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SUTTON HART PRESS

www.suttonhart.com

Copyright ©2009 sutton hart press and Christian DrapeauAll rights reservedFirst Edition, March 2009

Photographs and illustrations courtesy of the author

The information contained in this booklet is for educational purposesonly and has not been reviewed by the FDA. This information isnot intended to diagnose, cure, alleviate, mitigate or prevent anydisease. If you have any health problem, you should seek the adviceof a certified health care provider.

PRODUCED AND PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

ISBN: 978-0-9815027-9-3

Book Design: M. Warren

Table of Contents

PREFACE l

WHAT IS A STEM CELL? 3Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4Scientific Bias Against Adult Stem Cells .. 6The Potential of Adult Stem Cells 9Bone Marrow and Stem Cells 10

THE STEM CELLTHEORY OF RENEWAL 13More on Adult Stem Cells 13The Stem Cell Theory of Renewal 16Safe Daily Stem Cell Support:A Novel Approach 20

STEM CELLS AND HEALTH 24A New Paradigm 24

GLOSSARY 29

REFERENCES 32

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PrefaceOVER THE PAST FEW YEARS THE WORLD HAS SEEN AN

unprecedented explosion in the field of stem cellresearch. Hardly a week passes by without an articlein one of the main printed newspapers, describinga new breakthrough involving stem cells. Stem cellresearch is arguably today one of the most prolificfields of science. And yet, very little of the availableinformation has reached the general population - oreven the health profession - in a manner that allowspeople to clearly understand the basics as well as thetremendous promise of stem cell research.

A short publication like this one certainly cannotprovide a comprehensive account of stem cell researchnor can it do justice to such important advances inhealth science. Yet,I hope that it can provide the readerwith enough information to get a glimpse of the newfrontiers opened by stem cell research. Understandingthe role of stem cells in the body will give rise to a newhealth paradigm.

This short book is intended to describe the basics ofstem cell research, focusing on the fact that stem cellsconstitute the natural renewal system of the body andon the concept that the number of stem cells circulatingin the bloodstream is one of the greatest indicators

of human health. More stem cells circulating in theblood equates to greater health. With this in mind,we describe here the discovery of the first stem cellenhancer.

At times technical terms may be used for whichthere are no accurate simpler synonyms. In such cases,the term has been italicized and a definition can befound in the glossary at the end of the book.

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WHAT ISA STEM CELL?

STEM CELLS ARE DEFINED AS CELLS WITH THE UNIQUE

capacity to self-replicate throughout the entire life ofan organism and to differentiate into cells of varioustissues. Most cells of the body are specialized and playa well-defined role in the body. For example, braincells respond to electrical signals from other braincells and release neurotransmitters, cells of the retinaare activated by light and pancreatic B-cells produceinsulin. These cells, called somatic cells, will neverdifferentiate into other types ofcellsor even proliferate.By contrast, stem cells are primitive cells that remainundifferentiated until they receive a signal promptingthem to become various types of specialized cells.

Generally speaking, there are two types of stemcells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.Embryonic stem cells are cells extracted from theblastula, the very early embryo, while adult stem cellsare stem cells found in the body after birth. The term"adult stem cells" does not refer to a characteristicassociated with adulthood, but rather a contrast withthe developing embryo. Stem cells in the bone marrowof a newborn baby, for example, or even stem cellsfound in the umbilical cord are referred to as adultstem cells.

3

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS (ESC)Embryonic stem cells (ESC)are derived from the innercellmass of the blastula, the very early embryo. ECS aresaid to be pluripotent, meaning that they can becomevirtually any type of cell, which is obvious since fromthese cellswill develop an entire human being. In nature,ESC are very short-lived as they only exist in the earlymbryo. As ESC develop and commit themselves to

becoming the various cell types of the developing fetus,they gradually lose their pluripotency. When cultured invitro,however,ESCcanbe maintained and can proliferatealmost eternally.

Although ESC havebeen studied for a longtime as part of the studyof embryonic develop-ment, it is only since 1998that human ESC havebeen successfully grownin vitro. The successfulculture of human ESCimmediately spurred aseries of questions:

Blastula with the inner cell mass,where ESC are located.

• Since ESC can become virtually any celltype of the body, could injection of ESC lead tosignificant health improvements?• Would it be possible to grow organs in vitrofor the purpose of transplant?• Could we manipulate the genetic materialof embryonic stem cells in order to repair faulty!',NlC8 in an organ?

4

Over the years, the following criteria have beendeveloped to scientifically define an ESC:

Immortality and telomerase activity. Telomerase is anenzyme involved in cellular division. The disappearanceof telomerase activity has been linked to the senescenceof a cell. And vice versa, the immortality of a cell hasbeen associated with high telomerase activity. Therefore,ESC are characterized by high telomerase activity andimmortality.

Pluripotency. Pluripotency is the ability to becomeany cell type of the body, except germ cells (egg andspermatogonia). Many protocols have been developedto trigger the differentiation of ESC into virtually any celltype of the body.

Maintenance of its properties after numerousgenerations. One criterionfor the "stemness" of a cell is itsability to divide numerous times while retaining its integrityAs a stem cell divides, at one point, after a number ofgenerations, it will begin to differentiate into other typesof cells. An ESC maintains its "stemness" after numerousgenerations.

Abilityto contributeto the formationofa teratoma. Theinjection of ESC isolated from the blastula in an animal willlead to the development of a teratoma, a cancerous cellmass containing fragments of several organs and tissuesof the body. The forrnaton of a teratoma demonstratestwo things: a) the cell has an enormous ability to multiply,and b) it can become any cell type of the body. Thisbecame a golden test to determine whether a cell is astem cell, as only stem cells will have the ability to multiplyand become various parts of the body.

But such discussions and efforts became rapidlyencumbered byprofound ethicaland moral considerations.Sincethe source ofhuman ESChas tobe human embryos,central to this issue isthe main question, deeplyburied intoreligions: IIWhen is an embryo considered a full humanbeing?" The idea ofgrowing human embryos for the solepurpose of extracting ESC is obviously questionable.Many people believe that the fertilized egg, having thepotential of becoming a full human being, is already alegal person. Therefore, based on this view, the use ofESC is akin to murder. On the other hand, supportersof ESC research argue that an embryo is far from a fullhuman being, and if using embryos can save lives andincrease quality of life then it is worth it. After all, arguesupporters of ESC research, these embryos are unusedfertilized eggs coming from fertility clinics and they aregoing to be disposed of anyway, so why not use them forsaving lives instead of simply discarding them? Thus farthis debate has greatly restricted the development ofESCresearch.

But aside from such ethical and moral considerations,the main issue is that in spite of all the promises of ESCresearch, nearly 10years of research have not deliveredone successful and safe ESC-based therapeutic approach.Many studies using ESC have shown that althoughresults can at times be remarkable, there is a significantl'iKk of developing tumors.

V"'IF.NTIFIC BIAS AGAINST ADULT STEM CELLS'l'lu \ 1110 nnor with which stem cells have been definedhllH i'1'('i1ted a Significant bias that has hindered the11"VI·111IHl)(·OI' of adult stem cell research for a longtime.

6

As stated previously, through the course of scientificinvestigations, ESC became defined as cells having theability to grow many generations in vitro, to maintaintheir integrity after many generations, and to becomecells of virtually any tissue of the body.

Initially this concept was meant to define all stemcells in general. However, when applied to adult stemcells (ASC), it was found that:

• they are very difficult to grow in vitro,• they do not maintain their integrity aftermany generations in vitro,• they do not differentiate easily in vitro,• and injection ofASC under the skin does notlead to the formation of a teratoma.

Therefore, for a long time ASC were consideredlesser stem cells with very little capability andtherapeutic potential. ASC certainly showed somelevel of "stemness", as evidenced by the ability ofhematopoietic stem cells or blood adult stem cells tobecome red blood cells, lymphocytes and platelets,but the belief that they were limited in their abilityto become other types of cells led to a general lack ofinvestigation of their therapeutic potential. They weresimply considered lesser stem cells.

A second research bias came from the very factthat it is difficult to grow ASC in vitro. When growingembryonic stem cells, entire cell lines can be developedfrom one single cell and research can be done in acontrolled manner with billions of identical cells. Butsince ACS cannot be easily grown in vitro, it is muchmore difficult to work with ASC in a controlled manner.

7

As a consequence ASC have been studied much less,leaving a significant gap in the literature between ESCand ASC.

However, the potential of ASC has been clearlyrevealed over the past 5 years thanks to the work ofnumorous scientificteams throughout the world.A largebody ofscientificdata indicates that ASChave capabilitiesomparablc to ESCwhen studied in a living organism as

opposed to a test tube. For example, an ASC exposed tobrain tissue will rapidly become a neuron or a glial cell,t-zwhcn exposed to liver tissue ASC will rapidly becomeliver cells.v' and hair folliclestem cells can regenerate asectionedspinal cord," In short,ASCcan virtually become'verycelltype ofthe body,opening an entirelynew path ofresearch in the fieldofhealth and wellness.6,7,8,9,10,1l

Bonemarrow

MuscleLiver

8

THE POTENTIAL OF ADULT STEM CELLSToday we know that ASC are undifferentiated orprimitive cells that can self-renew and can differentiateinto specialized cells of various tissues. Though ASCare most predominantly found in the bone marrow,they can also be isolated from various tissues suchas the liverp the intestine," muscles," the brain," thepancreas," as well as blood and many other tissues."

The role of ASC found in tissues is to maintainand repair the tissue in which they are found, thoughlocal stem cells appear to be involved only in relativelyminor repair of the tissue in which they reside. In caseof major injury or degeneration, the need for stem cellsfar exceeds the number of stem cells available in thetissue, and stem cells from the bone marrow (BMSC)are called to contribute to the repair process.

BMSC have traditionally been considered to havelittle potential for plasticity, being limited in theirdevelopment to red blood cells, lymphocytes, platelets,bone and connective tissue. However much scientificwork has been published over the past few yearsdemonstrating the exceptional plasticity of BMSC.After transplantation, bone marrow and enrichedhematopoietic stem cells (HSC) were shown to havethe ability to become muscle cells," heart cells,"endothelium capillary cells," liver cells," lung," gut 21

and skin cells." as well as neural cells."Jang et aP performed an elegant experiment in

which stem cells were eo-cultured with either normalor damaged liver tissue. The stem cells and liver tissuewere separated by a semi-permeable membrane withpores large enough to let molecules pass through butsmall enough to prevent the passage of cells from one

9

Stem cells Liver cells

######- _e __ • _ ######-------~Slgnnling •• •1I10100ul08 •• • • •

When stem cells are placed in a semi-permeable well with poreslarge enough to let molecules pass through but small enoughto prevent the passage of cells, exposure to damaged livertissue leads to the transformation of the stem cells into liver cells.Molecules secreted by the injured tissue, which are specificfor that tissue, reach the stem cells and trigger the process ofdifferentiation. Differentiation of a stem cell into a specific celltype is triggered by contact with molecules specific to that tissue.

compartment to the other (pore size 0.4 pm). Usingmarkers for both the stem cells and livers cells, theauthors documented that when stem cells were placedill the presence of damaged liver tissue, they rapidlyadopted characteristics of liver cells. Within eighthours after being put in contact with damaged livertissue, the stem cells had begun their conversion intoIiver cells.

IIONE MARROW AND STEM CELLSMnlly think that the bone is a solid structure withl'j'y 111'Hc blood circulation - basically nothing more

11111H 11 11fvlcHR deposit of calcium. This is hardly thel'rIlll', UWI\,'/-I arc very much alive, with significant1"lIl1d l'il'I'ulnllon. Given the importance of the bone

10

marrow as the source ofstem cells, it is pertinentto briefly describe whatthe bone marrow is.

There are two types ofbone structure: compactand spongy. These twobone structures differ indensity and in how tightlythebonetissueisorganized.The strength of a bonecomesfromtheamountanddensity of compact bone.The bloodcirculationand the "life"of a bone are found inthe spongybone.This iswhere the bone marrow is located- in smallcavitieswithin the spongybone.

In children, the bones contain only red marrow.However, as the skeleton matures, fat-storing yellowmarrow displaces red marrow in the shafts of the longbones of the limbs. In adults, red marrow remainschiefly in the ribs, the vertebrae, the pelvic bones,and the skulL It is in the red marrow that stem cellsare produced, so the transformation of red marrowinto yellow marrow explains the decline in stem cellproduction with age. The frequency of stem cells in thebone marrow has been estimated to be about 1in 10,000marrow cells, for an estimate total of approximately150million stem cells.

In general, cells divide in nature through a processreferred to as "symmetrical division" whereby themother cell divides into two identical daughter cells.During this process a copy of the mother cell's DNAis made.

Spongy bone

\'>i~S:---Space thatcontains redmarrow

11

As shown in the diagram below, one strand of theoriginal DNA (green) and one strand of its copy (red) gointo each daughter cell. In the bone marrow however,cellular division takes place through a process referredto as "asymmetrical division" whereby the two daughter

118are not identical. One daughter inherits the copiesof the DNA while the other one retains the original DNA.The former is called to leave the bone marrow while theInttc r remains in the bone marrow, keeping the originalDN J\ as the blueprint for future cells. Therefore, throughth is process, despite of the release of stem cells from the

one marrow, the number of stem cells always remainsrelatively constant in the bone marrow. This process isalso referred to as the "immortal strand hypothesis","Therefore supporting the release of stem cells from thebone marrow will not deplete or affect the bone marrow.

Symmetrical Asymmetrical

CID

Bone marrow Blood

!\\IYIImetrical cellular division is a process taking place in the1)( JlIOmnrrow whereby the original DNA gets segregated into(11 H I{llIllrJhter cell that remains in the bone marrow while the other(a III (:! Jlllnlnll1ga copy of the DNA is released in the bloodstream.111111 Ill! J()()lHl preserves the original DNA in the bone marrow

1111111 It I1 H 111I 11101110 of an individual.

THE STEM CELLTHEORYOF RENEWAL

MORE ON ADULT STEM CELLSAs mentioned previously, A5C are well known for theirrole in the constant renewal of blood cells (red bloodcells, lymphocytes and platelets) and the regenerationof bone, ligament, tendon and connective tissues. Butuntil recently it was believed that this was the extentof their ability to become other types of cell.

So how was the true role of stem cells in thebody discovered? How is it that with today's level ofscientific sophistication, we only recently discoveredthis phenomenon? For if we think about it carefully,such a discovery amounts to nothing less than thediscovery of a whole new system in the body!

A system is a tissue or organ or a set of tissues andorgans comprised of specific cells that accomplish specifictasks affecting other organs and tissues, aimed at sup-porting the health and survival of the whole organism.For example, the cardiovascular system is comprised ofthe heart and its task is to pump bloodin order to delivernutrients and oxygen to every cell of the body. The diges-tive system is comprised of the stomach and intestine andits task is to digest food into absorbable nutrients in orderto feed every cell of the body. The endocrine system iscomprised of severalorgans whose task is to secrete com-

13

pounds called hormonesthat modulate the func-tioning ofother organs andtissues. For example, thepancreas secretes insulinthat allows the transportof glucose into cells, andthe thyroid gland se-cretes thyroid hormonesthat stimulate body me-tabolism. Regarding stemcells, we have the bonemarrow that secretes cellsthat travel and migrate intodamaged tissues, restor-ing optimal functioning.Sciencehas discovered therenewal systemofthebody!

How can such a dis-covery have waited solong to be made? We canfind the answer in the history of science itself, whereoftentimes breakthrough discoveries are only madenee the necessary tools are developed. For example,

how did we discover bacteria? After the developmentof the microscope. The microscope was originallylcvcloped to count thread density in fabrics. One day,

pushed by curiosity, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek usedI1IH microscope to look at a drop ofwater and describedI'nf' the fi rst time tiny microorganisms moving in thewnlvr, Hactcria were observed for the first time ... and1101 unly were bacteria thus discovered, but we soon1'1,,1111,\111 I hol' bacteria are everywhere to be found.

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The discovery of the role of stem cells in the bodyfollows the same storyline. A spontaneously fluorescentprotein called green fluorescent protein (GFP) wasisolated from the deep ocean jellyfish Aequoria victoria.Since GFP is a protein, it is possible to derive the DNAresponsible for its production and to incorporate theGFP-gene in the nucleus of a stem cell. In such case,all the cells derived from the original fluorescent stemcell will be fluorescent. The discovery of GFP is ofsuch importance that it was actually awarded the 2008Nobel Prize in chemistry.

When scientist began injecting fluorescent stemcells in irradiated animals -a treatment that kills allstem cells in the body-, soon thereafter fluorescenttissue cells began to appear in various tissues. Butmore important, if an injury was applied to any specifictissue, the area ofthe injury would soon begin to displaysignificant amounts of fluorescence. The injured areawas being filled with new functional specialized cellsof that tissue, but the cells were fluorescent, indicatingthat they came from the bone marrow. A processthat until then had been virtually invisible suddenlybecame visible - a discovery that is changing the veryway in which we view biological science!

Thanks to the discovery ofGFp,adult stem cellsfromthe bone marrow have been shown to have the ability tonaturally become, in the body, cells of the liver, muscle,retina, kidney, pancreas, lung, skin and even the brain ...putting an end to the dogma that we are born with a setnumber ofbrain cellsand that the brain cannot regenerate.Butthe most fascinating observation emerging from thesestudies is that this process is natural. After an injury or asimple stress in an organ, bone marrow stem cells travel

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to that organ and play a crucialrole in the process of tissuerepair.

THE STEM CELL THEORYOF RENEWALHave you ever wonderedwhat happens when youscratch or burn your skin, orbreak a bone? How does thebody repair itself? The conventional view is that skincells called fibroblasts create an extracellular matrixmade ofcollagen, on which epithelial cellsproliferate andmigrate to reconstitute the damaged tissue. Althoughthis process appears to explain the phenomenon ofrepair in small superficial injuries, it cannot accountfor the repair of more significant tissue damage. First,epithelial cells do not have the ability to differentiateinto all the various cell types involved in the repair ofcomplex tissues. For example, when considering skinrepair, the newly formed skin will contain hair follicles,sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, and epithelialells do not have the ability to become such cells. And

second, epithelial cells or other cell types generally donot proliferate at a rate that can account for the rapidrepair process taking place in various tissues.

What has emerged over the past few years, through;J vast body of scientific literature, is the novel viewIhnl' Hie process of repair and renewal taking place in1111'body involves bone marrow stem cells. In brief,wh •.o n l'iH8tlC is subjected to significant stress, stem1'111111()I"iliinnting from the bone marrow migrate to the

16

tissue, proliferate and differentiate into cells of thattissue, thereby supporting the repair process." Thisnatural process of repair has been described in manytissues and organs of the body. It is the natural processof tissue renewal taking place in the body every day ofour lives, from the day we are born!

Let's briefly describe the process that takes placeany time a tissue is exposed to stress and needsassistance. A few hours after an instance of tissue stressor damage, the affected tissue releases a compoundcalled Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF).G-CSF is well known to trigger stem cell release fromthe bone marrow." G-CSF is routinely used prior tocancer treatments involving chemotherapy or radiation.Since such treatments are known to kill all stem cellsin the body, requiring stem cell transplantation afterthe treatment, G-CSF is commonly injected into thecancer patient to trigger stem cell release from thebone marrow in order to harvest and cryo-preservestem cells. After the treatment, the stem cells arethawed and re-injected in the patient to reconstitutethe bone marrow.

After tissue damage, as its concentration slowly andnaturally increases in the blood, G-CSF triggers therelease of stem cells from the bone marrow, increasingthe number of stem cells circulating in the blood."

As we will see below, much scientific evidenceindicates that this aspect is probably the most crucialpart of the whole process. Increasing the number ofcirculating stem cells means that more stem cells areavailable to migrate in the damaged tissue.

Soon afterward, the affected tissue releases a uniquecompound called Stromal-Derived Factor-I (SDF-l).27

17

Within a few hours after an instance of tissue damage, G-CSFappears in the bloodstream, G-CSF triggers the release of stemcells whose numbers increase in the blood over the next fewdays, Within 24 hours after the incident, the affected tissue beginssecreting SDF-1, which peaks at 72 hours, SDF-1 is the onlycompound known to attract stem cells,

SDF-l is the only compound known to attract stem cells.When SDF-l binds to CXCR4, the receptor present onthe surface of stem cells, this binding process triggersthe expression ofadhesion molecules on the surface ofthe

11.Therefore, as SDF-l diffuses from the affected areato the blood circulation and as stem cells circulating inthe blood travel through the affected tissue, the bindingof SDF-l to CXCR4triggers the adhesion of stem cells1'0 the capillary wall and subsequently their migrationiIlh) the tissue." When they arrive in the target tissue,

1,1111 cells proliferate and then differentiate into cells of111111 IiHI-lUC, thereby assisting in the repair of the tissue."

'1'1,11-1 whole process has now been demonstrated in1I1111111j'OllH studies and stem cells have been shown to

18

participate to the repair of muscles, bone, pancreas,brain, skin, liver, intestine, lung ... virtually everyorgan and tissue of the body!"

In this whole process, the number of stem cellscirculating in the bloodstream appears to be the mostimportant factor. When the level of circulating stemcells was measured in the bloodstream of individualswho suffered an injury, the individuals who had thelargest number of stem cells on the day of their injuryshowed the fastest and greatest recovery."

Likewise, when the number of stem cells wasquantified in the bloodstream ofnearly 500individuals

1. Injury or stressin a tissue

••..5, Attraction by SDF-1

Migration~ ,;;;;J':.. Proliferation

6. Tissue repair .•.• Differentiation

19

and their health condition was monitored for one year,the individuals with a larger number of stem cells intheir blood showed a greater level of health." In otherwords, more stem cells circulating in the bloodstreammeans more stem cells available to migrate into tissuesthat mirrht need assistance.

AFE DAILY STEM CELL SUPPORT:1\ NOVEL APPROACH TO WELLNESS

These discoveries have al-loweda remarkable light to beshed on a little known aqua-botanical called Aphanizome-non floe-aquae (AFA).AFAhasbeen in the marketplace fornearly 3 decades and peopleconsuming it have reported awide variety ofhealth benefits.These benefits were initiallyclassified into three broad cat-egories:

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• benefits on the immune system,• support of a healthy inflammatory process,• and benefits on the nervous system. Over theyears, specific compounds were identified in AFAthat partially explained the reported benefits. 32

But throughout the years people also reported a wide/'0 ngc of health benefits touching various aspects ofh11nUl n physiologythat couldnot be fully explained by the111'1 'Hl'/lCC of these compounds. How one single botanical

20

product could produce so many benefits remained amystery for many years, until the recent discovery thatAFA contains a compound called an L-selectin ligandthat supports stem cell release from the bone marrow.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule that plays acritical role in the maintenance of stem cells in the bonemarrow," Blocking L-selectin increases the probabilitythat a stem cell gets released from the bone marrow."A team of scientists has developed a proprietary 5:1

AFA contains a polysaccharide that supports theactivation of a specific type of Iymphocyte callednatural killer (NK) cells,33as well as their migration outof the blood into tissues." It is in the tissues that NKcells can carry out their specific task of scavengingand killing dysfunctional cells. AFA was also shown tostimulatemacrophage activity, macrophages being thefirst line of defense of the human body."

AFA contains a blue pigment called phycocyanin. Inthe living AFA cell, phycocyanin acts as a powerfulanfioxidant." But aside from its antioxidant properties,phycocyanin strongly supports a healthy inflammatoryprocess.w"

AFA contains a unique compound called phenyl-ethylamine (PEA). PEA is a natural compoundproduced by the brain when one is in love orcontent; in chemistry it is called the "molecule oflove". A deficiency in PEA has been associated withpoor concentration, low mood and even at timesdepression, and oral consumption of PEA has beenshown to alleviate these conditlons.">' The mostcommon benefit reported by people consuming AFAis an increase in mental energy and clarity. Oral intakeof PEA may also support a healthier sleep pattern,

concentrate of AFA that concentrates the L-selectinligand. Feeding one gram of this AFA concentrateto individuals was shown to increase the number ofcirculating stem cells by 25-30%,adding approximately2-4 million new stem cells to the bloodstreamY Whilesupporting the natural renewal system, such increaseis well within normal physiological range of the bodyand presents no risk for the body.

This J\FA concentrate is the first natural stem cellin ha nee!"available in the marketplace. By supportingIhe release of stem cells from the bone marrow, itprovides for mild and safe daily support of stem cellphysiology. Supporting stem cell physiology is a newpa radigrn in health and wellness, and much scientific

140

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Ina double-blind crossover placebo controlled study, consumptionof 1 gram of an AFA extract concentrating the L-selectin ligandled to an increase of an average of 25-30% in the number ofcirculating stem cells, providing for an increase of 2-4 million newstem cells in the bloodstream. This increase peaked around 60minutes after consumption and lasted 3-4 hours.

22

evidence indicates that this may very well be the beststrategy to assist the body in maintaining optimalhealth.

23

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l'!"''. .-.' STEM CELLS

AND HEALTH

DIE DISCOVERY TIIAT INCREASING THE NUMBER OF

circulating stem cells equates to greater health, coupledwith the discovery of a natural compound that supportsthe release of stem cells from the bone marrow, offersa new strategy in the pursuit of health and wellness.In theory, since BMSC have the ability of becomingvirtually any cells of the body, supporting stem cellrelease has the potential of supporting all aspects ofhuman health. BMSC have been shown to supportthe health of the nervous system,43,44,45,46,47cardiacfunction,48,49,50liver function," pancreatic function,52,53,54kidney function.P-" as well as lung,57,58skin,59,60andbone health.61,62 In essence the discovery of the role ofstem cells in the body leads to a broader understandingof how the body takes care of itself, opening up excitingavenues in our quest for optimal health.

A NEW PARADIGMThe discovery that BMSC constitute the naturalrenewal system of the body has paved the way to a newparadigm in health and wellness. Once we understandthat every day of our lives the role of stem cells isto patrol the body and migrate into areas needingassistance, then we realize that supporting stem cell

24

physiology is the best strategy to maintain optimalhealth. Health problems do not begin the day wereceive a diagnosis or the day we suddenly decide thatwe have had enough, that quality of life has decreasedto a level we are no longer willing to accept, at whichpoint we decide to go and see the doctor ... healthproblems begin to develop years if not decades beforewe experience the real problem.

For example, 10years ago John used to climb stairs 3steps at a time. Then 5 years ago John slowly decreasedto 2 steps at a time, which is still good. But then 2years ago he began climbing stairs one step at a timeand soon after that he began stopping in the middleof a staircase to catch his breath. This steady declineexperienced by many people is considered to be thenatural process of aging. It is the slow degradation ofcardiac functions, and the same process takes placein virtually all tissues of the body. But already in theearly days of this process the affected tissue releasescompounds that attract stem cells, allowing the naturalprocess of renewal to take place. Supporting the releaseof stem cells from the bone marrow and increasing thenumber of circulating stem cells in the early stages ofthis natural process thus supports the ability of thebody to maintain optimal health.

As mentioned previously, the number of stem cellcirculating in the bloodstream has been shown to be adeterminant factor for overall health. More stem eel J H

circulating in the blood equates to greater health, nRmore stem cells are available for the day-to-day natu rnIprocess of repair in the whole body.

Therefore the discovery of the natural 1"CO('WO Isystem of the body, along with the discovcrv of n

25

natural product that supports stem cell release, bothopen the door to a novel way of looking at health.Instead of looking at health as an absence of illness andat any health-promoting strategy as a way to postponeillnesses, wc can begin to look at health as a naturalprocess, an intrinsic ability of the body. The human

ody possesses the natural ability to remain healthy,and supporting this natural ability by increasing thenumber of circulating stem cells is logically the bestway to enjoy optimal health.

And beyond the concept of optimal health is theconcept of performance, or simply getting more out ofour bodies than simply meeting the demands of dailylife. From hiking in the mountains on weekends and asporadic bike rides or walk, to competing in a triathlon,any physical activity beyond normal daily movementscreates small injuries in muscles. Increasing thenumber of circulating stem cells supports the naturalrepair of muscle tissue, allowing for a more enjoyableexperience when biting into life.

Many compounds are being studied with greatpromise for their ability to support stem cell physiology.But so far the only natural product that was scientificallyshown to support stem cellrelease from the bone marrowis a patented proprietary AFAextract." This product hasbeen in the marketplace for three years and numerousreports by consumers back the theory that supportingstem cellrelease is probably the best strategy to maintainoptimal health. As stem cellspossess the abilitytobecomevirtually any kind ofcellin the body, supporting stem cellrelease can potentially enhance the health ofevery organ

nd tissue of the body, offering a golden opportunity for(logoing health and wellness to virtually everyone.

26

With stem cell enhancers now becoming a wholenew category of nutritional supplement, much likeantioxidants in the 1990s,people looking for the latestbreakthroughs in wellness will be well served to learnmore about the amazing potential of stem cellnutrition.

27

J

1ft"",!jl i _

r

GLOSSARYAdhesion molecule: Proteins located on the surface of cells thatallow them to bind with other cells or with the extracellularmatrix. When talking about stem cells, adhesion molecules playa crucial role in the migration of stem cells across capillaries.

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae: Aspecies ofblue-green algae growingwith exceptional abundance in Klamath Lake, in Southern Oregon.

Blastula: An early stage of embryonic development in mammals.It consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells.

Collagen: The main protein of connective tissue and the mostabundant protein in mammals, making up about 50% of thewhole-body protein content. Collagen forms the major structureor "skeleton" of organs and tissues. It is responsible for skinstrength and elasticity.

Committed stem cell: Stem cell that possesses specific markersindicating that it has committed itself to becoming a specific typeof cell. For example, a stem cell containing albumin is thought tobe committed to become a liver cell.

Cryo-preservation: The science or method of preserving a livecell, tissue or organism through controlled freezing.

CXCR4: A receptor at the surface of stem cells and other immu n

cells that is specific for a compound called stromal-derived factor1 (SDF-1).Binding of SDF-1 to CXCR4leads to the expresston ofadhesion molecules.

Differentiation: Cellular differentiation is the process by wh klla less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cI.'lIIYPI" IIIthis book, itrefers to the process by which a stem ccIllwl'o1111 '11 11

specialized cell of a tissue.

9

Embryonic stem cell (ESC) line: A culture of ESC, extracted fromthe blastula, that appear genetically normal and have proliferatedin cell culture for several months without differentiating.

Epithelial cells: Cells making up the epithcltu m, which is a tissuethat lines the cavities and surfaces of HIrue IU I'I.!S th roughout thebody, such as the stomach, intl'HIiIWH, u ru] hlood vessels.

Glial cell: Commonly called IlI'ul'Op,111Ini' 1~lll)ply gtia (Greek for"glue"), glial cells are non-IlI'lln., ",1"1·11111111,1IC)l"',I'he so-called whitematter in the brain. WhlJ., IIII'Y Ill',· I"IIdll14lnnlly known to providesupport and nut riliOIlIII III'1IHIIIII"'·"",,1 IIludivH hove revealed thatthey may ploy 11 '"lIl'I, 111111,·Ill" 11111111111'01,'111ovemll brain function.

Granulot'YIc' ('oluIIY ~;"" ••dllllllp, "'"duJ'(C-CS..-): AglycoproteinPI'O(/III,,'d I 'Y V,IIIIlIt!' 1111I1111"1oil hI' hody that stimulates the bone111111IIIW II11,t/l'ill'H' /iie'III".1I11 I"'n 11.1'blood.

11""11I101'01.111, 1.I"I".d IlIlh,· 1\"'11)"hematopoiesis" that comes"HIII \'Il.k'lIl t.II·,·I. (/11I11/1// hlood and poiesis = to make) and\Ill" 11Ij,,",'11tIII 1It,· 10"11,,,11(1)of blood cells. All blood cells aredll h','d IIIII1111I'I'"lll1plIl(llIc stern cells.

Illlt,/\tlly \VIII'II 1'1''''/'1'111).1to stem cells, integrity refers to theCI'i'lIill 1"11/1/1,'III fI tll"111cell that has retained its pluripotency. In/11111'1Will "11, 1IhllllllOl.differentiated.

"'III'IO/,IIul\": lil'on) Ancient Greek (makros = large and phagein ="Ill), 1I1I1I'I'oplHlgesare immune cells that help initiate an immune"'111"111111','l'hclr role is to engulf and digest cellular debris andI'" 11H '1\"1111during an infection.

NullU'nl kif/cl' (NK) cells: A type oflymphocyte (blood cell) thatIII.'YHn major role in the elimination of tumors and cells infectedhy vlrUflCH.NK cells kill by releasing compounds that cause theIn "gel' eel I to die by a process called apoptosis.

Nl.lHlIn: Filamentous proteins expressed mostly on nerve cellswlwl'{: they are implicated in the growth of the axon. Nestin is a1I1l1l'b,,. to identify neurons.

l'IHf'lt/clly: Generally means ability to permanently change orI"11I1HfoI'1I1.In this book it refers to the ability of stem cells tohl'i '0111('01her ty pes of cells.

30

Polysaccharide: Relatively complex carbohydrates (complexsugars) made up of many monosaccharides (simple sugars) joinedtogether. They are therefore very large molecules. Commonpolysaccharides include cellulose (wood), starch and glycogen.Many plant-based polysaccharides have been shown to havehealth properties.

Semi-permeable membrane: A membrane that allows certainmolecules or ions to pass through it while blocking the passageof other molecules or ions.

Senescence: Refers to the biological processes of a livingorganism approaching an advanced age. When referring to acell, cellular senescence means the loss of the ability to divide.

Stromal-Derived Factor-I (SDF-l): SDF-l is a compound producedby various tissues that attracts stem cells and lymphocytes.

Teratoma: An encapsulated tumor containing various tissue ororgan components. For example, a teratoma can contain brain,thyroid, liver, or lung tissues, or even hair, teeth, and bones. Attimes, a teratoma can even contain more complex organs such asan eyeball, torso, or hand.

31

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36

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3

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>0-

marrow stem cells circulate in large amounts under theinfluence of acute large skin damage: new evidence for theiruse in regenerative medicine. Transplant Proc. 38(3):967-9.

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