The Role of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in the Post-War World

The Role of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in the Post-War WorldAuthor(s): Herbert MarshallSource: The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue canadienned'Economique et de Science politique, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Aug., 1953), pp. 281-290Published by: Wiley on behalf of Canadian Economics AssociationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/138341 .

Accessed: 14/06/2014 02:28

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

.

Wiley and Canadian Economics Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extendaccess to The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue canadienne d'Economique et deScience politique.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 185.2.32.141 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 02:28:41 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=black

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cea

http://www.jstor.org/stable/138341?origin=JSTOR-pdf

http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp


THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF

Economics and Political Science Volume XIX AUGUST, 1953 Number 3

THE ROL E OF THE DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS IN THE POST-WAR WORLD

HERBERT MARSHALL Ottawa

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS DELIVERED AT LONDON, JUNE 4, 1953, AT THE JOINT MEETING OF THE CANADIAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION AND THE

CANADIAN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

THIS address will have to be an unblushing example of talking shop. However, it has been said that is the most interesting kind of talk. I hope you may find it so in spite of the fact that it is about a subject which is not always thus described.

It has often been stated that statistics are dry and doubtless to many they are. Recently a visitor to our new Bureau building remarked, I hope facetiously, that he had not been shown the drying apparatus. Well, we statisticians find that our science is not without its fascination. That is rather fortunate for you because social scientists are very dependent upon us. Economists need us more than ever in these days of new economic viewpoints. For the statistician there are always new fields to pioneer, problems to be solved of which actual figures are only the end product of ingenuity and imagination, higher standards of

quality to be achieved, in fact the usual incentives to activity on the part of the scientific worker.

The Bureau owes its origin to the report of a departmental commission appointed by the Government in 1912 to inquire into the adequancy of existing statistics. The commission stated, in part: "Though many of the statistical reports issued by various departments and branches are of undoubted excel- lence and value, there is apparent in the body of Canadian statistics, considered as a whole, a lack of coherence and common purpose. This is traceable to imperfect appreciation of the fact that the statistics of the country, whether the product of one agency or several agencies, should constitute a single harmoni- ous system, with all divisions in due correlation." It pointed out that statistics were being compiled from departmental rather than broader points of view and that the situation was even worse in the provincial fields of administration.

There followed the appointment in 1915 of the first Dominion Statistician, Dr. R. H. Coats, an honoured and respected member of these learned societies who is nresent at this meeting, and the establishment of the Bureau in 1918, under the authority of the Statistics Act. The functions of the Bureau as stated

281



The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

in the Act were obviously aimed at remedying the situation portrayed in the Commission's report. These functions as described in paragraph 3 of the Act are:

(a) to collect, compile, analyze, abstract and publish statistical information relative to the commercial, industrial, financial, social, economic and general activities and condition of the people; (b) to collaborate with all other departments of the government in the collection, compilation and publication of statistical records of administration according to any regulations; (c) to take the Census of Canada as provided in this Act; and (d) generally to organize a scheme of co-ordinated social and economic statistics pertaining to the whole of Canada and to each of the provinces thereof.

How completely has this comprehensive mandate been carried out? One of the first activities of the newly created Bureau was to take over the

statistical sections from other government departments. This was not accom-

plished in some instances without protest. Experience, I think, has proved that

any fears the departments had that they would not be adequately serviced after the transfer took place were unfounded. They now receive not only statistics which will meet their administrative requirements but also a general background of data which is helpful in their work.

Over the years since the establishment of the Bureau the task of making the records, collected or produced as an integral part of departmental administration, fit into the plan for a co-ordinated system has occupied a prominent place in our activities. For example, in connection with the balance of payments, World War II presented an opportunity to make improvements in trade and tourist statistics. It is often the case that the urgencies of war permit steps to be taken in a short time which can only be done much more slowly and with much greater difficulty in peace time.

The establishment of the Foreign Exchange Control Board was the catalyst which brought various diverse elements into a new and adequate relationship. Important defects, from the purely statistical point of view, in the administrative records of movements of trade and tourists were known to exist. Recom- mendations made by an interdepartmental committee appointed to study the matter were approved. Amendments to customs forms, a complete reorganization of the methods of recording tourist information, and the transfer of the

compilation from customs ports to the Bureau brought about a major improvement in the accuracy of the figures.

What has just been said is an example of co-operation between the Bureau and federal departments aimed at improving administrative records to fit into the over-all plan for statistics. In the fields of activity under provincial juris- diction similar efforts were necessary. For example, the registration of vital events is a function of the provincial departments of health. Co-ordination has been achieved through the medium of Dominion-provincial conferences. The results of these are completeness of registration and uniformity of practice as

regards definitions, concepts, and procedures; a model Vital Statistics Act was drawn up and eventually adopted by all provinces. Now these conferences take the form of a Vital Statistics Council which meets annually in the Bureau.

282



The Dominion Bureau of Statistics in the Post-War World

Problems are discussed and resolutions adopted that maintain uniformity of

practice and keep standards at the highest levels. Arrangements with the

provinces include the supplying of forms by the Bureau which also pays for a microfilm copy of each registration; these constitute the raw materials of our Vital Statistics.

Dominion-provincial conferences are the media for reaching similar results in several other fields. There have been frequent conferences concerning statistics of agriculture and public finance, less frequent conferences on edu- cational and institutional statistics such as those of hospitals. This year we had our first Dominion-Provincial Conference of Economic Statistics, a development which was due largely to the increasing interest of several provinces in the industrial field. The purpose was to discuss needs, prevent duplication of effort, and ensure the maximum use of information which becomes available

through administrative processes. At this conference a continuing committee was appointed to prepare for a second one next year.

Dominion-provincial conferences are not sufficient in themselves. Bureau officers have to do much field work to ensure successful implementation of conference decisions. Indeed, no centralized statistical system can succeed if it tries to operate in an ivory tower. Constant liaison with both suppliers and consumers of statistics is essential. Moreover, a large proportion of the Bureau's work requires the obtaining of basic data by direct inquiry rather than the

improvement and utilization of those collected in other departments in the course of their administration.

Before the outbreak of World War II, the first stage in the Bureau's evo- lution was completed. It had achieved a comprehensive coverage with a wide measure of co-ordination and integration. During this period quantitative considerations had sometimes to be given priority over considerations of quality in order to get things started. Nevertheless, there was in the files of the Bureau a vast amount of information which was of immediate value in the controlled economy which had to be set up for the all-out prosecution of the war. Besides, we had an experienced staff which could assist in organizing some of the statistical units required in war departments to handle the minutia of controls. Practically all divisions of the Bureau had heavy demands made upon them. Special tasks were assigned to us; for example, we set up the licensing system for the Wartime Prices and Trade Board, reorganized the statistical records of the thirteen mobilization offices, and compiled the National Registration Records.

Before the war ended it was evident that we had to prepare to meet greater demands in the post-war world. The influence of Keynesian thinking and the growing spheres of government responsibility made improvement and expansion of statistical information essential. Social security measures were in the air. Indeed, Unemployment Insurance went into operation during the war's course. Governments were taking on themselves overriding responsibility for high employment. There was an urgent demand for more precise statistical tools to assist policy formation. The Bureau entered what might be called the second stage of its development in which the main focus of attention was on the improvement of existing series and the development of some essential

283




additional ones. Ever since we have been involved in what we call stream-

lining the Bureau operations. In this programme the development of research units within the Bureau was

given prominence. While, of course, each division, in order to attain the

highest quality in its output, should be reviewing constantly the concepts, definitions, and methodology which it is using, nevertheless in practice there is a tendency to get bogged down in the routine and minutia of its operations. The solution was to create units which would be kept free from routine procedures and which would concentrate on the research aspects of the work with a view to qualitative improvements. Small units were set up in some

large existing divisions with special subject-matters such as agriculture, and an entirely new division was created and named the Research and Develop- ment Division which was staffed with highly trained economists and statisticians. The new division was to concentrate on the improvement of economic series and its first task was the complete reorganization of the National Accounts. These are in a sense the end product of a great deal of the work which the Bureau does. They draw their basic material from almost all other divisions and the end product can be no better than the basic materials. In the process of reorganization, gaps became apparent and had to be filled. The discovery of inadequacies in existing series led to improvements in quality. One of the advantages of developing an over-all series such as the National Accounts is the influence it has in the direction of general improvement.

These post-war needs, however, could not be fully satisfied by the re-

organization of the National Accounts. The war and post-war periods brought about an unprecedented demand for statistical material. The growth in the statistical needs of government was accompanied by an increase in the needs of non-governmental users, owing, among other things, to greater industrializa- tion and an increasing awareness of the value of statistics to business. Added to this was the existence of the United Nations, its specialized agencies and commissions, all of which have created a demand at the international level far beyond anything experienced in the past.

The expansion of the Bureau, therefore, was inevitable. A Bureau of pre- war size is quite inadequate to cope with the essential requirements of government and business today. Streamlining and centralization have tended to keep costs to a minimum. The new departments, economic research branches, control boards, government corporations and commissions that came into existence after 1939 could not function efficiently without adequate statistics. If their needs were not met by the Bureau they would be forced to create units of their own. In the latter case the cost would exceed considerably that of

expanding the central organization to meet individual requirements and many of the advantages of centralization would be lost.

Since 1939 the Bureau staff has approximately doubled. The Statistics Vote

(exclusive of administration and census votes) has increased from $1,000,000 in 1939 to approximately $4,500,000, or by 452 times. Total expenditures of the federal government in the same period have increased nearly eight times. These figures, of course, reflect the higher price level as well as the increased functions. To a considerable extent the growth of the Bureau has been the

284




direct result of the expansion of governmental responsibilities though there have been other important causes.

In 1939 we did not have unemployment insurance-now sixty clerks are required for the tabulation of records for the Unemployment Insurance Com- mission. In the Census Division the introduction of old age pensions required an addition of fifty clerks who work continuously searching for proof of age from census records when this information is not available elsewhere. The Health and Welfare Division has grown to keep pace with new requirements resulting from the creation of the Department of National Health and Welfare and from the development of social security measures. A national register of vital events (births and deaths) based on Federal-provincial agreement had to be set up to verify applications for family allowances. There has been an increase of seventy-five in the staff since 1939. Similar reasons for the growth of almost every division in the Bureau can be given.

Outstanding among the post-war developments were the creation of the Special Surveys or Sampling Organization which now has a staff of 100 including mathematical statisticians, and of the Research and Development Division with a staff of 50 including 15 economists.

During the depression of the 1930's there was a lack of reliable information on the extent and characteristics of unemployment. If governments are to accept responsibility for the maintenance of high employment, the modern tendency, then adequate statistics are indispensable. Various series such as those of unemployment insurance, unplaced applicants, and indexes of employment help to throw light on the subject but neither individually nor in combination do they furnish the comprehensive and reliable analysis which is necessary.

To meet this need a monthly survey of the labour force is taken by our Special Surveys Division based on a one per cent probability sample of the population. This is increased to two per cent in June to secure data on inter- provincial migration which is used in intercensal estimates. The employment and unemployment aspects of the labour force cannot be adequately represented by two over-all figures. The fact that there is no standard definition of unemployment, since there are degrees of it, makes the situation more com- plex. The survey is designed to be an objective measurement of the many aspects of the labour force which will enable unemployment to be seen in correct perspective though, paradoxically, it does not use that term. Instead it classifies the labor force into numerous categories. At one extreme are those working full time, and at the other, those with no job and looking for work. In between there are groupings which indicate the degree of activity of the remainder: those working part time by choice or necessity, those with jobs but not working for various reasons such as illness, bad weather, temporary lay- off, vacation, and so on. This system permits of flexibility in the definition of unemployment because different groups can be combined as, for example, those with no jobs and those with jobs but laid off for a short period. Without such an analysis as this the significance of unemployment can easily be either over or under emphasized.

Our Special Surveys Division cr Sampling Organization has been used for

285



286 The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

numerous other purposes. Indeed, the use of the probability sampling method is steadily being extended since it is speedy and economical as compared with complete enumeration, and sample designs can be drawn up to give the required degree of accuracy. We have used this method in the collection of family budgets, rent surveys and surveys of household equipment. In the last decennial census we used it for the first time to make a quality check on the work of enumerators. In collaboration with the Department of National Health and Welfare and the provincial Departments of Health, a Dominion-wide sickness survey was taken. A commencement has been made in gathering basic agri- cultural data for special crops. In these activities we try to ask questions which can be answered objectively and to avoid the field of opinion sampling.

For Canada and many other countries, one of the most important advances in economic statistics in recent years has been the development of an inter- related system of National Accounts designed to be an over-all measurement of the operations of the economic system. This has been accompanied by a rapid growth in the recognition of these Accounts as an essential background far analysing problems of public policy and those of a business nature.

In the formulation of government policy, the National Accounts have gained a wide application in Canada, both as basic background material and as a framework within which specific proposals can be examined. The White Paper which now accompanies the annual federal budget contains details of general statistical series, such as the Balance of Payments and the National Accounts, together with an analysis of the data. Thus they are an essential element in this general economic review which is the official government pronouncement on the state of the economy, and forms an introduction to the Government's budgetary proposals. In a recent speech the Minister of Finance said: "... many of us now take for granted an analysis of our economic situation in terms of national income and expenditure, saving, investment, and budgetary policy."

These same National Accounts are used for direct administrative purposes, as for example in connection with the Dominion-Provincial Tax Agreements. The basis for adjusting the federal tax rental payments to the provinces is a minimum sum of money adjusted each year in accordance with changes in gross national product per capita and changes in provincial populations. They are, of course, used for a great many other purposes: by economic research divisions in connection with economic forecasts, by various departments in assessing certain implications of projected policies, and by business and labour organizations.

I hope you will not consider what I have been saying about the Bureau's growth a sort of apologia pro inea vita. The usefulness of the Bureau is widely recognized but the scope of its coverage and the help that it can give is perhaps not so widely known. Evidence of the value of our work pours in upon us in a continuous stream and takes many forms. Not only as regards quantity but also as regards quality we cannot help but know that we have acquired merit even internationally. Our international reputation is sometimes embarrassing because of the demands which it makes upon our time and staff.

The fact is that there is a world-wide development towards adequate statis-




tical organization. The statistician has been coming into his own among the social scientists. This fact, and the knowledge that in Canada the Bureau is performing a most important function, might under certain circumstances turn the heads of Canadian statisticians and render them smug and complacent. (Indeed, occasionally we have been numbered among the so-called "Ottawa Bureaucrats.") However, they are not likely to remain long in that frame of mind. If the statistician should momentarily begin to throw his weight about and contemplate his achievements with self-satisfaction, he is soon sobered by the hard facts of his life-that there is literally no end to statistical development. Improvements in quality await his ingenuity, the fields of synthesis and analysis present vast possibilities, important gaps remain to be filled.

What are some of the outstanding needs for a further development? They include a thorough reconstruction of the Wholesale Price Index to conform to current thinking on the subject and involving a new approach based on national accounting framework, extension of the index of the physical volume of production to include other sectors of the economy in addition to manufactures, statistics of the quantity and kinds of goods carried by motor transport, a commodity classification to be applied to trade and other fields, research into certain response problems in connection with sample surveys, development of input-output analysis, productivity statistics, and development of a programme of monographs for the analysis of the 1951 Census. A start at least has been made on most of these. In the next few months we hope to commence issuing quarterly statements of national income and balance of payments.

There are other influences which keep prodding us in the Bureau and impel us to strive for the greatest efficiency of operation. The co-operation which we receive from the business world in the completion of questionnaires is most heartening but occasionally someone complains about the burden of questionnaires and accuses us of collecting information which is of no use to anybody. We take comfort in the fact that our files contain dozens of complimentary letters for one which registers a complaint. It is a matter of policy with us to keep the burden as light as possible. There is no urge for empire building. We have an empire now. In recent years we have made considerable progress in lightening the load. A concrete example was the substitution of a simple census of industry questionnaire for the longer form. This short form usually contains only one question and applies to all firms with sales of less than $50,000. More than half of the 40,000 on the lists of the census of industry were affected. The longer form of the census of industry is being redesigned to make it conform more closely to business accounting methods. This will add somewhat to the work of the Bureau in compilation but will lessen the work of reporting firms.

No business man will complain about furnishing statistics which when compiled with those of other firms in his industry will be of direct benefit to him, for example when he can compare the trend of his sales with the total for his industry. For such over-all series as the National Accounts we often have to ask for information which does not fall in the category of direct benefit. However, from reliable figures on National Accounts indirect benefits un- doubtedly flow to the whole business community. Gradually I think this fact

287



288 The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

is becoming more widely recognized. One thing which is of great advantage in

dealing with the business world is the fact that firms have confidence in the Bureau as an objective fact-finding organization with no special axe to grind. In the formation of statistical policy we enjoy a wide measure of autonomy. No one interferes with the essential character of our work.

The other influence is the matter of the Bureau Budget. Along with others in Ottawa we are reminded from time to time that we are spending the tax-

payers' dollars. About the only handicap of a centralized Bureau as I see it is the fact that the expenditure on statistics is revealed in a lump sum. Under decentralization it would be split up between departments and would not loom so large in the critic's mind, although in total it would actually be considerably larger. There has been an occasional criticism of the increased expenditure but fortunately on the other hand the general view has been that the essential services rendered are being obtained at a reasonable cost.

However, one of the resolutions made in the streamlining programme was to strive to keep the Bureau in such a state of operational efficiency that it would be prepared for and would even welcome investigation. An organization and methods section was set up and a measure of cost-accounting intro- duced. There have been some quite tangible results including standardization of forms and stationery, substitution of improved labour-saving machinery, pooling of equipment, rearrangement of workflows, and so on. One very im-

portant achievement was the reduction of printing costs. Until recently numerous reports issued by the Bureau by the offset process

were later reprinted by the Printing Bureau from cast type as annual reports at considerable expense. Improved photolithographic processes now render this double printing unnecessary. A programme has been worked out whereby segments of annual reports are prepared on the vari-typer, offset printed, and

perforated so that eventually they can be bound into a single volume. This means a much quicker issuing of reports and a material reduction in cost.

There is an Advisory Board of Publications within the Bureau, set up in 1948, which has reviewed the whole publication programme. Of the approximately 500 reports listed at that time, 33 were discontinued. One hundred and

sixty-eight were dropped as regular reports and prepared in the form of memoranda, reference papers, or special compilations; these were considered to be too specialized for general distribution but they are available to those who really need them. These changes, together with reduction in the size of some publications, have made a very considerable saving in paper and in

processing. A recent achievement in which the Bureau takes some pride was in con-

nection with the 1951 Census. In planning for this our objective was to reduce the time usually taken for its completion since early publication would enhance the usefulness and also reduce costs. This challenge was accepted by a special committee of the Bureau, including census officers, which produced a plan involving drastic changes in former methods. Chief among these were decentralization up to the punch card stage in regional offices and a very wide measure of mechanization. For the first time in any country we used a mark- sense card in the field. Mdchanization involved the direct production from




these enumerators' cards of hollerith punched cards by a specially designed electronic machine which could read or sense the marks and punch a hole where a mark occurred. This procedure eliminated the necessity of training and using hundreds of coders and key punchers, which was one of the prin- cipal causes of delay in getting out census results. A much speedier and more versatile machine, the 101 Electronic Statistical Machine, was used for tabulation and also for automatic editing. These new procedures, together with

improved methods of training enumerators and checking results, not only added to the accuracy of the census but enabled us to reduce the time for its completion by one-half at a saving of something in the neighbourhood of two million dollars. In this field we have been pioneers and other countries have been studying our methods.

In this post-war period the Bureau has been called upon to participate very actively in international developments. The Statistical Commission of the United Nations, on which Canada is represented, has as its objective the

promotion and development of national statistics and the standardization and

improvement of statistics and statistical methods generally. Its working unit is the Statistical Office in the Department of Economic Affairs. (This United Nations statistical organization in co-operation with the specialized agencies is having a profound influence on statistical development throughout the world. International standard classifications, and standards in concepts, definitions, and methods have been set up in many fields.) The Bureau is affected in two ways. It has assisted in setting up the standards and has agreed to adhere to them though in some cases this involves special statistical presentations for the sake of international comparability.

The Bureau is co-operating in these international statistical developments in other ways. Under the Colombo Plan and the Technical Assistance Organiza- tion of the United Nations assistance is given to underdeveloped countries. Sometimes the assistance is in the nature of fellowships to permit study in other countries. These include some for those who wish statistical training- we have had over 100 fellows in the Bureau from 37 countries who have been taught for periods ranging from a week to several months.

Under the Technical Assistance Plan of the United Nations and through other schemes such as UNESCO, assistance is provided for sending experts to countries in need of help. Experts from the Bureau have been loaned to Lebanon, Burma, Chile, Colombia, and at present one is in Indonesia and another in Pakistan. An officer from our Education Statistics Division was loaned to UNESCO for two years to assist in the organization of its statistical work and another to the Organization for European Economic Co-operation in Paris. Last autumn two international conferences were held in the Bureau, one sponsored by the Inter-American Statistical Institute with representatives from practically all the countries of the Americas and one sponsored by the United Nations, a seminar on statistical organization, attended by representatives from twenty-seven countries in different parts of the world.

The role of the Bureau of Statistics in the post-war world must be related to the needs of a growing nation for accurate current information on the economic and social activities of the people. Increasing complexity in eco-

289




nomic affairs, the need for some measures of control, the increasing functions of government augment the need for reliable current statistics. Problems of

transportation, public utilities, trade, and finance require a wide range of relevant facts for their handling. The administration of departments dealing with public health, social security, housing, education, labour disputes, con- servation, crime, industrial development, and many other aspects of the nation's life must be assisted by reliable statistical data. The decisions of individual firms regarding expansion, production, and distribution require a much wider range of factual knowledge than that obtained from their own observation. Finally a state of preparedness for modern war makes it im- perative to have a highly organized and comprehensive statistical system if the resources of the nation in men and materials are to be used most effectively.

I quote here from the Task Force Report on statistical agencies prepared for the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the United States

government:

The character of the contribution made by statistics to government and to private administration has been profoundly modified within the last quarter century. Enumeration for purposes of historical study persists; the record of national life is contained in measurements of changes in population, production, wealth and other historical series. But in high degree the emphasis in the work of the statistician has shifted from this backward-looking process to current affairs and to proposed future operations and their consequences. Experiments are designed, samples selected, statistics 'collected and analysed with reference to decisions that must be made, controls that must be exercised, judgments that entail action. The growth of the statistical services over the last several decades reflects this change in the function of statistics.

Perhaps this description of the work of the Bureau might seem to indicate that its chief objective is to supply data to assist in the development of the more materialistic aspects of life. A closer examination of our work will reveal the fact that it impinges to a very important degree on many of the humanistic, cultural, and welfare efforts of our time. The Canada Year Book and Handbook are more than mere compendia of statistics. They contain elements of definite cultural value. Also, these and other Bureau publications, by presenting to the

people continuously an over-all factual account of many of their activities in a

growing Canada, help to promote the idea of common purpose, national unity, and Canadian nationality. In so far as the data help to indicate where we fall short of these goals, they may be a basis for positive action to assist in their attainment.

National income statistics are basic for policy-making leading to the re- distribution of wealth through social security measures. Balance of payments figures have had an influence on the amount of aid which we can give to other countries. Vital and health statistics are indispensable in the fight against human suffering and disease. They often point out the target against which the health officer should bring to bear his most potent weapons. Our price indexes and labour statistics are influential in the struggle for social justice. Our criminal statistics not only record crime but are helpful to those who work for its prevention. In these and in numerous other ways the Bureau of Statistics makes its contribution not only to the material welfare of the people but also to the more humanistic aspects, the social and moral welfare of the community.

290



Documents

The Role of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in the Post-War World