THE SOUNDING OF THE SEVEN TRUMPETS OF REVELATION 8 AND 9.By James White.

Steam Press of the Review & Herald Office,Battle Creek, Mich.

p. 1, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

CONTENTS: The First Trumpet........................................2 The Second Trumpet......................................11 The Third Trumpet.......................................14 The Fourth Trumpet......................................23 Fifth Trumpet, or First Wo,.............................30 The Torment of the Greeks 150 Years.....................47 Ottoman Supremacy in Constantinople 391 Years and 15 days ........................................................50 When did Mohammedan Independence in Constantinople Depart, ........................................................60 The Seventh Angel, or Third Wo..........................67p. 1, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

THE SOUNDING OF THE SEVEN TRUMPETS OF REVELATION 8 AND 9.The great leading features of Daniel's visions were thefour great governments of antiquity, beginning with theBabylonian, and ending with the Roman, in its papal form.Not so, however, with John; he lived when three of thosegovernments had passed away, and the fourth and last was inbeing, and in the height of its glory, as an universalmonarchy. Under that government John was in banishment onthe isle of Patmos, "for the word of God, and the testimonyof Jesus Christ." Accordingly, instead of predicting therise and triumph of either of those four great governments,it was his part to give the prophetic history of the fallof the last of the four, and give us the various means bywhich that great persecuting system should come to ruin.p. 1, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

The first decisive step in the downfall of Rome, was theremoval of the seat of empire from the west to the east.Until then its unity had been very faithfully preserved.After that, division and subdivision became the order ofthe day, until the final ruin of the empire. p. 1, Para.4, [7TRUMP].

The sounding of the seven trumpets I understand to shadowforth the instrumentalities by which the Roman empire wasto be overthrown and subverted, and finally ruined. p. 1,

Para. 5, [7TRUMP].

The empire, after Constantine, was divided into threeparts; and hence the frequent remark, "a third part ofmen," &c., in allusion to the third part of the empirewhich was under the scourge. Under the first four trumpetsthe two western divisions fell, and under the fifth andsixth the eastern empire was crushed; but under the seventhtrumpet great Babylon empire will sink to rise no more atall. p. 2, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

In giving an outline of this subject, I shall, for themost part, follow Keith, in his "Signs of the Times," onthe first four trumpets. I should be glad to give hisremarks and historical quotations entire, would my limits,which are prescribed for this work, admit it. p. 2, Para.2, [7TRUMP].

The subject properly begins with the second verse of theeighth chapter; and the first verse should have beenannexed to the seventh chapter, it being the conclusion ofthe opening of the seals. p. 2, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

From verses 2-5 of chapter 8, we have the prefatoryremarks, prefatory to the sounding of the first angel. p.2, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

THE FIRST TRUMPET--Verses 6,7. "And the seven angels,which had the seven trumpets, prepared themselves to sound.The first angel sounded, and there followed hail and firemingled with blood, and they were cast upon the earth; andthe third part of trees was burnt up, and all green grasswas burnt up." p. 2, Para. 5, [7TRUMP].

Mr. Keith has very justly remarked, on the subject of thisprophecy, "None could elucidate the texts more clearly, orexpound them more fully, than the task has been performedby Gibbon. The chapters of the skeptical philosopher, thattreat directly of the matter, need but a text to beprefixed, and a few unholy words to be blotted out, to forma series of expository lectures on the eighth and ninthchapters of Revelation." "Little or nothing is left for theprofessed interpreter to do but to point to the pages ofGibbon." p. 2, Para. 6, [7TRUMP].

The first sore and heavy judgment which fell on westernRome in its downward course, was the war with the Goths

under Alaric, styled by himself, "the scourge of God."After the death of Theodosius, the Roman emperor, inJanuary, 395, before the end of the winter, the Goths,under Alaric, were in arms against the empire. p. 3, Para.1, [7TRUMP].

"Hail and fire mingled with blood, cast upon the earth."The terrible effects of this Gothic invasion, are thusdescribed by Gibbon, Vol. 5, p. 176: p. 3, Para. 2,[7TRUMP].

"The barbarian auxiliaries erected their independentstandard; and boldly avowed hostile designs, which they hadlong cherished in their ferocious minds. Their countrymen,who had been condemned, by the conditions of the lasttreaty to a life of tranquillity and labor, deserted theirfarms at the first sound of the trumpet, and eagerlyassumed the weapons which they had reluctantly laid down.The barriers of the Danube were thrown open; the savagewarriors of Scythia issued from their forest; and theuncommon severity of the winter allowed the poet to remark,that 'they rolled their ponderous wagons over the broad andicy back of the indignant river.' The unhappy nations ofthe provinces to the south of the Danube, submitted to thecalamities, which, in the course of twenty years, werealmost grown familiar to their imagination; and the varioustroops of barbarians, who gloried in the Gothic name, wereirregularly spread from the woody shores of Dalmatia, tothe walls of Constantinople. The Goths were directed by thebold and artful genius of Alaric. In the midst of a dividedcourt, and a discontented people, the emperor, Arcadius,was terrified by the aspect of the Gothic arms. Alaricdisdained to trample any longer on the prostrate and ruinedcountries of Thrace and Dacia, and he resolved to seek aplentiful harvest of fame and riches in a province whichhad hitherto escaped the ravages of war. p. 3, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

"Alaric traversed, without resistance, the plains ofMacedonia and Thessaly. The troops which had been posted todefend the straits of Thermopylae, retire, as they weredirected, without attempting to disturb the secure andrapid passage of Alaric; and the fertile fields of Phocisand Boeotia were instantly covered with a deluge ofbarbarians, who massacred the males of an age to bear arms,and drove away the beautiful females, with the spoil andcattle of the flaming villages. The travelers who visited

Greece several years afterwards could easily discover thedeep and bloody traces of the march of the Goths. The wholeterritory of Attica was blasted by his baneful presence;and if we may use the comparison of a contemporaryphilosopher, Athens itself resembled the bleeding and emptyskin of a slaughtered victim. Corinth, Argos, Sparta,yielded without resistance to the arms of the Goths: andthe most fortunate of the inhabitants were saved, by death,from beholding the slavery of their families, and theconflagration of their cities." p. 4, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

It was thus that "hail," from the fact of the northernorigin of the invaders; "fire," from the destruction byflame of both city and country; "blood," from the terribleslaughter of the citizens of the empire by the bold andintrepid warriors, "were cast upon the earth." This vividdescription will be still more forcibly illustrated byGibbon's account of the invasion of the western empire bythe Goths: p. 5, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"The birth of Alaric, the glory of his past exploits, andthe confidence in his future designs, insensibly united thebody of the nation under his victorious standard; and, withthe unanimous consent of the barbarian chieftains, themaster-general of Illyricum was elevated, according toancient custom, on a shield, and solemnly proclaimed kingof the Visigoths. Armed with this double power, seated onthe verge of two empires he alternately sold his deceitfulpromises to the courts of Arcadius and Honorius, (ofConstantinople and Rome,) till he declared and executed hisresolution of invading the dominions of the west (of Rome.)The provinces of Europe which belonged to the easternemperor were already exhausted; those of Asia wereinaccessible; and the strength of Constantinople hadresisted his attack. But he was tempted by the fame, thebeauty, and the wealth of Italy, which he had twicevisited; and he secretly aspired to plant the Gothicstandard on the walls of Rome, and to enrich his army withthe accumulated spoils of three hundred triumphs. p. 5,Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"When Stilicho seemed to abandon his sovereign in theunguarded palace of Milan, he had probably calculated theterm of his absence, the distance of the enemy, and theobstacles that might retard their march. He principallydepended on the rivers of Italy, the Adige, the Minico, theOglio, and the Addua; which, in the winter or spring, by

the fall of rains, or by the melting of the snows, arecommonly swelled into broad and impetuous torrents. But theseason happened to be remarkably dry; and the Goths couldtraverse, without impediment, the wide and stony beds,whose centre was faintly marked by the course of a shallowstream. The bridge and passage of the Addua were secured bya strong detachment of the Gothic army; and as Alaricapproached the walls, or rather the suburbs of Milan, heenjoyed the proud satisfaction of seeing the emperor of theRomans fly before him. Honorius, accompanied by a feebletrain of statesmen and eunuchs, hastily retreated towardsthe Alps, with the design of securing his person in thecity of Arles, which had often been the royal residence ofhis predecessors. But Honorius had scarcely passed the Po,before he was overtaken by the speed of the Gothic cavalry;since the urgency of the danger compelled him to seek atemporary shelter within the fortification of Asta, a townof Liguria or Piedmont, situate on the banks of theTanarus. The siege of an obscure place, which contained sorich a prize, and seemed incapable of a long resistance,was instantly formed, and indefatigably pressed by the kingof the Goths." -- Gibbon's Hist., Vol. 5, pp. 194-196. p.6, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

But although Alaric thus put to flight the emperor of thewest, deliverance soon came, and Rome was saved from hishands. Alaric was first conquered in 403. But another cloudwas gathering, and is thus described by Gibbon: p. 6,Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"About four years after the victorious Toulan had assumedthe title of Khan of the Geougen, another barbarian, thehaughty Rhodogast, or Radagaisus, marched from the northernextremity of Germany almost to the gates of Rome, and leftthe remains of his army to achieve the destruction of theWest. The Vandals, the Suevi, and the Burgundians, formedthe strength of this mighty host; but the Alani, who hadfound a hospitable reception in their new seats, addedtheir active cavalry to the heavy infantry of the Germans;and the Gothic adventurers crowded so eagerly to thestandard of Radagaisus, that, by some historians, he hasbeen styled the king of the Goths. Twelve thousandwarriors, distinguished above the vulgar by their noblebirth, or their valiant deeds, glittered in the van; andthe whole multitude, which was not less than two hundredthousand fighting men, might be increased by the accessionof women, of children, and of slaves, to the amount of four

hundred thousand persons. p. 7, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"The correspondence of nations was, in that age, soimperfect and precarious, that the revolutions of the northmight escape the knowledge of the court of Ravenna, tillthe dark cloud, which was collected along the coast of theBaltic, burst in thunder upon the banks of the UpperDanube, &c. Many cities of Italy were pillaged ordestroyed; and the siege of Florence, by Radagaisus, is oneof the earliest events in the history of that celebratedrepublic, whose firmness checked or delayed the unskillfulfury of the barbarians. p. 7, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"While the peace of Germany was secured by the attachmentof the Franks, and the neutrality of the Alemanni, thesubjects of Rome, unconscious of the approachingcalamities, enjoyed a state of quiet and prosperity, whichhad seldom blessed the frontiers of Gaul. Their flocks andherds were permitted to graze in the pastures of thebarbarians; their huntsmen penetrated, without fear ordanger, into the darkest recesses of the Hercynian wood.The banks of the Rhine were crowded, like those of theTiber, with elegant houses and well cultivated farms; andif the poet descended the river, he might express his doubton which side was situated the territory of the Romans.This scene of peace and plenty was suddenly changed into adesert; and the prospect of the smoking ruins could alonedistinguish the solitude of nature from the desolation ofman. The flourishing city of Mentz was surprised anddestroyed; and many thousand Christians were inhumanlymassacred in the church. Worms perished, after a long andobstinate siege; Stratsburgh, Spires, Rheims, Tournay,Arras, Amiens, experienced the cruel oppression of theGerman yoke; and the consuming flames of war spread fromthe banks of the Rhine over the greatest part of theseventeen provinces of Gaul. That rich and extensivecountry, as far as the ocean, the Alps, and the Pyrenees,was delivered to the barbarians, who drove before them, ina promiscuous crowd, the bishop, the senator, and thevirgin, laden with the spoils of their houses and altars."-- Ibid., Vol. 5, p. 224 p. 8, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

After this invasion of the empire by Radagaisus, Alaricagain returned, invaded Italy in 408, and in 410 hebesieged, took, and sacked Rome, and died the same year. In412 the Goths voluntarily retired from Italy. p. 9, Para.1, [7TRUMP].

I know not how the history of the sounding of the firsttrumpet can be more impressively concluded than bypresenting the graphic rehearsal of this history, by Mr.Keith, in his Signs of the Times, Vol. 1, pp. 231-233 p.9, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"Large extracts show how amply and well Gibbon hasexpounded his text, in the history of the first trumpet,the first storm that pervaded the Roman earth, and thefirst fall of Rome. To use his words in more directcomment, we read thus the sum of the matter. The Gothicnation was in arms at the first sound of the trumpet, andin the uncommon severity of the winter, they rolled theirponderous wagons over the broad and icy back of the river.The fertile fields of Phocis and Boeotia were crowded witha deluge of barbarians: the males were massacred; thefemales and cattle of the flaming villages were drivenaway. The deep and bloody traces of the march of the Gothscould easily be discovered after several years. The wholeterritory of Attica was blasted by the baneful presence ofAlaric. The most fortunate of the inhabitants of Corinth,Argos, Sparta, were saved by death from beholding theconflagration of their cities. In a season of such extremeheat that the beds of the rivers were dry, Alaric invadedthe dominion of the West. A secluded 'old man of Veronapathetically lamented the fate of his contemporary trees,which must blaze in the conflagration of the whole country.And the emperor of the Romans fled before the king of theGoths. p. 9, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"A furious tempest was excited among the nations ofGermany; from the northern extremity of which thebarbarians marched almost to the gates of Rome. Theyachieved the destruction of the west. The dark cloud whichwas collected along the coasts of the Baltic, burst inthunder upon the banks of the Upper Danube. The pastures ofGaul, in which flocks and herds grazed; and the banks ofthe Rhine, which were covered with elegant houses and wellcultivated farms, formed a scene of peace and plenty, whichwas suddenly changed into a desert, distinguished from thesolitude of nature only by smoking ruins. Many cities werecruelly oppressed or destroyed. Many thousands wereinhumanly massacred. And the consuming flames of war spreadover the greatest part of the seventeen provinces of Gaul.p. 10, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"Alaric again stretched his ravages over Italy. Duringfour years, the Goths ravaged and reigned over it withoutcontrol. And, in the pillage and fire of Rome, the streetsof the city were filled with dead bodies; the flamesconsumed many public and private buildings; and the ruinsof a palace remained, (after a century and a half,) astately monument of the Gothic conflagration. p. 10, Para.2, [7TRUMP].

"'The first angel sounded, and there followed hail andfire, mingled with blood, and they were cast upon theearth; and the third part of trees was burnt up, and allgreen grass was burnt up.' p. 10, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"The concluding sentence of the thirty-third chapter ofGibbon's History, is, of itself, a clear and comprehensivecommentary; for, in winding up his own description of thebrief, but most eventful period, he concentrates, as in aparallel reading, the sum of the history, and the substanceof the prediction. But the words which precede it are notwithout their meaning. 'The public devotion of the age wasimpatient to exalt the saints and martyrs of the Catholicchurch on the altars of Diana and Hercules. The union ofthe Roman empire was dissolved; its genius was humbled inthe dust; and armies of unknown barbarians, issuing fromthe frozen regions of the north, had established theirvictorious reign over the fairest provinces of Europe andAfrica.' p. 10, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

"The last word, Africa, is the signal for the sounding ofthe second trumpet. The Scene changes from the shores ofthe Baltic to the southern coast of the Mediterranean, orfrom the frozen regions of the north to the borders ofburning Africa. And instead of a storm of hail being castupon the earth, a burning mountain was cast into the sea."p. 11, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

SECOND TRUMPET. Verses 8,9. "And the second angel sounded,and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was castinto the sea; and the third part of the sea became blood;and the third part of the creatures which were in the sea,and had life, died; and the third part of the ships weredestroyed." p. 11, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

The history illustrative of the sounding of this trumpethas been given so fully in the first chapter of thisvolume, that it will be unnecessary to repeat it here. The

reader will find it at large in the exposition of Dan.11:30. It relates to the invasion and conquest of Africa,and afterward of Italy, by the terrible Genseric. Hisconquests were for the most part naval, and his triumphswere "as it were a great mountain burning with fire, castinto the sea." The repetition of one or two extracts fromGibbon must suffice: p. 11, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"The woods of the Apennines were felled; the arsenals andmanufactories of Ravenna and Misenum were restored, Italyand Gaul vied with each other in liberal contributions tothe public service; and the imperial navy of three hundredlong galleys, with an adequate proportion of transports andsmaller vessels, was collected in the secure and capaciousharbor of Carthagena in Spain. But Genseric was saved fromimpending and inevitable ruin by the treachery of somepowerful subjects, envious or apprehensive of theirmaster's success. Guided by their secret intelligence, hesurprised the unguarded fleet in the bay of Carthagena;many of the ships were sunk, or taken, or burnt, and thepreparations of three years were destroyed in a single day.p. 12, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"Italy continued to be long afflicted by the incessantdepredations of the Vandal pirates. In the spring of eachyear they equipped a formidable navy in the port ofCarthage; and Genseric himself, though in a very advancedage, still commanded in person the most importantexpeditions. His designs were concealed with impenetrablesecrecy till the moment that he hosted sail. When he wasasked by his pilot what course he should steer, 'Leave thedetermination to the winds,' replied the barbarian, withpious arrogance, 'they will transport us to the guiltycoast whose inhabitants have provoked the divine justice.'The Vandals repeatedly visited the coasts of Spain,Liguria, Tuscany, Campania, Leucania, Brutium, Apulia,Calabria, Venetia, Dalmatia, Epirus, Greece, and Sicily;they were tempted to subdue the island of Sardinia, soadvantageously placed in the centre of the Mediterranean,and their arms spread desolation or terror from the columnof Hercules to the mouth of the Nile. In the treatment ofhis unhappy prisoners, he sometimes consulted his avarice,and sometimes his cruelty; he massacred five hundred noblecitizens of Zante, or Zaynthus, whose mangled bodies hecast into the Ionian sea." -- Gibbon, pp. 180-182,187,188.p. 12, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

A last and desperate attempt to dispossess Genseric of thesovereignty of the sea, was made in the year 468, by theemperor of the east. p. 13, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"The whole expense of the African campaign amounted to thesum of one hundred and thirty thousand pounds of gold--about five millions, two hundred thousand pounds sterling.The fleet that sailed from Constantinople to Carthage,consisted of eleven hundred and thirteen ships, and thenumber of soldiers and mariners exceeded one hundredthousand men. The army of Heraclius, and the fleet ofMarcellinus, either joined or seconded the imperiallieutenant. The wind became favorable to the designs ofGenseric. He manned his largest ship of war with thebravest of the Moors and Vandals, and they towed after themmany large barks filled with combustible materials. In theobscurity of the night these destructive vessels wereimpelled against the unguarded and unsuspecting fleet ofthe Romans, who were awakened by a sense of their instantdanger. Their close and crowded order assisted the progressof the fire, which was communicated with rapid andirresistible violence; and the noise of the wind, thecrackling of the flames, the dissonant cries of thesoldiers and mariners, who could neither command nor obey,increased the horror of the nocturnal tumult. Whilst theylabored to extricate themselves from the fire-ships, and tosave at least a part of the navy, the galleys of Gensericassaulted them with temperate and disciplined valor; andmany of the Romans who escaped the fury of the flames weredestroyed or taken by the victorious Vandals. After thefailure of this great expedition, Genseric again became the'tyrant of the sea;' the coasts of Italy, Greece, and Asiawere again exposed to his revenge and avarice. Tripolia andSardinia returned to his obedience; he added Sicily to thenumber of his provinces; and before he died, in thefullness of years and of glory, he beheld the finalextinction of the empire of the west."--Ibid., pp. 203,205.p. 13, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

THE THIRD TRUMPET. In illustrating this trumpet, I shallmake an extract entirely from Keith. p. 14, Para. 1,[7TRUMP].

"Verses 10,11: 'And the third angel sounded, and therefell a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp,and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon thefountains of waters; and the name of the star is called

Wormwood, and the third part of the waters became wormwood;and many men died of the waters, because they were madebitter.' p. 14, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"A third angel sounded;--and a third name is associatedwith the downfall of the Roman empire. The sounding of thetrumpets manifestly denotes the order of the commencement,not the period of the duration of the wars, or events,which they represent. When the second angel sounded, therewas seen, as it were, a great mountain burning with fire.When the third angel sounded, there fell a great star fromheaven, burning as it were a lamp. The symbol, in eachinstance, is expressly a similitude, and the one is to theother in comparative and individual resemblance, as aburning mountain to a falling star: each of them was great.The former was cast into the sea, the latter was first seenas falling, and it fell upon the fountains and rivers ofwaters. There is a discrimination in the similitude, in thedescription, and locality, which obviously implies acorresponding difference in the object represented. p. 14,Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"On such plain and preliminary observations we may look tothe intimation given in the third trumpet, and to theachievements of Attila, the third name mentioned by Gibbon,and associated in equal rank with those of Alaric andGenseric, in the decline and fall of the Roman empire. p.15, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"Genseric landed in Africa in the year 420, and in thefollowing year spread desolation along its coast,throughout the long-extended territory of Rome, which wasthen finally separated from the empire. Attila invaded theeastern empire in the year 441. From that period, ten yearselapsed before he touched the western empire, and twenty-two years intervened, from 429 to 451, between the invasionof Africa by Genseric, and of Gaul by Attila. The burningmountain arose first, though it blazed longer than thefalling star. p. 15, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"The connexion between the events predicted under thefirst and second trumpets, is marked by the passing of theVandals from Europe to Asia, and the consequent combinationwith Moors and Mauritanians in the conquest of Africa, 'themost important province of the west;' and in the overthrowof the naval power of Rome. The sequence and connexionbetween the events denoted by the second and third

trumpets, are, we apprehend equally definite. p. 15, Para.3, [7TRUMP].

"'The alliance of Attila,(A. D. 441,) maintained theVandals in the possession of Africa. An enterprise had beenconcerted between the courts of Ravenna and Constantinople,for the recovery of the valuable province, and the ports ofSicily were already filled with the military and navalforces of Theodosius. But the subtle Genseric, who spreadhis negotiations round the world, prevented their designs,by exciting the king of the Huns (Attila) to invade theeastern empire: and a trifling incident soon became themotive, or pretence, of a destructive war. The troops whichhad been sent against Genseric were hastily recalled fromSicily.' p. 16, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"But if symbolized, or described under the second andthird trumpet, the respective nature of their power, orcharacter of their warfare, must need be described, as wellas the order marked, in which Genseric and Attila firstassaulted the empire of Rome, and accelerated its ruin. p.16, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"A great star is the symbol--of which the significance hasto be sustained; burning as it were a lamp, is thecharacter of the warfare. The locality is neither theearth, in the full extent of the term as applicable to theRoman empire, and the wide scene over which the hail andfire swept on the sounding of the first trumpet, nor yetthe third part of the sea, as expressive of the second, bywhich the African coast was forever separated from theempire, and the ships finally destroyed, but, as referringto a portion of the remains of the empire of Rome--thefountains and rivers of waters. p. 16, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"There fell a great star from heaven. The name of Attilais to this day a memorial of his greatness, of which abrief description may suffice. p. 17, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"'The crowd of vulgar kings, the leaders of so manymartial tribes, who served under the standard of Attila,were ranged in the submissive order of guards anddomestics, round the person of their master. They watchedhis nod: they trembled at his frown; and, at the firstsignal of his will, they executed, without murmur orhesitation, his stern and absolute commands. In time ofpeace, the dependent princes, with their national troops,

attended the royal camp in regular succession; but whenAttila collected his military forces, he was able to bringinto the field an army of five, or, according to anotheraccount, of seven hundred thousand barbarians.' p. 17,Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"Burning as it were a lamp. The armies of the easternempire were vanquished in three successive engagements; andthe progress of Attila may be traced by the fields ofbattle. From the Hellespont to Thermophlae, and the suburbsof Constantinople, he ravaged, without resistance andwithout mercy, the provinces of Thrace and Macedonia.Heraclea and Hadrianople might perhaps escape this dreadfulirruption of the Huns; but the words, the most expressiveof total extirpation and erasure, are applied to thecalamities which they inflicted on seventy cities of theeastern empire. p. 17, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"'Attila threatened to chastise the rash successor ofTheodosius; but he hesitated whether he should first directhis invincible arms against the eastern or western empire;while mankind awaited his decision with awful suspense, andhis ministers saluted the two emperors with the samehaughty declaration, Attila, my lord and thy lord, commandsthee to provide a palace for his immediate reception. Butas the barbarian despised, or affected to despise, theRomans of the east, whom he had so often vanquished, hesoon declared his resolution of suspending the easyconquest, till he had achieved a more glorious andimportant enterprise. In the memorable invasions of Gauland Italy, the Huns were naturally attracted by the wealthand fertility of these provinces. p. 18, Para. 1,[7TRUMP].

"'The trumpet sounded. The kings and nations of Germanyand Scythia, from the Volga perhaps to the Danube, obeyedthe warlike summons of Attila. From the royal village inthe plains of Hungary, his standard moved towards the west;and, after a march of seven or eight hundred miles, hereached the conflux of the Rhine and the Necker. Thehostile myriads were poured with violence into the Belgicprovinces. The consternation of Gaul was universal. Fromthe Rhine and the Moselle, Attila advanced into the heartof Gaul; crossed the Seine at Auxerre; and, after a longand laborious march, fixed his camp under the walls ofOrleans. An alliance was formed between the Romans andVisigoths. The hostile armies approached. I myself, said

Attila, will throw the first javelin, and the wretch whorefuses to imitate the example of his sovereign, is devotedto inevitable death. The spirit of the barbarians wasrekindled by the presence, the voice, and the example, oftheir intrepid leader; and Attila, yielding to theirimpatience, immediately formed his order of battle. At thehead of his brave and faithful Huns, Attila occupied inperson the center of the line. The nations from the Volgato the Atlantic were assembled on the plain of Chalons. Thenumber of the slain amounted to one hundred and sixty-twothousand, or, according to another account, three hundredthousand persons; and these incredible exaggerationssuppose a real or effective loss, sufficient to justify thehistorian's remark, that whole generations may be sweptaway, by the madness of kings, in the space of a singlehour.' p. 18, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"The course of the fiery meteor was changed, not stayed;and, touching Italy for the first time, the great star,after having burned as it were a lamp, fell upon the thirdpart of the rives, and upon the fountains of waters. p.19, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"'Neither the spirit, nor the forces, nor the reputationof Attila, were impaired by the failure of the Gallicexpedition. He passed the Alps, invaded Italy, and besiegedAquileia with an innumerable host of barbarians. Thesucceeding generation could scarcely discover the ruins ofAquileia. After this dreadful chastisement, Attila pursuedhis march; and, as he passed, the cities of Altinum,Concordia, and Padua were reduced into heaps of stones andashes. The inland towns, Vicenza, Verona, and Bergamo, wereexposed to the rapacious cruelty of the Huns. Milan andPavia submitted, without resistance, to the loss of theirwealth; and applauded the unusual clemency which preservedfrom the flames the public as well as private buildings,and spared the lives of the captive multitude. Attilaspread his ravages over the rich plains of modern Lombardy;which are divided by the Po, and bounded by the Alps andApennines. He took possession of the royal palace of Milan.It is a saying, worthy of ferocious pride of Attila, thatthe grass never grew on the spot where his horse had trod.'p. 19, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"'The western emperor, with the senate and people of Rome,embraced the most salutary resolution of deprecating, by asolemn and suppliant embassy, the wrath of Attila. The

Roman ambassadors were introduced to the tent of Attila, ashe lay encamped at the place where the slow-winding Mincius(Mincio) is lost in the foaming waves of the lake Benacus,and trampled with his Scythian cavalry the farms ofCatullus and Virgil. The barbarian monarch listened withfavorable, and even respectful attention; and thedeliverance of Italy was purchased by the immense ransom,or dowry, of the princess Honoria.' p. 20, Para. 1,[7TRUMP].

"Attila advanced not further into Italy than the plains ofLombardy, and the banks of the Po. He reduced the cities,situated on that river and its tributary streams, to heapsof stones and ashes. But there his ravages ceased. Thegreat star, which burned as it were a lamp, no sooner fellupon the fountains and rivers of waters and turned citiesinto ashes, than it was extinguished. Unlike to the greatmountain burning with fire, the great star that fell fromheaven, after suddenly scorching a part of Italy, rapidlydisappeared. During the same year in which Attila firstinvaded the Italian territories, and spread his ravagesover the rich plains of modern Lombardy, which are dividedby the Po, and bounded by the Alps and Apennines withoutadvancing beyond the rivers and fountains of waters, heconcluded a treaty of peace with the Romans, 'at theconflux of the lake and river,' on the spot where Minciusissues from lake Benacus (L. di Garda.) One paragraph inthe History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,describes 'the invasion of Italy by Attila, A. D. 452.'Another is entitled, under the same date, 'Attila givespeace to the Romans.' The next paragraph describes the'death of Attila, A. D. 453;' and the very next records,without any interval, the destruction of his empire. p.20, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"There fell a great star from heaven, burning as it were alamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, andupon the fountains of waters. Its greatness, its burningcourse, the place, the severity, and suddenness of itsfall, leave nothing more to be here explained, while itsfalling from heaven seems obviously to imply that it camefrom beyond the bounds of the Roman Empire, on part ofwhich it fell. Allusion will afterwards be made to thesignificancy of the term, third part, which so repeatedlyoccurs. p. 21, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"But another verse is added, under the third trumpet,

which, having thus seen the significancy of the former, wecannot pass over with any vague and general exposition,without calling on history to discharge its task, inexpounding the full meaning of the words, which sum up thedecline, and are the immediate prelude to the fourthtrumpet, the death-knell of the western empire. p. 21,Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"And the name of the star is called wormwood. These words--which are more intimately connected with the precedingverse, as even the punctuation in our version denotes--recall us for a moment to the character of Attila, to themisery of which he was the author, or the instrument, andto the terror that was inspired by his name. p. 22, Para.1, [7TRUMP].

"'Total extirpation and erasure,' are terms which bestdenote the calamities he inflicted. p. 22, Para. 2,[7TRUMP].

"'One of his lieutenants chastised and almost exterminatedthe Burgundians of the Rhine. The Thuringians served in thearmy of Attila; they traversed, both in their march and intheir return, the territories of the Franks; and theymassacred their hostages as well as their captives. Twohundred young maidens were tortured with exquisite andunrelenting rage; their bodies were torn asunder by wildhorses, or were crushed under the weight of rolling wagons;and their unburied limbs were abandoned on public roads, asa prey to dogs and vultures.' p. 22, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"It was the boast of Attila, that the grass never grew onthe spot which his horse had trod. 'The scourge of God,'was a name that he appropriated to himself, and insertedamong his royal titles. He was 'the scourge of his enemies,and the terror of the world.' The western emperor, with thesenate and people of Rome, humbly and fearfully deprecatedthe wrath of Attila. And the concluding paragraph of thechapters which record his history, is entitled, 'Symptomsof the decay and ruin of the Roman government.' The name ofthe star is called Wormwood. p. 22, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

"'In the space of twenty years since the death ofValentinian,' [two years subsequent to the death ofAttila,] 'nine emperors had successively disappeared; andthe son of Orestes, a youth recommended only by his beauty,would be the least entitled to the notice of posterity, if

his reign, which was marked by the extinction of the Romanempire in the west, did not leave a memorable era in thehistory of mankind.'" p. 23, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

I shall also permit the same author to give us the historyof the FOURTH TRUMPET. p. 23, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

Verse 12. "And the fourth angel sounded, and the thirdpart of the sun was smitten, and the third part of themoon, and the third part of the stars; so as the third partof them was darkened, and the day shone not for a thirdpart of it, and the night likewise." p. 23, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

"At the voice of the first angel, and the blast of histrumpet, the whole Roman world was in agitation, and 'thestorms of war' passed over it all. 'The union of the empirewas dissolved;' a third part of it fell; and the'transalpine provinces were separated from the empire.'Under the second trumpet, the provinces of Africa, another,or the maritime, part, was in like manner reft from Rome,and the Roman ships were destroyed in the sea, and even intheir harbor. The empire of Rome, hemmed in on every side,was then limited to the kingdom of Italy. Within itsbounds, and along the fountains and rivers of waters, thethird trumpet reechoed from the Alps to the Apeninnes. Thelast barrier of the empire of Rome was broken. The plainsof Lombardy were ravaged by a foreign foe: and from thencenew enemies arose to bring to an end the strife of theworld with the imperial city. p. 23, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

"Though the union of the empire was dissolved there wasstill an emperor in Rome. The majesty of the Roman name wasnot obliterated, though tarnished. And after the middle ofthe fifth century, the Caesars had still a successor intheir own city. But the palace of Milan could not again bethe temporary abode of the Roman court, when it was theseat and center of a hostile power. And the marshes ofRavenna ceased to be a security, after the waters were madebitter, and when hordes of Huns mingled with other savagesin the northern regions of Italy. The time, too, had longpassed for realizing the project, which the terror of theGoths had first suggested, of transferring the court ofRome to the shores of Africa, and transforming Carthageinto another Constantinople. p. 24, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

The remnant, or the refuse, of previous invasions, was

enough to destroy the lasts remaining parts of Romangreatness in Italy, and to abolish the office and the nameof the emperor of Rome. p. 24, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"Long had that name been a terror to the nations, andidentified with supreme authority in the world. Long hadthe emperor of Rome shone and ruled in the earth, like thesun in the firmament. His was a kingdom and dominion, greatand terrible, and strong exceedingly, to which all otherswere subjected or subordinate. His supreme or imperialauthority, had, in the decline of the empire, been greatlyobscured, but till then it had never been extinguished. Ithad been darkened and disfigured by a great storm;eclipsed, as it were, by a mountain that burned with fire;and outshone, as it were, by a falling star, like a fierymeteor. It had survived the assaults of Goths and Vandals,and Huns. Though clouded and obscured, it had never beensmitten: and though its light reached but a little way,where previously it had shone over all, it had never beenextinguished. p. 24, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"Neither, at last, was the whole sun smitten: but thethird part. The throne of the Caesars had for ages been thesun of the world; while other kings were designated asstars. But the imperial power had first been transferred toConstantinople, by Constantine; and it was afterwardsdivided between the east and the west. And the Easternempire was not yet doomed to destruction. Even the westernempire was afterwards revived; and a more modern dynastyarose to claim and maintain the title of emperor of theRomans. But, for the first time, after sudden, and violent,and distinctly marked and connected convulsions, theimperial power in Rome, where for so long a period it hadreigned triumphant, was cut off forever; and the third partof the sun was smitten. p. 25, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"'Extinction of the western empire, A. D. 476 or A. D.479. Royalty was familiar to the barbarians, and thesubmissive people of Italy were prepared to obey without amurmur the authority which he should condescend to exerciseas a vicegerent of the emperor of the west. But Odoacerresolved to abolish that useless and expensive office; andsuch is the weight of antique prejudice, that it requiredsome boldness and penetration to discover the extremefacility of the enterprise. The unfortunate Augustulus wasmade the instrument of his own disgrace; and he signifiedhis resignation to the senate; and that assembly, in their

last act of obedience to a Roman prince, still affected thespirit of freedom and the forms of the constitution. Andepistle was addressed, by their unanimous decree, to theemperor Zeno, the son in-law and successor of Leo, who hadlately been restored, after a short rebellion, to theByzantine throne. They solemnly disclaim the necessity oreven the wish of continuing any longer the imperialsuccession in Italy; since in their opinion the majesty ofa sole monarch is sufficient to pervade and to protect, atthe same time, both the east and the west. In their ownname, and in the name of the people, they consent that theseat of universal empire shall be transferred from Rome toConstantinople; and they basely renounce the right ofchoosing their master, the only vestige which yet remainedof the only authority which had given laws to the world.'p. 25, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"The power and the glory or Rome, as bearing rule over anynation, became extinct. The name alone remained to thequeen of nations. Every token of royalty disappeared fromthe imperial city. She who had ruled over the nations satin the dust, like a second Babylon, and there was nothrone, where the Caesars had reigned. The last act ofobedience to a Roman prince, which that once augustassembly performed, was the acceptance of the resignationof the last emperor of the west, and the abolition of theimperial succession in Italy. The sun of Rome was smitten.But though Rome itself, as an imperial city, ceased toexercise a sovereignty over any nation, yet the imperialensigns, with the sacred ornaments of the throne andpalace, were transferred to Constantinople, where Zenoreigned, under the title of sole emperor. The militaryacclamations of the confederates of Italy saluted Odoacerwith the title of king. p. 26, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"A new conqueror of Italy, Theodoric, the Ostrogoth,speedily arose, who unscrupulously assumed the purple, andreigned by the right of conquest. 'The royalty of Theodoricwas proclaimed by the Goths, (March 5th, A. D. 493,) withthe tardy, reluctant, ambiguous consent of the emperor ofthe east.' The imperial Roman power, of which either Romeor Constantinople had been jointly or singly the seat,whether in the west or the east, was no longer recognizedin Italy, and the third part of the sun was smitten, tillit emitted no longer the faintest rays. The power of thecaesars was unknown in Italy: and a Gothic king reignedover Rome. p. 27, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"But though the third part of the sun was smitten, and theRoman imperial power was at an end in the city of theCaesars, yet the moon and the stars still shone, orglimmered, for a little longer in the western hemisphere,even in the midst of Gothic darkness. The consulship andthe senate were not abolished by Theodoric. A Gothichistorian applauds the consulship of Theodoric as theheight of all temporal power and greatness:'--as the moonreigns by night, after the setting of the sun. And, insteadof abolishing that office, Theodoric himself 'congratulatesthose annual favorites of fortune, who, without the cares,enjoyed the splendor of the throne.' p. 27, Para. 2,[7TRUMP].

"But in their prophetic order, the consulship and thesenate of Rome met their fate, though they fell not by thehands of Vandals or of Goths. The next revolution in Italywas its subjection to Belisarius, the general of Justinian,emperor of the east. He did not spare what barbarians hadhallowed. 'The Roman consulship extinguished by Justinian,A. D. 541,' is the title of the last paragraph of thefortieth chapter of Gibbon's History of the Decline andFall of Rome. 'The succession of consuls finally ceased inthe thirteenth year of Justinian, whose despotic tempermight be gratified by the silent extinction of a titlewhich admonished the Romans of their ancient freedom.' Thethird part of the sun was smitten, and the third part ofthe moon, and the third part of the stars. In the politicalfirmament of the ancient world, while under the reign ofimperial Rome, the emperorship, the consulate, and thesenate, shone like the sun, the moon, and the stars. Thehistory of their decline and fall is brought down till thetwo former were "extinguished,' in reference to Rome andItaly, which so long had ranked as the first of cities andof countries; and finally, as the fourth trumpet closes, wesee the 'extinction of that illustrious assembly,' theRoman senate. The city that had ruled the world, as if inmockery of human greatness, was conquered by the eunuchNarses, the successor of Belisarius. He defeated the Goths;(A. D. 552) achieved 'the conquest of Rome,' and the fateof the senate was sealed. p. 28, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"The calamities of imperial Rome, in its downfall, weretold to the very last of them, till Rome was without anemperor, a consul, or a senate. 'Under the exarchs ofRavenna, Rome was degraded to the second rank.' The third

part of the sun was smitten, and the third part of themoon, and the third part of the stars. The race of thecaesars was not extinct with the emperors of the west. Romebefore its fall possessed but a portion of the imperialpower. Constantinople divided with it the empire of theworld. And neither Goths nor Vandals lorded over that stillimperial city, the emperor of which, after the firsttransference of the seat of empire by Constantine, oftenheld the emperor of Rome as his nominee and vicegerent. Andthe fate of Constantinople was reserved till other ages,and was announced by other trumpets. Of the sun, the moon,and the stars, as yet but the third part was smitten. p.28, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"The concluding words of the fourth trumpet imply thefuture restoration of the western empire. The day shone notfor the third part of it, and the night likewise. Inrespect to civil authority, Rome became subject to Ravenna,and Italy was a conquered province of the eastern empire.But, as more appropriately pertaining to other prophecies,the defence of the worship of images first brought thespiritual and temporal powers of the pope and of theemperor into violent collision; and, by conferring on thepope all authority over the churches, Justinian laid hishelping hand to the promotion of the papal supremacy, whichafterwards assumed the power of creating monarchs. In theyear of our Lord 800, the pope conferred on Charlemagne thetitle of emperor of the Romans. That title was againtransferred from the king of France to the emperor ofGermany. By the latter it was formally renounced, withinthe memory of the existing generation. In our own days theIron crown of Italy was on the head of another 'emperor.'And the sun, as in the sequel we will see, is afterwardsspoken of in the book of Revelation." p. 29, Para. 1,[7TRUMP].

Verse 13. "And I beheld, and heard an angel flying throughthe midst of heaven, saying with a loud voice, Wo, wo, woto the inhabiters of the earth, by reason of the othervoices of the trumpet of the three angels, which are yet tosound!" p. 30, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

The last three trumpets are each attended with a wo to theinhabiters of the earth. The fifth trumpet is the first wo;the sixth trumpet the second wo; the seventh and lasttrumpet the third wo. p. 30, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

THE FIFTH TRUMPET, OR FIRST WO. "There is scarcely souniform an agreement among interpreters concerning any partof the apocalypse as respecting the application of thefifth and sixth trumpets, or the first and second wo, tothe Saracens and Turks. It is so obvious that it canscarcely be misunderstood. Instead of a 'verse of twodesignating each, the whole of the ninth chapter of theRevelation, in equal portions, is occupied with adescription of both. p. 30, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"The Roman empire declined, as it arose, by conquest; butthe Saracens and the Turks were the instruments by which afalse religion became the scourge of an apostate church;and hence, instead of the fifth and sixth trumpets, likethe former, being marked by that name alone, they arecalled woes. It was because the laws were transgressed, theordinances changed, and the everlasting covenant broken,that the curse came upon the earth or the land. p. 30,Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

"We have passed the period, in the political history ofthe world, when the western empire was extinguished; andthe way was thereby opened for the exaltation of thepapacy. The imperial power of the city of Rome wasannihilated, and the office and the name of the emperor ofthe west was abolished for a season. The trumpets assume anew form, as they are directed to a new object, and theclose coincidence, or rather express identity between theking of the south, or the king of the north, as describedby Daniel, and the first and second wo, will be noted inthe subsequent illustration of the latter. The spiritualsupremacy of the pope, it may be remembered, wasacknowledged and maintained, after the fall of Rome, by theemperor Justinian. And whether in the character of atrumpet or a wo, the previous steps of history raise us, ason a platform, to behold in a political view the judgmentsthat fell on apostate Christendom, and finally led to thesubversion of the eastern empire." p. 31, Para. 1,[7TRUMP].

Chap. 9, 1. "And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a starfall from heaven unto the earth: and to him was given thekey of the bottomless pit." p. 31, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"Constantinople was besieged for the first time after theextinction of the western empire, by Chosroes, the king ofPersia." p. 31, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"A star fell from heaven unto the earth: and to him wasgiven the key of the bottomless pit." p. 31, Para. 4,[7TRUMP].

"'While the Persian monarch contemplated the wonders ofhis art and power, he received an epistle from an obscurecitizen of Mecca, inviting him to acknowledge Mahomet asthe apostle of God. He rejected the invitation, and torethe epistle. "It is thus," exclaimed the Arabian prophet,"that God will tear the kingdom, and reject thesupplication of Chosroes." Placed on the verge of these twoempires of the east, Mahomet observed with secret joy theprogress of mutual destruction; and in the midst of thePersian triumphs he ventured to foretell, that, before manyyears should elapse, victory should again return to thebanners of the Romans.' 'At the time when this predictionis said to have been delivered no prophecy could be moredistant from its accomplishment(!) since the first twelveyears of Heraclius announced the approaching dissolution ofthe empire.' p. 31, Para. 5, [7TRUMP].

"It was not, like that designative of Attila, on a singlespot that the star fell, but upon the earth. p. 32, Para.1, [7TRUMP].

"Chosroes subjugated the Roman possessions in Asia andAfrica. And 'the Roman empire,' at that period, 'wasreduced to the walls of Constantinople, with the remnant ofGreece, Italy, and Africa, and some maritime cities, fromTyre to Trebisond, of the Asiatic coast. The experience ofsix years at length persuaded the Persian monarch torenounce the conquest of Constantinople, and to specify theannual tribute or the ransom of the Roman empire: athousand talents of gold, a thousand talents of silver, athousand silk robes, a thousand horses, and a thousandvirgins. Heraclius subscribed these ignominious terms. Butthe time and space which he obtained to collect thosetreasures from the poverty of the east, was industriouslyemployed in the preparations of a bold and desperateattack.' p. 32, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"The king of Persia despised the obscure Saracen, andderided the message of the pretended prophet of Mecca. Eventhe overthrow of the Roman empire would not have opened adoor for Mahometanism, or for the progress of the Saracenicarmed propagators of an imposture, though the monarch of

the Persians and chagan of the Avars (the successor ofAttila) had divided between them the remains of the kingdomof the Caesars. Chosroes himself fell. The Persian andRoman monarchies exhausted each other's strength. Andbefore a sword was put into the hands of the false prophet,it was smitten from the hands of those who would havechecked his career, and crushed his power. p. 32, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

"Since the days of Scipio and Hannibal, no bolderenterprise has been attempted than that which Heracliusachieved for the deliverance of the empire. He permittedthe Persians to oppress for a while the provinces, and toinsult with impunity the capital of the east; while theRoman emperor explored his perilous way through the BlackSea and the mountains of Armenia, penetrated into the heartof Persia, and recalled the armies of the great king to thedefence of their bleeding country. The revenge and ambitionof Chosroes exhausted his kingdom. The whole city ofConstantinople was invested--and the inhabitants descriedwith terror the flaming signals of the European and Asiaticshores. In the battle of Nineveh, which was fiercely foughtfrom daybreak to the eleventh hour, twenty-eight standards,besides those which might be broken or torn, were takenfrom the Persians; the greatest part of their army was cutin pieces, and the victors, concealing their own loss,passed the night on the field. The cities and palaces ofAssyria were open for the first time to the Romans. p. 33,Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"'The Greeks and modern Persians minutely described howChosroes was insulted, and famished, and tortured by thecommand of an inhuman son, who so far surpassed the exampleof his father: but at the time of his death, what tonguecould relate the story of the parricide? what eye couldpenetrate into the tower of darkness? The glory of thehouse of Sassan ended with the life of Chosroes; hisunnatural son enjoyed only eight months' fruit of hiscrimes; and in the space of four years the regal title wasassumed by nine candidates, who disputed, with the sword ordagger, the fragments of an exhausted monarchy. Everyprovince and every city of Persia was the scene ofindependence, of discord, and of blood, and the state ofanarchy continued about eight years longer, till thefactions were silenced and united under the common yoke ofthe Arabian Caliphs.' p. 34, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"The Roman emperor was not strengthened by the conquestswhich he achieved; and a way was prepared at the same time,and by the same means, for the multitude of Saracens fromArabia, like locusts from the same region, who, propagatingin their course the dark and delusive Mahometan creed,speedily overspread both the Persian and Roman empires. p.34, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"More complete illustration of this fact could not bedesired than is supplied in the concluding words of thechapter from Gibbon, from which the preceding extracts aretaken." p. 34, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"'Yet the deliverer of the east was indigent and feeble.Of the Persian spoils the most valuable portion had beenexpended in the war, distributed to the soldiers, or buriedby an unlucky tempest in the waves of the Euxine. The lossof two hundred thousand soldiers, who had fallen by thesword, was of less fatal importance than the decay of arts,agriculture, and population, in this long and destructivewar: and although a victorious army had been formed underthe standard of Heraclius, the unnatural effort seems tohave exhausted rather than exercised their strength. Whilethe emperor triumphed at Constantinople or Jerusalem, anobscure town on the confines of Syria was pillaged by theSaracens, and they cut in pieces some troops who advancedto its relief--an ordinary and trifling occurrence, had itnot been the prelude of a mighty revolution. These robberswere the apostles of Mahomet; their fanatic valor hademerged from the desert; and in the last eight years of hisreign, Heraclius lost to the Arabs the same provinces whichhe had rescued from the Persians.'" 'The spirit of fraudand enthusiasm, whose abode is not in the heavens,' was letloose on earth. The bottomless pit needed but a key to openit; and that key was the fall of Chosroes. He hadcontemptuously torn the letter of an obscure citizen ofMecca. But when from his 'blaze of glory' he sunk into 'thetower of darkness' which no eye could penetrate, the nameof Chosroes was suddenly to pass into oblivion before thatof Mahomet; and the crescent seemed but to wait its risingtill the falling of the star. Chosroes, after his entirediscomfiture and loss of empire, was murdered in the year628; and the year 629 is marked by 'the conquest ofArabia,' 'and the first war of the Mahometans against theRoman empire.' And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw astar fall from heaven unto the earth: and to him was giventhe key of the bottomless pit. And he opened the bottomless

pit. He fell unto the earth. When the strength of the Romanempire was exhausted, and the great king of the east laydead in his tower of darkness, the pillage of an obscuretown on the borders of Syria was 'the prelude of a mightyrevolution.' 'The robbers were the apostles of Mahomet, andtheir fanatic valor emerged from the desert.' p. 34, Para.4, [7TRUMP].

"A more succinct, yet ample, commentary maybe given in thewords of another historian. p. 36, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"'While Chosroes of Persia was pursuing his dreams ofrecovering and enlarging the empire of Cyrus, and Heracliuswas gallantly defending the empire of the Caesars againsthim; while idolatry and metaphysics were diffusing theirbaneful influence through the church of Christ, and thesimplicity and purity of the gospel were nearly lostbeneath the mythology which occupied the place of that ofancient Greece and Rome, the seeds of a new empire, and ofa new religion, were sown in the inaccessible deserts ofArabia.' p. 36, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"The first wo arose at a time when transgressors had cometo the full, when men had changed the ordinances and brokenthe everlasting covenant, when idolatry prevailed, or whentutelar saints were honored--and when the 'mutualdestruction' of the Roman and Persian empires prepared theway of the fanatic robbers--or opened the bottomless pit,from whence an imposture, which manifests its origin fromthe 'father of lairs,' spread over the greater part of theworld. p. 36, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"And there arose a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of agreat furnace, and the sun and the air were darkened byreason of the smoke of the pit. Like the noxious and evendeadly vapor which the winds, particularly from thesouthwest, diffuse in Arabia, Mahometanism spread fromthence its pestilential influence--and arose as suddenly,and spread as widely, as smoke arising out of the pit, thesmoke of a great furnace. Such is a suitable symbol of thereligion of Mahomet, of itself, or as compared with thepure light of the gospel of Jesus. It was not, like thelatter, a light from heaven; but a smoke out of thebottomless pit. p. 37, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"'Mahomet alike instructed to preach and to fight; and theunion of these opposite qualities, while it enhance his

merit, contributed to his success; the operation of forceand persuasion, of enthusiasm and fear, continually actedon each other, till every barrier yielded to theirirresistible power.' 'The first caliphs ascended the pulpitto persuade and edify the congregation.' p. 37, Para. 2,[7TRUMP].

"'While the state was exhausted by the Persian war, andthe church was distracted by the Nestorian and Monophysitesects, Mahomet, with the sword in one hand and the Koran inthe other, erected his throne on the ruins of Christianityand of Rome. The genius of the Arabian prophet, the mannersof his nation, and the spirit of his religion, involve thecauses of the decline and fall of the eastern empire; andour eyes are curiously intent on one of the most memorablerevolutions which have impressed a new and most lastingcharacter on the nations of the globe." p. 37, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

"Mahomet, it may be said, has heretofore divided the worldwith Jesus. He rose up against the Prince of princes. Agreat sword was given him. His doctrine, generated by thespirit of fraud and enthusiasm, whose abode is not in theheavens, as even an unbeliever could tell, arose out of thebottomless pit, spread over the earth like the smoke of agreat furnace, and the sun and the air were darkened byreason of the smoke of the pit. It spread from Arabia, overgreat part of Asia, Africa and Europe. The Greeks of Egypt,whose numbers could scarcely equal a tenth of the nation,were overwhelmed by the universal defection. And even inthe farthest extremity of continental Europe, the declineof the French monarchy invited the attacks of theseinsatiate fanatics. The smoke that arose from the cave ofHera was diffused from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean.But the prevalence of their faith is best seen in theextent of their conquests." p. 37, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

Verse 3. "And there came out of the smoke locusts upon theearth; and unto them was given power, as the scorpions ofthe earth have power." p. 38, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"A false religion was set up, which, although the scourgeof transgressions and idolatry, filled the world withdarkness and delusion; and swarms of Saracens, likelocusts, overspread the earth, and speedily extended theirravages over the Roman empire, from east to west. The haildescended from the frozen shores of the Baltic; the burning

mountain fell upon the sea, from Africa: and the locusts(the fit symbol of Arabs) issued from Arabia, their nativeregion. They came, as destroyers, propagating a newdoctrine, and stirred up to rapine and violence by motivesof interest and religion. p. 38, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"'In the ten years of the administration of Omar, theSaracens reduced to his obedience thirty-six thousandcities or castles, destroyed four thousand churches ortemples of the unbelievers, and erected fourteen hundredmosques, for the exercise of the religion of Mahomet. Onehundred years after his flight from Mecca, the arms and thereign of his successors extended from India to the AtlanticOcean. p. 39, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"'At the end of the first century of the Hegira, thecaliphs were the most potent and absolute monarchs of theglobe. The regal and sacerdotal characters were united inthe successors of Mahomet. Under the last of the Ommiades,the Arabic empire extended two hundred days' journey fromeast to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to theshores of the Atlantic Ocean. And if we retrench the sleeveof the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long andnarrow province of Africa, the solid and compact dominionfrom Fargana to Aden, from Tarsus to Surat, will spread onevery side to the measure of four or five months of themarch of a caravan. The progress of the Mahometan religiondiffused over this ample space a general resemblance ofmanners and opinions; the language and laws of the Koranwere studied with equal devotion at Sarmacand and Seville:the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothersin the pilgrimage of Mecca; and the Arabian language wasadopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to thewestward of the Tigris.' p. 39, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"A still more specific illustration may be given of thepower, like unto that of scorpions, which was given them.Not only was their attack speedy and vigorous, but 'thenice sensibility of honor, which weighs the insult ratherthan the injury, sheds its deadly venom on the quarrels ofthe Arabs:--an indecent action, a contemptuous word, can beexpiated only by the blood of the offender; and such istheir patient inveteracy, that they expect whole months andyears the opportunity of revenge.'" p. 39, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

Verse 4. "And it was commanded them that they should not

hurt the grass of the earth, neither any green thing,neither any tree; but only those men which have not theseal of God in their foreheads." p. 40, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

On the sounding of the first angel, the third part of thetrees was burnt up, and all green grass was burnt up. p.40, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

After the death of Mahomet, he was succeeded in thecommand by Abubeker, A. D. 632, who, as soon as he hadfairly established his authority and government, despatcheda circular letter to the Arabian tribes, of which thefollowing is an extract:--"This is to acquaint you that Iintend to send the true believers into Syria to take it outof the hand of the infidels, and I would have you know thatthe fighting for religion is an act of obedience to God."p. 40, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"His messengers returned with the tidings of pious andmartial ardor, which they had kindled in every province;the camp of Medina was successively filled with theintrepid bands of the Saracens, who panted for action,complained of the heat of the season and the scarcity ofprovisions, and accused, with impatient murmurs, the delaysof the caliph. As soon as their numbers were complete,Abubeker ascended the hill, reviewed the men, the horses,and the arms, and poured forth a fervent prayer for thesuccess of their undertaking. His instructions to thechiefs of the Syria were inspired by the warlike fanaticismwhich advances to seize, and affects to despise, theobjects of earthly ambition. 'Remember,' said the successorof the prophet, 'that you are always in the presence ofGod, on the verge of death, in the assurance of judgment,and the hope of Paradise: avoid injustice and oppression;consult with your brethren, and study to preserve the loveand confidence of your troops. When you fight the battlesof the Lord, acquit yourselves like men, without turningyour backs; but let not your victory be stained with theblood of women or children. Destroy no palm-trees, nor burnany fields of corn. Cut down no fruit-trees, nor do anymischief to cattle, only such as you kill to eat. When youmake any covenant or article, stand to it, and be as goodas your word. As you go on, you will find some religiouspersons who live retired in monasteries, and propose tothemselves to serve God that way; let them alone, andneither kill them nor destroy their monasteries; and youwill find another sort of people that belong to the

synagogue of Satan, who have shaven crowns; be sure youcleave their skulls, and give them no quarter till theyeither turn Mahometans or pay tribute.' p. 40, Para. 4,[7TRUMP].

"It is not said in prophecy or in history that the morehumane injunctions were as scrupulously obeyed as theferocious mandate. But it was so commanded them. And thepreceding are the only instruction recorded by Gibbon, asgiven by Abubeker to the chiefs whose duty it was to issuethe commands to all the Saracen hosts. The commands arealike discriminating with the prediction; as if the caliphhimself had been acting in known as well as directobedience to a higher mandate than that of mortal man--andin the very act of going forth to fight against thereligion of Jesus, and to propagate Mahometanism in itsstead, he repeated the words which it was foretold in theRevelation of Jesus Christ, that he would say." p. 41,Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

Verse 5. "And to them it was given that they should notkill them, but that they should be tormented five months;and their torment was as the torment of a scorpion when hestriketh a man." p. 42, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"Their constant incursions into the Roman territory, andfrequent assaults on Constantinople itself, were anunceasing torment throughout the empire, which yet theywere not able effectually to subdue, notwithstanding thelong period, afterwards more directly alluded to, duringwhich they continued, by unremitting attacks, grievously toafflict an idolatrous church, of which the pope was thehead. Their charge was to torment, and then to hurt but notto kill, or utterly destroy. The marvel was that they didnot. To repeat the words of Gibbon: 'The calm historian ofthe present hour must study to explain by what means thechurch and state were saved from this impending, and, as itshould seem, from this inevitable danger. In this inquiry Ishall unfold the events that rescued our ancestors ofBritain, and our neighbors of Gaul, from the civil andreligious yoke of the Koran; that protected the majesty ofRome, and delayed the servitude of Constantinople; thatinvigorated the defence of the Christians, and scatteredamong their enemies the seeds of division and decay.'Ninety pages of illustration follow, to which we refer thereaders of Gibbon. p. 42, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

Verse 6. "And in those days shall men seek death, but theyshall not find it; and shall desire to die, but death shallflee from them." p. 43, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"Men were weary of life, when life was spared only for arenewal of wo, and when all that they accounted sacred wasviolated, and all that they held dear constantlyendangered; and when the savage Saracens domineered overthem, or left them only to a momentary repose, ever liableto be suddenly or violently interrupted, as if by the stingof a scorpion. They who tormented men were commanded not tokill them. And death might thus have been sought even whereit was not found. 'Whosoever falls in battle,' saysMahomet, 'his sins are forgiven at the day of judgment: atthe day of judgment his wounds shall be resplendent asvermilion, and odoriferous as musk, and the loss of hislimbs shall be supplied by the wings of angels andcherubim.' The intrepid souls of the Arabs were fired withenthusiasm: the picture of the invisible world was stronglypainted on their imagination; and the death which theyalways despised became an object of hope and desire." p.43, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

Verse 7. "And the shapes of the locusts were like untohorses prepared unto battle." p. 43, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"Arabia, in the opinion of the naturalist, is the genuineand original country of the horse; the climate mostpropitious, not indeed to the size, but to the spirit andswiftness of that generous animal. The merit of the Barb,the Spanish, and the English breed, is derived from amixture of the Arabian blood; the Bedouins preserve withsuperstitious care the honors and the memory of the purestrace. These horses are educated in the tents, among thechildren of the Arabs, with a tender familiarity, whichtrains them in the habits of gentleness and attachment.They are accustomed only to walk and to gallop: theirsensations are not blunted by the incessant use of the spurand the whip; their powers are reserved for the moments offlight and pursuit; but no sooner do they feel the touch ofthe hand or the stirrup, then they dart away with theswiftness of the wind. p. 43, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

"The Arabian horse takes the lead throughout the world;and skill in horsemanship is the art and science of Arabia.And the barbed Arabs, swift as locusts and armed likescorpions, ready to dart away in a moment, were ever

prepared unto battle. p. 44, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"And on their heads were, as it were, crowns like gold.When Mahomet entered Medina, (A. D. 622,) and was firstreceived as its prince, 'a turban was unfurled before himto supply the deficiency of a standard.' The turbans of theSaracens, like unto a coronet, were their ornament andtheir boast. The rich booty abundantly supplied andfrequently renewed them. To assume the turban is proverbialto turn Mussulman. And the Arabs were ancientlydistinguished by the mitres which they wore. p. 44, Para.2, [7TRUMP].

"And their faces were as the faces of men. 'The gravityand firmness of the mind of the Arab is conspicuous in hisoutward demeanor--his only gesture is that of stroking hisbeard, the venerable symbol of manhood.' 'The honor oftheir beards is most easily wounded.' p. 44, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

Verse 8. "And they had hair as the hair of women." p. 45,Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"Long hair is esteemed an ornament by women." The Arabs,unlike to other men, had their hair as the hair of women,or uncut, as their practice is recorded by Pliny andothers. But there was nothing effeminate in theircharacter, for, as denoting their ferocity and strength todevour, their teeth were as the teeth of lions. p. 45,Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

Verse 9. "And they had breastplates, as it werebreastplates of iron." p. 45, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"The cuirass (or breastplate) was in use among the Arabsin the days of Mahomet. In the battle of Ohud (the secondwhich Mahomet fought) with the Koreish of Mecca, (A.D.624,) 'seven hundred of them were armed with cuirasses.'And in his next victory over the Jews, 'three hundredcuirasses, five hundred pikes, a thousand lances, composedthe most useful portion of the spoil.' After the defeat ofthe imperial army of seventy thousand men, on the plain ofAiznadin, (A. D. 633,) the spoil taken by the Saracens 'wasinestimable; many banners and crosses of gold and silver,precious stones, silver and gold chains, and innumerablesuits of the richest armor and apparel. The seasonablesupply of arms became the instrument of new victories.'"

p. 45, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

Verse 9. "And the sound of their wings was as the sound ofchariots of many horses running to battle." p. 45, Para.5, [7TRUMP].

"The charge of the Arabs was not like that of the Greeksand Romans, the efforts of a firm and compact infantry:their military force was chiefly formed of cavalry andarchers; and the engagement was often interrupted, andoften renewed by single combats and flying skirmishes, &c.The periods of the battle of Cadesia were distinguished bytheir peculiar appellations. The first, from the well-timedappearance of six thousand of the Syrian brethren, wasdenominated the day of succor. The day of concussion mightexpress the disorder of one, or perhaps of both thecontending armies. The third, a nocturnal tumult, receivedthe whimsical name of the night of barking, from thediscordant clamors, which were compared to the inarticulatesounds of the fiercest animals. The morning of thesucceeding day determined the fate of Persia. With a touchof the hand, the Arab horses darted away with the swiftnessof the wind. The sound of their wings was as the sound ofchariots of many horses running to battle. Their conquestswere marvelous, both in rapidity and extent, and theirattack was instantaneous. Nor was it less successfulagainst the Romans than the Persians. 'A religion of peacewas incapable of withstanding the fanatic cry of "Fight,fight! Paradise, paradise!" that reechoed in the ranks ofthe Saracens.'" p. 45, Para. 6, [7TRUMP].

Verse 10. "And they had tails like unto scorpions: andthere were stings in their tails; and their power was tohurt men five months." p. 46, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"The authority of the companions of Mahomet expired withtheir lives: and the chiefs or emirs of the Arabian tribesleft behind in the desert the spirit of equality andindependence. The legal and sacerdotal characters wereunited in the successors of Mahomet; and if the Koran wasthe rule of their actions, they were the supreme judges andinterpreters of that divine book. They reigned by the rightof conquest over the nations of the east, to whom the nameof liberty was unknown, and who were accustomed to applaudin their tyrants the acts of violence and severity thatwere exercised at their own expense.'" p. 46, Para. 2,[7TRUMP].

"Thus far Keith has furnished us with illustrations of thesounding of the first five trumpets. But here we must takeleave of him, and, in applying the prophetic periods,pursue another course. p. 47, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

THE TORMENT OF THE GREEKS ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY YEARS.Verse 10: "Their power was to hurt men five months." p.47, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

1. The question arises, What men were they to hurt fivemonths? Undoubtedly, the same they were afterwards to slay;[see verse 15.] "The third part of men," or third of theRoman empire--the Greek division of it. p. 47, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

2. When were they to begin their work of torment? The 11thverse answers the question:--"They had a king over them,which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in theHebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek hath his nameApollyon." p. 47, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

1. "They had a king over them." From the death of Mahometuntil near the close of the 13th century, the Mahometanswere divided into various factions, under several leaders,with no general civil government extending over them all.Near the close of the 13th century, Othman founded agovernment, which has since been known as the Ottomangovernment, or empire, extending over all the principalMahometan tribes, consolidating them into one grandmonarchy. p. 47, Para. 5, [7TRUMP].

2. The character of the King. "Which is the angel of thebottomless pit." And angel signifies a messenger, orminister, either good or bad; not always a spiritual being."The angel of the bottomless pit," or chief minister of thereligion which came from thence when it was opened. Thatreligion is Mahometanism, and the Sultan is its chiefminister. "The Sultan, or Grand Signior, as he isindifferently called, is also Supreme Caliph, or highpriest, uniting in his person the highest spiritual dignitywith the supreme secular authority."* p. 48, Para. 1,[7TRUMP].

When the address of "The World's Anti-Slavery Convention"was presented to Mehemet Ali, he expressed his willingnessto act in the matter, but said he could do nothing; they

"must go to the heads of religion at Constantinople," thatis, the Sultan. p. 48, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

3. His name. In Hebrew, "Abaddon," the destroyer; inGreek, "Apollyon," one that exterminates or destroys.Having two different names in the two languages, it isevident that the character, rather than the name of thepower, is intended to be represented. If so, in bothlanguages he is a destroyer. Such has always been thecharacter of the Ottoman government. p. 48, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

Says Perkins,--"He," the Sultan, "has unlimited power overthe lives and property of his subjects, especially of thehigh officers of state whom he can remove, plunder or putto death at pleasure. They are required submissively tokiss the bow-string which he sends them, wherewith they areto be strangled. [footnotes] * See Perkins' "World as itis," p. 361. p. 48, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

All the above marks apply to the Ottoman government in astriking manner. p. 49, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

But when did Othman make his first assault on the Greekempire? According to Gibbon, ("Decl. and Fall," &c.)"Othman first entered the territory of Nicomedia on the27th day of July, 1299." p. 49, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

The calculations of some writers have gone upon thesupposition that the period should begin with thefoundation of the Ottoman empire; but this is evidently anerror: for they not only were to have a king over them, butwere to torment men five months. But the period of tormentcould not begin before the first attack of the tormentors,which was as above, July 27th, 1299. p. 49, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

The calculation which follows, founded on this startingpoint, was made and published in "Christ's Second Coming,"&c., by the author, in 1838. p. 49, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

"And their power was to torment men five months." Thus fartheir commission extended, to torment, by constantdepredations, but not politically to kill them. "Fivemonths;" that is, one hundred and fifty years. CommencingJuly 27th, 1299, the one hundred and fifty years reach to1449. During that whole period the Turks were engaged in an

almost perpetual war with the Greek empire, but yet withoutconquering it. They seized upon and held several of theGreek provinces, but still Greek independence wasmaintained in Constantinople. But in 1449, the terminationof the one hundred and fifty years, a change came. Beforepresenting the history of that change, however, we willlook at verses 12-15. p. 49, Para. 5, [7TRUMP].

THE OTTOMAN SUPREMACY IN CONSTANTINOPLE--THREE HUNDRED ANDNINETY-ONE YEARS AND FIFTEEN DAYS.--Verse 12: "One woe ispast; and behold, there come two woes more hereafter." p.50, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

Verse 13: "And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard avoice from the four horns of the golden altar which isbefore God." p. 50, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

Verse 14: "Saying to the sixth angel which had thetrumpet, Loose the four angels which are bound in the greatriver Euphrates." p. 50, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

Verse 15: "And the four angels were loosed, which wereprepared for an hour, a day, a month, and a year, for toslay the third part of men." p. 50, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

The first woe was to continue from the rise ofMahometanism until the end of the five months. Then thefirst woe was to end, and the second begin. And when thesixth angel sounded, it was commanded to take off therestraints which had been imposed on the nation, by whichthey were restricted to the work of tormenting men, andtheir commission extended to slay the third part of men.This command came from the four horns of the golden altarwhich is before God. "The four angels," are the fourprincipal sultanies of which the Ottoman empire iscomposed, located in the country of the Euphrates. They hadbeen restrained; God commanded, and they were loosed. p.50, Para. 5, [7TRUMP].

In the year 1449, John Paleologus, the Greek emperor,died, but left no children to inherit his throne, andConstantine Deacozes succeeded to it. But he would notventure to ascend the throne without the consent ofAmurath, the Turkish Sultan. He therefore sent ambassadorsto ask his consent, and obtained it, before he presumed tocall himself sovereign. p. 50, Para. 6, [7TRUMP].

"This shameful proceeding seemed to presage theapproaching downfall of the empire. Ducas, the historian,counts John Paleologus for the last Greek emperor, withoutdoubt, because he did not consider as such a prince who hadnot dared to reign without the permission of his enemy."p. 51, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

Let this historical fact be carefully examined inconnection with the prediction above. This was not aviolent assault made on the Greeks, by which their empirewas overthrown and their independence taken away, butsimply a voluntary surrender of that independence into thehands of the Turks, by saying, "I cannot reign unless youpermit." p. 51, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

The four angels were loosed for an hour, a day, a month,and a year, to slay the third part of men. This periodamounts to three hundred and ninety-one years and fifteendays; during which Ottoman supremacy was to exist inConstantinople. p. 51, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

But, although the four angels were thus loosed by thevoluntary submission of the Greeks, yet another doomawaited the seat of empire. Amurath, the sultan to whom thesubmission of Deacozes was made, and by whose permission hereigned in Constantinople, soon after died, and wassucceeded in the empire, in 1451, by Mahomet II., who sethis heart on Constantinople, and determined to make it aprey. He accordingly made preparations for besieging andtaking the city. The siege commenced on the 6th of April,1453, and ended in the taking of the city, and death of thelast of the Constantines, on the 16th day of May following.And the eastern city of the Caesars became the seat of theOttoman empire. p. 51, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

The arms and mode of warfare by which the siege ofConstantinople was to be overthrown, and held in subjectionwere distinctly noticed by the revelator. p. 52, Para. 1,[7TRUMP].

1. The army. Verse 16: "And the number of the army of thehorsemen were two hundred thousand thousand: and I heardthe number of them." p. 52, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

Innumerable hordes of horses and them that sat on them.Gibbon describes the first invasion of the Romanterritories by the Turks, thus: "The myriads of Turkish

horse overspread a frontier of six hundred miles fromTauris to Azeroum, and the blood of 130,000 Christians wasa grateful sacrifice to the Arabian prophet." Whether thenumber is designed to convey the idea of any definitenumber, the reader must judge. Some suppose 200.000 twicetold is meant, and then following some historians, findthat number of Turkish warriors in the siege ofConstantinople. Some think 200,000,000 to mean all theTurkish warriors during the 391 years, fifteen days oftheir triumph over the Greeks. I confess this to me appearsthe most likely. But as it cannot be ascertained whetherthat is the fact or not, I will affirm nothing on thepoint. p. 52, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

Verse 17: "And thus I saw the horses in the vision, andthem that sat on them, having breastplates of fire, and ofjacinth and brimstone: and the heads of the horses were asthe heads of lions: and out of their mouths issued fire,and smoke, and brimstone." p. 52, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

On this text I shall again refer to Mr. Keith for anillustration of it:--- p. 52, Para. 5, [7TRUMP].

"The color of fire is red, of hyacinth or jacinth blue,and of brimstone yellow, and this, as Mr. Daubuz observes,'has a literal accomplishment; for the Othmans, from thefirst time of their appearance, have affected to wear suchwarlike apparel of scarlet, blue, and yellow. Of theSpahis, particularly, some have red and some have yellowstandards, and others red or yellow mixed with othercolors. In appearance, too, the heads of the horses were asthe heads of lions, to denote their strength, courage andfierceness.' Without rejecting so plausible aninterpretation, the suggestion may not be unwarrantable,that a still closer and more direct exposition may be givenof that which the prophet saw in the vision. In theprophetic description of the fall of Babylon, they who rodeon horses are described as holding the bow and the lance;but it was with other arms than the arrow and the spearthat the Turkish warriors encompassed Constantinople; andthe breastplates of the horsemen, in reference to the moredestructive implements of war, might then, for the firsttime, be said to be fire, and jacinth, and brimstone. Themusket had recently supplied the place of the bow. Fireemanated from their breasts. Brimstone, the flame of whichis jacinth, was an ingredient both of the liquid fire andof gunpowder. Congruity seems to require this more strictly

literal interpretation, as conformable to the significancyof the same terms in the immediately subsequent verse,including the same general description. A new mode ofwarfare was at that time introduced which has changed thenature of war itself, in regard to the form of itsinstruments of destruction; and sounds and sights unheardof and unknown before, were the death-knell and doom of theRoman empire. Invention out rivalled force, and a new powerwas introduced, that of musketry as well as artillery, inthe art of war, before which the old Macedonian phalanxwould not have remained unbroken, nor the Roman legionsstood. That which John saw 'in the vision,' is read in thehistory of the times." p. 53, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

Verse 18: "By these three was the third part of menkilled, by the fire, and by the smoke, and by thebrimstone, which issued out of their mouths." p. 54, Para.1, [7TRUMP].

"'Among the implements of destruction, he studied withpeculiar care the recent and tremendous discovery of theLatins, and his artillery surpassed whatever had yetappeared in the world. A founder of cannon, a Dane orHungarian, who had been almost starved in the Greekservice, deserted to the Moslems, and was liberallyentertained by the Turkish sultan. Mahomet was satisfiedwith the answer to his first question, which he eagerlypressed on the artist,--"Am I able to cast a cannon capableof throwing a ball or stone of sufficient size to batterthe walls of Constantinople?" "I am not ignorant of theirstrength, but were they more solid than those of Babylon, Icould oppose an engine of superior power; the position andmanagement of that engine must be left to your engineers."On this assurance a foundery was established at Adrianople;the metal was prepared; and at the end of three monthsUrban produced a piece of brass ordnance of stupendous andalmost incredible magnitude. A measure of twelve palms wasassigned to the bore, and the stone bullet weighed aboutsix hundred pounds. A vacant place before the new palacewas chosen for the first experiment; but to prevent thesudden and mischievous effects of astonishment and fear, aproclamation was issued that the cannon would be dischargedthe ensuing day. The explosion was felt or heard in acircuit of a hundred furlongs; the ball, by the force ofthe gunpowder, was driven about a mile, and on the spotwhere it fell, it buried itself a fathom deep in theground. For the conveyance of this destructive engine, a

frame or carriage of thirty wagons was linked together, anddrawn along by a train of sixty oxen; two hundred men onboth sides were stationed to poise or support the rollingweight; two hundred and fifty workmen marched before tosmooth the way and repair the bridges, and near two monthswere employed in a laborious journey of a hundred and fiftymiles. I dare not reject the positive and unanimousevidence of contemporary writers. A Turkish cannon, moreenormous than that of Mahomet, still guards the entrance ofthe Dardanelles, and if the use be inconvenient, it hasbeen found, on a late trial, that the effect is far fromcontemptible. A stone bullet of eleven hundred poundsweight was once discharged with three hundred and thirtypounds of powder; at the distance of six hundred yards itshivered into three rocky fragments, traversed the strait,and leaving the waters in a foam, again rose and boundedagainst the opposite hill.' p. 54, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"In the siege, 'the incessant volleys of lances and arrowswere accompanied with the smoke, the sound and the fire oftheir musketry and cannon. Their small arms discharged atthe same time five or even ten balls of lead of the size ofa walnut, and according to the closeness of the ranks, andthe force of the powder, several breastplates and bodieswere transpierced by the same shot. But the Turkishapproaches were soon sunk in trenches, or covered withruins. Each day added to the science of the Christians, buttheir inadequate stock of gunpowder was wasted in theoperations of each day. Their ordnance was not powerfuleither in size or number, and if they possessed some heavycannon, they feared to plant them on the walls, lest theaged structure should be shaken and overthrown by theexplosion. The same destructive secret had been revealed tothe Moslems, by whom it was employed with the superiorenergy of zeal, riches and despotism. The great cannon ofMahomet has been separately noticed; an important andvisible object in the history of the times; but thatenormous engine was flanked by two fellows almost of equalmagnitude; the long order of the Turkish artillery waspointed against the walls; fourteen batteries thundered atonce on the most accessible places, and of one of these itis ambiguously expressed that it was mounted with onehundred and thirty guns, or that it discharged one hundredand thirty bullets. Yet in the power and activity of thesultan we may discern the infancy of the new science; undera master who counted the moments, the great cannon could beloaded and fired no more than seven times in one day. The

heated metal unfortunately burst; several workman weredestroyed, and the skill of an artist was admired whobethought himself of preventing the danger and the accidentby pouring oil after each explosion into the mouth of thecannon.'" p. 55, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

This historical sketch from Gibbon, of the use ofgunpowder, fire-arms and cannon, as the instrumentality bywhich the city was finally overcome is so illustrative ofthe text, that one can hardly imagine any other scene canbe described. p. 56, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

The specified time for the continuance of Turkish orMahometan supremacy over the Greeks, was an hour, day,month, and year. A prophetic year, three hundred and sixtydays; a month, thirty days; one day; and an hour, or thetwenty-fourth part of a day. Three hundred and sixty, thenumber of days in a prophetic year, divided by twenty-four,the number of hours in a day, give us fifteen days. Threehundred and ninety-one years and fifteen days. p. 57,Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

Commencing when the one hundred and fifty years ended, in1449, the period would end August 11th, 1840. Judging fromthe manner of the commencement of the Ottoman supremacy,that it was by a voluntary acknowledgement on the part ofthe Greek emperor that he only reigned by permission of theTurkish sultan we should naturally conclude that the fallor departure of the Ottoman independence would be broughtabout in the same way; that at the end of the specifiedperiod, the Sultan would voluntarily surrender hisindependence into the hands of the Christian powers, fromwhom he received it. p. 57, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

When the foregoing calculation was made, it was purely amatter of calculation on the prophetic periods ofScripture. Now, however, the time has passed by, and it isproper to inquire what the result has been--whether it hascorresponded with the previous calculation. p. 57, Para.3, [7TRUMP].

I shall now pass to the question, has that supremacydeparted from the Mahometans into Christian hands, so thatthe Turks now exist and reign by the sufferance andpermission of the Christian powers, as the Christians didfor some two or three years by the permission of the Turks?p. 57, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

First Testimony.--The following is from Rev. Mr. Goodell,missionary of the American Board at Constantinople,addressed to he Board, and by them published in theMissionary Herald, for April, 1841, p. 160: p. 58, Para.1, [7TRUMP].

"The power of Islamism is broken forever; and there is noconcealing the fact even from themselves. They exist now bymere sufferance. And though there is a mighty effort madeby the Christian governments to sustain them, yet at everystep they sink lower and lower with fearful velocity. Andthough there is a great endeavor made to graft theinstitutions of civilized and Christian countries upon thedecayed trunk, yet the very root itself is fast wastingaway by the venom of its own poison. How wonderful it is,that, when all Christendom combined together to check theprogress of Mahometan power, it waxed exceedingly great inspite of every opposition; and now, when all the mightypotentates of Christian Europe, who feel fully competent tosettle all the quarrels and arrange all the affairs of thewhole world, are leagued together for its protection anddefence, down it comes, in spite of all their fosteringcare." p. 58, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

Mr. Goodell has been for years a missionary in the Turkishdominions, and is competent to judge of the state of thegovernment. His deliberate and unequivocal testimony is,that, "the power of Islamism is broken forever." But it issaid the Turks yet reign! So also says our witness--"but itis by mere sufferance." They are at the mercy of theChristians. Their independence is broken. p. 58, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

Another Witness.--Rev. Mr. Balch, of Providence, R. I., inan attack on Mr. Miller for saying that the Ottoman empirefell in 1840, says:---"How can an honest man have thehardihood to stand up before an intelligent audience, andmake such an assertion, when the most authentic version ofthe change of the Ottoman empire is that it has not been ona better foundation in fifty years, for it is now re-organized by the European kingdoms, and is honorablytreated as such." p. 59, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

But how does it happen that Christian Europe re-organizedthe government? What need of it, if it was notdisorganized? If Christian Europe has done this, then it is

now, to all intents and purposes, a Christian government,and is only ruled nominally by the sultan, as their vassal.p. 59, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

This testimony is the more valuable for having come froman opponent. We could not have selected and put togetherwords more fully expressive of the idea of the presentstate of the Ottoman empire. It is true the Christiangovernments of Europe have re-organized the Turkish empire,and it is their creature. From 1840 to the present time,the Ottoman government had been under the dictation of thegreat powers of Europe; and scarcely a measure of thatgovernment had been adopted and carried out without theinterference and dictation of the allies; and thatdictation has been submitted to by them. p. 59, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

It is in this light politicians have looked upon thegovernment since 1840, as the following item will show:--p. 59, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

The London Morning Herald, 'after the capture of St. Jeand'acre, speaking of the state of things in the Ottomanempire, says:---"We (the allies) have conquered St. Jeand'acre. We have dissipated into thin air the prestige thatlately invested as with a halo the name of Mehemet Ali. Wehave in all probability destroyed forever the power of thathitherto--successful ruler. But have we done aught torestore strength to the Ottoman empire? We fear not. Wefear that the Sultan has been reduced to the rank of apuppet; and that the sources of the Turkish Empire'sstrength are entirely destroyed. p. 60, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

"If the supremacy of the Sultan is hereafter to bemaintained in Egypt, it must be maintained, we fear, by theunceasing intervention of England and Russia." p. 60,Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

What the London Morning Herald last November feared, hassince been realized. The Sultan has been entirely, in allthe great questions which have come up, under the dictationof the Christian kingdoms of Europe. p. 60, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

WHEN DID MAHOMETAN INDEPENDENCE IN CONSTANTINOPLE DEPART?In order to answer this question understandingly, it willbe necessary to review briefly the history of that power

for a few years past. p. 60, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

For several years the Sultan has been embroiled in warwith Mehemet Ali, Pacha of Egypt. In 1838 there was athreatening of war between the Sultan and his Egyptianvassal. Mehemet Ali Pacha, in a note addressed to theforeign consuls, declared that in future he would pay notribute to the Porte, and that he considered himselfindependent sovereign of Egypt, Arabia and Syria. TheSultan, naturally incensed at this declaration, would haveimmediately commenced hostilities, had he not beenrestrained by the influence of the foreign ambassadors, andpersuaded to delay. This war however, was finally avertedby the announcement of Mehemet, that he was ready to pay amillion of dollars, arrearages of tribute which he owed thePorte, and an actual payment of $750,000, in August of thatyear. p. 60, Para. 5, [7TRUMP].

In 1839 hostilities again commenced, and were prosecuted,until, in a general battle between the armies of the Sultanand Mehemet, the Sultan's army was entirely cut up anddestroyed, and his fleet taken by Mehemet and carried intoEgypt. So completely had the Sultan's fleet been reduced,that, when hostilities commenced in August, he had only twofirst-rates and three frigates, as the sad remains of theonce powerful Turkish fleet. This fleet Mehemet positivelyrefused to give up and return to the Sultan, and declared,if the powers attempted to take it from him he would burnit. p. 61, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

In this posture affairs stood, when, in 1840, England,Russia, Austria and Prussia interposed, and determined on asettlement of the difficulty, for it was evident, if letalone, Mehemet would soon become master of the Sultan'sthrone. p. 61, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

The following extract from an official document, whichappeared in the Moniteur Ottoman, Aug. 22, 1840, will givean idea of the course of affairs at this juncture. Theconference spoken of was composed of the four powers abovenamed, and was held in London, July 15th, 1840: p. 61,Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"Subsequent to the occurrence of the disputes alluded to,and after the reverses experienced, as known to all theworld, the ambassadors of the great powers atConstantinople, in a collective official note declared that

their governments were unanimously agreed upon takingmeasures to arrange the said differences. The SublimePorte, with a view of putting a stop to the effusion ofMussulman blood, and to the various evils which would arisefrom a renewal of hostilities, accepted the intervention ofthe great powers." p. 62, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

Here was certainly a voluntary surrender of the questioninto the hands of the great powers. But it proceeds: p.62, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

"His Excellency, Sheikh Effendi, the Bey Likgis, wastherefore despatched as plenipotentiary to represent theSublime Porte at the conference which took place in London,for the purpose in question. It having been felt that allthe zealous labors of the conferences of London in thesettlement of the Pacha's pretensions were useless, andthat the only public way was to have recourse to coercivemeasures to reduce him to obedience in case he persisted innot listening to pacific overtures, and powers have,together with the Ottoman Plenipotentiary, drawn up andsigned a treaty, whereby the Sultan offers the Pacha thehereditary government of Egypt, and all that part of Syriaextending from the gulf of Suez to the lake of Tiberias,together with the province of Acre, for life: the Pacha, onhis part, evacuating all other parts of the Sultan'sdominions now occupied by him, and returning the Ottomanfleet. A certain space of time has been granted him toaccede to these terms; and, as the proposals of the Sultanand his allies, the four powers, do not admit of any changeor qualification, if the Pacha refuse to accede to them, itis evident that the evil consequences to fall upon him willbe attributable solely to his own fault. p. 62, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

"His Excellency, Rifat Bey, Musleshar for foreign affairs,has been despatched in a government steamer to Alexandria,to communicate the ultimatum to the Pacha." p. 63, Para.1, [7TRUMP].

From these extracts it appears, p. 63, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

1. That the Sultan, conscious of his own weakness, didvoluntarily accept the intervention of the great Christianpowers of Europe to settle his difficulties, which he couldnot settle himself. p. 63, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

2. That they (the great powers) were agreed on takingmeasures to settle the difficulties. p. 63, Para. 4,[7TRUMP].

3. That the ultimatum of the London conference left itwith the Sultan to arrange the affair with Mehemet, if hecould. The Sultan was to offer to him the terms ofsettlement. So that if Mehemet accepted the terms, therewould still be no actual intervention of the powers betweenthe Sultan and Pacha. p. 63, Para. 5, [7TRUMP].

4. That if Mehemet rejected the Sultan's offer, theultimatum admitted of no change or qualification; the greatpowers stood pledged to coerce him into submission. Solong, therefore, as the Sultan held the ultimatum in hisown hands, he still maintained the independence of histhrone. But that document once submitted to Mehemet, and itwould be forever beyond his reach to control the question.It would be for Mehemet to say whether the powers shouldinterpose or not. p. 63, Para. 6, [7TRUMP].

5. The Sultan did despatch Rifat Bey in a governmentsteamer (which left Constantinople Aug. 5) to Alexandria,to communicate to Mehemet the ultimatum. p. 63, Para. 7,[7TRUMP].

This was a voluntary governmental act of the Sultan. p.64, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

The question now comes up, when was that document putofficially under the control of Mehemet Ali? p. 64, Para.2, [7TRUMP].

The following extract from a letter of a correspondent ofthe London Morning Chronicle, of Sep. 18, 1840, dated,Constantinople, Aug. 27th, 1840, will answer the question:p. 64, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

"By the French steamer of the 24th, we have advice fromEgypt to the 16th. They show no alteration in theresolution of the Pacha. Confiding in the valor of his Arabarmy, and in the strength of the fortifications whichdefend his capital, he seems determined to abide by thelast alternative; and as recourse to this, therefore, isnot inevitable, all hope may be considered as at an end ofa termination of the affair without bloodshed. Immediatelyon the arrival of the Cyclops steamer with the news of the

convention of the four powers, Mehemet Ali, it is stated,had quitted Alexandria, to make a short tour through LowerEgypt. The object of his absenting himself at such a momentbeing partly to avoid conferences with the Europeanconsuls, but principally to endeavor, by his own presence,to arouse the fanaticism of the Bedouin tribes, andfacilitate the raising of his new levies. During theinterval of his absence, the Turkish government steamer,which had reached Alexandria on the 11th, with the envoyRifat Bey on board, had been by his orders placed inquarantine, and she was not released from it till the 16th.Previous, however, to the Porte's leaving, and on the veryday on which he had been admitted to pratique, the abovenamed functionary had had an audience of the Pacha, and hadcommunicated to him the command of the Sultan, with respectto the evacuation of the Syrian provinces, appointinganother audience for the next day, when, in the presence ofthe consuls of the European powers, he would receive fromhim his definite answer, and inform him of the alternativeof his refusing to obey; giving him the ten days which havebeen allotted him by the convention to decide on the coursehe should think fit to adopt." p. 64, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

According to the foregoing statement, the ultimatum wasofficially put into the power of Mehemet Ali, and wasdisposed of by his orders, viz., sent to quarantine, on theELEVENTH DAY OF AUGUST, 1840. p. 65, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

But have we any evidence, besides the fact of the arrivalof Rifat Bey at Alexandria with the ultimatum on the 11thof August, that Ottoman supremacy died, or was dead, thatday? p. 65, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

Read the following, from the same writer quoted above,dated, "Constantinople, August 12th, 1840:" p. 65, Para.3, [7TRUMP].

"I can add but little to my last letter, on the subject ofthe plans of the four powers; and I believe the details Ithen gave you comprise everything that is yet decided on.The portion of the Pacha, as I then stated, is not toextend beyond the line of Acre, and does not include eitherArabia or Candia. Egypt alone is to be hereditary in hisfamily, and the province of Acre to be considered as apachalic, to be governed by his son during his lifetime,but afterward to depend on the will of the Porte; and eventhis latter is only to be granted him on the condition of

his accepting these terms, and delivering up the Ottomanfleet within ten days. In the event of his not doing so,this pachalic is to be cut off. Egypt is then to be offeredhim, with another ten days to delivered on it, beforeactual force is employed against him. p. 65, Para. 4,[7TRUMP].

"The manner, however, of applying the force, should herefuse to comply with these terms--whether a simpleblockade is to be established on the coast, or whether hiscapital is to be bombarded, and his armies attacked in theSyrian provinces--is the point which still remains to belearned; nor does a note delivered yesterday by the fourambassadors, in answer to a question put to them by thePorte, as to the plan to be adopted in such an event, throwthe least light on this subject. It simply states thatprovision has been made, and there is no necessity for theDivan alarming itself about any contingency that mightafterwards arise." p. 66, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

Let us now analyze this testimony. p. 66, Para. 2,[7TRUMP].

1. The letter is dated "Constantinople, August 12." p.66, Para. 3, [7TRUMP].

2. "Yesterday," the 11th of August, the Sultan applied inhis own capital, to the ambassadors of four Christiannations, to know the measures which were to be taken inreference to a circumstance vitally affecting his empire,and was only told that "provision had been made," but hecould not know what it was; and that he need give himselfno alarm about any contingency that might afterwardsarise!" From that time, then, they, not he, would managethat. p. 66, Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

Where was the Sultan's independence that day? GONE! Whohad the supremacy of the Ottoman empire in their hands? Thegreat powers. p. 67, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

According to previous calculation, therefore, OttomanSupremacy did depart on the eleventh of August, into thehands of the great Christian powers of Europe. p. 67,Para. 2, [7TRUMP].

Then the second wo is past, and the sixth trumpet hasceased its sounding; and the conclusion is now inevitable,

because the word of God affirms the fact in so many words,"Behold the third wo cometh quickly." p. 67, Para. 3,[7TRUMP].

In the foregoing, Josiah Litch has brought us down throughthe prophecy of the trumpets, and the woes, to the last. Wenow wish to briefly notice some of the events to occurunder the sounding of the seventh angel. A full expositionof the subject may be given in a Tract by itself. p. 67,Para. 4, [7TRUMP].

THE SEVENTH ANGEL, OR THIRD WO. 1. The seventh angel isthe last of a series of symbols, and, for this, and severalother reasons, is not the same as the "trump of God," [1Thess. 4:16,] and "last trump," [1 Cor. 15:52,] which is toraise the just. p. 67, Para. 5, [7TRUMP].

2. The sounding of the seventh angel occupies a period ofdays. "But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel,"&c. Rev. 10:7. These days are doubtless prophetic, meaningyears, in harmony with the time of the sounding of thefifth and sixth angels. But when the trump of God is heard,the sleeping saints come forth from their graves, and theliving righteous are changed to immortality, "in a moment,in the twinkling of an eye," and are caught up to meettheir descending Lord. p. 67, Para. 6, [7TRUMP].

3. Under the sounding of the seventh angel a series ofevents transpires. This was also the case with the othersix. The events of the seventh angel necessarily cover muchtime. Among them we find mentioned, "The nations wereangry"--"Thy wrath is come"--"The time of the dead thatthey should be judged"--"Give reward unto thy servants theprophets, and to the saints, and them that fear thy name,small and great"--"Destroy them which destroy [margin,corrupt,] the earth." p. 68, Para. 1, [7TRUMP].

While we may speak of fulfilled prophecy withpositiveness, we would apply unfulfilled prophecy withbecoming modesty. We may, however, suggest that the angerof the nations will be immediately followed by the wrath ofGod, or seven last plagues; [see Rev. 15:1;] that thejudgment of the dead refers not to the judgment of therighteous, for that takes place before the plagues arepoured out, but to the judgment of the wicked during the1000 years of Rev. 20; that the full reward of therighteous will be given when they inherit the New Earth, at

the close of the 1000 years; and that at that very time Godwill destroy by the second death all who have corrupted theearth. And why may not the sounding of the seventh angelcontinue until the end of the 1000 years? and the third wo,cover all wo till sin and sinners cease to be at the closeof the seventh millennium? J. W. p. 68, Para. 2, [7TRUMP].