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Mapping EarthChapter 1
Earth Science
Ch1 L.1 Maps
How can a map help determine location?Why are there different map projections for
representing Earth’s surface?
Ch1 L.1 BellworkMap view: drawn as if you were looking down on an area from above Earth’s
surfaceProfile view: a drawing that shows an object as though you were looking at it
from the sideMap legend: a key that lists all the symbols used on the mapMap scale: the relationship between a distance on the map and the actual
distance on the groundLongitude: distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridianLatitude: distance in degrees north or south of the equatorTime zone: the area of Earth’s surface between two meridians where people
use the same timeInternational Date Line: line of longitude 180° east or west of the prime
meridian
Understanding maps
A map is a model of Earth
globe= best representationmap= flattened version
Why are maps useful?Which is easier for you:
written directions or drawn directions?
Map viewsMap view: drawn as if you
were looking down on an area from above Earth’s surface
Profile view: drawn as if you were looking at an object from the side
Great for studying cross-sections of Earth
Map legends and scale
Map legendsA key that lists all
symbols used on the map
Gives definitions of symbols
Allow details to be placed on the map without cluttering it
Map legends and scale
Map scalerelationship between a
distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground
written different waysverbally writtenratio= 1:100 means one unit
on the map is 100 in real life
graphic= scale bar
Reading mapsLongitude: distance in
degrees East or West of the prime meridian
Passes through the North Pole and South Pole
Prime meridian= longitude that passes through Greenwich, England.
180 meridian= combines with prime meridian to divide the earth into East and West hemispheres
Reading mapsLatitude: the distance in
degrees north or south of the equator
Equator divides Earth into North and South
Lines are PARALLEL to each other
Equator is at 0°North pole is at 90°NSouth pole is at 90°S
Plotting locations
Minutes and secondsEach degree is divided
into 60 minutes (‘)Each minute is divided
into 60 seconds (‘’)
Plotting locations
Time zones: area on Earth’s surface between two meridians where people use the same time
Reference (start point) is the prime meridian
Earth is divided into 24 time zonesEach time zone has a width of
15° longitudeEach time zone changes by an
hour
Plotting locations
International Date Line: line of longitude 180° east or west of the prime meridian
Does not follow the prime meridian exactly
Map ProjectionsGlobe= no distortions of Earth’s
features since it has the same shapeCylindrical projections
Shapes near equator represented wellShapes near poles appear much larger than
real life
Conical projectionsLittle distortion near line of latitude where the
cone touches the globeDistortions everywhere elseALL projections distort the shapes of Earth
because they are flat and Earth is a sphere
Ch1 L.1 Homework
P.16 1-10Study for quiz CH1 L.1
Ch1 L.2 Technology and map making
What can a topographic map tell you about the shape of Earth’s surface?
What can you learn from geologic maps about the rocks near Earth’s surface?
How can modern technology be used in mapmaking?
Ch1 L.2 BellworkTopographic map: shows detailed shapes of Earth’s surface, along with its
natural and human-made featuresElevation: the height above sea level of any point on Earth’s surfaceRelief: the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest point in an areaContour line: lines on a topographic map that connect points of equal elevationContour interval: elevation difference between contours that are next to each
otherSlope: a measure of the steepness of the landGeologic map: shows the surface geology of the mapCross section: shows a vertical slice through rocks below Earth’s surfaceRemote sensing: process of collecting information about an area without coming
into physical contact with it
Types of general use-maps
Physical mapsuse lines/shading/color to
show features like lakes or mountains
Relief mapsuse shading and shadows
to identify mountains and flat areas
Types of general-use maps
Political mapsshows boundaries between
countries/states/counties
Road mapsshow interstates or roads to
help you find your way
Topographic mapsTopography= shape of land
surfaceTopographic map= shows shapes of
Earth’s surface along with human and man-made features
Contour lines= on topographic map show points of equal elevation
Can measure both elevation and reliefElevation= height above sea levelRelief= difference in elevation
between highest and lowest point
Topographic maps continuedInterpreting contours
not every line is labeledContour interval=
elevation difference between contour lines
Slope= steepness of the land
Contours far apart= flat
Contours close together= steep
Topographic maps continued
Topographic profilesInformation from
contour map can be used to draw a profile of the Earth’s surface
Can help you determine easiest way to travel
Topographic maps continuedSymbols on topographic
mapsContour lines
Brown on landBlue under water
ColorsGreen= vegetationWater= blueBlack shapes= buildingsPink shading= dense housing
in citiesPurple= new information
added after map was made
Geologic maps
Show the surface geology of the mapped area
rock types/ages, locations of faults
Geologic formationsrock unit with similar
origins, rock type and age
legends list symbols and age
Color in map= not necessarily color of rock
Geologic maps continued
Geologic cross sectionsHow can we see what’s
underground?Drill for a sampleLook at a cliff
cliff face is like profile view of the ground
Profile view of rocks below the ground is a cross-section
Making maps today
Global Positioning System (GPS):
Group of satellites used for navigation
a GPS receives signal from 3-4 satellites and calculates latitude and longitude to get location
Making maps today continuedGeographic Information
Systems (GIS):Computerized information
systems used to store and analyze map data
combines data from: satellites, scanners, aerial photographs
Can create different map layers of the same location
Making maps today continuedRemote sensing
Collecting information from an area without coming into physical contact with it
Monitoring change: satellites take pictures constantly and at different times of the day
Can use to look for differencesLandsat: series of satellites. Completes scan of Earth every 16 days
Launched in 1999. Can see changes in wetlands and coral reefs
TOPEX/Jason-1: pair of satellites used for ocean topography, circulation, sea tides and climate change
Sea Beam: Uses sonar to map the bottom of the ocean. ON a ship.
Ch1 L.2 Homework
p.29 1-8Study for quiz CH1 L.2Outline Ch1 L.2Study for Ch1 Test!