Upload
cori-wilson
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Topographic Map
1
•What Does Earth Really Look Like?
• A map is a representation of the features of a physical body such as Earth but is drawn on a flat surface.
• The Greeks thought of Earth as a sphere almost 2,000 years before Columbus sailed in 1492.
• Around 240 BCE, Greek mathematician Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth. His calculation was wrong by only 6,250 km.
2
Features of Topographic Maps
TOPOGRAPHY (the shape of the land):
The topography of the land is determined by how uneven the lands surface (hills, mountains, valleys\ and slight depressions (dips) in the land surface.
5
Uses for Topographic Maps
• Topographic maps have many uses in science, engineering, business, government, and everyday life for recreational purposes (hiking, canoe trips etc..
6
What do topographic maps show?
• A topographic map is a map that shows surface features, or topography, of the Earth.
•Topographic maps also show •- physical shape of the land•- natural elements: vegetation, water•- human made features- buildings, roads...
• Topographic maps also show elevation (flat areas hills, valleys mountains).
7
Reading a Topographic Map
• Topographic maps use symbols to represent parts of the Earth’s surface.• • Colors are also used to represent natural or man made features.
•For example, cities and towns are pink, bodies of water are blue, and wooded areas are green.
8
Elements of the Topographic
Map
USGS Topographic Map Symbol Website
<click here>
12
Map Symbols
Topographic maps usually have a separate sheet with an explanation of map symbols. There is no room on the map for all the symbols
Sample page from USGS Topo Map Symbol Pamphlet
13
Topographic Contour Linesconnects points of equal elevation
Rules:Rules:
• Lines never cross
• They are brown
•Lines “V” upstream
•Lines show changes in elevation
•Each contour interval here is 20 metres
14
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPDESCRIPTION
• Five basic colors are used for Topographic Maps.– Brown (Contour Lines: shows elevation)– Black (Man Made Features: Buidlings, Roads, Trails)– Blue (Water Features: lakes, rivers)– Green (Vegetation: forests, other)– Red (Highway and Land Grids)– Three minor colors
• Pink (Built up area, civilization)• Purple (Updated Map Information)• White: no forests, might be farmland, meadows
etc…
PART 1 Basic Land Navigation 15
Map SymbolsSymbols are used to represent the natural and man-made features of the earth.
cem
It is a map language that is simple to read and understand. BUT you must first know what the map symbols represent, in order to understand, read and speak map language to others.
PART 1 Basic Land Navigation 16
Woods
Scrub
Orchard
Vineyard
Mangrove
VEGETATIONVEGETATION Map SymbolsPART 1 Basic Land Navigation 17
Marsh or swamp
Submerge marsh or swamp
Wood marsh or swamp
Submerge wood marsh or swamp
Rice field
Land subject to inundation
SUBMERGED AREAS SUBMERGED AREAS AND BOGSAND BOGS
PART 1 Basic Land Navigation 18
RIVERS, LAKES, AND CANALSRIVERS, LAKES, AND CANALS
Perennial stream
Perennial river
Small falls; small rapids
Large falls; large rapids
Dry lake
Perennial lake or pond
Intermittent lake or pond
Intermittent stream
Dam
Intermittent river
Well or spring
Canal
Map SymbolsPART 1 Basic Land Navigation 19
MAN-MADE FEATURES and MAN-MADE FEATURES and HIGHWAY & LAND GRIDSHIGHWAY & LAND GRIDS
Highway
Road
Dirt Road
Trail
Power Lines
Buildings
Built-up Areas
Airports
Landing Strip
School
Church
cemCemetery
Mine
Gravel Pit
Bridge
Foot Bridge
Railroad
Land Grids
12 13 14
15 16 17
18 19 20
Map SymbolsPART 1 Basic Land Navigation 20