fresh fish
• Increasing diversity of seafood species
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased diversity of processing
• Increasing availability of fresh fish
• Increasing diversity of seafood species
• Large scale harvesting– Fleets
GLOBAL FISHERIES SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased diversity of processing
• Increasing availability of fresh fish
• Increasing diversity of seafood species
• Large scale harvesting– Fleets– Ships
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased diversity of processing
• Increasing availability of fresh fish
• Increasing diversity of seafood species
• Large scale harvesting
• Shift of production from harvesting to aquaculture
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002
Mil
lio
ns
Aquaculture
Capture
Fish Production (in MT)
FISHSTAT 2004
GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Increased production and consumption
• Increased variety of processing
• Increasing availability of fresh fish
• Increasing diversity of seafood species
• Large scale harvesting
• Shift of production from harvesting to aquaculture
• Increasing international trade
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
US
$ x
1000
mil
lion
Developed Developing
Fish Commodities - Export
FISHSTAT 2004
TROUBLE IN PARADISE
• Continued exploitation of seafood stocks beyond sustainable yield
TROUBLE IN PARADISE
• Continued exploitation of seafood stocks beyond sustainable yield
• Excess investment in production, transportation, and marketing capacity
Table E.2 - Extent of overcapacity in the UK fleet segments of the Channel fishery (%)
Fleet segmentWeights given to each objective
wprofit = 0.5; wemployment = 1; wsequity = 1 wprofit = 1; wemployment = 1; ws
equity = 1 wprofit = 1; wemployment = 0.5; wsequity = 1
otter trawl 102% 223% inf
beam trawl 24% 42% 0%
dredge 0% 0% 0%
pots 0% 0% 0%
net/line 12% 12% 12%
inshore mixed 0% 29% 94%
TROUBLE IN PARADISE• Continued exploitation of seafood stocks
beyond sustainable yield
• Excess investment in production, transportation, and marketing capacity
• Negative impacts on non-target species (bycatch, habitat disruption, competition)– Dolphins– Turtles– Albatrosses– Sea lions
TROUBLE IN PARADISE
• Continued exploitation of seafood stocks beyond sustainable yield
• Excess investment in production, transportation, and marketing capacity
• Negative impacts on non-target species (bycatch, habitat disruption, competition)
• Contamination of seafood
TROUBLE IN PARADISE
• Continued exploitation of seafood stocks beyond sustainable yield
• Excess investment in production, transportation, and marketing capacity
• Negative impacts on non-target species (bycatch)
• Contamination of seafood
• Competition with, and displacement of, domestic industry
Methylmercury concentrations in canned tuna
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Canned tuna
Me
thy
lmer
cury
co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
m)
479 samples:
• 219 samples from Yess 1993 study
• 115 samples from FDA surveillance (1992-1998)
• 27 samples from FDA’s Total Diet Study (1990-1997)
• 118 samples from the State of Florida (2000)
Environmental Working Group
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE
• Can we see a transnational state with respect to the global seafood system
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE
• Can we see a transnational state with respect to the global seafood system
• If so, what are its features
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE
• Can we see a transnational state with respect to the global seafood system
• If so, what are its features
• If so, what is the causal process that is producing it
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE
• Can we see a transnational state with respect to the global seafood system
• If so, what are its features
• If so, what is the causal process that is producing it
• Is the transnational state in the seafood system a progressive or a regressive development
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Characteristics of the transnational state– William Friedland – “palimpsest”– William Robinson– Alexander Wendt – “issue specific”
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Functions of the transnational state– Foster accumulation of wealth
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Functions of the transnational state– Foster accumulation of wealth– Rationalization of system
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Functions of the transnational state– Foster accumulation of wealth– Rationalization of system– Maintain legitimacy of social system
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Functions of the transnational state– Foster accumulation of wealth– Rationalization of system– Maintain legitimacy of social system– Regulation of markets and labor
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Functions of the transnational state– Foster accumulation of wealth– Rationalization of system– Maintain legitimacy of social system– Regulation of markets and labor– Protect society against negative effects of
competition
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Both facilitate the mobility of capital, and guide the directions of its flows– World Bank
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Both facilitate the mobility of capital, and guide the directions of its flows– World Bank– Asian Development Bank
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Both facilitate the mobility of capital, and guide the directions of its flows– World Bank– Asian Development Bank– African Development Bank
• Three projects
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Both facilitate the mobility of capital, and guide the directions of its flows– World Bank– Asian Development Bank– African Development Bank – Inter-American Development Bank
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Regulate the labor process– International Labor Organization
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Regulate the ecological process– United Nations Convention On the Law of the
Sea• Gave nation-states exclusive control over resources
within 200 miles of coastline• Nation-states can in turn grant proprietary rights to
persons and corporations– Individual transferable quotas– Open ocean aquaculture
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Regulate the ecological process– United Nations Convention On the Law of the
Sea– United Nations Convention On Highly Migratory
and Straddling Stocks
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Regulate the ecological process– United Nations Convention On the Law of the
Sea– United Nations Convention On Highly Migratory
and Straddling Stocks– UN Food and Agriculture Organization Code of
Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Regulate the ecological process– United Nations Convention On the Law of the
Sea– United Nations Convention On Highly Migratory
and Straddling Stocks– UN Food and Agriculture Organization Code of
Conduct for Responsible Fisheries– International Whaling Commission
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Regulate the ecological process– United Nations Convention On the Law of the
Sea– United Nations Convention On Highly Migratory
and Straddling Stocks– UN Food and Agriculture Organization Code of
Conduct for Responsible Fisheries– International Whaling Commission– Convention On International Trade In
Endangered Species (CITES)
CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII (FISH)
ACIPENSERIFORMES Paddlefish, sturgeons
ACIPENSERIFORMES spp. (Except the species included in Appendix I)
Acipenseridae Sturgeons Acipenser brevirostrum Acipenser sturio OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES Osteoglossidae Arapaima, bonytongue Arapaima gigas Scleropages formosus
CYPRINIFORMES Cyprinidae Blind carps, plaeesok Caecobarbus geertsi Probarbus jullieni Catostomidae Cui-ui Chasmistes cujus
SILURIFORMES Pangasiidae Pangasid catfish Pangasianodon gigas SYNGNATHIFORMES Syngnathidae Pipefishes, seahorses Hippocampus spp. PERCIFORMES Labridae Wrasses Cheilinus undulatus Sciaenidae Totoaba Totoaba macdonaldi
CLASS SARCOPTERYGII(LUNGFISHES) COELACANTHIFORMES Latimeriidae Coelacanths Latimeria spp. CERATODONTIFORMES Ceratodontidae Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Regulate the harvest– Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Regulate the harvest– Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (1949)– InterAmerican Tropical Tuna Commission (1950)
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Regulate the harvest– Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (1949)– InterAmerican Tropical Tuna Commission(1950)– Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (1998)
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Global civil society organizations– World Wildlilfe Fund (WWF)
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Global civil society organizations– World Wildlilfe Fund (WWF)– International Collective In Support of
Fishworkers (ICSF)
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Global civil society organizations– World Wildlilfe Fund (WWF)– International Collective In Support of
Fishworkers (ICSF)– World Aquaculture Society (WAS)
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Hybrid organizations– Marine Stewardship Council
• Created by WWF and Unilever
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Palimpsest– Withering away of the nation state– Active replacement of the nation state
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Palimpsest
• Emergent– Growing out of organizations created by nation
states• Regime formation (UNFAO)• Treaty (World Bank)
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM
• Palimpsest
• Emergent– Growing out of organizations created by nation
states• Regime formation (UNFAO)• Treaty (World Bank)
• Progressive or regressive
