The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations by Samuel P.Huntington; The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait by Morris JanowitzReview by: Eliot A. CohenForeign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 1997), pp. 220-221Published by: Council on Foreign RelationsStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20048225 .

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Significant Books

Tzu. The book is particularly worth ex

amining, however, because of the author's

shrewdness, and his influence on those of

his own and succeeding generations who

have engaged in guerrilla warfare.

Makers of Modern Strategy: Military

Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler. EDITED BY EDWARD MEAD EARLE.

Princeton: Princeton University Press,

1943>547PP This book, which marks the birth of modern strategic studies, was, appropri

ately enough, published during World War II. Although it draws on the work

of many talented historians (and many of

its chapters remain unsurpassed), when

taken together the essays lead the reader

to conceive of a discipline of strategy, distinct from history and political science,

although deeply indebted to them. This was one of the first books in this century

to treat the study of means and ends of

military power as a scholarly, and not

only a practical, subject. Of course, some

of the essays here are dated (for example, one on

Japanese naval strategy), and a

subsequent version edited by Peter Paret

in 1986 has since taken and held the field.

Furthermore, the editor seems to have

wavered in deciding whether his topic was military thought

or military action.

Nonetheless, a landmark work.

Analysis for Military Decisions, edited

by edward s. QUADE. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966,382 pp.

The development of nuclear weapons, the rise of advanced military technology, and the prevalence of struggles only

rarely punctuated by warfare has given birth to communities of civilian defense

experts in all advanced countries. In most

cases they rely, directly

or indirectly,

on

the analytical techniques described

herein, set down at rand and rooted in

the Anglo-American mobilization of

scientific and analytical talent for two

world wars. At the heart of this enter

prise lay the attempt to measure with

rigor and, wherever possible, numbers

the effects of military operations and the

effectiveness of military organizations. The authors of these essays?including Albert Wohlstetter, Thomas Schelling, C. J. Hitch, and Quade?were some of

the pioneers in this work. Time has

revealed the weaknesses and inadequacies of some of these approaches but has not

diminished their hold on the minds of civilians and, now, many soldiers as well.

The Soldier and the State: The Theory and

Politics of Civil-Military Relations, by

SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON.

Cambridge: Harvard University Press,

1957.534PP. The Professional Soldier: A Social and

Political Portrait, by morris

janowitz. Glencoe: Free Press, i960,

468 pp. These books lay out two divergent under

standings of the military profession and its

relation to civil society. For Huntington, the tension between soldier and statesman

is rooted in the essence of professionalism.

Offering a now-classic description of the

military mind?conservative, realistic, and pessimistic about human nature?he

prescribes "objective control" as the opti mum form of civil-military relations. This

form of civilian control achieves its objec tives by maximizing the professionalism of the officer corps to include its autonomy

within a clearly defined military sphere.

Janowitz, the founder of American mili

[22o] FOREIGN AF F AIRS - Volume 76 No. s

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THE CARTOON SYNDICATE

tary sociology, takes a different tack,

arguing that officership has undergone a fundamental transition to what he

calls a "constabulary" model, that is to

say, increasing resemblance to police

forces, which organize and apply vio

lence in tightly controlled and limited circumstances and retain close links

with the society they protect. Two bril

liant works that disagree but encompass the most penetrating assessment of the

military profession in a turbulent age.

Mar/borough: His Life and Times, by

winston s. churchill. NewYork:

Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933-38, 6 vols., 2,561 pp.

Nominally a work about an eighteenth

century soldier, this is in fact a sustained

meditation on statecraft and war by the

greatest war leader of our time. Churchill's

reflections on the perplexities of alliances, the paradoxes of strategy, and the stresses

of combat are timeless. Perhaps most

striking is his insistence on the limits of

human foresight and the intractability of

coalition relationships?a feature of this

work that attracted the warm admiration

of one of the first contemporary students

of management, Peter Drucker. His lit

erary art is evident throughout; he also

supervised closely the drawing of the set's

numerous magnificent maps. Written

during the 1930s, the six volumes reflect

hard-bought wisdom distilled from expe rience and sustained research. Reading the work, it does not seem

surprising that

the author, a few years later, would lead

Great Britain and, in some measure, the

entire democratic world safely through the greatest storm of the century.

The United States DAVID C HENDRICKSON

U.S. Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic. BY WALTER LIPPMANN. Boston:

Little, Brown, 1943,177 pp. "Without the controlling principle,"

Lippmann wrote in 1943, "that the nation

must maintain its objectives and its power in equilibrium, its purposes within its

means and its means equal to its purposes,

its commitments related to its resources

and its resources adequate to its commit

ments, it is impossible to think at all about

foreign affairs." When foreign policy commentators go to heaven, the better

ones pass under a portal engraven with

these words. For over six decades, Lipp mann navigated within the interstices of

the gap that he diagnosed and made fa

mous, displaying an uncanny gift for

shrewd and prophetic judgment. In this

FOREIGN AFFAIRS- September/October1997 [ 2 21 ]

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