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LLCM30ES English Phonetics
Class 2 The Speech Chain
and the organs of speech
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 2
Outline
• 1. The Speech Chain
• 2. Phases of the Speech Chain and branches
of phonetics
• 3. The organs of speech
1. The Speech Chain
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 4
The Speech Chain
• What are the necessary conditions for
speech communication to take place?
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 5Speaker Listener
(acoustic)
signal16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 6
Then, three conditions …
• Savoir (+ savoir-faire)
• Pouvoir
• Vouloir
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 7
The Speech Chain
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Speaker Listener
(acoustic)
signal
Encoding Decoding
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 8
Stage 1: Conceptualization
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Speaker
Encoding
Input: psychic impulseInput: psychic impulse
Output: preverbalOutput: preverbal
messagemessage
Vouloir
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 9
Stage 2: Linguistic encoding
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Speaker
Encoding
Input: preverbal messageInput: preverbal message
Output: phonetic sequenceOutput: phonetic sequence
(including prosody)(including prosody)
This encoding device needs linguistic
knowledge:
Semantics and pragmatics
Vocabulary
Morphology
Syntax
Phonology (vowels and consonants,
prosody)
Savoir
Pouvoir
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 10
Stage 3: Physiological encoding
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Speaker
Encoding
Input: phonetic sequenceInput: phonetic sequence
(including prosody)(including prosody)
Output: sound (acousticOutput: sound (acoustic
signal)signal)
The brain orders the
appropriate muscles of the
appropriate speech organs
to move properly, through
motor nerves.
The result: the speech
organs produce sound.
Savoir-faire
Pouvoir
(acoustic)
signal
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 11
Stage 4: Acoustic transmission
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Speaker Listener
(acoustic)
signal
Encoding Decoding
Movement of particles is
transmitted through a
medium such as the air,
water, etc., and reaches the
listener’s ear.
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 12
Stage 5: Physiological decoding
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Listener
(acoustic)
signal
Decoding
The human ear decodes the acoustic
signal into different frequency zones.
The information is send to the brain
through sensory nerves.
Input: sound (acousticInput: sound (acoustic
signal)signal)
Output: auditory cuesOutput: auditory cues
Pouvoir
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 13
Stage 6: Linguistic decoding
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Listener
DecodingInput: auditory cuesInput: auditory cues
Output: preverbalOutput: preverbal
messagemessage
This decoding device needs linguistic
knowledge:
Phonology (vowels and consonants,
prosody)
Syntax
Vocabulary
Morphology
Semantics and pragmatics
Savoir
Pouvoir
Savoir-faire
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 14
Stage 7: Comprehension
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Listener
DecodingInput: preverbal messageInput: preverbal message
Output: psychic pulseOutput: psychic pulse
Feeling that the listener has understood
something.
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 15
Feedback circle
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Speaker
(acoustic)
signal
Encoding
DecodingThe speaker listens to
his/her own speech,
understands it at the
same time; monitors
his/her production, then
adjusts it if necessary.
2. Stages of the Speech Chain
and branches of phonetics
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 17
Branches of phonetics
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Speaker
Encoding
Articulatory phonetics studies how
speech sounds are produced by the
organs of speech.
1. Traditional approach: observation,
reproduction and introspection.
2. Instrumental and experimental
approach: use of instruments such as
camera, video, endoscope,
electrodes, sensors of air pressure,
brain imaging, etc.
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 18
Branches of phonetics
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
(acoustic)
signal
Acoustic phonetics
studies the acoustic,
physic characteristics
of speech sounds, by
using instruments
such as oscillograph
or spectrograph.
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 19
Branches of phonetics
From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain
Listener
Decoding
Auditory phonetics studies how
listeners decode and understand
speech sounds.
1. Psycholinguistic approach:
analysis of the behaviour (task of
choice, judgement, etc.) in
response to speech sounds, or
synthesised sounds.
2. Neuroscience approach: direct
observation of the brain by brain
images obtained by MRI, PET, etc.
3. The organs of speech
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 21Clark and Yallop (1995)
Outer earOuter ear
Inner earInner earMiddleMiddleearear
3.1. Ear: the three main components
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 22Clark and Yallop (1995)
PhonationPhonation
3.2. Organs of speech production
InitiationInitiation
ArticulationArticulation•• Three functionsThree functions
generates an airstream
generates voicing
modifies (filters) the source
sound to generate speech sounds
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 23Clark and Yallop (1995)
PhonationPhonation
3.2. Organs of speech production
LungsLungs
generate an (outward) airstreamInitiationInitiation
DiaphragmDiaphragmrelaxes and rises
when breathing out
ArticulationArticulation
Except non-pulmonicconsonants
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 24Clark and Yallop (1995)
InitiationInitiation
PhonationPhonation
3.2. Organs of speech production
LarynxLarynx
ArticulationArticulation
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 25
Larynx
Roach (1991)
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 26
Larynx
Roach (1991)
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 27
Larynx
Roach (1991)
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 28
Larynx
• The larynx contains a pair of vocal folds.
• The vocal folds are wide apart for normal
breathing, voiceless consonants.
• They are brought close together by arytenoid
cartilages and vibrate (Bernoulli effect) for
voicing.
• The opening between the two vocal folds is
called glottis (adj. glottal).
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 29
Functions of the vocal folds used
in languages
• Phonation (voicing, vibration of vocal folds)
and its timing.
• Generating different pitches.
• Generating different voice qualities (modal,
creaky, breathy)
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 30
-
suite
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 31 16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 32
• Cycle of vibration of the vocal folds
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 33 16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 34
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 35
Vocal folds
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 36
Vocal folds
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 37Clark and Yallop (1995)
InitiationInitiation
PhonationPhonation
3.2. Organs of speech production
ArticulationArticulation
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 38
Articulators
P. Ashby (1995)
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 39
Articulators
Clark & Yallop (1995)
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 40
Articulators: tongue
P. Ashby (1995)
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 41
Articulators: velum
P. Ashby (1995)16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 42
Articulators
• X-ray film of articulators
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 43
Articulators
• X-ray film of articulators
16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 44
Articulators
• X-ray film of articulators